-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-Text- 

 INTRODUCTION  -  The  orchard  owner or  manager  is  directly  and  legally
  responsible for the effective and safe use of pesticides.  Pesticides, as a
  whole, are relatively safe when used as recommended,  but they can become a
  potential liability in the hands of a careless operator or an inexperienced
  person.   Pesticides vary in their toxicity  to man and other animals,  and
  all should  be used with care.    PROCEED CAUTIOUSLY AND LIMIT  THE ACREAGE
  TREATED  UNTIL  YOU  HAVE  GAINED  FIRST-HAND  EXPERIENCE  IN  THE  USE  OF
  PESTICIDES.

-End-
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle-
HANDLING AND STORAGE OF TOXIC PESTICIDES
-Text-

 READ THE  LABEL - Before using  pesticides,  always read all  directions and
  follow them  - exactly.   Notice warnings  and cautions before  opening the
  container.   Repeat the process every time,  no  matter how often you use a
  pesticide.  This is especially important since the status of many chemicals
  is changing rapidly.   Apply materials only on crops specified,  in amounts 
  suggested, and at times indicated on the latest manufacturer's label.

 STORE PESTICIDES WISELY  - Keep pesticides out of reach  of children,  pets,
  irresponsible persons, and livestock.  All pesticides should be stored in a
  specifically designated area that can  be securely locked.   The designated
  building or area should  be clearly marked on the outside  to indicate that
  dangerous chemicals are stored within.  The local fire department should be
  notified  of the  location of  the storage  and  the nature  of the  stored
  materials.   Good ventilation,  lighting,  and neatness are most helpful in
  preventing  accidents.   Liquids  must not  freeze if  stored over  winter.
  Always store pesticides in their original  containers and keep them tightly
  closed.  Never keep pesticides in unmarked containers.

 AVOID PHYSICAL CONTACT WITH PESTICIDES - Never smoke, eat, chew tobacco,  or
  use snuff while  handling or applying pesticides.   Protect  your eyes from
  pesticides at all times.  Avoid inhaling sprays or dusts.  When directed on
  the label,   wear protective  clothing and  a proper  mask.   Do  not spill
  pesticides on  the skin  or clothing.   If  they are  accidentally spilled,
  remove contaminated  clothing immediately  and wash  the contaminated  skin
  thoroughly.    Wash hands  and  face and  change  to  clean clothing  after
  applying  pesticides.    Also wash  clothing  each  day before  re-use  and
  separately from  the family laundry.   Do  not spray with leaking  hoses or
  connections.   Do not use the mouth to siphon liquids from containers or to
  blow out clogged lines,  nozzles,  etc.    Do not breathe pesticide dust or
  spray powder;   they are extremely hazardous  and are apt to  damage mucous
  membranes.   Avoid inhaling  spray mist or dust during  spraying or dusting
  operations.    Use  a  suitable  respirator   while  handling  or  applying
  pesticides.   The parts of the respirator that  touch the skin must be kept
  clean at all times.    Be sure that the respirator has  an adequate seal on
  the face.   Respirators will not seal properly when worn over a beard.   If
  the  respirator becomes  contaminated,  wash  it  with soap  and water  and
  replace the filter,  or get a  new respirator.   It may become contaminated
  when pesticides are being applied, and when it is used again the wearer may
  be exposed to contamination.   Keep the respirator boxed or covered when it
  is not being used.

 Always  wear clean  gloves  when handling  pesticides.    Gloves are  easily
  contaminated on the inside.   Those which become contaminated are dangerous
  and should be  destroyed.   Wear protective clothing when  exposed to spray
  drift or dust.   If clothing becomes wet during spraying operations, take a
  bath immediately,   using soap,  and  put on clean  clothes.   Contaminated
  clothes must  be washed separately  with a  good detergent before  they are
  worn again.

 Never apply  chemicals against the  wind;  the spray  may be blown  onto the
  sprayer operator.   Do not  spray along the edge of property  in a way that
  will  cause  troublesome  drift onto  adjoining  property.    Many  organic
  insecticides,  such as the chlorinated hydrocarbons and organic phosphates,
  discharge some fumes at room temperature.   Lengthy or repeated exposure to
  even minute  quantitites of these fumes  is harmful to animals  and people.
  Do  not spray  or store  such  insecticides inside  buildings inhabited  by
  domesticated animals, or humans.

 PESTICIDE  POISONING -  Symptoms of  pesticide  poisoning include  headache,
  blurred vision, weakness, nausea, cramps,  diarrhea,  and discomfort in the
  chest.   If any of  these symptoms appear while or within  a few days after
  spraying with pesticide chemicals,  call  a physician immediately.   Do not
  take chances.  SEE YOUR DOCTOR IF SYMPTOMS OF ILLNESS OCCUR DURING OR AFTER
  THE USE OF  PESTICIDES.   A list of  Poison Control Centers located  in and
  around Virginia and West Virginia is included in this guide, p. _______.

-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle-
EPA GUIDELINES FOR DISPOSAL OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF
    PESTICIDES AND EMPTY CONTAINERS
-Text-

 Always dispose of  empty containers so that  they pose no hazard  to humans,
  animals,  valuable  plants,  or  wildlife.   According to  the EPA  and the
  Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),  a grower disposing of waste
  pesticides  from his  or  her  own use  is  required  to triple-rinse  each
  container,  with  a 30-second drain after  each rinse,  and dispose  of the
  pesticide  containers,  on  their  own farm  in  a  manner consistent  with
  disposal  instructions on  the label;   in  the case  of paper  containers,
  rinsing may not be practical.  Rinsate should be poured into the spray tank
  and used  with the  chemical mixture.    If disposal  instructions are  not
  printed on the label, burn the containers where smoke will not be a hazard,
  or bury them at  least 18 inches deep in a place  where water supplies will
  not be contaminated.   A grower who does not comply with these instructions
  will be subject  to additional RCRA requirements.    Further information on
  RCRA can be obtained by calling the EPA/RCRA "Hot Line" (800-424-9346).

 Growers disposing  of up to one  (1)  gallon of  liquid or 10 pounds  of dry
  formulations of  non-hazardous,  waste pesticides  that are not  covered by
  RCRA can  follow the  "EPA SUGGESTED  DISPOSAL GUIDELINES  FOR HOMEOWNERS."
  These guidelines are stated as follows:  "Liquid formulations in quantities
  of less than one (1) gallon should be left in the original container.  Make
  sure the  cap is securely  in place to prevent  spills or leaks.    Wrap in
  several layers of newspaper and secure.   The package should then be placed
  in a trash  receptacle for routine collection with  municipal refuse.   Dry
  formulations in quantities of one bag or  less (up to 10 pounds)  should be
  secured to  prevent leaking.    This can be  done by  wrapping in  paper or
  placing the package in a tight carton or bag and taping or tying it closed.
  Once  secured,   the package  should  be  placed  in an  appropriate  trash
  collection receptacle."  According to EPA, "small quantities of pesticides,
  when  handled  as described  above,   do  not  present  a hazard  to  trash
  collectors  or the  environment.   A  properly  operated sanitary  landfill
  presents a  large dilution  factor and  provides sufficient  containment to
  negate any hazardous effects the product may present."

 These guidelines are those of the Environmental Protection Agency and do not
  represent an official recommendation of  the Virginia Cooperative Extension
  Service.   Questions  should be  directed to the  EPA/RCRA Hot  Line before
  disposal of  any quantity  of pesticide,  and  particularly if  content and
  status of  hazardous or non-hazardous waste  is in question.    Please note
  that  EPA recommendations  listed above  pertain  to disposal  requirements
  under  federal law.    Check  local requirements  before  disposing of  any
  pesticide in a landfill or municipal trash receptacle.   State requirements
  currently follow federal  guidelines;  however,  if in  doubt,  contact the
  Bureau  of  Solid and  Hazardous  Waste  Management  in Richmond  at  (804)
  225-2667.

-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle- 
DRIFT CONTROL AND VOLATILITY OF PESTICIDES
-Text-

 Drift can be  a problem with any  pesticide because visible spray  can drift
  more than 100 yards and invisible vapor may drift one mile or more.   Drift
  of herbicides is the most commonly encountered cause of pesticide damage to
  adjacent susceptible crops.   No pesticide can  be applied by either aerial
  or ground equipment without some drift.    Spray drift is influenced by air
  movement, droplet size,  and distance traveled by spray before reaching the
  target area.  For minimum drift, application should be made as close to the
  target as possible,   when air movement is  at a minimum,  and  using spray
  nozzles that eliminate fine droplets.   In some instances,  spray additives
  or thickeners may be used to improve  application to the target area and to
  reduce drift.

 The oil-soluble amine formulation  of 2,4-D is the only  formulation that is
  registered for use in orchards.   To  avoid the possibility of vapor drift,
  do not use ester formulations of 2,4-D in the orchard for any reason.

-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle- 
WORKER PROTECTION STANDARDS FOR AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDES (OSHA)
-Text- 

 The federal  government  has  established  occupational  safety  and  health
  standards for farm workers performing hand labor operations in fields after
  ground (other than those incorporated into the soil), aerial, or other type
  of application of pesticides.

 Application.  No owner or lessee shall permit the application of a pesticide
  in such a manner as to directly, or through drift,  expose workers or other
  persons except those knowingly involved in the application.  The area being
  treated must be vacated by unprotected persons.

 Re-entry time.    No owner  or lessee  shall permit  any worker  not wearing
  protective clothing to  enter a field treated with  pesticides until sprays
  have dried or dusts have settled,   unless exempted from such requirements,
  or a longer re-entry time has been assigned to that pesticide.

 Pesticides containing the following active  ingredients have a re-entry time
  of at least the interval indicated:
                                                    Hours
                                                  
             Carbophenothion                          48
             Demeton                                  48
             Endrin                                   48
             Ethion                                   24
             Ethyl parathion                          48
             Guthion                                  24
             Methyl parathion                         48
             Phosalone                                24


 Workers  should  not  be  permitted  to  enter  treated  fields  if  special
  circumstances exist that would lead a  reasonable man to conclude that such
  entry would be unsafe.

-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle- 
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT
-Text-

 Dermal exposure accounts for 97 percent of the pesticide the body is exposed
  to during the application of liquid  spray.   Thus,  the primary purpose of
  wearing protective clothing is to prevent pesticides from coming in contact
  with the  skin.   Any  body covering will  provide some  protection because
  dermal  absorption  is  reduced  to  some   degree  by  a  fabric  barrier.
  Protective clothing may be classified according to  the part of the body it
  protects;  i.e.,  foot (boots and shoes),  hand (gloves),  eye (goggles and
  faceshields),  head (hats and hoods),  and trunk (jackets,  shirts,  pants,
  coveralls, overalls, raincoats).

 Because of  its comfort,   conventional work  clothing is  worn most  often,
  although it  provides minimal protection  during the application  of liquid
  spray.   Shirts, pants,  and jackets of cotton or denim are not recommended
  by the  National Safety  Council or  EPA researchers  because they  provide
  little protection from the accidental spilling of concentrated pesticides.

 Plastic or rubber protective garments are  recommended for use when handling
  pesticide  concentrates  and  for  working   in  liquid  spray  operations,
  particularly when the  spray is heavy.   However,   wearing rubber garments
  that encase a large part of the body at temperatures of 80 to 100 degrees F
  may result in heat exhaustion or heatstroke.

 Lightweight  synthetic garments  may provide  adequate  protection from  dry
  pesticides and  may be  used for  spray application  when laminated  with a
  plastic coating.

 The protective clothing and  equipment recommended for use  by fruit growers
  includes a jacket with hood, bib overalls, goggles, respirator,  waterproof
  gloves and boots.

-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle- 
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT
-Text-

 LAUNDRY INFORMATION FOR PESTICIDE-CONTAMINATED CLOTHING - Before laundering,
  read the pesticide label to determine which chemicals are more toxic.   Key
  words on all pesticide labels identify the toxicity of the product:  DANGER
  or POISON (Highly toxic), WARNING (Moderately toxic), and CAUTION (Slightly
  toxic).

 Clothing contaminated with highly toxic  and concentrated pesticides must be
  handled most carefully because pesticides are easily absorbed through skin.
  IF THE CLOTHES HAVE BEEN COMPLETELY SATURATED WITH CONCENTRATED PESTICIDES,
  DISCARD THEM.   Clothing contaminated by moderately toxic pesticides do not
  warrant such  drastic measures.   Hazards  are less pronounced  in handling
  clothing exposed to low-toxicity pesticides.

-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle- 
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT
-Text-

 LAUNDERING RECOMMENDATIONS  (Cotton or  Denim Fabric)   - Wash  contaminated
  clothing  separately  from  the  family   wash.    Pesticide  residues  are
  transferred  from contaminated  clothing to  other clothing  when they  are
  laundered together.

 Pre-rinsing contaminated clothing before washing  will help remove pesticide
  particles from the fabric.  Pre-rinsing can be done by:

    1)  Pre-soaking in a suitable container  prior to washing to dislodge
        the particles;
    2)  pre-rinsing with agitation in an automatic washing machine; and
    3)  spraying/hosing garments outdoors.

 Clothing  worn while  using  slightly toxic  pesticides  may be  effectively
  laundered in one machine washing.  It is strongly recommended that multiple
  washings be used  on clothing contaminated with  concentrated pesticides to
  draw out excess residues.   Always wear  rubber gloves when handling highly
  contaminated clothing to prevent pesticide absorption into the body.

 Washing in hot water removes more pesticide  from the clothing than in other
  water temperatures.  Avoid cold water washing.  Although cold water washing
  might save energy,   cold water temperatures are  relatively ineffective in
  removing pesticides from clothing.

 Laundry detergents, whether phosphate, carbonate, or heavy-duty liquids, are
  similarly  effective   in  removing   emulsifiable  concentrate   pesticide
  formulations.   Emulsifiable  concentrate formulations are  oil-based,  and
  heavy-duty liquid detergents are known for their oil-removing ability.

 Laundry additives,   such as bleach  or ammonia,   do not contribute  to the
  removal of pesticide residues.   Either of these additives may be used,  if
  desired,  but caution  must be used.   Bleach  should never be added  to or
  mixed with ammonia,   because they react together to form  a fatal chlorine
  gas.  Be careful!  Do not mix ammonia and bleach.

 If several garments have become contaminated,  wash only one or two garments
  in a  single load.    Wash garments contaminated  by the  same pesticide(s)
  together.    Launder,  using  a  full water  level to  allow  the water  to
  thoroughly flush the fabric.

 During seasons  when pesticides are being  used daily,  clothing  exposed to
  pesticides should be laundered daily.   This is especially true with highly
  toxic or concentrated pesticides.   It is  much easier to remove pesticides
  from clothing by  daily laundering than attempting to  remove residues that
  have accumulated over a period of time.

 Pesticide carry-over  to subsequent  laundry loads  is possible  because the
  washing machine is  likely to retain residues,  which are  then released in
  following laundry loads.  It is important to rinse the washing machine with
  an "empty load," using hot water and the same detergent,  machine settings,
  and cycles used after laundering contamined clothing.

 Line-drying is recommended for these items.  Although heat from an automatic
  dryer might  create additional  chemical breakdown  of pesticide  residues,
  many pesticides break down when exposed to sunlight.   This also eliminates
  the possibility of residues collecting in the dryer.

-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle- 
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT
-Text-

 LAUNDERING RECOMMENDATIONS  (Vinyl-coated Fabric,  Neoprene,  or  Rubber)  -
  Laundering this type  of outer protective clothing is  different from other
  types.   It  should be  pan-washed in  warm water  using a  good detergent.
  Double or triple washing of  heavily contaminated outer protective clothing
  is desirable.    Rinse through two  water changes and  hang up to  air dry.
  Outer protective clothing should be washed after each exposure or use.

 Gloves must be  thoroughly pan-washed inside and out using  a good detergent
  with several rinses.   Remember,  gloves must  be clean inside because they
  will be  in contact with  your skin.   A pair  of light surgical  gloves is
  desirable  because they  are light,   economical,   can be  worn inside  of
  heavy-neoprene or rubber gloves and can be discarded after each use.   Wash
  rubber boots similarly to gloves, but with less detail.

 The respirator requires special care.   Wash inside with a cloth, detergent,
  and warm water.   Change filters according  to instructions on the original
  container.   Keep the respirator in a plastic bag,  original container,  or
  some  other suitable  container  when  it is  not  being  used.   Keep  the
  respirator properly adjusted to your face.

 Goggles should  be washed  with a mild  detergent so as  not to  scratch the
  lens.  Give all of your protective clothing and equipment the best of care.
  They may save your life.

-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle-
FUNGICIDES AND BACTERICIDES
-Text-

 Organic fungicides and bactericides are  often highly effective against some
  diseases  and relatively  ineffective  against others.    They  tend to  be
  specific  rather than  universal  in their  range  of effectiveness.    The
  following descriptions  offer more  complete information  on the  value and
  limitations of  these materials  than is possible  in the  schedules given.
  Package labels also contain much valuable information; read them carefully.

 Benomyl (Benlate)  is formulated as a 50W powder.   It is registered for use
  in controlling several diseases of pome and  stone fruits.   On apple it is
  effective against scab, powdery mildew, sooty blotch, and fly speck.  It is
  registered in  combination with captan,   glyodin,  mancozeb,   and Polyram
  fungicides for control of other diseases.    Benomyl is compatible with oil
  and may be used at  the 2.0 to 3.0 oz rate per 100  gal in combination with
  superior spray  oil at the  rate of 2.0  gal per  100 gal at  the half-inch
  green stage,  or with oil at the 1.0  qt rate plus mancozeb 80W 12.0 oz per
  100  gal  in a  season  spray  program.    The benomyl-oil  combination  is
  effective against apple  scab and powdery mildew when  applied before bloom
  at intervals not  longer than 7 days  and after bloom at  intervals between
  sprays not exceeding 12-14 days.  Injury to primary leaves has occasionally
  occurred when combined with Phosphamidon.

 Benomyl-resistant strains of  Penicillium blue mold of apples  are common in
  Virginia.    Because  of  the  threat of  infecting  fruit  with  resistant
  Penicillium spores  when treating  fruit with benomyl  for storage  rot and
  scald control,  captan  50W (1.0 lb per  100 gal)  should be  included with
  benomyl in the postharvest dip tank (except fruit to be shipped to Canada).
  Benomyl has remained generally effective  on several storage rots including
  Gloeosporium, and sensitive strains of Penicillium.

 Strains of  benomyl-resistant apple  scab have  been found  in the  Virginia
  counties of Botetourt, Floyd, Roanoke, Shenandoah, Warren, Wise, and Smyth.
  Benomyl-resistant  peach brown  rot  is present  in at  least  one area  in
  Frederick County,  Virginia.    These apple scab and brown  rot strains are
  also cross-resistant to thiophanate-methyl  (Topsin-M).   Resistant strains
  of  peach  scab  and  cherry  leaf spot  have  been  found  in  some  other
  fruit-growing regions of the United States.   Although resistant strains of
  these diseases have not been found in Virginia,  growers should be aware of
  the potential for their development as well.   Benomyl should not be relied
  upon as  the only  fungicide for control  of any  disease in  a season-long
  schedule.    The  use  of  benomyl  in  tank-mix  combinations  with  other
  fungicides such as captan,  glyodin,  mancozeb,   or Polyram will delay the
  development of such strains.  If resistance is suspected, use of Benlate or
  Topsin-M should be discontinued,  and they should be replaced by full rates
  of other fungicides.

 Benomyl is  registered for use  on peaches,  nectarines,   apricots,  plums,
  prunes, and cherries for control of brown rot, blossom blight,  fruit brown
  rot, peach scab,  powdery mildew,  cherry leaf spot,  and postharvest brown
  rot.   Although effective against brown rot in the hydrocooler, Botran must
  be added to benomyl for effective control of Rhizopus and Alternaria rots.

 Captan 50W  or 80W  (Orthocide)  formulations  are used  at 2.0  or 1.3  lb,
  respectively, for control of diseases on apple and stone fruits.  On apples
  it has proven effective  in the control of apple scab,   black rot,  Brooks
  spot, Botryosphaeria rot, blotch,  bitter rot,  Botrytis blossom infection,
  fly  speck,   and   sooty  blotch.    Captan's  residual   life  is  short;
  consequently,  sooty blotch  and fly speck control may  not be satisfactory
  where sprays are discontinued more than  3 weeks prior to harvest.   Captan
  is effective in the control of peach brown rot and cherry leaf spot.

 Captan  may  produce frogeye-like  spotting  of  the foliage  of  Delicious,
  Stayman,  and Winesap early in the season.   The small spots do not enlarge
  and are no cause for alarm.   The  inclusion of sulfur in the spray mixture
  may  increase this  type  of injury.    Captan produces  a  good finish  on
  peaches, but has caused injury to some varieties of plums.

 Captan should not be used with lime or other alkaline materials.  Do not use
  it with oil or within four days of an oil spray.  Do not use in combination
  with  EC formulations  of parathion.    Canada has  more stringent  residue
  tolerance requirements than the U.S.A.  If shipping to Canada, do not apply
  captan closer to harvest than two days  on peaches and nectarines and seven
  days on apples, and do not use captan in a postharvest fruit dip.

 Captafol (Difolatan)   is used for control  of primary apple  scab infection
  when applied in a single application at the silver-tip to 1/4-in. green-tip
  stage.   It is formulated as a 4.0  lb per 100 gal emulsifiable concentrate
  and is used  at the rate of  5.0 qt per 100  gal dilute spray (20.0  qt per
  acre  concentrate).    The amount  of  the  spray  mixture used  should  be
  sufficient to thoroughly cover each tree.   This single application is more
  effective if it is applied with superior oil (2.0 gal per 100 gal dilute or
  6.0 gal per  acre concentrate).   Difolatan is not  effective against other
  apple diseases when used in this way.  Thus, where control of diseases such
  as powdery mildew and apple rust is necessary, additional fungicides in the
  prebloom period will be needed.

 A Difolatan 80 SPRILLS  formulation has become available and is  used at the
  same active  ingredient rate as the  4F formulation.   Consult  the SPRILLS
  label for rates and additional information.

 Difolatan  must not  be applied  later than  1/4-inches green  tip stage  or
  severe injury to the fruit may occur.

 Difolatan applied  at the  1/4-inches stage  will usually  control any  scab
  infection that has occurred prior to the time of application.

 Dichlone (Phygon)  is  commonly formulated as a  50W powder and used  at the
  rate of 0.5 lb per 100 gal of spray.

 Dichlone has  been used for  apple scab control  and for control  of blossom
  brown rot on peach trees.   It should not be used with or preceding the use
  of oil or severe fruit and foliage  injury may result.   Apple fruit injury
  may occur if dichlone is used later than the pink stage of bud development.

 Dichloran (Botran)   is formulated as  a 75W  powder for use  in postharvest
  dips,  sprays,  and hydrocoolers for certain crops.   Because the timing of
  the sprays  and the postharvest uses  of Botran are different  for specific
  crops,   this description  is  limited to  peaches.    It is  exceptionally
  effective for Rhizopus rot control,  but should be combined with 1.0 to 2.0
  lb of captan 50W for brown rot control.  Botran, when used in dips, sprays,
  or hydrocoolers at the rate of 1.0  lb per 100 gal of water,  significantly
  reduces postharvest decay of peaches.

 Dikar is formulated as a 76.7W powder and used at the rate of 2.0 lb per 100
  gal of spray.   It is most effective  when used in a full-season protective
  program.   It has generally given good  control of apple scab,  apple rust,
  powdery mildew,  rots,  sooty blotch,  and fly speck.   Dikar has generally
  provided good fruit finish under most  conditions.   In addition to disease
  control,  Dikar has been shown to suppress mites when used in a full-season
  program.   However,  Dikar will not control  them when the populations have
  increased to levels sufficient to cause bronzing of the leaves.

 It is compatible with the various  insecticides recommended for apples.   If
  emulsifiable formulations of  insecticides are to be used  with Dikar,  the
  compatibility should  be checked.   Dikar  should not  be used with  oil or
  within 7 days of an oil spray.

 Dinocap (Karathane) is formulated as a 19W powder and as a 37LC.  The powder
  is used from 4.0 to 8.0 oz, and the liquid from 2.0 to 4.0 fluid oz per 100
  gal of  spray.   Dinocap  is used  principally for  the control  of powdery
  mildew.   It is also  of some value in mite control.    Dinocap has a short
  residual life,   and frequent applications at  low rates are  preferable to
  fewer applications at higher rates.

 Do not  combine   dinocap  with  oil  or   with  an  insecticide   having  a
  petroleum-solvent base.

 Applications  of dinocap  may  require the  use  of a  spreader  to be  most
  effective in some situations.  This is particularly true when this chemical
  is used on young foliage that may be difficult to wet.  Where a spreader is
  used, it should be a nonionic type.

 Dodine (Cyprex) is formulated for spray purposes as a 65W powder and is used
  from 0.4 to 0.75 lb per 100 gal dilute.

 It has been outstanding in its ability to control apple scab and cherry leaf
  spot;  however,  it is not effective for control of rust infections,  fruit
  rots, or powdery mildew.   In some areas under heavy usage for scab control
  over a period of years, tolerance to dodine has developed in the apple scab
  fungus.

 Dodine is not  compatible with lime and other  alkaline products.   Physical
  incompatibilities with some  pesticides have occurred when  the combination
  has been mixed in hard water.

 Dodine may russet yellow varieties,  particularly Golden Delicious.   It has
  sometimes caused  fruit spotting of Stayman  and some other  red varieties;
  so,  excessive rates of usage should  be avoided.   Resistance of the apple
  scab fungus  to dodine  has been shown  also in some  areas of  the eastern
  U.S.A.;  therefore,   DODINE SHOULD BE USED  WITH CAUTION UNDER  HEAVY SCAB
  CONDITIONS.


 Ferbam (Carbamate) is formulated as a 76W powder and used at rates of 0.6 to
  2.0  lb per  100  gal.   Ferbam  is  available only  under  the trade  name
  Carbamate.  It is recommended and used primarily for peach leaf curl, cedar
  apple rust, and quince rust control.  Ferbam also may be used on processing
  fruit to control most apple diseases because finish is not as critical.  It
  has tended  to roughen  the finish of  Golden Delicious,   and has  been an
  important factor  in the development of  enlarged lenticels on  Stayman and
  Delicious varieties.  York and Rome usually finish well with ferbam.  Fruit
  coloring may be slightly delayed when ferbam is used.

 Ferbam  is not  considered safe  as a  foliage spray  on peaches,   although
  excessive injury has  not followed limited applications.    It is effective
  against peach leaf curl.

 Folpet (Phaltan)  is formulated as a 50W powder  and used at the rate of 2.0
  lb per 100 gal of spray.  It is closely related to captan.

 Folpet has shown effectiveness against black rot, Botryosphaeria rot, bitter
  rot,  sooty blotch,  and fly speck.   It  has given good scab control in an
  all-season schedule,  but folpet may cause more injury to fruit finish than
  captan, and its all-season use should be only in those orchards where fruit
  rots  are unusually  difficult to  control.   Do  not use  with or  closely
  following oil sprays.

 Glyodin  is registered  as a  fungicide  on apples,   pears,  peaches,   and
  cherries.   It gives  moderate control of scab and some  summer diseases of
  apple, pear scab,  cherry leaf spot and peach brown rot.   Glyodin has been
  used as a surfactant and supplemental  fungicide.   The addition of glyodin
  (1 pt per  100 gal dilute)  has improved the  effectiveness of streptomycin
  for fireblight control.

 Iprodione (Rovral 50W) is registered for control of brown rot blossom blight
  and fruit brown rot on cherries, peaches, and nectarines.   The recommended
  rate is 2 lb per acre.   For  blossom blight control,  apply at early bloom
  and repeat  at full-bloom and  petal fall  if conditions are  favorable for
  disease development.    For fruit  rot control,   make an  application when
  disease conditions  become favorable  in the five  weeks prior  to harvest.
  Repeat at no shorter than 7-day  intervals in the pre-harvest sprays.   May
  be applied  the day  of harvest.   DO  NOT APPLY MORE  THAN FIVE  TIMES PER
  SEASON.

 Mancozeb (Dithane M-45 and Manzate 200) is a coordinated product of zinc ion
  and manganese ethylene bisdithiocarbamate.  It differs from maneb, or maneb
  plus zinc ion products,  and is safer for use on apples.   It is formulated
  as an 80W powder, and,  when used at the rate of 1.5 to 2.0 lb per 100 gal,
  it is effective  against a broad range of apple  diseases including:  apple
  scab, apple rust, black rot, bitter rot, sooty blotch,  and fly speck.   It
  has excellent sticking  properties and may leave  excessive visible residue
  unless a spreader,  such as Triton B-1956 at 2.0 to 3.0 oz per 100 gal,  is
  included in the last two or three applications.

 Metiram (Polyram)  is formulated as an 80W  powder and is registered for the
  control of apple scab, cedar apple rust, fly speck, sooty blotch, and as an
  aid in reduction of European red mite.    It has been effective in reducing
  the severity of leaf blotch defoliation  on Golden Delicious.   Polyram has
  performed well against apple scab in a  protective program when used at 2.0
  lb per 100 gal dilute spray or 6.5 lb per acre concentrate.

 Polyram is compatible with most pesticides and mixes well with superior oil.
  Fruit finish has been good to excellent  in orchards where Polyram has been
  used.

 The combination (tank mix)  of Polyram 80W 1.0 lb plus benomyl 50W (Benlate)
  2.0  oz per  100 gal  dilute,   or Polyram  80W  3.25 lb  plus benomyl  50W
  (Benlate)  7.0  oz per  acre concentrate has  performed well  against apple
  diseases in Virginia.

 Streptomycin is an antibiotic widely used  against fire blight of apples and
  pears.    It is  commonly formulated  as  streptomycin sulfate  17W or  21W
  powder.   Streptomycin nitrate  is offered as a liquid  solution.   All are
  effective formulations.   It is  commonly used at 60 to 100  ppm in blossom
  sprays and at 100 ppm in post-blossom sprays.

 Sulfur  Kolospray 81W  and  Kolodust  Extra Dust  or  Spray  53W are  sulfur
  products registered for powdery mildew  control on apples.   These products
  have provided  good commercial control  of powdery  mildew as well  as good
  fruit finish on "sulfur sensitive" varieties when used in a complete season
  program.   For powdery mildew control use  Kolospray 81W 2.0-3.0 lb per 100
  gal dilute or  7.0-10.0 lb per acre concentrate in  pre-bloom sprays.   Use
  Kolodust Xtra Dust or  Spray 53W 2.0-3.0 lb per 100  gal dilute or 7.0-10.0
  lb per acre concentrate in petal-fall and cover sprays.

 Wettable Sulfur 95W has provided fair to  good control of brown rot and scab
  of peach  and nectarine.   It  is used at  the rate of  6.0 lb per  100 gal
  dilute or 15 lb per acre concentrate.    Wettable sulfur also has been used
  to control powdery mildew on apples  with fair results (use rates according
  to manufacturer's  label for  powdery mildew).    Some apple  cultivars are
  sensitive to wettable sulfur (example,  Stayman);  hence,  user should take
  precaution  when applying  to sensitive  cultivars.   Do  not use  wettable
  sulfur 95W on apples when the weather is hot.

 Flowable sulfur formulations are registered for brown rot and powdery mildew
  control on peach,   and powdery mildew control on  apple.   Generally,  the
  flowable formulations have performed similarly  to wettable formulations on
  an  equivalent active  ingredient basis.    Use  the flowable  formulations
  according to individual manufacturer's label.

 Do not  use  any sulfur  products  within  two  weeks  before or  after  the
 application of an oil spray.

 Thiophanate-methyl  (Topsin-M)   is formulated  as  a  70W powder.    It  is
  registered  for  use  in  controlling  several  diseases  of  stone  fruit.
  Thiophanate-methyl is registered for use on apricots, cherries, nectarines,
  peaches, plums, and prunes for control of brown rot, blossom blight,  fruit
  brown rot, peach scab,  powdery mildew,  black knot,  and cherry leaf spot.
  Topsin-M has provided good control of brown  rot and scab on nectarines and
  peaches in experimental plots and in commercial orchards over the past five
  years.

 Thiophanate-methyl  (Topsin-M)   belongs  to the  same  family  of  chemical
  compounds as  Benlate.   Generally,  those  disease-causing fungi  that are
  resistant to benomyl (Benlate) also are resistant to Topsin-M.   Therefore,
  the use of Topsin-M  and Benlate as the only fungicides  for the control of
  brown rot and scab on peaches and nectarines should be avoided.

 Thiophanate-methyl is also registered for apple scab, powdery mildew,  apple
  black rot, sooty blotch, and fly speck.  It is used on apples at 1.0 to 1.5
  lb  per acre.    After  using thiophanate-methyl  as  recommended,  if  the
  treatment is not effective, a tolerant strain of the fungus may be present;
  therefore, call your Extension Specialist for another recommendation.   See
  additional comments about  fungus resistance to Topsin-M  and Benlate under
  Benlate, p. ____.

 Thiophanate-methyl  appears to  have no  compatibility  problems with  those
  pesticides  that  commonly  are  used in  stone-fruit  or  apple  orchards.
  However,  do not  tank-mix with copper-containing chemicals  or with highly
  alkaline pesticides such as Bordeaux mixture or lime sulfur.

 Thiram is formulated as a  65W powder and used at the rate of  0.6 to 2.0 lb
  per 100 gal of spray.   Thiram is a dithiocarbamate chemical, as are ferbam
  and zineb.   It is  frequently used in place of ferbam  because it is light
  colored and generally less injurious to  the finish of sensitive varieties,
  including  Golden Delicious.    Thiram combines  readily  with dormant  oil
  sprays, while ferbam may mix poorly.   Thiram will control rust infections,
  but is less effective than ferbam.  It is less effective against apple scab
  than captan and other dithiocarbamate fungicides.

 Triforine (Funginex) is formulated as an 18.2%EC and is registered for brown
  rot blossom blight on apricots, cherries, nectarines, peaches,  plums,  and
  prunes and fruit  rot control on apricots,  nectarines,   and peaches.   It
  should be used at the  rate of 12.0 to 16.0 fl oz per  100 gallons of water
  dilute or  36.0 to 48.0  fl oz per  acre concentrate.   Funginex  should be
  applied at the early popcorn stage  of bud development (just before blossom
  buds open),  full-bloom,  and  a third application at petal fall  and in no
  more than  3 preharvest  sprays for  brown rot  control.   Funginex  is not
  registered for  peach scab  or Rhizopus  rot.   Do  not apply  more than  6
  applications of Funginex to stone fruits per season.

 Do not  mix Funginex  with  wetting  agents,  spreader-stickers,   or  other
  adjuvants.  Also, do not let spray mixture stand in tank overnight.

 Funginex is registered  for control of scab,  powdery mildew,   and rusts on
  apples at the rate of 10.0 fl oz per  100 gal dilute or 36.0-40.0 fl oz per
  acre concentrate (used in 50-200 gallons of water per acre.)  It is thought
  to have after-infection activity (limited research) on scab and cedar rust;
  and is suggested  for limited trial where rust control  has been difficult.
  Funginex  is not  satisfactory as  a  protective fungicide  for apple  scab
  during the  early part  of the growing  season,  since  it will  not remain
  effective for 7-days.   Use in combination  with a protective fungicide for
  effective scab control.   Do not exceed a total of five applications and do
  not apply after petal fall.


 Zineb is formulated  as a 75W powder and used  at the rate of 0.6  to 2.0 lb
  per 100 gal  Zineb has given good  control of cedar and  quince rusts.   It
  usually has a longer residual life than captan.  When combined with captan,
  excellent control of sooty blotch and fly speck of apples has resulted.


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    (See table 9 for safe interval between last application and harvest)

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 Amitraz  (BAAM)   is  a  formamidine pesticide  registered  on  pear.    Two
  formulations are available: 50W and 1.5EC.  Both formulations are effective
  in  prebloom  or  postbloom  periods for  pear  psylla  control.    The  EC
  formulation is also effective against European red mite and pear rust mite,
  with some suppression  activity towards codling moth  and twospotted spider
  mite.   Amitraz is also toxic to predatory mites.   It is incompatible with
  parathion, Ziram, Cyprex, Bordeaux mixture, NAA, and detergents.

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 Azinphosmethyl (Guthion)  is formulated as a 50W powder and used at the rate
  of 0.5  lb per  100 gal  of spray.    This organophosphate  insecticide has
  performed well in  the control of many apple,  peach,   and nectarine pests
  when used in a full-season schedule.   Azinphosmethyl is also formulated as
  a liquid concentrate that may be used on  peaches at the rate of 1.0 pt per
  100 gal of  spray.   Azinphosmethyl is highly poisonous and  should be used
  with caution.  It should not be applied more than eight times a season.

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 Bacillus thuringiensis;  (Berliner) is a bacterial insecticide formulated as
  a wettable powder and as an aqueous concentrate.   It may be recommended in
  combination with  either an adjuvant or  another insecticide,  so  read the
  label very carefully.   Generally speaking, B.t.   (Thuricide or Dipel)  is
  most effective against newly hatched  caterpillars.   Death is slow because
  the material  must be ingested and  the biological action  completed within
  the insect's gut before death occurs;   however,  larvae soon cease feeding
  after  ingesting B.t.    Rates are  given on  the label  for each  specific
  formulation.

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 Carbaryl (Sevin)  is formulated as a 50W and 80S powder and used at the rate
  of from 1.0 to 2.0 lb per 100  gal of spray.   Carbaryl is highly effective
  in codling moth and Japanese beetle  control.   It is somewhat effective on
  several other insects, including aphids and leafrollers.   Carbaryl reduces
  fruit set on some varieties of apple  when applied within 30 days of bloom,
  and it is suggested as a chemical fruit thinner on Red Delicious,  Winesap,
  and Rome.   Mite populations have a tendency to increase following carbaryl
  sprays.   Because of its low mammalian toxicity, carbaryl is one of the few
  insecticides that can be used to within 1 day of harvest.  New formulations
  that are less toxic to honey bees are available.

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 Carbophenothion (Trithion 8E) is registered for use on apple, cherry,  pear,
  plum,   peach,   and  nectarine.    It  is  recommended  as  a  dormant  or
  delayed-dormant treatment for aphids,  and for  San Jose scale control,  at
  the rate of 4 oz  in combination with 2 gal of superior oil  per 100 gal of
  water.  Avoid combinations with dinitro compounds, including Karathane.

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 Carzol 92SP is registered for use on apple, pear,  peach,  nectarine,  plum,
  and prune.    Pests controlled and  label rates per  100 gal of  water are:
  Apple ;  tentiform  leaf miner (4-8 oz),  white apple  leafhopper (2-4 oz).
  Apple and pear  ;  European red mite  and twospotted spider mite  (4-8 oz).
  Pear ; pear rust mite (4 oz).  Peach ; tarnished plant bug and stink bug (4
  oz).   Peach, nectarine, plum, and prune ; European red mite and twospotted
  spider mite (4 oz).  Total seasonal applications are limited for each fruit
  as follows:   Apple and pear, 4 lb/A;  peach, 2.5 lb/A;  nectarine, 4 lb/A;
  plum and prune,   3 lb/A.   Carzol is  not stable in alkaline  solution and
  should be mixed just prior to use.   Do not mix more than can be sprayed in
  four hours.

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 Chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4E)  is registered for mid-season control of peachtree
  borer and is also recommended to control lesser peachtree borer.  It should
  not be applied within 14 days of  harvest on bearing trees.   Spray contact
  with fruit  is prohibited with Lorsban.    Good results have  been obtained
  when  the  material  was  applied   immediately  following  harvest.    The
  recommended rate is 3 pts of Lorsban 4E  in 100 gal of water.   One hundred
  gal  should spray  75-100  large trees  or  100-125  smaller trees.    This
  material is also registered on apple, pear, plum,  and peach for dormant or
  delayed-dormant application at 0.5 to 1.0 pt plus 2 gal of superior oil per
  100 gal of  water to control rosy apple  aphid and San Jose  scale.   A 50W
  formulation is also available that is registered for use on apple on a wide
  variety of insect pests.  It is not registered for use on other tree fruits
  at present.   Lorsban 50W may be applied up to 28 days prior to harvest (21
  days must  elapse between last two  applications),  but should not  be used
  more than 8 times per season.   Label rates  are 8-16 oz per 100 gal dilute
  or 3 lb per acre when concentrated.

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 Cyhexatin (Plictran) is an acaricide registered for use on apple, peach, and
  pear.   It is formulated as a 50W powder and used at the rate of 4.0 to 6.0
  oz per 100 gal of spray.  It has performed well on apple in both early- and
  late-season use.   Currently,  it is considered fairly safe on predators of
  mites.  No more than four sprays should be used per season.

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 Demeton (Systox)  is formulated as a 6 EC and recommended at the rate of 5.0
  oz per 100 gal of spray.  It is used for both mite and aphid control in the
  prebloom and early postblossom period.   No more than three applications at
  the recommended  rate should be  made within  a given season.    Demeton is
  highly poisonous and should be used with caution.

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 Diazinon is formulated  as a 50W powder and  used at the rate of  1.0 lb per
  100  gal of  spray.   This  organophosphate insecticide  is registered  for
  control of many tree fruit insects.  It is moderately toxic to mammals.

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 Dicofol (Kelthane) is an acaricide formulated as 35W, 18.5% EC, and 4F.  The
  4F formulation is most effective for mite  control.   Label rates of 4F are
  8-16 oz/100 gal  or 48 oz/acre concentrate.   The EC  formulation may cause
  phytotoxicity and russeting under some conditions.    Dicofol is one of the
  most effective miticides,   except where resistance has  developed to early
  formulations.  Do not reapply within 30 days on plum, prune, or cherry.

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 Dimethoate (Cygon, De-Fend)  is formulated as a 25W powder and as 2.67 and 4
  EC's.   It is used  at the rate of 0.5 lb active ingredient  per 100 gal of
  spray.  Dimethoate is a systemic insecticide and may be used against mites,
  aphid, leafhoppers,  codling moth,  apple maggot,  and plant bugs.   The EC
  formulation will also aid in the control of San Jose scale crawlers.

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 Endosulfan (Thiodan) is formulated as a 50W powder,  and is used at the rate
  of 1.5 lb per  100 gal for control of peachtree  borer and lesser peachtree
  borer.   It is also  effective in the control of apple  aphids when used at
  the rate of 1.0  lb per 100 gal Endosulfan should not  be applied more than
  twice during the fruiting season to peach and nectarine.   It should not be
  applied  more  than  three  times to  apple  during  the  fruiting  period.
  Endosulfan is highly poisonous and should be used with caution.

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 Ethion  is  an  organophosphate  insecticide   recommended  for  dormant  or
  delayed-dormant use  in combination  with superior oil  for the  control of
  aphid, San Jose scale,  and overwintering European red mite eggs.   Several
  EC  formulations  of   Ethion  are  available,   including   an  Ethion-oil
  combination.

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 Fenvalerate  (Pydrin)  is  a pyrethroid  insecticide registered  for use  on
  apple,  peach,   and pear.    It is  formulated as  a 2.4  EC and  provides
  broad-spectrum insect control at low rates of application.   Pydrin is also
  highly toxic to beneficial insects.   Postbloom application usually results
  in a  severe mite outbreak.   Pydrin  is only recommended for  the prebloom
  control of  pear psylla  on pear.    On apple,   Pydrin is  recommended for
  prebloom  insect control  and late  season (after  mid-August)  control  of
  leafrollers in blocks with low mite populations.

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 Malathion is formulated as  a 25W powder and used at the rate  of 2.0 lb per
  100 gal  of spray.   It  is also formulated  as a  5 EC.   Malathion  has a
  relatively low mammalian toxicity,  and,  therefore,   is one of the safest
  organophosphate insecticides to use.  It is quite effective against aphids.
  Malathion  is   compatible  with  most   commonly  used   insecticides  and
  fungicides, but alkaline solutions will reduce its residual toxicity.

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 Methidathion (Supracide)  is available as a 2 EC.   It is an organophosphate
  insecticide that  is utilized  in the dormant  or delayed-dormant  stage to
  control aphid  and scale.   It  may be applied with  or without oil  and is
  recommended at the 1 qt per 100 gal  rate for scale control.   The rate may
  be reduced to 1 pt per 100 gal for aphid control.

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 Methiocarb (Mesurol)   is formulated as  a 75W  powder.   It is  a carbamate
  insecticide  used at  the  rate  of 1  to  1.33 lb  per  100  gal for  bird
  repellency, and for the control of European red mite, plum,  curculio,  and
  cherry fruit flies on cherry.   It is also registered on peach for European
  red mite and plum, curculio control.  Do not use more than 400 gal of spray
  per acre nor more  than three times per season on cherry  or four times per
  season on peach.

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 Methomyl (Lannate,  Nudrin)  insecticide is registered  for use on apple for
  control of aphid, bud moth, codling moth, leafroller,  and leafhopper,  and
  on  peach for  Oriental fruit  moth  control.   The  liquid formulation  of
  methomyl is  recommended at the  rate of 1  pt per  100 gal in  this guide.
  Methomyl has  demonstrated ovicidal activity against  variegated leafroller
  and tufted apple budmoth.

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 Oils (superior-type)  result  from a high degree of  refining.   The minimum
  specifications for three weights of superior oil are:


          PROPERTY
                                        60 sec.   70 sec.   100 sec.
   Viscosity (1) at 100 F, sec. (max.)    63        75      90-120
   Gravity, (2)  API (minches)            35        34        31
   Unsulfonated residue, (3) (minches)    94        92        90
   Pour Point, (4)  F (max.)              20        20        30
   Distillation, (5)  10 mm Hg.  F
        50% point                         412 + 8   435 + 8
        10 to 90% range  F  (max.)        65        80

   a--Determined according to the following ASTM Methods:

               D-445-65 and D-2161-66
               D-287-67
               D-483-63
               D-97-66
               D-1160-61

 Some spray oils, when mixed with other materials and with water from certain
water supplies,  result in an  uneven distribution  of these materials  in the
spray tank.  The oil appears to capture some materials and form large globules
that  separate from the water  in the  absence of  vigorous agitation.    Some
mixtures cannot be made  satisfactorly even  with intense  agitation.   It  is
suggested that the compatibility of the oil with the other materials be tested
by adding small amounts to water in a glass jar and stirring.   If the mixture
can be kept from separating by stirring, it should be all right for use.

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 Oxamyl (Vydate L)  is registered on apple for the control of aphids,  mites,
white apple leafhopper and tentiform leafminer at the  rate of 1 to  2 pts per
100 gal of dilute spray.  Vydate L should  not be applied within 30 days after
full bloom to avoid fruit thinning.

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 Parathion is formulated as 15W and 25W powders  and as 6 and 8 EC's.   It is
effective in the control of many pests.  There are some limitations to the use
of parathion on apple.  These include possible injury to fruit finish and set,
and  possible  reduction of  fungicidal  action  of  some  materials  used  in
combination with it.   On peach and nectarine,  no more than  5.0 lb of actual
parathion per acre per year should be applied.   Parathion is highly poisonous
and should be used with caution.  It  should not be applied to apple varieties
susceptible to spray injury.

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INSECTICIDES
-Text-

 Parathion-methyl (Penncap-M)  is microencapsulated and registered for use on
apple at the rate of 1 to 2 pts per 100 gal of spray  for the control of apple
maggot, codling moth, green fruit worm, plum,  curculio,  several leafrollers,
white marked tussock moth, woolly apple aphids, and San Jose scale.

  On  peach  it is  registered  for control  of  lesser peachtree  borer  and
peachtree borer  at 1.5  to 2.0  pt per 100 gal,   and for  catfacing insects,
Oriental fruit moth, plum, curculio and peach twig borer at 1.0-2.0 pt per 100
gal dilute.  Penncap-M is also registered for use on cherry, plum, prune,  and
pear.  Check the label for specific recommendations.

 Supplemental labeling for  tank mixes of Penncap-M  with azinphosmethyl 50W,
methomyl 1.8L, and Zolone 25W is registered. Read the label for specific pests
controlled with each combination and for recommended rates.

-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle-
INSECTICIDES
-Text-

 Phosalone (Zolone) is formulated as a 3 EC and a 25W powder used at the rate
of 1.0 pt  and 1.0  lb  per 100  gal  respectively.   It  is a  broad-spectrum
organophosphate insecticide that may be used on apple and peach for control of
many pests, including codling moth, plum, curculio, leafrollers,  leafhoppers,
aphids,  and others.   It may be of value in suppressing mite populations.  No
more than  17.5 lb of  active ingredient should  be applied per  season.  Some
russeting of Golden Delicious may follow its use.

-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle-
INSECTICIDES
-Text-

 Phosmet (Imidan)  is a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide formulated
as a 50W  powder.   It  is registered  for  use on  a number  of fruit  pests,
including codling moth, plum, curculio,  redbanded leafroller,  Oriental fruit
moth, rosy apple aphids, woolly apple aphids, and others.

-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle-
INSECTICIDES
-Text-

 Phosphamidon is commonly formulated as an 8EC  and used at rates of from 2.5
to 4.0  oz per  100 gal  of spray.   It has resulted  in excellent  control of
aphids.  Amounts in excess of 4.0 oz per 100 gal in repeated sprays may injure
the lenticels of some apple varieties.    This is a systemic  material,  hence
combinations with materials that increase penetration (e.g. oil) may result in
injury under some humidity conditions.   It is injurious to cherry, peach, and
plum.

-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle-
INSECTICIDES
-Text-

 Propargite (Omite)  is an  acaricide that is formulated as a  30W powder and
6EC.  The WP is used at the rate of 1.0 to  1.5 lb and the EC at 6 to 10 fl oz
per 100 gal of spray.  It has performed well in mite control on apple.   Omite
is most effective during the warmer summer months,  and its full effectiveness
requires from 4 days to a week.  It should not be used more than three times a
season on apple or more than twice a season on plum.

-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle-
INSECTICIDES
-Text-

  Pyrethroid Insecticides:   (Ambush,   Payoff,  Pounce,   and Pydrin)   are
registered  and several others are  candidates for  registration.   These  are
highly effective insecticides that  have activity  on many  species of  pests.
They are particularly effective on most caterpillars and sucking insects. Most
do not control mites, but they kill most mite predators.  Mite populations can
increase  dramatically  following  postbloom  use   and one  or  two  miticide
applications will  probably be  required.   Read label instructions  carefully
because  uses  and  limitations vary  between  pyrethroids.   Measure  dosages
accurately and follow timing recommendations and safety precautions closely.


-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle-
HERBICIDES
-Text-

                           Preemergence (Residual)

 DICHLOBENIL (Casoron,  Norosac)  is recommended for use around apple,  pear,
cherry, nectarine,  peach,  and plum trees and may be applied four weeks after
transplanting. The 4% granular material applied at the rate of 150 lb per acre
is particularly useful for application on limited  acreage treatments.   Since
dichlobenil volatilizes under warm conditions, applications should be made
when cool or cold weather is predominant in late fall or very early spring
(no later than March). 
A fall application is necessary to control many perennials (such as
fescues, orchardgrass, quackgrass, knapweeds, wild carrot,  mugwort,  docks,
and dandelion), but  spring applications are suitable for  control of numerous
annual weeds.   The residual life  of spring  applications may be  extended by
shallow incorporation.

 DIURON (Karmex) is formulated as an 80% wettable powder and used at the rate
of 4.0 lb per acre. Diuron may be used around apple and pear trees established
at least  1 year and around peach,  trees established  at least 3  years (with
added adjuvant). Apply to the orchard floor in early spring (March-May) before
fruit  sets.   Diuron  may kill  emerged weeds,   but  it  should be  used  in
combination with a contact herbicide  for consistent results.  Diuron controls
several annual weed  species,  but does not control emerged perennials such as
yellow rocket, dandelion, chicory, plantains, or purpletop. Diuron (1.0 to 2.0
lb of Karmex 80W)  may also be applied in a tank mixture with terbacil (1.0 to
2.0 lb of Sinbar 80W)  around apple  and peach,  trees established  at least 2
years.  This tank  mixture will  provide  partial control  of many  non-woody
perennials mentioned above.

 NAPROPAMIDE (Devrinol) is formulated as a 50% wettable powder and applied at
the rate of 8.0 lb per acre.  Napropamide may be used on newly planted as well
as established apple, pear, cherry, nectarine,  peach, and plum trees.   Apply
napropamide to the soil surface in the fall through early spring prior to weed
emergence.  A contact herbicide should be used with napropamide if established
weeds are present.    Napropamide may  be used  with diuron  (Karmex 80W)   or
terbacil (Sinbar 80W) for improved control of annual broadleaf weeds.  Observe
precautions and  time limitations for  diuron and  terbacil.   Do not apply to
trashy or frozen ground or when fruit is on the ground during harvest.  Use as
a directed spray and avoid contact with fruit or foliage.  Apply only once per
season.

 NORFLURAZON (Solicam 80W)  is recommended for preemergence control of annual
grasses & certain broadleaf weeds in newly transplanted and established apple
and peach, trees.  Recommended rates are 2.5 to 5.0 lb per acre.  Applications
under  nectarines,  pears,   and plums  should be  delayed until a year  after
planting.    Norflurazon does  not  have postemergence  activity and will  not
control emerged grasses.  However, early spring applications will suppress the
growth and spread of certain perennial  grasses such as  quackgrass,  fescues,
redtop,  and paspalums.    Complete control  would  be possible  when used  in
combination with 1.5  qt per  acre  of glyphosate  (Roundup);  however,   this
practice is not recommended for young trees.   Improved broadleaf weed control
is possible when tank-mixed with the recommended rates of simazine, or diuron.

 ORYZALIN (Surflan)  is formulated as a 75% wettable powder and as a 4 lb per
gal aqueous solution (4AS).   Recommended rates are 2.66 to 8.0 lb per acre of
the 75 WP or 2.0  to 6.0 qt of the 4AS per acre.   Oryzalin may be used around
newly transplanted apple, pear, cherry, nectarine, peach, and plum trees after
the soil has  settled and no cracks  are present as well as around established
trees.    Trash should  be removed  or thoroughly  mixed into the soil  before
application.  Oryzalin is effective in controlling annual grasses and broadleaf
weeds such as barnyardgrass, annual bluegrass, panicums, crabgrass,  foxtails,
goosegrass,   seedling  johnsongrass,  carpetweed,   common purslane,   common
lambsquarters, pigweeds, and common chickweed. Oryzalin may be tank-mixed with
diuron (Karmex  80W),  simazine,  (Princep 80W)  or terbacil (Sinbar  80W)  to
control many more  broadleaf weeds.   Observe precautions and time limitations
for diuron, simazine, or terbacil.

 PRONAMIDE (Kerb 50W)  at rates of 2.0 to  8.0 lb per acre is recommended for
fall application for specialized  weed problems in  orchards and  vineyards to
control cool-season grasses, such as fescues,  orchardgrass,   bluegrass,  and
quackgrass.  Pronamide is absorbed by root systems of weeds, therefore it will
control established cool-season grasses and certain broadleaf weeds. Pronamide
also has  preemergence activity  to prevent the  reestablishment of many weeds
that  normally  emerge  early  in the  spring.    Pronamide  does not  provide
full-season control of many summer annual weeds;  therefore, it should be used
in conjunction  with other  herbicides to  obtain full-season control of  most
annual broadleaf weeds.

 SIMAZINE (Princep) is recommended for use around apple,  pear,  cherry,  and
peach, trees established at least one year.   Princep 80W at 2.5 to 5.0 lb per
acre and Princep Caliber  90 at 2.2 to 4.4 lb per acre are recommended for all
trees listed above,  and  Princep 4L at 2.0-4.0 qt per acre is recommended for
use around apple,  pear, and cherry trees.   Simazine should be applied to the
soil before weeds emerge or after removal  of weed growth.   It  does not kill
emerged  weeds,  but may  be used  in combination  with  paraquat or  Roundup.
Simazine controls a wide variety of annual broadleaf weeds  and grasses.   Use
lower rates on light soils and soils  low in organic matter;   higher rates on
heavy soils and soils high in organic matter.  Do not use on sandy or gravelly
soils.    Lower rates  should  be used in  conjunction  with other  herbicides
(Devrinol,  Surflan,  or  Solicam) for season-long control  of annual grasses.
Avoid spray contact with crop foliage or fruit.

 TERBACIL  (Sinbar)   is recommended  for  use  in  apple and  peach,   trees
established at  least 3 years.   Apply 2.0 to  4.0 lb  of Sinbar 80W  per acre
either in the spring or after harvest in fall before weeds emerge or during
early seedling stage of weed growth.  Terbacil controls seedling johnsongrass,
barnyardgrass, annual bluegrass, chickweed, crabgrass,  dandelion,  dogfennel,
foxtails, henbit, knotweed,  common lambsquarters, mustard,  black nightshade,
orchardgrass, panicums, plantains, pigweeds, purslane, ragweed, and smartweed.
The  high  rate  is  required for  control  of  quackgrass,  yellow  nutsedge,
horsenettle, and red sorrel.


-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle-
HERBICIDES
-Text-

                                Postemergence

 AMS or ammonium sulfamate (Ammate X-NI) is a 95% soluble crystal recommended
for control of poison ivy, bramble sprouts, and annual weeds in apple and pear
orchards.  Apply 60 lb of Ammate X-NI plus 1 qt of sticker-spreader in 100 gal
of water per acre.  Apply as a coarse directed spray to poison ivy,  succulent
bramble  growth, and  other weeds  when they  are  in full  leaf and  actively
growing.  Do not allow spray or drift to contact tree foliage or fruit.

 DALAPON (Dowpon  M)  is  recommended for  use in  apple,  pear,   and peach,
orchards where trees have been established at least 4 years.    Apply 10 lb of
Dowpon M  (75% active ingredient)  around apple and pear  trees and 3.5  lb of
Dowpon M around peach,  trees for control of grasses.  Apply when grasses have
begun growing well in the spring,  but before heading.  Spray to wet the grass
without runoff.  Apply when soil moisture is high. Use one or two applications
per season.   Keep spray off crop foliage and fruit.   Do  not apply within 30
days of harvest.

 FLUAZIFOP-BUTYL (Fusilade 4E)   is effective for controlling  emerged annual
and perennial grasses in non-bearing orchards and vineyards. Recommended rates
are 0.25 to 0.50 pt per acre. Fluazifop-butyl selectively controls grasses and
does not kill or injure broadleaf weeds or crops.  Applications should be made
to  young (2  to  8  inch)  actively  growing  annual grasses before  seedhead
development. Since fluazifop-butyl is systemic, visual symptoms may not appear
in treated grasses for 7 to 14 days after application.  Fluazifop-butyl leaves
no soil residues, therefore, one of the preemergence herbicides used for grass
control (napropamide,  norflurazon, or oryzalin)  should be applied to prevent
the reestablishment of annual grasses in the  young orchard.   Fluazifop-butyl
should be applied as a directed spray to the soil around non-bearing trees and
vines  which  will  not  be  harvested  within  one  year  after  application.
Fluazifop-butyl is the  only material recommended for use in newly established
peach,es,  nectarines,  or  vineyards to control established perennial grasses
such as nimblewill, paspalums, purpletop, fescues, or orchardgrass.

 GLYPHOSATE  (Roundup)  is  recommended for  controlling  emerged annual  and
perennial weeds around apple, pear, cherry, peach, plum,  and nectarine trees;
however,  only wick wipers may be used around peach, plum,  or nectarine trees
(not labeled for stone fruit in West Virginia).  To control annual grasses and
broadleaf weeds use 1.0 to 1.5 qt per acre in 20 to 40  gal of water per acre.
Established  perennial grasses  such as  fescues,   orchardgrass,   purpletop,
paspalums (field paspalum, vaseygrass,  dallisgrass), and johnsongrass can be
controlled using  1.5 to 2.0  qt per  acre in 20  to 40 gal per acre  of water
applied when the grasses are actively growing.  Since glyphosate does not have
preemergence activity, a herbicide with residual activity could be added to 
the mix to prevent the emergence of annual weeds in the treated area. Woody 
and other difficult-to-control perennials require 3.0 to 5.0 qt per acre.  
For wick applicators, mix 1 gal of Roundup in 2 gal of water to prepare a
33% solution.
WARNING:  Do not mix,  store,  or apply spray solutions in galvanized metal or
unlined steel tanks.   Chemical reaction produces hydrogen gas,  which is very
explosive.

 PARAQUAT (Ortho Paraquat Plus or Gramoxone)  is  available as a 2 lb per gal
liquid and is recommended for use in apple, pear, cherry, nectarine, peach,
and plum, trees. Apply as a directed spray at 1 to 2 qt per acre when weeds and
grasses are succulent  and the new growth is from 1 to 6 inches  high.   Add a
non-ionic  spreader-sticker at  the  rate of 8.0 oz  per  100 gal.    Repeated
applications will be necessary to give sustained control.   Do not allow spray
to contact green stems, fruit, or foliage as injury may result.  WASH THE TANK
AND SPRAYER  THOROUGHLY WITH CLEAR WATER  AFTER SPRAYING.  PARAQUAT  IS TOXIC.
HANDLE WITH CAUTION!

 2,4-D (Dacamine 4D)  is recommended for control of broadleaf weeds in apples
and pears.  This treatment is  particularly useful for controlling troublesome
broadleaf weeds  that  escape  preemergence  treatments  recommended  for  new
plantings.  Apply  as a directed  spray at 2.0 qt  per acre to  young actively
growing weeds.  2,4-D will not control grasses and certain perennial broadleaf
weeds. Do not allow spray to contact fruit, branches, or trunks of trees.  Use
a coarse spray and low pressure to avoid drift to susceptible crops.

 SETHOXYDIM (Poast),  available as a 1.5 lb per gal liquid,  is effective for
controlling emerged annual  and  perennial  grasses in  non-bearing  orchards.
Recommended rates are 1.5  to 2.5  pt per  acre on  actively growing  grasses.
Apply 1.5 pt per acre to annual grasses up  to 6 inches high and  apply 2.5 pt
per acre to annual grasses up to 12 inches high and to perennial grasses.

-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle-
EFFECTIVENESS OF FUNGICIDES, INSECTICIDES, AND HERBICIDES
-Table-


                 Table 1.  Effectiveness of Apple Fungicides*
_____________________________________________________________________________ 

                     Rate/100
Fungicide           gal dilute
_____________________________________________________________________________

Bayleton 50W      1.5-2 oz      S   E    E    S    -    -    N    S    G    G

*Benlate 50W +    2-3 oz +      G   G    N    E    G    G    F    F    G    G
Captan 50W        12-16 oz


*Benlate 50W +    2-3 oz +      G   G    F    E    G    G    G    E    G    G
Mancozeb 80W      12 oz

*Benlate 50W +    3 oz +        E   E    F    E    G    G    G    E    F    F
Mancozeb 80W +    12 oz +
Superior Oil      1 qt

*Benlate 50W +    2 oz +        G   G    F    E    G    G    G    G    G    G
Polyram 80W       1 lb

Captan 50W        2 lb          G   N    N    G    G    G    G    F    E    E

Captan 50W +      1 lb +        G   N    F    G    G    G    G    G    G    G
Zineb 75W         1 lb

Cyprex 65W        8 oz          E   N    N    F    N    N    N    F    F    G

Dichlone 50W      8 oz          G   N    N    -    -    -    -    -    -    -
(or equivalent rate a.i. of other formulation)

Difolatan 4F      3-5 qt        G   N    N    -    -    -    -    -    -    -

Dikar 76.7W       2 lb          G   G    G    E    G    G    E    E    G    G

Ferbam 76W        1.5 lb        G   N    G    G    F    F    F    F    F    F

Folpet 50W        2 lb          G   N    N    G    E    E    E    E    F    G

Funginex 1.6E     10 fl oz      G   G    E    S    -    -    -    -    -    -

Glyodin 30EC        1 qt        F   N    S    S    S    S    S    S    F    F

Karathane 19WD      8 oz        N   G    N    N    N    N    N    N    G    G

Kolodust Xtra Dust              S   G    N    N    N    N    N    S    G    G
or Spray 53W        2-3 lb

Mancozeb 80W        2 lb        G   N    G    E    G    G    E    E    G    G

Polyram 80W         2 lb        G   N    G    G    G    F    E    G    E    E

Thiram 65W          2 lb        F   N    F    F    G    F    F    F    G    E

**Topsin-M 70W +    2-3 oz +    G   G    N    E    G    G    F    G    G    G
Captan 50W          12-16 oz

**Topsin-M 70W +    2-3 oz +    G   G    F    E    G    G    G    G    G    G
Mancozeb 80W        12 oz

**Topsin-M 70W +    2-3 oz +    G   G    F    E    G    G    G    G    G    G
Polyram 80W         12-16 oz

Zineb 75W           2 lb        F   N    G    G    G    G    G    G    G    G
_____________________________________________________________________________

*Effectiveness Scale
 E = excellent; generally good disease control under heavy disease preasure.
 G = good; good control under moderate disease pressure.
 F = fair; fair control under moderate disease pressure.
 S = slight; some control under light disease pressure.
 N = none; little or no effect on indicated disease.
 - = Information lacking or not applicable.

CAUTION:  Cyprex (dodine) will become less effective where resistance occurs.

*Combinations involving  Benlate  or  Topsin-M  will  become ineffective  where
resistant strains of the apple scab fungus have developed. Resistance to
Benlate and Topsin-M  has been confirmed in  the Virginia counties of 
Botetourt, Floyd, Roanoke, Shenandoah, Warren, Wise, and Smyth. If resistance
is suspected, use of Benlate and Topsin-M should  be discontinued and replaced 
by full rates of other scab fungicides.

-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle-
EFFECTIVENESS OF FUNGICIDES, INSECTICIDES, AND HERBICIDES
-Text-

Effectiveness ratings  of fruit fungicides for disease control are based  on
research at Blacksburg and  Winchester,  Virginia, and also  on research  from
surrounding states.  The ratings also are based on severe  disease pressures at
the test sites.  Although the ratings are compiled from the results  of 5 to 10
years of  research, they may not hold  true for  all orchard  conditions within
Virginia and West Virginia. Results can vary from location-to-location 
depending on the weather conditions, how well the  trees were sprayed the
previous year, concentration of inoculum present, tree size and age,
formulation of  a given fungicide, and how the fungicide was applied
(low or high volume). Under certain environmental conditions and cultural
practices, the effectiveness ratings could change from good to excellent
or vice versa.  The ratings, however, are intended as  a general  guide
to  assist the  grower in fungicide  selection for  disease control.

-Table- 
                    Table 2.  Effectiveness of Peach Fungicides

  __________________________________________________________________________ 

                             Rate per       Leaf            Brown    Rhizopus
   Fungicide              100 gal dilute    Curl    Scab     Rot       Rot
  __________________________________________________________________________

   Benlate 50W +          4-6 oz +           -        E       E        S
   Captan 50W             1-2 lb

   Benlate 50W +          4-6 oz +            -       E       E        S
   Sulfur                 3-6 lb

   Bordeaux mixture                           E       -       -        -
     (Copper sulfate +    2 lb +
     hydrated lime)       4 lb

   Botran +               1 lb +              -       G       G        G
   Captan 50W             1 lb

   Bravo 500              1.5-2 pt            E       E       -        -

   Captan 50W             2 lb                -       G       G        S

   Ferbam 76W             2-3 lb              E       -       -        -

   Funginex 1.6E          12-16 fl oz         -       S       E        N

   Liquid lime sulfur     4 gal               E       -       -        -

   Rovral 50W             (2 lb/A)            -       N       E        N

   Sulfur 95W             6 lb                -       G       G        S

   Topsin-M 70W +         4-6 oz +            -       G       E        S
   Captan 50W             1-2 lb

   Topsin-M 70W +         4-10 oz +           -       G       E        S
   Sulfur 95W             4-6 lb
 __________________________________________________________________________

  1 Rating Scale
    E = excellent;   generally good  disease control  under heavy  disease
        pressure.
    G = good; good control under moderate disease pressure.
    F = fair; fair control under moderate disease pressure.
    S = slight; some control under light disease pressure.
    N = none; little or no effect on indicated disease.
    - = Information lacking or not applicable.
       CAUTION:    Combinations   involving  Benlate  or   Topsin-M,   the 
        benzimidazole fungicides, may become ineffective for scab or brown
        rot if resistance to these fungicides develops.   If resistance is
        suspected,  switch to a fungicide program not involving Benlate or
        Topsin-M  until  the  fungus has  been  tested  for  benzimidazole
        sensitivity.

-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle-
EFFECTIVENESS OF FUNGICIDES, INSECTICIDES, AND HERBICIDES
-Table-
 
     Table 3.   Relative Effectiveness of Chemicals for Apple Insect Control*
                 (E = excellent; G = good; F = fair; P = poor)
______________________________________________________________________________

Chemicals
______________________________________________________________________________

Ambush,      F-G   F-G   G    P   G-E   E   G-E    E    E    G   E   G-E  P   P
   Pounce
Carzol        -     -    -    -    E    -    -     -    -    G   -    -   E   G
Cygon         G     G    F    G    E    F    P     P   P-F   G   F    F   P   P
diazinon     F-G    G    P    G    F    G    G     P   P-F   G   F    G   -   F
ethion        G     G    -    G    -    -    F     G    F    -   -    F   F   -
Guthion       P     P    F    F    P    E   F-G    G   P-G   F   G    G   P   P
Imidan        P     P    -    F    P    E    F     G   P-G   F   G    G   P   P
Kelthane 4    -     -    -    -    -    -    -     -    -    -   -    -   E   E
Lannate,      F     G    P   F-G   E    G   F-G    E    G    G   E   F-E  P   P
 Nudrin
Lannate +     F     G    -    -    G    -    -     -    -    -   G    -   -   -
 Guthion
Lannate +     F     G    -    G    G    E    -     E    E    E   E    E   -   -
 Penncap
Lorsban       G    F-G   -    E    P    E    G     G    F    P   G    G   -   -
malathion     F     F    -    F    P    F    -     F    P    -   -    F   -   -
Morestan      -     -    -    -    -    -    -     -    -    -   -    -   G   G
oil           F    F-G   -    E    -    -    -     -    -    -   -    -   E   P
Omite         -     -    -    -    -    -    -     -    -    -   -    -   G   G
parathion     P     P    -    G    F    G    G     G   F-G   -   G    F   P   P
Penncap M     P     P    G    E    P    E   F-G    E    G   P-F  E    G   P   P
phosphamid    G     G    F    F    P    P    P     P    P    F   P    F   -   -
Plictran      -     -    -    -    -    -    -     -    -    -   -    -   G   G
Pydrin       F-G   F-G   -    F    E    E    G     E    E    G   E    G   -   -
Sevin         P     G    F    F    G    G    F    P-F  P-F   F   F    G   P   P
Supracide    G-E    E    -   G-E   G    G   P-E   P-E   F    -   P    P   -   -
Systox        G     G    F    F    F    P    P     P   P-F   F   P   P-F  P   P
Thiodan      F-G    E    G    F    G    F   P-G    P    P    G   P   P-F  P   P
Trithion      G     G    -    G    G    G    -    P-G  P-F   -   -    F   F   F
Vendex        -     -    -    -    -    -    -     -    -    -   -    -   G   G
Vydate       F-G    G    -    -    F    P    -     P    P    G   F    -   G   G
Zolone        F     P    -    F   P-F   E   F-G    G   P-G   F   G    G   F   F
______________________________________________________________________________

*Compiled from data collected in  Virginia,  West Virginia,  and other
states.  Intended only as a guide.  Different results may be obtained
in individual  orchards as a  result of  resistance (or lack  of it),
application methods, and weather conditions.

-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle-
EFFECTIVENESS OF FUNGICIDES, INSECTICIDES, AND HERBICIDES
-Table-

   Table 4.    Relative Effectiveness of Chemicals for Peach Insect Control*
                          (E = excellent; G = good; F = fair)
______________________________________________________________________________

Chemicals
______________________________________________________________________________

Carzol            -      E    -    -     -    -    -    -    -    -    E
Guthion           -      G    E    -     E    G    -    -    -    -    -
Imidan            -      F    E    -     E    F    -    -    -    -    -
Kelthane          -      -    -    -     -    -    -    -    -    -    G
Lannate,          E      G    F    -     E    E    -    -    G    E    -
 Nudrin
Lorsban           -      -    -    E     -    -    E    E    -    -    -
Oil               -      -    -    E     -    -    -    -    -    -    E**
Parathion         -      E    G    E***  E    F    -    -    -    -    -
Penncap-M         -      G    E    E***  E    E    -    F    E    -    -
Plictran          -      -    -    -     -    -    -    -    -    -    E
Pydrin            G      E    G    -     E    E    -    F    -    E    -
Sevin             -      -    F    -     G    F    -    -    E    E    -
Systox            G      F    -    -     -    -    -    -    -    -    -
Thiodan           F      G    -    -     -    -    G    G    -    -    -
Zolone            F      F    G    -     E    F    -    -    -    -    -
______________________________________________________________________________

*Compiled from data collected in  Virginia,  West Virginia,  and other
 states.  Intended only as a guide.  Different results may be obtained
 in individual  orchards as a  result of  resistance (or lack  of it),
 application methods, and weather conditions.

**Overwintering eggs.
***Crawler stage.

-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle-
EFFECTIVENESS OF FUNGICIDES, INSECTICIDES, AND HERBICIDES
-Table-

           Table 5.   Relative Toxicity of Pesticides to Two Mite Predators
                             (L=low; M=moderate; H=high)
       __________________________________________________________________

                           Amblysieus fallacis      Stethorus punctum
       Chemical             (predatory mite)        Adult       Larvae

       __________________________________________________________________

       Ambush, Pounce            H                   H             H
       Carzol                    H                   L             M
       Cygon                     L                   L            L-M
       diazinon                  L                   M             M
       ethion                    H                   -             -
       Guthion                   L                   L             L
       Imidan                    L                   L             L
       Kelthane                 M-H                  L             L
       Lannate (Nudrin)          H                   M             M
       Lannate + Guthion         -                   L             L
       Lannate + Penncap         -                   L             L
       Lorsban                   L                   L             L
       malathion                 -                   -             -
       Morestan                 M-H                  -             -
       oil                       L                   L             L
       Omite                     M                   L             L
       parathion                L-H                  M             M
       Penncap M                 L                   L             L
       phosphamidon              M                   L             M
       Plictran                  M                   L             L
       Pydrin                    H                   H             H
       Sevin                     H                   H             H
       Supracide                 -                   -             -
       Systox                    H                  L-M            M
       Thiodan                   L                   M             M
       Trithion                  H                   -             -
       Vendex                   L-M                  L             L
       Vydate                   M-H                  L             L
       Zolone                   L-H                  L             L
       ________________________________________________________________

-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle-
EFFECTIVENESS OF FUNGICIDES, INSECTICIDES, AND HERBICIDES
-Table-


       Table 8.   Pesticide Toxicity for Oral (Swallowed) and Dermal (Skin)
                   Contact*
     ___________________________________________________________________

                    Chemical                            Toxicity*
      ----------------------------------          --------------------
      Common name             Trade name           Oral        Dermal
     ___________________________________________________________________

      amitraz **              BAAM                  S            M
      AMS                     Ammate                S            L
      azinphosmethyl **       Guthion               H            M
      Bacillus thuringiensis  Dipel, Thuricide      L            L
      benomyl                 Benlate               L            L
      captafol                Difolatan             L            L
      captan                                        L            L
      carbaryl                Sevin                 S            S
      carbophenothion         Trithion              M            -
      chlorpyrifos**          Lorsban               M            M
      cyhexatin               Plictran              M            S
      dalapon                 Dowpon                L            L
      daminozide              Alar                  L            L
      demeton**               Systox                H            H
      diazinon                                      M            S
      dichlobenil             Casoron               S            S
      dichlone                Phygon, Quintar       S            S
      dicloran                Botran                L            L
      dicofol                 Kelthane              S            S
      dimethoate              Cygon, De-Fend        M            M
      dinocap                 Karathane             S            S
      dinocap+mancozeb        Dikar                 S            S
      dinoseb                 Dow General,          H            S
                              Sinox General
      diuron                  Karmex                S            S
      dodine                  Cyprex                S            S
      endosulfan              Thiodan               M            M
      endrin**                                      H            H
      ethion                                        M            S
      ethephon                Ethrel, Cepha         S            L
      fenbutatin oxide        Vendex                S            S
      fenoprop                2,4,5-TP (Silvex)     S            S
      fenvalerate**           Pydrin                M            M
      ferbam                  Carbamate             S            S
      fluazifop-butyl         Fusilade              S            S
      folpet                  Phaltan               L            L
      formetanate             Carzol                H            S
        hydrochloride
      glyphosate              Roundup               S            -
      iprodione               Rovral                S            S
      malathion               Cythion               S            S
      mancozeb                Manzate 200,          L            L
                              Dithane M-45
      maneb                   Dithane M-22,         L            L
      methidathion**          Supracide             H            H
      methiocarb              Mesurol               H            M
      methomyl**              Lannate, Nudrin       H            M
      metiram                  Polyram              L            L
      mevinphos                Phosdrin             H            H
      naphthalene acetic                            S            L
        acid                   NAA
      naphthylacetamide        Amid-Thin            S            L
      napropamide              Devrinol             S            S
      norflurazon              Solicam              L            L
      oryzalin                 Surflan              L            S
      oxamyl**                 Vydate               H            S
      oxythioquinox            Morestan             S            S
      parathion**                 -                 H            H
      encapsulated parathion** Penncap M            H            H
      paraquat**               Paraquat             M            M
      permethrin**             Ambush, Pounce       S            S
      phosalone                Zolone               M            S
      phosmet                  Imidan               M            L
      phosphamidon**           Dimecron             H            M
      pronamide                Kerb                 L            S
      propargite               Omite                S            S
      sethoxydim               Poast                S            -
      simazine                 Princep              L            L
      streptomycin                -                 L            L
      terbacil                 Sinbar               L            L
      thiophanate-methyl       Topsin M             L            L
      thiram                   Thylate              M            M
      2,4-D                       -                 S            S
      triforine                Funginex             L            L
      zineb                       -                 L            L
     ___________________________________________________________________

    *L = Low; S = Slight; M = Moderate;  H = High;  - = information
     lacking.
    Lethal Dose (LD50)  Scale for Toxicity:   High = 1-50 (Danger);
     Moderate = 51-500 (Warning); Slight = 501-5000 (Caution);  Low
     = More than 5000.

    **Restricted use pesticide.

    Toxicological data, in most cases,  involved male rats for oral
    LD   ratings.  Dermal LD   ratings in most cases were from male
    rats and male rabbits.  Other test animals have higher or lower
    ratings according to species.

-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle-
EFFECTIVENESS OF FUNGICIDES, INSECTICIDES, AND HERBICIDES
-Table-

    TABLE 9.   NUMBER OF DAYS FROM LAST SPRAY TO HARVEST

    ______________________________________________________________________

                         Time limit in days for use before harvest
                         ------------------------------------------
    Common name   Trade name   Apple  Cherry  Nectarine  Peach  Plum  Pear
    ______________________________________________________________________

    amitraz       BAAM           -       -        -         -     -     7
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    AMS           Ammate         0       -        -         -     -     0
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    azinphos-     Guthion        7      15       21        21     15    7
    methyl
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Bacillus      Dipel,         0       0        0         0      0    0
    thuringienis  Thuricide
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    benomyl       Benlate        0       0        0         0           -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    captafol      Difolatan     (C)      -        -         -      -    -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    captan                       0       0        0         0      0    -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    carbaryl      Sevin          1       1        3         1      0    -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    carbophen-    Trithion      30      30       30        30     30   30
    othion
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    chlorpyrifos  Lorsban 4E    (I)      -        -        14     (I)  (I)
           (I)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    chlorpyrifos  Lorsban 50W    0       -        -         -      -    -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    cyhexatin     Plictran      14       -        0         0      0   14
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    dalapon       Dowpon        30       -        -        30      -   30
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    daminozide    Alar          60      (G)      (H)       (H)    (G)   -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    demeton       Systox        21       -       30        30     30   21
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    diazinon                    14      10       10        20     10   14
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    dichlobenil   Casoron        0      31       31        31     31    0
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    dichlone      Phygon,       (K)      3        -         -     (B)   -
           Quintar
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    dicloran      Botran         -       -        1         1      -    -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    dicofol       Kelthane       7       7       14        14      7    7
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    dikar         Dikar         21       -        -         -      -    -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    dimethoate    Cygon,        28       -        -         -      -   28
                  De-Fend
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    dinocap       Karathane     21       -        -        45      -    -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    dinoseb       Dow General,
                  Sinox General 30      30        -        30     30   30
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    diuron        Karmex         0       -        -         -      -    0
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    dodine        Cyprex         7       0        -         -      -    -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    endosulfan    Thiodan       30      21   30 foliage 30 foliage 7    7
                                      21 trunk   21 trunk
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    ethephon      Ethrel,        4       -        -         -      -    -
                  Cepha
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    fenoprop      4,5,5-TP       4       -        -         -      -    -
                  (Silvex)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    fenvalerate   Pydrin        21       -        -         -      -   (I)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    ferbam        Carbamate      7       0       (A)       21      1    -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    folpet        Phaltan        0       0        -         -      -    -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    formetanate   Carzol         7       -       14        21      7    7
    hydrochloride  (D)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    glyphosate    Roundup       14      14       14        14     14   14
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    iprodione     Rovral         -       0        0         0      -    -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    malathion     Cythion        3       3        7         7      3    1
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    mancozeb      Manzate 200   30       -        -         -      7   15
                  Dithane M-45  21       -        -         -      -   21
                 --------------------------------------------------------
    methidathion  Supracide     (K)      -        -         -      -    -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    ethion        Ethion      30-60(L)   -       30        30    21-45 60
                                                          (L)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    methomyl      Lannate,       8       -        -         4      -    -
                  Nudrin
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    metiram       Polyram       15       -        -         -      -    -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    mesurol                      -       7        -        21      -    -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    mevinphos     Phosdrin       1       -        -         -      -    -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    naphthalene   NAA           (F)      -        -         -      -    -
    acetic acid
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    naphthylace-  Amid-Thin     (F)      -        -         -      -    -
    tamide
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    napropamide   Devrinol       0       0        0         0      0    0
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    oryzalin      Surflan        0       0        0         0      0    0
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    oxamyl        Vydate        14       -        -         -      -    -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    parathion                   14      14       14        14     14    -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    encapsulated  Penncap M    14(M)    14       14        14     14   14
    parathion
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    paraquat      Paraquat       0       0        0         0      0    0
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    permethrin    Ambush,        -       -        -         -      -   (I)
                  Pounce
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    phosalone     Zolone        14       7        7         7      7   14
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    phosmet       Imidan         7       7       14        14      7    7
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    phosphamidon  Dimecron      30       -        -         -      -    -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    propargite    Omite          7       -       14        14     14   28
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    simazine      Princep        0       0        -         0      0    0
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    streptomycin                50       -        -         -      -   30
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    terbacil      Sinbar         0       -        -         0      -    -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    thiophanate-  Topsin M       0       1        1         1      -    -
    methyl
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    thiram        Thylate        0       -        -         -      1    -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    2,4-D                      0(E)      -        -         -      -  0(E)
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    triforine     Funginex      (J)      -       (J)       (J)     -    -
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    zineb                       15       -        -         -      -    7
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------


                    TABLE 9 (continued)

    (A) Apply immediately after bloom.
    (B) Apply no later than petal-fall.
    (C) Apply at dormant to green-tip only.
    (D) Do not apply more than 3.7 lb per acre per season.
    (E) Use only acid and oil soluble amine formulations.
    (F) Apply no later than 2 1/2 weeks after bloom for thinning.  As
        a stop-drop spray, do not apply NAA within 2 days of harvest.
    (G) Apply 14 days after full bloom.
    (H) Apply 6-7 weeks after bloom but before pit hardening.
    (I) Registered for dormant or delayed-dormant application.
    (J) Apply to  peaches at  blossom stage  and 3  preharvest sprays
        only.   Do not apply to apples after petal fall,  and no more
        than 5 sprays per season.
    (K) Do not apply after pink stage.
    (L) See label.
    (M) 8 days in 1/2-rate leafroller spray.

    **Days  to harvest  can  vary according  to  the formulation  and
percentage of active ingredient used in some cases.  Be sure to
read the label  carefully before applying any  pesticide.   Use
this chart only as a guide.

-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle--
METHODS OF SPRAY VOLUME CALCULATION AND SPRAYER CALIBRATION
-Text-

THE AMOUNT OF DILUTE PESTICIDE NEEDED

The recommended rates are given in  the amounts to  be used per 100  gal of
dilute spray and the amounts to be used per acre with low volume spraying.

The amount of dilute  spray needed for  pest control on  an acre  of mature
apple  trees cannot be  exact  for  all  conditions.    It is  suggested  that
calculations for air-blast sprays for apples be  based upon 400 gal  of dilute
spray per acre for mature standard trees pruned to a height of 20 to 22 ft.The
amount of  spray for stone  fruits is from  150 to  250 gal per  acre.  Lesser
amounts may be used for smaller trees.   After the sprayer has been calibrated
to this standard,  it can be adjusted for tall trees or small trees by turning
the  nozzles  on  or off  in  the  upper or  lower  ends of  the  manifold  of
conventional  sprayers  or  by  adjusting the output  per  acre  on  mist-type
sprayers. In general, a sprayer properly calibrated for use on apples at 2 mph
will deliver the suggested amount of spray on stone fruit when  moved at 3 mph
(this depends on the size of the trees in both cases).


THE AMOUNT OF SPRAY MIXTURE NEEDED FOR LOW VOLUME

In low-volume spraying,  the quantity of pesticide used per  acre should be
based on the amount of dilute spray needed to completely cover the trees to 
the point of runoff.

When low-volume sprays are applied,  use disks that have  small orifices in
the nozzles;  no spray should be lost  in runoff,  and the  spray deposit will
appear as a series of small droplets of concentrated chemical.  A reduction of
approximately 20%  in the  amount of chemical  used per acre can be  made with
low-volume sprays.   The amount  of water used may vary from 20 to 100 gal per
acre, but the amount of chemical used per acre should remain the same after the
initial reduction is made.  Spraying at rates of  less than 40 gal per acre is
more satisfactory for trees 15 ft or less in height. This is particularly true
with apple  varieties susceptible  to powdery  mildew.  Unless  the trees  are
pruned  to allow  the proper  penetration  of the  spray droplets,  low-volume
spraying of trees taller than 22 ft is not recommended because it may result in
low chemical deposits in the treetops.   Sprayer type influences the amount of
spray deposited,  so the one selected should have the  capacity appropriate to
the task.

Spray coverage should be checked frequently.   The spray droplets must reach
all parts of the trees; if they don't, adjust or change the nozzles.

-End- 
-Title-
PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION
-SubTitle--
SPRAYER CALIBRATION
-Text-

Every  sprayer must  be  accurately calibrated to  deliver the  appropriate
amount of material.  In the case of airblast sprayers, the distribution of the
material is an integral part of  calibration.  Sprayer manufacturers publish a
manual or  bulletin giving  information and instructions on  how to  calibrate
their sprayers.   Tables  are issued to show the amount of spray  that a given
orifice will deliver at a given nozzle pressure. Be sure the dealer or company
representative provides the instruction manual and shows you how to use it.

Several factors  are involved,  some of  which are:  1)  ground  speed,  2)
gallons per acre, 3) nozzle pressure, 4) nozzle output (orifice size and whirl
plate influence this), and  5) spray distribution from top to  bottom of 
outlet manifold.

The tree size and density of foliage will influence the  degree of coverage
obtained, consequently,  the sprayer and its calibration should be tailored to
the job to be done. A large proportion of the spray should be delivered by the
top nozzles.  Approximately 50 percent should be delivered by the top third of
the nozzles,  35 percent by  the middle third,  and  15 percent by  the bottom
third.  The orifices  should be arranged so  they give a gradual  reduction of
material from top to bottom of the  manifold delivery arc.  Some sprayers have
devices for adjusting  the airstream along the manifold arc;   these should be
properly adjusted.

Terrain and orchard surface will influence ground speed.  In general, speeds
from 2 to 3 miles per hour are appropriate for most situations.

Adequate coverage is the objective.   Any arrangement that accomplishes this
objective is appropriate as long as excessive material is not off-target.


ALTERNATE-MIDDLE SPRAYING

Intervals   between   half-sprays   must   be   shortened   to   accommodate
alternate-middle  systems  of  spraying.   For  effective insect  and  disease
control,  growers must meet the following requirements:  (a)  Have an airblast
sprayer capable of partial coverage of the non-sprayed side of  each tree row.
Sprayers with less than 90,000 cfm and 180 psi are not likely to be successful
in this  program unless  trees are  no more than 12  feet high.    Sprayers of
intermediate airflow  capabilities can be used when they are  properly matched
with the  size trees  to be sprayed,  but good pruning  that permits  free air
passage through  the tree  is essential.   (b)   Adjust  the interval  between
half-sprays when  pest pressures increase  or decrease.  (c)    Follow weather
conditions closely,  and  adjust spray programs to take advantage of favorable
situations or compensate for unfavorable periods.

When weather  conditions remain  unfavorable for disease development,   and
disease and insect pressure are light during the cover spray period, rates for
insecticides and fungicides are frequently slightly lower for alternate-row 
spraying than those suggested for low-volume sprays in standard apple programs.
This can be  done because more frequent applications provide deposits of fresh
toxic materials.  However, where insect pests or apple scab, powdery mildew, or
other diseases were present the previous year, or if weather conditions become
favorable for outbreaks, use exactly one-half of the acceptable pesticide rate
per  acre given  for every middle spraying  as a  guide for  minimum rate  for
half-sprays per acre.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
BEARING APPLE ORCHARDS
-Text-

Spray combinations suggested  are considered  the best  available for  most
situations.  They are intended to be used  in orchards bearing fruit that will
be processed or  sold  fresh.    These suggestions  do  not  imply that  other
materials are  not  useful  or  satisfactory  under  some  conditions.    Past
experience and knowledge of specific orchard situations should  be relied upon
in the selection and development of a spray program.

                        PREBLOOM SPRAYS
   Effectiveness rating:  E = excellent, G = good, F = fair

                        DORMANT SPRAYS

___________________________________________________________________________

                            SUGGESTED             100 GAL       ACRE
 DISEASE   EFFECTIVENESS     CHEMICALS             DILUTE     CONCENTRATE
___________________________________________________________________________

Fireblight     G = 1      1. Bordeaux mixture
                        (copper sulfate +       8 lb +      -----
                        agricultural spray      8 lb        -----
                        lime) 325 MESH*
___________________________________________________________________________

  *Particles larger  than those produced by  325 mesh will clog  and damage
sprayer pump.
  Suggested where fireblight  was difficult to control previous  year or on
young blocks of susceptible cultivars such as York Imperial,  Jonathan,  and
Rome Beauty.  DO NOT APPLY AFTER FOLIAGE APPEARS.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
BEARING APPLE ORCHARDS
-Text-

                  SILVER TIP - GREEN TIP SPRAY

__________________________________________________________________________

                     SUGGESTED           100 GAL            ACRE
 DISEASE   EFFECTIVENESS  CHEMICALS      DILUTE          CONCENTRATE
__________________________________________________________________________

 Scab      G = 1,2        1. Difolatan 4F   5 qt            5 gal

                          2. Difolatan 4F   3 qt            3 gal
__________________________________________________________________________
  Under normal disease pressure,  a single  application of Difolatan 4F,  5 
qt/100 gal dilute,  5 gal/A,  applied at green-tip stage,  will control scab
through the  bloom period.   Difolatan  3 qt/100  gal dilute,  3  gal/A will
control  scab  from green  tip  to  pink  stage.    A Difolatan  80  SPRILLS
formulation is also available and is used at the same active ingredient rate
as the 4F formulation.   Consult the  SPRILLS label for rates and additional
information.

  Difolatan application  later than 1/4" green  tip stage may  cause severe
fruit injury.    Do not prune  trees or  use oil spray  following treatment.
Contact  with Difolatan  spray or  residue  may result  in skin  irritation.
Difolatan will not control powdery mildew or  rusts that also may be present
in the pre-bloom period.


                  SILVER TIP - GREEN TIP SPRAY (cont'd)

______________________________________________________________________________

                                                       100 GAL      ACRE
INSECTS/MITE   EFFECTIVENESS     SUGGESTED CHEMICALS   DILUTE    CONCENTRATE
______________________________________________________________________________

San Jose       E = 3, or 1 +     1. Superior oil           2 gal      6 gal
Scale (SJS)     (2,4,5 or 6)
                                2. Lorsban 4E             1 pt       2.5 pt

Rosy apple     E=3               3. Supracide 2E           1 qt       3 qt
aphid (RAA)    G = 1,2,4,5
                                4. Trithion 8E            4 oz       12 oz

Apple aphid    E=3               5. Ethion 8E              4 oz       12 oz
(AA)           G = 1,2,4,5
                                6. Parathion 8E           4 oz       12 oz
Mite eggs      E=1
(ERM)
______________________________________________________________________________

  Aphids must  be controlled with  the silver-tip or  1/4-1/2" green-tip
spray,  otherwise  they will be within  curled leaves and  protected from
insecticides.
  Do not  apply oil when  the temperature is higher  than 85 F  or lower
than 35 F.    Use only oil having specifications that  meet the standards
for a  superior oil.    Always test such  oil for  physical compatibility
before using it.  See page ____ for details.   Dilute applications of oil
are more effective.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
BEARING APPLE ORCHARDS
-Text-


                         1/4-1/2 INCH GREEN SPRAY

_____________________________________________________________________________

                            SUGGESTED         100 GAL          ACRE
DISEASES   EFFECTIVENESS    CHEMICALS         DILUTE        CONCENTRATE
_____________________________________________________________________________

Scab  E = 4,5         4. Cyprex 65W           8 oz          1.5 lb
      G = 6,7,8,9,11,
        12,13,14,15   5. *Benlate 50W +       2-3 oz +      12 oz +
                         Mancozeb 80W +       12 oz +       2.5 lb +
                         Superior oil         1 qt          1 gal

                      6. *Benlate 50W +       2-3 oz +      8-12 oz +
                         Captan 50W           12-16 oz      2.5-3.3 lb

                      7. *Benlate 50W +       2 oz +        8 oz +
                         Polyram 80W          1 lb          3.3 lb

                      8. *Topsin-M 70W +      2-3 oz +      8-12 oz +
                         Polyram 80W          12-16 oz      3-4 lb

                      9. *Topsin-M 70W +      2-3 oz +      8-12 oz +
                         Mancozeb 80W         12-16 oz      3-4 lb

                     11. *Topsin-M 70W +      2-3 oz +      8-12 oz +
                         Captan 50W           12-16 oz      3-4 lb

                     12. Captan 50W           2 lb          6.5 lb

                     13. Polyram 80W          2 lb          6.5 lb

                     14. Dikar 76.7W          2 lb          6.5 lb

                     15. Mancozeb 80W         2 lb          6.5 lb
______________________________________________________________________________

  Apple scab  infection results  from extended  wet periods  that are  long
enough to  permit deposition,  germination,   and penetration by  the fungal
spore.   Apple scab control is achieved  by the use of protectant fungicides
or  fungicides with  after-infection activity.    Protectant fungicides  are
those  that  are   applied  before  a  wet  period,    and  fungicides  with
after-infection activity are  applied immediately after the  wet period,  if
adequate protection  had not  been provided prior  to the  infection period.
The  following fungicides  usually provide  adequate apple  scab control  if
applied within 18  to 24 hours after  the beginning of an  infection period:
Benomyl 50W (Benlate) 3.0 oz plus mancozeb 80W (Dithane M-45 or Manzate 200)
12.0  oz or  plus Polyram  80W 1.0  lb  or plus  captan 50W  1.0 lb  dilute;
mancozeb 80W 1.5-2.0 lb;   and Polyram 80W 2.0 lb per  100 gal  Dichlone 50W
will provide  after-infection activity for  30-36 hours  at 4.0 oz  or 36-48
hours at 8.0 oz rate per 100 gal dilute.    Cyprex 65W at 8.0 oz per 100 gal
will  provide after-infection  activity for  24-36  hours.   For  additional
information and precautionary statements, see the individual descriptions in
the fungicide and bactericide section.

CAUTION:
  Cyprex (dodine) will become less effective where resistance occurs.
  *Combinations involving  Benlate or Topsin-M  will become  less effective
where resistant strains of the apple scab fungus have developed.  Resistance
to  Benlate and  Topsin-M has  been confirmed  in the  Virginia counties  of
Botetourt,  Floyd,  Roanoke,   Shenandoah,  Warren,  Wise,  and  Smyth.   If
resistance is suspected,  use of Benlate and Topsin-M should be discontinued
and replaced by full rates of other scab fungicides.
  Do not use captan, or combinations involving captan, with oil or within 4
days of an oil application.
  Do not use Dikar with oil or within 7 days of an oil application.

                         1/4-1/2 INCH GREEN SPRAY
_____________________________________________________________________________

                                        SUGGESTED    100 GAL        ACRE
INSECTS/MITES    EFFECTIVENESS            CHEMICALS    DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_____________________________________________________________________________

San Jose         E = 3 or 1 +      1. Superior oil     2 gal       6 gal
Scale (SJS)         (2,4,5 or 6)                                   
                                  2. Lorsban 4E       1 pt        2.5 pt
Rosy apple       E = 3
aphid (RAA)      G = 1,2,4,5       3. Supracide 2E     1 qt        3 qt

Apple aphid(AA)  E = 3             4. Trithion 8E      4 oz        12 oz
                G = 1,2,4,5                                       
                                  5. Ethion 8E        4 oz        12 oz
Mite eggs        E = 1
(ERM)                              6. Parathion 8E     4 oz        12 oz

Redbanded        G = 7             7. Lannate 1.8L/    1 pt        4 pt
leafroller                            Nudrin 1.8L                  
eggs (RBLR)                                            
                                  8. Guthion 50W      8 oz        1.5 lb
Defoliating      G = 2,3,4,5,6
caterpillars         7,8,9,10,11   9. Imidan 50W       1 lb        3 lb

                                  10. Zolone 3EC       1 pt        3 pt

                                  11. Bacillus         See label   See label
                                      thuringensis                 
_____________________________________________________________________________

  See notes (silver tip - green tip spray).

  Where ERM  eggs are abundant,  Stethorus  punctum adults will  begin to
move into trees.    Begin regular monitoring of Stethorus  punctum at this
time.

  RBLR eggs  are only  killed if in direct contact with  Lannate/Nudrin spray.
  Defoliating caterpillars include tent caterpillars and cankerworms.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
BEARING APPLE ORCHARDS
-Text-

                      TIGHT CLUSTER - PREPINK SPRAY

______________________________________________________________________________

                                 SUGGESTED         100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES   FFECTIVENESS            CHEMICALS         DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
______________________________________________________________________________

Scab        E = 4,5            4. Cyprex 65W           8 oz        1.5 lb
            G = 6,7,8,9                                            
            11,12,13,14        5. Benlate 50W +        2-3 oz +    8-12  oz +
            15,18                 Mancozeb 80W +       12 oz +     2.5 lb +
                                  Superior oil         1 qt        1 gal

Powdery mildew E = 5,17        6. Benlate 50W +        2-3 oz +    8-12  oz +
            G = 6,7,8,9,11        Captan 50W           12-16 oz    2.5-3.3 lb
            14,16,18,19                                        
                               7. Benlate 50W +        2 oz +      8 oz
Rusts       E = 17,18             Polyram 80W          12-16 oz    3-4 lb
            G = 13,14,15                                           
            F = 5,7,8,9        8. Topsin-M 70W +       2-3 oz +    8-12  oz +
                                  Polyram 80W          12-16 oz    3-4 lb

                               9. Topsin-M 70W +       2-3 oz +    8-12  oz +
                                  Mancozeb 80W         12-16 oz    3-4 lb

                              11. Topsin-M 70W +       2-3 oz +    8-12  oz +
                                   Captan 50W           12-16 oz    3-4 lb

                              12. Captan 50W           2 lb        6.5 lb

                              13. Polyram 80W          2 lb        6.5 lb

                              14. Dikar 76.7W          2 lb        6.5 lb

                              15. Mancozeb 80W         2 lb        6.5 lb

                              16. Karathane 19WD       8 oz        1.5 lb

                              17. Bayleton 50W         1.0-2.0 oz  4-8 oz

                              18. Funginex 1.6E        10 fl oz    36-40 fl oz

                              19. Kolodust Xtra Dust   2-3 lb      7-10 lb
                                  or Spray 53W                     
_____________________________________________________________________________

 CAUTION:
    Do  not extend  the  interval between  sprays more  than  7 days.    See
 cautions under 1/4-1/2 inch green spray  against using captan or Dikar with
 oil.

    Do not  combine Karathane  with oil  or apply  within 7  days of  an oil
 spray.   Do not combine  sulfur with oil or apply within 14  days of an oil
 spray.
    Recent research  has indicated  some activity  of Funginex  and Bayleton
 against cedar apple rust when applied as eradicants soon after infection is
 suspected to have occurred.   However, these materials should be tried only
 on a  limited basis  to determine their  performance in  individual orchard
 situations.   Do  not apply more  than 24 oz of  Bayleton 50W per  acre per
 season.   DO NOT USE FUNGINEX LATER THAN PETAL FALL STAGE, AND NO MORE THAN
 FIVE APPLICATIONS PER SEASON.


                   TIGHT CLUSTER - PREPINK SPRAY (cont'd)

_____________________________________________________________________________

                                          SUGGESTED    100 GAL        ACRE
INSECTS/MITES    EFFECTIVENESS            CHEMICALS    DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_____________________________________________________________________________

Rosy apple       G = 12,13,14,15   7. Lannate 1.8L/    1 pt        3 pt
aphid (RAA)                           Nudrin 1.8L                  

                                   8. Guthion 50W      8 oz        1.5 lb

Apple aphid      G = 7,12,13,      9. Imidan 50W       1 lb        3 lb
 (AA)                14,15                                         
                                  10. Zolone 3EC       1 pt        3 pt

Mites (ERM)      E = 16,17        11. Bacillus         See label   See label
                                      thuringiensis                
Green            G = 7,8,9,10,                                     
fruitworms           11,15        12. Systox 6E        5 oz        1 pt
(GFW)                                                              
                                  13. Phosphamidon 8E  4 oz        12 oz
Tarnished        E = 15,16                                         
plant bug        G = 7,8,14       14. Cygon 400        8 oz        1.5 pt
(TPB)                                                              
                                  15. Thiodan 50W      1 lb        3 lb
Tentiform        G = 15,16        16. Carzol 92SP      4 oz        12 oz
leafminers                                             
(TLM)                             17. Plictran 50W     4 oz        12 oz
_____________________________________________________________________________

    Where ERM eggs are abundant,  Stethorus punctum adults will continue
 to move into trees.   Begin regular  monitoring of Stethorus punctum at
 this time.

    Early detection  of GFW  is important.   Tap  tree limbs  over sheet
 beginning  at prepink.    GFW  larvae will  curl  up (grub-like)   when
 dislodged from tree.

    Adult  leafminers may  be controlled  at tight  cluster,  or  larvae
 controlled at pink with Vydate or Lannate/Nudrin at petal fall.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
BEARING APPLE ORCHARDS
-Text-


                            PINK AND BLOOM SPRAYS
     _______________________________________________________________________

     Diseases:

     Scab          See suggestions under 1/4-1/2 inch green spray, page ____.
                   Do not extend intervals between sprays during a  prolonged
                   pre-bloom period.

     Rusts and     See suggestions under tight  cluster-prepink  spray.  PINK
     mildew        THROUGH  PETAL  FALL  STAGE  IS A VERY CRITICAL PERIOD  TO
                   PROTECT AGAINST QUINCE RUST IN PROBLEM ORCHARDS.

     _______________________________________________________________________




                       PINK AND BLOOM SPRAYS (cont'd)

_____________________________________________________________________________

                                   SUGGESTED           100 GAL       ACRE
INSECTS/MITES     EFFECTIVENESS     CHEMICALS           DILUTE    CONCENTRATE 
_____________________________________________________________________________

Tentiform         E = 18           18. Vydate 2L        1 pt        3 pt
leafminer                                                 
(TLM)                                                     
_____________________________________________________________________________


  Leafminer larvae  may be controlled  now with Vydate  or at petal  fall with
Lannate/Nudrinches

                              PETAL FALL SPRAY
                       (when most petals have fallen)

_____________________________________________________________________________

                                SUGGESTED             100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES      EFFECTIVENESS     CHEMICALS             DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_____________________________________________________________________________

Scab          E = 5             5. Benlate 50W +       2-3 oz +    8-12  oz +
              G = 6,7,8,9,11,      Mancozeb 80W +      12 oz +     2.5 lb +
                  12,13,14,15,18   Superior oil        1 qt        1 gal

Rusts         E = 17,18         6. Benlate 50W +       2-3 oz +    8-12  oz +
              G = 13,14,15         Captan 50W          12-16 oz    2.5-3.3 lb
              F = 5,7,8,9                                 
                                7. Benlate 50W +       2 oz +      8 oz +
                                   Polyram 80W         1 lb        3.3 lb
Mildew        E = 5,17                                    
              G = 6,7,8,9,11,   8. Topsin-M 70W +      2-3 oz +    3-12  oz +
                  14,16,18,19      Polyram 80W         12-16 oz    3-4 lb

Fireblight    E = 20            9. Topsin-M 70W +      2-3 oz +    8-12  oz +
                                   Mancozeb 80W        12-16 oz    3-4 lb

Rots and      E = 14,15        11. Topsin-M 70W +      2-3 oz +    8-12  oz +
frogeye leaf  G = 5,6,7,8,9,       Captan 50W          12-16 oz    3-4 lb
spot              11,12,13
                               12. Captan 50W          2 lb        6.5 lb

                               13. Polyram 80W         2 lb        6.5 lb

                               14. Dikar 76.7W         2 lb        6.5 lb

                               15. Mancozeb 80W        2 lb        6.5 lb

                               16. Karathane 19WD      8 oz        1.5 lb

                               17. Bayleton 50W        1.0-2.0 oz  4-8 oz

                               18. Funginex 1.6E       10 fl oz    36-40 fl oz 

                               19. Kolodust Xtra Dust  2-3 lb      7-10 lb
                                   or Spray 53W                    

                              *20. Streptomycin       0.3 lb      1.2 lb
                                                          (60 PPM)    
_____________________________________________________________________________

 CAUTION:
    See notes  under the  1/4-1/2 inch  green and  tight cluster-prepink
 sprays, pp. ____ and ____.  DO NOT APPLY FUNGINEX AFTER PETAL FALL.
    Inspect flower  cluster leaves for  primary scab lesions.    If scab
 lesions  are  present,   include  fungicides  that  have  antisporulant
 activity against  scab (Cyprex or  combinations of Benlate  or Topsin-M
 with other fungicides).
    Severity of  powdery mildew  is directly  related to  the amount  of
 overwintering in  shoot and blossom  buds and  the length of  the spray
 interval.  Check blocks of highly susceptible cultivars (Jonathan, Rome
 Beauty, Stayman Winesap, Idared, Paulared,  Granny Smith)  to determine
 the amount of overwintering inoculum.   Mildew is active during periods
 of dry  weather;  maintaining short spray  intervals (not over  7 days)
 more  effectively reduces  mildew infection  than increasing  fungicide
 rates.   In serious  cases,  special mildew sprays  applied between the
 regular  sprays from  pink through  the cover  sprays may  be the  most
 economical way  to achieve the desired  control and prevent  a repeated
 buildup of mildew for the following year.
    Late bloom is  frequently the site of  fireblight blossom infection.
 Maintain streptomycin applications to assure that the late blossoms are
 protected  to  the end  of  an  extended  bloom period  on  susceptible
 cultivars such as Jonathan, Rome Beauty, and York Imperial.
    *When Streptomycin  is combined with  other pesticides it  should be
 used at 80 PPM (0.4 lb/100 gal or 1.5 lb/A concentrate).


                       PETAL FALL SPRAY (cont'd)
_____________________________________________________________________________
                                 SUGGESTED            100 GAL        ACRE
INSECTS/MITES  EFFECTIVENESS     CHEMICALS            DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
______________________________________________________________________________
Redbanded      E = 7             7. Lannate 1.8L/      1 pt         3 pt
leafroller     G = 8,9,10,11        Nudrin 1.8L                     
(RBLR)             19,20,21                                            
                                 8. Guthion 50W        8 oz         1.5 lb

Curculio (PC)  G = 7,8,9,10,     9. Imidan 50W         1 lb         3 lb
                   20,21                                               
                                10. Zolone 3EC         1 pt         3 pt

Rosy apple    G = 7,12,13,14,20 11. Bacillus           See label    See label
aphid (RAA)                         thuringiensis                   

                                12. Systox 6E          5 oz         1 pt

Apple aphid    G = 7,12,13,     13. Phosphamidon 8E    4 oz         12 oz
(AA)               14,15,20                               
                                14. Cygon 400          8 oz         1.5 pt

Mites (ERM)    E = 16,17,22     15. Thiodan 50W        1 lb         3 lb
               G = 23,24                                  
                                16. Carzol 92SP        4 oz         12 oz

Green          G = 7,8,9,10,11, 17. Plictran 50W       4 oz         12 oz
fruitworms         15,19,20,21                                         
(GFW)                           19. Parathion 15W      1 lb         3 lb

Defoliating    G = 7,8,9,10,11  20. Lorsban 50W        1 lb         3 lb
caterpillars                                                           
                                21. Sevin 50W          2 lb         6 lb

Tentiform      E = 7            22. Kelthane 4F        1 pt         3 pt
leafminers     G = 12,14                                            
(TLM)                           23. Omite 30W          1 lb         3 lb

White apple    E = 7,14,16      24. Vendex 50W         6 oz         18 oz
leafhopper                                                
(WALH)                                                    
_____________________________________________________________________________
CAUTION.
    To avoid killing bees,  avoid spraying pesticides on open blooms,  on
 trees, or on the ground.  See pesticide hazard to bees (page ____).
    This is an  excellent time to hang pheromone traps  for codling moth,
 leafroller complex.
    Lannate/Nudrin used alone does not provide control beyond 3-4 days.
    Monitor orchards  carefully for newly  hatched leafroller  larvae and
 inward migration of curculio.
    Climbing cutworms (a type of defoliating caterpillar)  hide in ground
 litter during  the day  and feed  in trees  at night.    Heaviest damage
 occurs in  tree tops and ends  of limbs.   Cutworms may  severely injure
 young trees.
    Examine undersides of leaves for  newly hatched WALH nymphs.   Nymphs
 move rapidly forward or sideways when disturbed.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
BEARING APPLE ORCHARDS
-Text-

                              FIRST COVER SPRAY
______________________________________________________________________________

                                SUGGESTED              100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES     EFFECTIVENESS       CHEMICALS              DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
______________________________________________________________________________

Scab        E = 5              5. Benlate 50W +        2-3 oz +       8-12 oz +
            G = 6,7,8,9,11,       Mancozeb 80W +       12 oz +        2.5 lb +
                12,13,14,15,      Superior oil         1 qt           1 gal

Rusts       E = 17,            6. Benlate 50W +       2-3 oz +       8-12 oz +
            G = 13,14,15          Captan              12-16 oz       2.4-3.3 lb
            F = 5,7,8,9                                               
                               7. Benlate 50W +        2 oz +         8  oz +
                                  Polyram 80W          1 lb           3.3 lb

Mildew     E = 5,17            8. Topsin-M 70W +       2-3 oz +       8-12 oz +
           G = 6,7,8,9,           Polyram 80W          12-16 oz       3-4 lb
               11,16,19
                               9. Topsin-M 70W +       2-3 oz +       8-12 oz +
Rots and   E = 14,15              Mancozeb 80W         12-16 oz       3-4 lb
frogeye leaf G = 5,6,7,8,9,                                            
spot             11,12,13      11. Topsin-M 70W +      2-3 oz +      8-12 oz +
                                   Captan 50W          12-16 oz      3-4 lb

                               12. Captan 50W           2 lb           6.5 lb

                               13. Polyram 80W          2 lb           6.5 lb

                               14. Dikar 76.7W          2 lb           6.5 lb

                               15. Mancozeb 80W         2 lb           6.5 lb

                               16. Karathane 19WD       8 oz           1.5 lb

                               17. Bayleton 50W         1.0-2.0 oz     4-8 oz

                               19. Kolodust Xtra Dust   2-3 lb         7-10 lb
                                   or Spray 53W                        

                               20. Streptomycin         0.3 lb         1.2 lb
_____________________________________________________________________________

CAUTION:
  See cautions  under petal  fall spray,   page ____,   about scab  and mildew
control.
  In rust problem areas, maintain control for rusts until spore horns on cedar
galls no longer expand when wetted.
  Streptomycin applications can reduce the incidence  of fire blight in shoots
during the early cover spray period.   It does not effectively reduce spread in
woody shoots.    Do not  apply streptomycin  to apples  closer than  50-days to
harvest.   Observe  the 50-day application timing  on summer cultivars  such as
Lodi and  Yellow Transparent.    Good aphid  control also  helps to  reduce the
spread of shoot blight.


                         FIRST COVER SPRAY (cont'd)

____________________________________________________________________________

                                   SUGGESTED         100 GAL        ACRE
INSECTS/MITES  EFFECTIVENESS       CHEMICALS         DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
____________________________________________________________________________

Curculio (PC)  G = 8,9,10,      7. Lannate 1.8L/       1 pt          3 pt
                   20                  Nudrin 1.8L                       

Mites (ERM)    E = 16,17,22     8. Guthion 50W         8 oz          1.5
lb
               G = 23,24                                   
                                9. Imidan 50W          1 lb          3 lb
White apple    E = 7,16                                    
leafhopper     G = 12          10. Zolone 3EC          1 pt          3 pt
(WALH)                                                                   
                               12. Systox 6E           5 oz          1 pt
Codling moth   E = 8,9,10,20,                                            
(CM)               21,25       16. Carzol 92SP         4 oz          12 oz
               G = 7,19                                                  
                               17. Plictran 50W        4 oz          12 oz
Periodical     E = 7,21                                                  
cicada         G = 8,9,10,     19. Parathion 15W       1 lb          3 lb
(C)                19,20,25                                              
                               20. Lorsban 50W         1 lb          3 lb

                               21. Sevin 50W           2 lb          6 lb

                               22. Kelthane 4F         1 pt          3 pt

                               23. Omite 30W           1 lb          3 lb

                               24. Vendex 50W          6 oz          18 oz

                               25. Penncap M           1 pt          3 pt
_____________________________________________________________________________

    The insects listed under  the petal fall spray will still  be present if
 they were not controlled at the optimum time during petal fall.
    Sevin is not recommended for insect control at this time because of mite
 flare-ups.  It is listed above because it is used for fruit thinning.
    Mites  develop resistance  quickly.   Avoid  using the  same or  related
 compounds repeatedly.
    Pest development varies with the conditions of each season.  Temperature
 is a major factor,   and a pest may appear as much as  two weeks earlier or
 later in any two successive years.  Monitor orchards carefully to determine
 pest development and  best time to spray.    In this guide the  first cover
 spray follows  petal fall  by 10-14  days and  each successive  cover spray
 interval is assumed to be 10-14 days.
    Cicada   immigration   from  unsprayed   areas   necessitates   frequent
 applications for effective control (see map, page ____).

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
BEARING APPLE ORCHARDS
-Text-
                             SECOND COVER SPRAY

_____________________________________________________________________________


                                 SUGGESTED              100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES     EFFECTIVENESS       CHEMICALS              DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_____________________________________________________________________________

Scab        G = 5,6,7,8,9,11,  5. Benlate 50W +        2-3 oz +     8-12 oz +
                12,13,14,15       Mancozeb 80W         12 oz        2.5 lb

Mildew      E = 17             6. Benlate 50W +        2-3 oz +     8-12 oz +
            G = 5,6,7,8,9,        Captan 50W           12-16 oz     2.5-3.3 lb
                11,14,16,19                                         
                               7. Benlate 50W +        2 oz +       8 oz +
                                  Polyram 80W          1 lb         3.3 lb

Rusts       E = 17             8. Topsin-M 70W +       2-3 oz +     8-12 oz +
            G = 13,14,15          Polyram 80W          12-16 oz     3-4 lb
            F = 5,7,8,9                                
                               9. Topsin-M 70W +       2-3 oz +     8-12 oz +
Brooks spot E = 5,6,7,,8,9,       Mancozeb 80W         12-16 oz     3-4 lb
                11,14,15                                            
            G = 12,13         11. Topsin-M 70W +       2-3 oz +     8-12 oz +
                                  Captan 50W           12-16 oz     3-4 lb
Sooty blotch E = 5,14,15                                             
and fly      G = 6,7,8,9,     12. Captan 50W           2 lb         6.5 lb
speck            11,12,13
                              13. Polyram 80W          2 lb         6.5 lb
Rots        E = 14,15                                               
            G = 5,6,7,8,9,    14. Dikar 76.7W          2 lb         6.5 lb
                11,12,13
                              15. Mancozeb 80W         2 lb         6.5 lb

                              16. Karathane 19WD       8 oz         1.5 lb

                              17. Bayleton 50W         1.0-2.0 oz   4-8 oz

                              19. Kolodust Xtra Dust   2-3 lb       7-10 lb
                                  or Spray 53W                      
____________________________________________________________________________

    In some years,  primary scab and rust  inoculum may be depleted by the
 time for the second  cover spray.   If this is the  case and primary scab
 has been  well controlled,   the spray  program should  be aimed  more at
 control of "summer  diseases" including Brooks spot,   sooty blotch,  fly
 speck,  and rots.    If mildew is a problem,   maintain mildew protection
 until shoot growth hardens off.
    Do not apply more than 24 oz of Bayleton 50W per acre per year.



                         SECOND COVER SPRAY (cont'd)

____________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED        100 GAL           ACRE
INSECTS/MITES  EFFECTIVENESS      CHEMICALS        DILUTE         CONCENTRATE
____________________________________________________________________________

Tentiform      E = 7,18       7. Lannate 1.8L/     1 pt           3 pt
leafminers                       Nudrin 1.8L                      
(TLM) (2nd                                                            
generation)                   8. Guthion 50W       8 oz           1.5 lb

Mites (ERM)    E = 16,17,22   9. Imidan 50W        1 lb           3 lb
               G = 18,23,24                                           
                             10. Zolone 3EC        1 pt           3 pt

Codling moth   E = 8,9,10,   11. Bacillus          See label      See label
(CM)               20,25         thuringiensis                    
               G = 7,19                                               
                             16. Carzol 92SP       4 oz           12 oz

San Jose       E = 20,25     17. Plictran 50W      4 oz           12 oz
scale (SJS)    G = 7,19                                               
                             18. Vydate 2L         1 pt           3 pt

                             19. Parathion 15W     1 lb           3 lb

Variegated     E = 26,27,28  20. Lorsban 50W       1 lb           3 lb
leafroller     G = 8,9,11,20,                                         
and tufted         25,29     22. Kelthane 4F       1 pt           3 pt
apple                                                  
budmoth (VLR                 23. Omite 30W         1 lb           3 lb
+ TABM)                                                
                             24. Vendex 50W        6 oz           18 oz

                             25. Penncap M         1 pt           3 pt

                             26. No. 7 + No.  8    8 oz + 4 oz    24 oz  +12 oz

                             27. No. 7 + No. 25    8 oz + 8 oz    24 oz  +24 oz

                             28. No. 7 + No.  9    8 oz + 10 oz   24 oz  +2 lb

                             29. No. 11 +          label rate +   label rate +
                                 No. 25                8 oz          24 oz
_____________________________________________________________________________

    Mites are laying  eggs at this time;  two consecutive  sprays are needed
 where mites are a problem and predators  are not numerous enough to provide
 control.
    SJS crawlers appear now.   Yellow crawlers  may be detected by capturing
 them on a ring of black electrical tape tightly encircling a scaley branch,
 sticky side out.  Tape should be observed and replaced every other day.
    Members of  the leafroller  complex will  soon be  laying eggs.    Start
 looking for egg masses while monitoring orchard.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
BEARING APPLE ORCHARDS
-Text-


                              THIRD COVER SPRAY

_____________________________________________________________________________

                                      SUGGESTED         100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES      EFFECTIVENESS            CHEMICALS         DILUTE     CONCENTRATE
_____________________________________________________________________________

 Scab      G = 5,6,7,8,9,11,  5. Benlate 50W +        2-3 oz +     8-12 oz +
               12,13,14,15       Mancozeb 80W         12 oz        2.5 lb

 Mildew    E = 17             6. Benlate 50W +        2-3 oz +     8 oz +
           G = 5,6,7,8,9,        Captan 50W           12-16 oz     2.5-3.3 lb
               11,14,16,19                                         
                              7. Benlate 50W +        2 oz +       8 oz +
                                 Polyram 80W          1 lb         3.3 lb
 Rusts     E = 17
           G = 13,14,15       8. Topsin-M 70W +       2-3 oz +     8-12 oz +
           F = 5,7,8,9           Polyram 80W          12-16 oz     3-4 lb

Brook spot  E = 5,6,7,8,9,     9. Topsin-M 70W +       2-3 oz +     8-12 oz +
               11,14,15          Mancozeb 80W         12-16 oz     3-4 lb
           G = 12,13
                             11. Topsin-M 70W +       2-3 oz +     8-12 oz +
                                 Captan 50W           12-16 oz     3-4 lb

Sooty blotch E = 5,14,15      12. Captan 50W           2 lb         6.5 lb
and fly      G = 6,7,8,9,
speck            11,12,13     13. Polyram 80W          2 lb         6.5 lb

 Rots      E = 14,15                                               
           G = 5,6,7,8,9,    14. Dikar 76.7W          2 lb         6.5 lb
               11,12,13                                            
                             15. Mancozeb 80W         2 lb         6.5 lb

                             16. Karathane 19WD       8 oz         1.5 lb

                             17. Bayleton 50W         1-2 oz       4-8 oz

                             19. Kolodust Xtra Dust   2-3 lb       7-10 lb
                                 or Spray 53W                      
_____________________________________________________________________________

 CAUTION:  Do not apply more than 24 oz of Bayleton 50W per acre per year.



                         THIRD COVER SPRAY (cont'd)

_____________________________________________________________________________

                                SUGGESTED          100 GAL          ACRE
INSECTS/MITES  EFFECTIVENESS    CHEMICALS          DILUTE        CONCENTRATE
____________________________________________________________________________

Mites (ERM)    E = 16,17,22   7. Lannate 1.8L/      1 pt          3 pt
               G = 18,23,24      Nudrin 1.8L                      

                              8. Guthion 50W        8 oz          1.5 lb
Codling moth   E = 8,9,10,                                            
(CM)               20,25      9. Imidan 50W         1 lb          3 lb
               G = 7,19                                               
                             10. Zolone 3EC         1 pt          3 pt
San Jose       E = 20,25
scale (SJS)    G = 7,19      11. Bacillus           See label     See label
                                 thuringiensis                    
Variegated     E = 26,27,28
leafroller     G = 8,9,11,   16. Carzol 92SP        4 oz          12 oz
and tufted         20,25,29
apple                        17. Plictran 50W       4 oz          12 oz
budmoth (VLR   
+ TABM)                      18. Vydate 2L          1 pt          3 pt

Tentiform      E = 7,18                                               
leafminers                   19. Parathion 15W      1 lb          3 lb
(TLM) (2nd                                                             
generation)                  20. Lorsban 50W        1 lb          3 lb

                             22. Kelthane 4F        1 pt          3 pt

                             23. Omite 30W          1 lb          3 lb

                             24. Vendex 50W         6 oz          18 oz

                             25. Penncap M          1 pt          3 pt

                             26. No. 7 + No. 8      8 oz + 4 oz   24 oz  +12 oz

                             27. No. 7 + No. 25     8 oz + 8 oz   24 oz  +24 oz

                             28. No. 7 + No. 9      8 oz + 10 oz  24 oz  +2 lb

                             29. No. 11 +           label rate +  label rate +
                                 No. 25                 8 oz         24 oz
____________________________________________________________________________

    Make 2 three-minute counts (7 days apart).  Count larval and adult black
 ladybugs (Stethorus  punctum).   Also  count number of  mobile mites  on 10
 leaves on each  date and calculate an average.   Record  these numbers.  An
 entomologist can help you decide if the predators are sufficient to control
 mites.
    Leafroller  eggs should  now be  present.    Examine foliage  carefully.
 Sprays should be applied just prior to first larval emergence.   Contact of
 egg masses with sprays containing methomyl will kill larvae within eggs.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
BEARING APPLE ORCHARDS
-Text-

                             FOURTH COVER SPRAY

_____________________________________________________________________________ 

                                  SUGGESTED           100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES       EFFECTIVENESS      CHEMICALS           DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
______________________________________________________________________________

Mildew         G = 5,9,14,   5. Benlate 50W +       2-3 oz +    8-12  oz +
                                Mancozeb 80W         12 oz       2.5 lb
Brooks spot    E = 5,9,14
               G = 12,13     9. Topsin-M 70W +      2-3 oz +    8-12  oz +
                                Mancozeb 80W        12-16 oz    3-4 lb
Sooty blotch   E = 5,9,14
and fly        G = 12,13    12. Captan 50W           2 lb        6.5 lb
speck                                                     
                            13. Polyram 80W          2 lb        6.5 lb
Rots          E = 14                                                 
              G = 5,9,12,13 14. Dikar 76.7W          2 lb        6.5 lb

Scab          G = 5,9,12,13,14
______________________________________________________________________________

    If mildew  is a problem,   maintaining mildew protection  until terminal
 shoot growth hardens off will reduce  the amount of mildew that overwinters
 in the buds.  This will reduce the severity of mildew next year.  Re-growth
 late  in the  season may  require  additional protection  to prevent  heavy
 overwintering.



                         FOURTH COVER SPRAY (cont'd)

_____________________________________________________________________________

                                   SUGGESTED         100 GAL          ACRE
INSECTS/MITES  EFFECTIVENESS       CHEMICALS         DILUTE        CONCENTRATE
___________________________________________________________________________________

Redbanded      E = 25,26,27,28    7. Lannate 1.8L/   1 pt          3 pt
leafroller     G = 8,9,11,19,20      Nudrin 1.8L                      
(2nd brood)                                                           
(RBLR)                            8. Guthion 50W     8 oz          1.5 lb

Mites (ERM)    E = 16,17,22       9. Imidan 50W      1 lb          3 lb
               G = 18,23,24                             
                                 10. Zolone 3EC      1 pt          3 pt
Codling moth   E = 8,9,10,                                            
(CM)               20,25         11. Bacillus        See label     See label
               G = 7,19              thuringiensis                    

Variegated     E = 26,27,28      16. Carzol 92SP     4 oz          12 oz
leafroller     G = 8,9,11,20                                          
and tufted         25,29         17. Plictran 50W    4 oz          12 oz
apple                                                                 
budmoth (VLR                     18. Vydate 2L       1 pt          3 pt
+ TABM)                                                               
                                 19. Parathion 15W   1 lb          3 lb
Japanese       E = 21,25,30                                           
beetle (JB)    G = 7             20. Lorsban 50W     1 lb          3 lb

                                 21. Sevin 50W       2 lb          6 lb

                                 22. Kelthane 4F     1 pt          3 pt

                                 23. Omite 30W       1 lb          3 lb

                                 24. Vendex 50W      6 oz          18 oz

                                 25. Penncap M       1 pt          3 pt

                                 26. No. 7 + No. 8   8 oz + 4 oz   24 oz  
                                                                      + 12 oz

                                 27. No. 7 + No. 25  8 oz + 8 oz   24 oz 
                                                                      + 24 oz

                                 28. No. 7 + No. 9   8 oz + 10 oz  24 oz 
                                                                      + 2 lb

                                 29. No. 11 +         label rate  label rate
                                     No. 25          + 8 oz        + 24 oz

                                 30. Sevin XLR       1 qt          3 qt
______________________________________________________________________________

    Sevin XLR poses  less risk to honey bees than  other Sevin formulations.
 Frequent applications may be necessary  to control new immigrating beetles.
 Mite build up can be expected.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
BEARING APPLE ORCHARDS
-Text-

                              FIFTH COVER SPRAY

_____________________________________________________________________________

                               SUGGESTED              100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES      EFFECTIVENESS     CHEMICALS              DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
______________________________________________________________________________

Mildew        G = 5,9,14      5. Benlate 50W +        2-3 oz +    8-12  oz +
                                Mancozeb 80W         12 oz       2.5 lb
Brooks spot   E = 5,9,14                                             
             G = 12,13       9. Topsin-M 70W +       2-3 oz +    8-12  oz +
                                Mancozeb 80W         12-16 oz    3-4 lb
Sooty blotch  E = 5,9,14                                             
and fly       G = 12,13      12. Captan 50W           2 lb        6.5 lb
speck                                                                
                            13. Polyram 80W          2 lb        6.5 lb
Rots          E = 14                                                 
             G = 5,9,12,13  14. Dikar 76.7W          2 lb        6.5 lb

Scab          G = 5,9,12,13,14                                       
______________________________________________________________________________

 If mildew  is a  problem,  maintaining  mildew protection  until terminal
shoot growth hardens  off will reduce the amount of  mildew that overwinters
in the buds.  This will reduce the severity of mildew next year.   Re-growth
late  in the  season  may require  additional  protection  to prevent  heavy
overwintering.
 Where  specific  rot  problems are  recognized,   consult  the  fungicide
efficacy table, p. ____, for strengths and weaknesses of selected fungicides
against individual  rots.   The effectiveness  ratings listed above  are for
general rot  control where  there is no  outstanding problem.    Benlate and
Topsin-M will not effectively control bitter rot.



                         FIFTH COVER SPRAY (cont'd)

______________________________________________________________________________

                                 SUGGESTED            100 GAL          ACRE
INSECTS/MITES  EFFECTIVENESS      CHEMICALS            DILUTE        CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Japanese       E = 21,25,30       7. Lannate 1.8L/       1 pt           3 pt
beetle (JB)    G = 7                 Nudrin 1.8L                        

                                 8. Guthion 50W         8 oz           1.5 lb

Mites (ERM)    E = 16,17,22       9. Imidan 50W          1 lb           3 lb
              G = 18,23,24                              
                                10. Zolone 3EC          1 pt           3 pt

Codling moth   E = 8,9,10,20,25  11. Bacillus            See label      See
label
(CM)           G = 7,19              thuringiensis                      

San Jose       E = 20,25         14. Cygon 400           8 oz           1.5 pt
scale (SJS)    G = 7,19
(2nd                             16. Carzol 92SP         4 oz           12 oz
generation)
                                17. Plictran 50W        4 oz           12 oz
White apple    E = 7,14,16
leafhopper                       18. Vydate 2L           1 pt           3 pt
(WALH) (2nd    
generation)                      19. Parathion 15W       1 lb           3 lb
Southern       
Regions)                         20. Lorsban 50W         1 lb           3 lb

                                21. Sevin 50W           2 lb           6 lb

                                22. Kelthane 4F         1 pt           3 pt

                                23. Omite 30W           1 lb           3 lb

                                24. Vendex 50W          6 oz           18 oz

                                25. Penncap M           1 pt           3 pt

                                30. Sevin XLR           1 qt           3 qt

_____________________________________________________________________________

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
BEARING APPLE ORCHARDS
-Text-
                             SIXTH COVER SPRAY

______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED              100 GAL       ACRE
DISEASES      EFFECTIVENESS       CHEMICALS              DILUTE     CONCENTRATE
______________________________________________________________________________

Mildew        G = 5,9,14         5. Benlate 50W +        2-3 oz +    8-12  oz +
                                   Mancozeb 80W         12 oz       2.5 lb

Brooks spot   E = 5,9,14         9. Topsin-M 70W +       2-3 oz +    8-12  oz +
             G = 12,13             Mancozeb 80W         12-16 oz    3-4 lb

Sooty blotch  E = 5,9,14        12. Captan 50W           2 lb        6.5 lb
and fly       G = 12,13
speck                           13. Polyram 80W          2 lb        6.5 lb

Rots          E = 14            14. Dikar 76.7W          2 lb        6.5 lb
             G = 5,9,12,13                                          

Scab          G = 5,9,12,13,14                                       
______________________________________________________________________________

 If mildew  is a  problem,  maintaining  mildew protection  until terminal
shoot growth hardens  off will reduce the amount of  mildew that overwinters
in the buds.  This will reduce the severity of mildew next year.   Re-growth
late  in the  season  may require  additional  protection  to prevent  heavy
overwintering.
 Where  specific  rot  problems are  recognized,   consult  the  fungicide
efficacy table, p. ____, for strengths and weaknesses of selected fungicides
against individual  rots.   The effectiveness  ratings listed above  are for
general rot  control where  there is no  outstanding problem.    Benlate and
Topsin-M will not effectively control bitter rot.
 Observe days-to-harvest limitations on all fungicides (page ____).

                        SIXTH COVER SPRAY (cont'd)

______________________________________________________________________________

                                SUGGESTED            100 GAL          ACRE
INSECTS/MITES  EFFECTIVENESS     CHEMICALS            DILUTE       CONCENTRATE
______________________________________________________________________________

Mites (ERM)    E = 16,17,22       7. Lannate 1.8L/      1 pt           3 pt
              G = 18,23,24          Nudrin 1.8 lb                     

Codling moth   E = 8,9,10,20,     8. Guthion 50W        8 oz           1.5 lb
(CM)               21,25                                               
              G = 7,19           9. Imidan 50W         1 lb           3 lb

White apple    E = 7,14,16       10. Zolone 3EC         1 pt           3 pt
leafhopper
(WALH)                           11. Bacillus           See label      See
label
(2nd                                 thuringiensis                     
generation)                                                            
                                14. Cygon 400          8 oz           1.5 pt
San Jose       E = 20,25                                               
Scale (SJS)    G = 7,19          16. Carzol 92SP        4 oz           12 oz
(2nd                                                                   
generation)                      17. Plictran 50W       4 oz           12 oz
Tentiform      E = 7,18                                                
leafminers                       18. Vydate 2L          1 pt           3 pt
(TLM)                                                                  
(3rd                             19. Parathion 15W      1 lb           3 lb
generation)                                                            
                                20. Lorsban 50W        1 lb           3 lb

                                21. Sevin 50W          2 lb           6 lb

                                22. Kelthane 4F        1 pt           3 pt

                                23. Omite 30W          1 lb           3 lb

                                24. Vendex 50W         6 oz           18 oz

                                25. Penncap M          1 pt           3 pt
______________________________________________________________________________

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
BEARING APPLE ORCHARDS
-Text-


                       SEVENTH AND EIGHTH COVER SPRAYS

______________________________________________________________________________

                                    SUGGESTED           100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES     EFFECTIVENESS          CHEMICALS           DILUTE     CONCENTRATE 
_______________________________________________________________________________

Sooty blotch   E = 5,14,21,22      5. Benlate 50W +       2-3 oz +    8-12 oz
and fly        G = 9                  Mancozeb 80W        12 oz       2.5 lb
speck                                                     
                                  9. Topsin-M 70W +      2-3 oz +    8-12  oz +
Rots           E = 14,21,22           Mancozeb 80W        12 oz       2.5 lb
              G = 5,9                                                
Scab           G = 5,9,14,21,22   14. Dikar 76.7W         2 lb        6.5 lb

Mildew         G = 5,9,14         21. Captan 50W +        1 lb +      3.25  lb +
                                     Zineb 75W           1 lb        3.25 lb

                                 22. Folpet 50W          2 lb        6.5 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

CAUTION:
   Where  specific rot  problems  are  recognized,  consult  the  fungicide
efficacy  table,   p.  ____,   for  strengths  and weaknesses  of  selected
fungicides against individual rots.  The effectiveness ratings listed above
are for general rot control where there is no outstanding problem.
   Do not extend  the interval between the  last day and harvest  beyond 30
days,   but observe  the minimum  time that  must elapse  between the  last
application and harvest (page ____).
   If mildew  is a problem,   maintaining mildew protection  until terminal
shoot growth hardens off will reduce  the amount of mildew that overwinters
in the buds.  This will reduce the severity of mildew next year.  Re-growth
late  in the  season may  require  additional protection  to prevent  heavy
overwintering.


                 SEVENTH AND EIGHTH COVER SPRAYS (cont'd)

______________________________________________________________________________

                                   SUGGESTED         100 GAL          ACRE
INSECTS/MITES  EFFECTIVENESS        CHEMICALS         DILUTE       CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Mites (ERM)    E = 16,17,22       7. Lannate 1.8L/      1 pt          3 pt
              G = 23,24             Nudrin 1.8 lb                    

Codling moth   E = 8,9,10,        8. Guthion 50W        8 oz          1.5 lb
(CM)               20,25                                
              G = 7,19           9. Imidan 50W         1 lb          3 lb

San Jose       E = 20,25         10. Zolone 3EC         1 pt          3 pt
Scale (SJS)    G = 7,19,20,25                           
(2nd                             11. Bacillus           See label     See
label
generation)                          thuringiensis                    

Leafrollers    E = 26,27,28      14. Cygon 400        8 oz          1.5 pt
(VLR + TABM)   G = 8,9,11,20,25                                       
(2nd               29            16. Carzol 92SP      4 oz          12 oz
generation)                                             
                                17. Plictran 50W     4 oz          12 oz

White apple    E = 7,14,16       18. Vydate 2L        1 pt          3 pt
leafhopper                                                            
(WALH)                           19. Parathion 15W    1 lb          3 lb
(2nd                                                                  
generation)                      20. Lorsban 50W      1 lb          3 lb

Tentiform      E = 7,18          22. Kelthane 4F      1 pt          3 pt
leafminers                                                          
(TLM) (3rd                       23. Omite 30W        1 lb          3 lb
generation)    
                                24. Vendex 50W       6 oz          18 oz

                                25. Penncap M        1 pt          3 pt

                                26. No. 7 + No. 8    8 oz + 4 oz   24 oz  
                                                                    + 12 oz

                                27. No. 7 + No. 25   8 oz + 8 oz   24 oz  
                                                                      + 24 oz

                                28. No. 7 + No. 9    8 oz + 10 oz  24 oz  
                                                                      + 2 lb

                                29. No. 11 +         label rate +  label rate +
                                    No. 25                 8 oz         24 oz
_______________________________________________________________________________


   Examine fruit for  injury by first generation larvae,   and monitor with
pheromone traps to determine need for CM control.

   Monitor VLR +  TABM male moths with pheromone traps.    Monitor eggs and
larvae by visual examination.
   Alternate-row sprays at close intervals (4-5 days)  between half-sprays,
beginning when eggs begin to hatch, are most effective.
   Carefully  observe minimum  days between  last spray  and harvest  (page
____).
   If mites-predators are present,  carefully  consider the need to control
mites this late  in the season.   Unless  they are heavy enough  to prevent
fruit sizing,  or to  cause discomfort to pickers,  it may  be advisable to
protect the  predators for  the next  year.   Plictran,   Omite,  Kelthane,
Vydate,  and  Vendex have low  toxicity to  S.  punctum larvae  and adults.
Carzol is  slightly more toxic  to the S.   punctum larvae.   All  of these
miticides are medium or highly toxic to predaceous mites.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
BEARING APPLE ORCHARDS
-Text-


                POSTHARVEST DISEASE AND FRUIT SCALD CONTROL
        _________________________________________________________________

         SUGGESTED CHEMICALS                            100 GAL DILUTE
        _________________________________________________________________

         Fungicides                                     
         ----------                                     
         Mertect 340F + Captan 50W                      1 pt + 1 lb
                                             OR         
         
         Benlate 50W + Captan 50W                       8 oz + 1 lb

                                            PLUS        
         
         Scald inhibitors                               
         ----------------                               
                              Early             Middle            Late
           Variety           Maturity          Maturity         Maturity
           -------           --------          --------         --------

        Red Delicious      2000 ppm DPA +    2000 ppm DPA +   2000 ppm DPA
                           2700 ppm EQ       1350 ppm EQ      

        Stayman, Rome,     2700 ppm EQ       2700 ppm EQ      2700 ppm EQ
          York             2000 ppm DPA      1000 ppm DPA     
        _________________________________________________________________

 Based  on minimum  days after  full  bloom considered  safe for  picking
apples for  storage:   Red Delicious,  135  - 145 (depending  on strain);
Stayman and York, 160; Rome, 165.

   Fungicide  and  scald inhibitors  should  be  applied by  flooding  or
dipping apples after harvest.   Additional water with appropriate amounts
of chemical  must occasionally be  added to  the holding tank  to replace
that used in treating the fruit.
   Fungicides:    The  chemical  suspension   should  be  recharged  with
additional material after  600 bushels have been treated.    As a general
guideline,   approximately  15 percent  of  the  initial amount  of  each
material  should be  added again  plus  the additional  amount needed  to
replace the volume of suspension lost during treatment.   Such recharging
of  the mixture  may  be done  two times  before  being discarded.    The
chemical  suspension should  be discarded  after approximately  1000-1500
bushels have been treated  with 100 gallons of mixture or  if the mixture
becomes dirty.

   CAUTION:   To prevent infection of fruit in the dip tank by strains of
rot fungi resistant to benomyl  and thiabendazole and thiophanate methyl,
captan should always be mixed with these materials.
   Do not use  captan as a postharvest  treatment on fruit that  is to be
shipped to Canada.
    Do not treat with thiabendazole for more  than 3 minutes.   Do not use
 thiabendazole with ethoxyquin.
    Scald inhibitors:   Combinations of DPA and EQ are more effective than
 either  inhibitor alone  when  scald  is likely  to  be  severe.   It  is
 important that adequate levels of DPA and EQ be maintained in drencher or
 dip tanks  by recharging  with inhibitors  and water.    Tanks should  be
 drained and  cleaned at  the end  of each  week.   This  will provide  an
 opportunity  to change  mixtures to  accommodate  changing varieties  and
 maturities.   Both  EQ and DPA  have been known  to cause peel  injury on
 Golden Delicious; use of fungicide should be sufficient.
    Thorough fruit coverage is necessary for proper scald control,  but do
 not treat  for longer than  3 minutes.    Treat after harvest  and before
 storage for maximum scald control.   Coverage is less effective with cold
 fruit or cold solutions.  Fruit should be treated only once with the same
 scald inhibitor to avoid exceeding  residue tolerance.   After treatment,
 it is a good practice to tilt bins to remove liquid collected in the ends
 of  fruit  and in  bin  bottoms.    Read  and follow  label  instructions
 carefully for use of scald inhibitors.
    Check regularly for possible scald  development during storage whether
 or not a scald inhibitor is used.  Apple samples from the earliest picked
 fruit should  be taken out  of storage  each month starting  in December.
 Hold samples  one week at  room temperature.   If  scald is a  problem in
 early picked lots  of fruit,  samples from later pickings  should also be
 taken and checked for scald development.    When samples from a given lot
 of apples  begin to  show scald,  that  lot of  fruit should  be marketed
 without delay if intended for fresh market.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
NON BEARING APPLE ORCHARDS
-Text-
         Effectiveness rating: E = excellent, G = good, F = Fair

                 FIRST SPRAY (GREEN TIP - 1/2 INCH GREEN)
______________________________________________________________________________

                             SUGGESTED                100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES    EFFECTIVENESS     CHEMICALS                DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
______________________________________________________________________________

Scab              G           Ferbam                   1.5 lb        5 lb
______________________________________________________________________________

                FIRST SPRAY (GREEN TIP - 1/2 INCH GREEN)

______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED          100 GAL         ACRE
INSECTS/MITES  EFFECTIVENESS       CHEMICALS          DILUTE       CONCENTRATE
______________________________________________________________________________

San Jose       E = 1         1. Superior oil          2 gal      See note.
Scale (SJS)                                                          

Rosy apple     G = 1                                                 
aphid (RAA)                                             

Apple aphid    G = 1                                                 
(AA)

Mites (ERM)    E = 1                                                 
_______________________________________________________________________________
 Control of aphids with  superior oil is best when application  is made close
to green tip.  If mites are the problem, this oil spray should be applied close
to the 1/2 inch green for best control.  In calculating pesticide rate per acre
on small trees, use tree row volume method page____.


-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
NON BEARING APPLE ORCHARDS
-Text-

                SECOND SPRAY (PINK STAGE OF BEARING TREES)

_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED            100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES     EFFECTIVENESS         CHEMICALS            DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Scab         E = 1,2            1. Cyprex 65W +         6 oz         1.3  lb +
            G = 3,4               Ferbam 76W +         10 oz +      2.0  lb +
                                  Kolospray 81.3W      2 lb         7.0 lb

Mildew       G = 1,2,3          2. Benlate 50W +        2-3 oz +     12 oz +
                                  Mancozeb 80W +       12 oz +      2.5  lb +
                                  Superior oil         1 qt         1 gal

Rusts        G = 3,4            3. Dikar 76.7W          2 lb         6.5 lb
            F = 1,2                                                
                               4. Polyram 80W          2 lb         6.5 lb
______________________________________________________________________________

 The primary objective in  disease control on young trees is  to maintain the
foliage and shoots in good condition so  that normal growth and bud development
will not be impaired.   As trees approach  the bearing age,  a stronger control
program may be required to insure that  disease inoculum levels do not build up
so high that the first fruit crops cannot be adequately protected.
 CAUTION:   Apple scab strains resistant to  Benlate and Topsin-M are present
in some areas of Virginia.  Where resistance is suspected, use other fungicides
for control of scab.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
NON BEARING APPLE ORCHARDS
-Text-

           SECOND SPRAY (PINK STAGE OF BEARING TREES)  (cont'd)

____________________________________________________________________________

                                 SUGGESTED          100 GAL          ACRE
INSECTS/MITES  EFFECTIVENESS      CHEMICALS          DILUTE        CONCENTRATE
______________________________________________________________________________

Rosy apple     G = 2,3,4      2. Cygon 400          8 oz               See note
aphid (RAA)                                                           
                             3. Systox 6E          5 oz              page __.

Apple aphid    G = 2,3,4      4. Phosphamidon 8E    4 oz          
(AA)           
                             5. Plictran 50W       4 oz          
Mites (ERM)    E = 5                                                  
                             6. Lorsban 50W        1 lb          
Leafrollers    G = 6,7                                                
and other                     7. Guthion 50W        8 oz          
leaf feeders                                          
______________________________________________________________________________



-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
NON BEARING APPLE ORCHARDS
-Text-
             THIRD SPRAY (DURING BLOSSOMING OF BEARING TREES)

____________________________________________________________________________


                                 SUGGESTED            100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES    EFFECTIVENESS         CHEMICALS            DILUTE     CONCENTRATE
_____________________________________________________________________________

Scab        E = 1,2            1. Cyprex 65W +         6 oz         1.3  lb +
           G = 3,4               Ferbam 76W +         10 oz +      2.0  lb +
                                 Kolospray 81.3W      2 lb         7.0 lb

Mildew      E = 2              2. Benlate 50W +        2-3 oz +     12 oz +
           G = 1,3               Mancozeb 80W +       12 oz +      2.5  lb +
                                 Superior oil         1 qt         1 gal

Rusts       G = 3,4            3. Dikar 76.7W          2 lb         6.5 lb
           F = 1,2                                                
                              4. Polyram 80W          2 lb         6.5 lb
______________________________________________________________________________

CAUTION:
 In blocks having a few blossoms,  use streptomycin for fireblight control if
conditions are  favorable for infection.    See fireblight caution  under bloom
spray on bearing apples, p. ____.
 Do  not use  insecticides on  trees adjacent  to blooming  orchard or  where
ground cover plants are in bloom.  See Pesticide Hazard to Bees, page ____.


-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
NON BEARING APPLE ORCHARDS
-Text-

    FOURTH SPRAY (WHEN MOST OF THE PETALS HAVE FALLEN ON BEARING TREES)

______________________________________________________________________________

                                 SUGGESTED            100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES    EFFECTIVENESS         CHEMICALS            DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
______________________________________________________________________________

Scab        E = 1,2            1. Cyprex 65W +         6 oz +       1.3  lb +
           G = 3                 Ferbam 76W +         10 oz +      2.0  lb +
                                 Kolospray 81.3W      2 lb         7.0 lb

Mildew      G = 1,2,3          2. Benlate 50W +        2-3 oz +     8-12 oz +
                                 Mancozeb 80W +       12 oz +      2.5  lb +
                                 Superior oil         1 qt         1 gal

Rusts       G = 3              3. Dikar 76.7W          2 lb         6.5 lb
           F = 1,2                                                
______________________________________________________________________________

   CAUTION:    In  blocks having  a  few  blossoms,  use  streptomycin  for
fireblight control if conditions are  favorable for infection.   This spray
timing is  important to reduce spread  of shoot blight,  scab,   and mildew
epidemics.   Spot-check young orchards to  avoid serious outbreaks of these
diseases.


    FOURTH SPRAY (WHEN MOST OF THE PETALS HAVE FALLEN ON BEARING TREES)
                                 (cont'd)

_____________________________________________________________________________

                                 SUGGESTED          100 GAL          ACRE
INSECTS/MITES  EFFECTIVENESS      CHEMICALS          DILUTE        CONCENTRATE
______________________________________________________________________________

Rosy apple     G = 2,4        2. Cygon 400          8 oz              See note
Aphid (RAA)                                                           page ___.
                             4. Phosphamidon 8E    4 oz          
Apple aphid    G = 2,4                                                
(AA)                          6. Lorsban 50W        1 lb          
Leafrollers    G = 6,7,8,9,10                                         
(RBLR)                        7. Guthion 50W        8 oz          

White apple    E = 2,11       8. Zolone 3EC         1 pt
leafhopper                                              
                             9. Imidan 50W         1 lb

                            10. Parathion 15W      1 lb

                            11. Carzol 92SP        4 oz

_______________________________________________________________________________

   Avoid  spraying  any  open  blooms  on   trees  or  ground  covers  with
insecticides.

-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
NON BEARING APPLE ORCHARDS
-Text-

                               COVER SPRAYS
   (14-21 DAY INTERVALS AFTER PETAL FALL, UNTIL TERMINAL GROWTH CEASES)
                                 (cont'd)

_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED            100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES     EFFECTIVENESS         CHEMICALS            DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Scab         G = 1,2,3,4        1. Dikar 76.7W          2 lb          6.5 lb

Rusts        G = 1,2,4          2. Mancozeb 80W         2 lb          6.5 lb

Mildew       G = 1              3. Folpet 50W           2 lb          6.5 lb

                               4. Polyram 80W           2 lb          6.5 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________



                               COVER SPRAYS
   (14-21 DAY INTERVALS AFTER PETAL FALL, UNTIL TERMINAL GROWTH CEASES)
                                 (cont'd)

______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED          100 GAL          ACRE
INSECTS/MITES  EFFECTIVENESS       CHEMICALS          DILUTE       CONCENTRATE 

______________________________________________________________________________

Mites (ERM)    E = 5,11           2. Cygon 400          8 oz          See note

Variegated     E = 14,15,16       5. Plictran 50W       4 oz          page __.
leafroller     G = 7,8,9,10,                                          
and tufted         12,19,20       6. Lorsban 50W        1 lb          
apple budmoth  
(VLR + TABM)                      7. Guthion 50W        8 oz          

Leafhoppers    E = 2,11,13,17     8. Zolone 3EC         1 pt          
(WALH)                                                  
                                 9. Imidan 50W         1 lb
Defoliating    E = 14,15,16                             
caterpillars   G = 7,8,9,10,     10. Parathion 15W      1 lb          
                  12,19,20
                                11. Carzol 92SP        4 oz          
Periodical     E = 13,18                                              
cicada         G = 6,7,8,9,      12. Penncap M          1 pt
(C)                10,12                                
                                13. Methomyl           1 pt
Japanese       E = 12,18,21          (Lannate 1.8L/     
beetle (JB)    G = 13                Nudrin 1.8L)

                                14. No. 13 + No. 7     8 oz + 4 oz

                                15. No. 13 + No. 9     8 oz + 10 oz

                                16. No. 13 + No. 12    8 oz + 8 oz

                                17. Thiodan 50W        1 lb

                                18. Sevin 50W          2 lb

                                19. Bacillus           SEE LABEL
                                    thuringiensis

                                20. No. 19 + No. 12    Label rate + 8 oz

                                21. Sevin XLR          1 qt
______________________________________________________________________________

   Sevin XLR poses  less risk to honey bees than  other Sevin formulations.
Mite build up usually follows applications, of Sevin.
   Orchard should be examined frequently from  bloom until the trees harden
off.   Early  detection of  pests and  prompt control  measures during  the
period when trees are becoming established is very important.
   Frequent sprays may  be necessary to control  migrating Japanese beetles
or cicadas in outbreak years.


-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-

 Integrated pest management  is an alternative to chemical  pest control that
orchardists may wish to consider.   To be successful, I.P.M.   requires careful
management,  systematic orchard scouting,  and well-calibrated spray equipment.
The pest management technique has been followed by some growers for three years
now,  and  it will be  demonstrated in several  orchard blocks during  the 1985
season.   Questions on I.P.M.   may be directed to R.  L.    Horsburgh,  H.  W.
Hogmire, or D. G. Pfeiffer.



                            INSECT LIFE CYCLES
                            (blank page for figure)



                             CICADA EMERGENCE
                            (blank page for figure)




           __________________________________________________________

                                   PEARS

          Chemical effectiveness rating: E = excellent, G = good

           __________________________________________________________


                               DORMANT SPRAY

______________________________________________________________________________

                              SUGGESTED              100 GAL          ACRE
DISEASES     EFFECTIVENESS     CHEMICALS              DILUTE        CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Fireblight      G             Bordeaux mixture                     
                            (copper sulfate +      8 lb +           ___
                             agricultural spray    8 lb             ___
                                 lime)                               
_______________________________________________________________________________

 Caution:   Suggested where  fireblight was difficult to  control previous
 year.  DO NOT APPLY AFTER GREEN IS SHOWING.

-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-

                          DORMANT-GREEN TIP SPRAY

_______________________________________________________________________________

                                   SUGGESTED          100 GAL          ACRE
INSECTS/MITES  EFFECTIVENESS        CHEMICALS          DILUTE       CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Pear psylla    E = 1,2,3,4,6,7    1. Superior oil       2 gal           6 gal
(PP)           G = 5                                                  
                                 2. Pydrin 2.4EC       5 oz            1 pt

                                 3. Pounce 3EC         4 oz            12 oz

                                 4. Ambush 2EC         6 oz            18 oz

                                 5. Thiodan 50W        1.5 lb          5 lb

                                 6. Lorsban 4E         12 oz           1 qt

                                 7. Trithion 8E        6 oz            1 pt
_______________________________________________________________________________

   Examine buds with hand lens.   Apply first spray when tiny yellow oblong
eggs are found - usually at bud swell.
   The  addition of  Superior oil  to any  of the  above insecticides  will
increase their effectiveness.


_______________________________________________________________________________

-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-

                          GREEN CLUSTER BUD STAGE

________________________________________________________________________________

                                   SUGGESTED            100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES      EFFECTIVENESS         CHEMICALS            DILUTE     CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Scab           G = 1,2,3          1. Captan 50W           1.5 lb        4 lb

Leaf spot      G = 1,2,3          2. Ferbam 76W           1.5 lb        4 lb

                                 3. Zineb 75W            1.5 lb        4 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________


                          GREEN CLUSTER BUD STAGE
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                    SUGGESTED         100 GAL          ACRE
INSECTS/MITES  EFFECTIVENESS         CHEMICALS         DILUTE       CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Pear psylla    E = 1,2,3,4,6,7    1. Superior oil       2 gal           6 gal
(PP)           G = 5                                                  
                                 2. Pydrin 2.4EC       5 oz            1 pt
San Jose       E = 1,6,8                                              
Scale (SJS)                       3. Pounce 3EC         4 oz            12 oz
Tarnished      E = 2,3,4,8                                            
plant bug      G = 5              4. Ambush 2EC         6 oz            18 oz
(TPB)          
                                 5. Thiodan 50W        1.5 lb          5 lb
Climbing       E = 2,3,4
cutworms       G = 5,6            6. Lorsban 4E         12 oz           1 qt
(CC)           
                                 7. Trithion 8E        6 oz            1 pt

                                 8. Parathion 8E       6 oz            1 pt
_______________________________________________________________________________

   Monitor appearance of TPB  by jarring tree limbs over a  sheet placed on
the ground; TPB will fall from limbs to sheet.
   CC feed in trees at night and hide in ground cover during the day.

-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
______________________________________________________________________________

                         WHITE BUD (POPCORN) SPRAY

                                 SUGGESTED            100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES       EFFECTIVENESS      CHEMICALS            DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Scab           G = 1,2,3       1. Captan 50W           1.5 lb             4 lb

Leaf spot      G = 1,2,3       2. Ferbam 76W           1.5 lb             4 lb

Fireblight     G = 4           3. Zineb 75W            1.5 lb             4 lb

                              4. Streptomycin       6.5 oz (80 ppm)     1.5 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

   CAUTION:  FIREBLIGHT.   The conditions favorable for fireblight include:
(1) open blossoms and succulent young growth;  (2) a temperature of 65 F or
higher; plus (3) rainfall, or a relative humidity of 60% or higher.   Apply
the first  streptomycin spray  just before the  earliest blossoms  open and
repeat at 5-day intervals until petals on latest blossoms have fallen.   If
streptomycin is applied alone,  the rate may be reduced to 60 ppm (5 oz/100
gal dilute;   15 oz/A  concentrate).   Apply  streptomycin in  at least  50
gallons of water per acre.


                         WHITE BUD (POPCORN) SPRAY

_______________________________________________________________________________

                                     SUGGESTED         100 GAL        ACRE
INSECTS/MITES  EFFECTIVENESS          CHEMICALS         DILUTE     CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Pear psylla    E = 2,3,4          2. Pydrin 2.4EC       5 oz            1 pt
(PP)           G = 5,9,10
                                 3. Pounce 3EC         4 oz            12 oz

                                 4. Ambush 2EC         6 oz            18 oz

Tarnished      E = 2,3,4,11       5. Thiodan 50W        1.5 lb          5 lb
plant bug                                               
(TPB)                             9. Imidan 50W         1.5 lb          5 lb

Green          E = 2,3,4         10. Zolone 3EC         1 qt            3.5 qt
fruitworms     G = 5,10          
(GFW)                            11. Carzol 92SP        4 oz            12 oz

Mites          E = 11,12         12. Plictran 50W       4 oz            12 oz
(ERM)          G = 13,14                                              
                                13. Kelthane 35W       1 lb            3 lb

                                14. Vendex 50W         4 oz            12 oz
_______________________________________________________________________________


   Pyrethroids (Pydrin,  Pounce,  Ambush)  may only be applied twice during
the prebloom period.   Monitor ERM closely postbloom because these products
are highly toxic to predators of ERM.

-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-


                                BLOOM SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                               SUGGESTED           100 GAL             ACRE
DISEASES     EFFECTIVENESS      CHEMICALS           DILUTE          CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Scab          G = 1,2,3       1. Captan 50w          1.5 lb             4 lb

Leaf spot     G = 1,2,3       2. Ferbam 76w          1.5 lb             4 lb

Fireblight    G = 4           3. Zineb 75w           1.5 lb             4 lb

                             4. Streptomycin        6.5 oz (80 ppm)    1.5 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

  CAUTION:   See cautions about fireblight  control under white bud spray,
p. _____.


          ___________________________________________________

           WARNING - DO NOT APPLY INSECTICIDES DURING BLOOM.
          ___________________________________________________

-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-

               PETAL FALL, FIRST THROUGH FIFTH COVER SPRAYS
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                SUGGESTED           100 GAL             ACRE
DISEASES      EFFECTIVENESS      CHEMICALS           DILUTE         CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Scab          G = 1,2,3       1. Captan 50W          1.5 lb             4 lb

Leaf spot     G = 1,2,3       2. Ferbam 76W          1.5 lb             4 lb

Fireblight    G = 4           3. Zineb 75W           1.5 lb             4 lb

                             4. Streptomycin        6.5 oz (80 ppm)    1.5 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

   CAUTION:   See cautions about fireblight  control under white bud spray,
p. _____.  Do not apply streptomycin closer than 30 days to harvest.



               PETAL FALL, FIRST THROUGH FIFTH COVER SPRAYS
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED          100 GAL          ACRE
INSECTS/MITES  EFFECTIVENESS       CHEMICALS          DILUTE       CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Pear psylla    G = 5,9,10         5. Thiodan 50W        1.5 lb          5 lb
(PP)                                                                  
                                 9. Imidan 50W         1.5 lb          5 lb
Tarnished      E = 11
plant bug      G = 5,15          10. Zolone 3EC         1 qt            3.5 qt
(TPB)                                                                 
                                11. Carzol 92SP        4 oz            12 oz
Stink bugs     E = 11                                                 
(SB)           G = 5,15          12. Plictran 50W       4 oz            12 oz

Mites (ERM)    E = 11,12         13. Kelthane 35W       1 lb            3 lb
              G = 13,14                                              
                                14. Vendex 50W         4 oz            12 oz
Plum           E = 9,10,15
curculio                         15. Penncap-M          1 pt            3 pt
(PC)                                                    

Codling moth   E = 9,10,15                                            
(CM)                                                    

Oriental fruit E = 9,10,15                                            
moth (OFM)     
_______________________________________________________________________________

   If PP is a problem,  alternating  sprays of Thiodan,  Imidan,  or Zolone
will improve control.   If PP is not a problem, reduce insecticide rates by
25%.
   If pears will be harvested within 7 days of last spray application,  use
no more than 2 postbloom sprays of Thiodan.  If pears will not be harvested
within 21  days of  last spray application,   up to  5 postbloom  sprays of
Thiodan may be applied.

-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-


                          PEACHES AND NECTARINES

                 CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS
     Chemical effectiveness rating: E = excellent, G = good, F = fair


                               DORMANT SPRAY

_______________________________________________________________________________

                              SUGGESTED           100 GAL             ACRE
DISEASES    EFFECTIVENESS      CHEMICALS           DILUTE           CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Leaf curl     E = 1,2,4,5     1. Ferbam 76W          2-3 lb               ----
             G = 3                                                   
                             2. Liquid lime         4 gal                ----
                                sulfur                               

                             3. Copper sulfate +    2 lb +               ----
                                hydrated lime       4 lb             

                             4. Bravo 500           1.5-2 pt             ----

                             5. Basic Copper        4.0 lb               ----
_______________________________________________________________________________

CAUTION:
   Thorough coverage is essential for leaf curl control.   Apply when there
is little or  no wind and use dilute  sprays only.   May be  applied in the
fall after most leaves have fallen but before hard-freezing weather,  or in
the  spring before  the  buds swell.    If  leaf curl  has  been severe  or
difficult to control,  use the higher rate per 100 gal of dilute spray.  In
those peach  and nectarine orchards where  leaf curl was severe  during the
spring of  1984,  a  fall and  spring application  of either  of the  above
fungicides  would  be  advisable  until the  leaf  curl  problem  has  been
corrected.   According to the label,  both  spring and fall applications of
Bravo are required for control of leaf curl.  Thorough coverage of each bud
is necessary for leaf curl control.
   Do not combine liquid lime sulfur with oil.


-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                          PEACHES AND NECTARINES

                               DORMANT SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                 SUGGESTED          100 GAL          ACRE
INSECTS/MITES  EFFECTIVENESS      CHEMICALS          DILUTE        CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

San Jose       E = 1,1+2          1. Superior oil       2 gal             ---
Scale (SJS)                                             

Mite eggs      E = 1              2. Lorsban 4E         1 pt              ---
(ERM)                                                   
_______________________________________________________________________________

A dilute application is recommended for effective control.


-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                          PEACHES AND NECTARINES

                                PINK SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                              SUGGESTED          100 GAL             ACRE
DISEASES    EFFECTIVENESS      CHEMICALS          DILUTE           CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Brown rot   E = 5,6,7,8,11,12  4. Bravo 500          1.5-2 pt         4.5-8 pt
blossom     G = 4,9,10
blight                         5. *Benlate 50W +     2-3 oz +         12-16 oz +
                                  Captan 50W        1-2 lb           3-4 lb

                              6. *Benlate 50W +     4-6 oz +         12-16 oz +

                              7. *Topsin-M 70W +    4-6 oz +         12-16 oz +
                                  Captan 50W        1-2 lb           3-4 lb

                              8. *Topsin-M 70W +    4-10 oz +        12-32 oz +
                                  Sulfur 95W        4-6 lb           12-15 lb

                              9. Captan 50W         2 lb             5 lb

                             10. Sulfur 95W         6 lb             15 lb

                             11. Funginex 18.2%EC   12-16 fl oz     36-48 fl oz

                             12. Rovral 50W         ____             2 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

   *CAUTION:    A  strain  of  brown rot  resistant  to  the  benzimidazole
fungicides Benlate and  Topsin-M may be present in some  areas of Virginia.
To reduce the threat of resistance to these fungicides, they should be used
only  in  combination  with  other  (non-benzimidazole)   fungicides.    If
resistance is  suspected,  submit  a brown rot  sample to  Winchester Fruit
Research Laboratory and  switch to a different fungicide  program until the
fungus has been tested for sensitivity.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                          PEACHES AND NECTARINES

                                PINK SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                 SUGGESTED          100 GAL           ACRE
INSECTS/MITES  EFFECTIVENESS      CHEMICALS          DILUTE         CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Tarnished      E = 3              3. Carzol 92SP        4 oz            10 oz
plant bug      G = 4,5                                                 
(TPB)                             4. Thiodan 50W        1 lb            2.5 lb

Green peach    E = 5              5. Lannate 1.8L       1 pt            2.5 pt
aphid (GPA)    G = 4,6               /Nudrin 1.8L

                                 6. Systox 6EC         5 oz            1 pt
_______________________________________________________________________________

In most years, control of GPA is not required until petal fall.


-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                          PEACHES AND NECTARINES

                          BLOOM PERIOD SPRAY

______________________________________________________________________________

                                SUGGESTED           100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES    EFFECTIVENESS        CHEMICALS           DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Brown rot   E = 5,6,7,8,11,12   4. Bravo 500           1.5-2 pt    4.5-8 pt
blossom     G = 4,9,10
blight                          5. *Benlate 50W +      4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
                                  Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-4 lb

                               6. *Benlate 50W +      4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
                                  Sulfur 95W          3-6 lb      6-9 lb

                               7. *Topsin-M 70W +     4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
                                   Captan 50W         1-2 lb      3-4 lb

                               8. *Topsin-M 70W +     4-10 oz +   12-32 oz +
                                   Sulfur 95W         4-6 lb      12-15 lb

                               9. Captan 50W          2 lb        5 lb

                              10. Sulfur 95W          6 lb        15 lb

                              11. Funginex 1.6E       12-16 fl oz 36-48 fl oz

                              12. Rovral 50W          ____        2 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

*See caution about Benlate and Topsin-M under pink spray, p. _____.

INSECTS:  DO NOT APPLY INSECTICIDES DURING BLOOM.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                          PEACHES AND NECTARINES


                          PETAL FALL SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                 SUGGESTED           100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES    EFFECTIVENESS         CHEMICALS           DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Brown rot   E = 5,6,7,8         4. Bravo 500           1.5-2 pt    4.5-8 pt

           G = 4,9,10          5. *Benlate 50W +      4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
                                   Captan 50W         1-2 lb      3-4 lb

Scab        E = 4,5,6           6. *Benlate 50W +      4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
           G = 7,8,9,10            Sulfur 95W         3-6 lb      6-9 lb

                               7. *Topsin-M 70W +     4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
                                   Captan 50W         1-2 lb      3-4 lb

                               8. *Topsin-M 70W +     4-10 oz +   12-32 oz +
                                   Sulfur 95W         4-6 lb      12-15 lb

                               9. Captan 50W          2 lb        5 lb

                              10. Sulfur 95W          6 lb        15 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

CAUTION:
*See caution about Benlate and Topsin-M under pink spray, p.  ____.   Do
not apply Bravo 500 after shuck split stage.   In nectarine plantings where
scab has been destructive, apply four sprays at weekly intervals.


                          PETAL FALL SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED         100 GAL          ACRE
INSECTS/MITES  EFFECTIVENESS       CHEMICALS         DILUTE        CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Tarnished      E = 8           5. Lannate 1.8L/      1 pt          2.5 pt
plant bug      G = 5,9            Nudrin 1.8L                      
(TPB)                                                                 
                              6. Systox 6EC         5 oz          1 pt
Stink bugs     E = 8                                                  
(SB)           G = 5,9         7. Zolone 3EC         1 pt          2.5 pt

Green peach    E = 5           8. Parathion 15W      2 lb          5 lb
aphid (GPA)    G = 6
                              9. Guthion 50W        8 oz          1.2 lb
Plum           E = 9,10
curculio       G = 7,8        10. Imidan 50W         1 lb          2.5 lb
(PC)                                                                  
_______________________________________________________________________________


-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                          PEACHES AND NECTARINES

                   SHUCK SPLIT, SHUCK FALL SPRAYS

_______________________________________________________________________________

                              SUGGESTED          100 GAL             ACRE
DISEASES    EFFECTIVENESS      CHEMICALS          DILUTE           CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Scab           See petal-fall spray, page ___.

Brown rot      
_______________________________________________________________________________

CAUTION:  Do not apply Bravo 500 after shuck-split stage.  Do not extend
intervals between cover sprays  more than 14 days.   Where scab  has been a
serious  problem  see  petal  fall  spray,   p.____,   for  more  effective
combinations.


                   SHUCK SPLIT, SHUCK FALL SPRAYS

_______________________________________________________________________________

                                 SUGGESTED          100 GAL          ACRE
INSECTS/MITES  EFFECTIVENESS      CHEMICALS          DILUTE        CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Tarnished      E = 8           5. Lannate 1.8L/      1 pt          2.5 pt
plant bug      G = 5*,9,11           Nudrin 1.8L                      
(TPB)                                                   
                              6. Systox 6EC         5 oz          1 pt
Stink bugs     E = 8                                                  
(SB)           G = 5*,9,11     7. Zolone 3EC         1 pt          2.5 pt

Green peach    E = 5*          8. Parathion 15W      2 lb          5 lb
aphid (GPA)    G = 6                                                  
                              9. Guthion 50W        8 oz          1.2 lb
Plum           E = 9,10,11                                            
curculio       G = 7,8        10. Imidan 50W         1 lb          2.5 lb
(PC)                                                    
                             11. Penncap-M 2F       1 pt          2.5 pt
Oriental       E = 5*,7,8,9,                            
fruit moth         10,11                                              
(OFM)                                                   
_______________________________________________________________________________

CAUTION:   Applications at both shuck split and shuck fall are important
to prevent catfacing injury.
*Residual  life of  this  material is  short;   extend effectiveness  by
combining with 1/2 rate of 9,10, or 11.



-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                          PEACHES AND NECTARINES

                          FIRST COVER SPRAY

_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED           100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES    EFFECTIVENESS          CHEMICALS           DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Scab        E = 5,6             5. Benlate 50W +       2-3 oz +    12-16 oz +
           G = 7,8,9,10           Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-4 lb

                               6. Benlate 50W +       4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
                                  Sulfur 95W          3-6 lb      6-9 lb

Brown rot   E = 5,6,7,8         7. Topsin-M  70W +     4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
           G = 9,10               Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-4 lb

                               8. Topsin-M 70W +      4-10 oz +   12-32 oz +
                                  Sulfur 95W          4-6 lb      12-15 lb

                               9. Captan 50W          2 lb        5 lb

                              10. Sulfur 95W          6 lb        15 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

CAUTION:
Do not extend intervals between cover  sprays more than 14 days.   Where
scab has been a serious problem, see petal fall spray,  p.  ____,  for more
effective combinations.
Do not apply Bravo 500 after shuck-split stage.


-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                          PEACHES AND NECTARINES

                          FIRST COVER SPRAY

_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED         100 GAL          ACRE
INSECTS/MITES  EFFECTIVENESS       CHEMICALS         DILUTE        CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Tarnished      E = 8           5. Lannate 1.8L/      1 pt          2.5 pt
plant bug      G = 5*,9,11           Nudrin 1.8L                      
(TPB)                                                   
                              7. Zolone 3EC         1 pt          2.5 pt
Stink bugs     E = 8                                                  
(SB)           G = 5*,9,11     8. Parathion 15W      2 lb          5 lb

Oriental       E = 5*,7,8,9,   9. Guthion 50W        8 oz          1.2 lb
fruit moth         10,11                                              
(OFM)                         10. Imidan 50W         1 lb          2.5 lb

Periodical     E = 5,12       11. Penncap-M 2F       1 pt          2.5 pt
cicada (C)     G = 7,8,9,10,11                                        
                             12. Sevin 50W          2 lb          5 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

*Residual  life of  this  material is  short;   extend effectiveness  by
combining with 1/2 rate of 9,10, or 11.
Cicada   immigration   from  unsprayed   areas   necessitates   frequent
applications for effective control.   See maps,  p.  ___,  for location and
year of cicada occurrence.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                          PEACHES AND NECTARINES

                         SECOND COVER SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED           100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES    EFFECTIVENESS          CHEMICALS           DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Scab        E = 5,6             5. Benlate 50W +       4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
           G = 7,8,9,10           Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-4 lb

Brown rot   E = 5,6,7,8         6. Benlate 50W +       4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
           G = 9,10               Sulfur 95W          3-6 lb      6-9 lb

                               7. Topsin-M 70W +      4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
                                  Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-4 lb

                               8. Topsin-M 70W +      4-10 oz +   12-32 oz +
                                  Sulfur 95W          4-6 lb      12-15 lb

                               9. Captan 50W          2 lb        5 lb

                              10. Sulfur 95W          6 lb        15 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________
CAUTION:
Do not extend intervals between cover  sprays more than 14 days.   Where
scab has been a serious problem see  petal fall spray,  p.  ____,  for more
effective combinations.

                         SECOND COVER SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED         100 GAL          ACRE
INSECTS/MITES  EFFECTIVENESS       CHEMICALS         DILUTE        CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Stink bugs     E = 8              4. Thiodan 50W        1.5 lb        ---
(SB)           G = 4,5*,9,11                                          
                                 5. Lannate 1.8L/      1 pt          2.5 pt
Oriental       E = 5*,7,8,9,         Nudrin 1.8L                      
fruit moth         10,11                                              
(OFM)                             7. Zolone 3 EC        1 pt          2.5 pt

Lesser peach   G = 4              8. Parathion 15W      2 lb          5 lb
tree borer                                              
(LPTB)                            9. Guthion 50W        8 oz          1.2 lb

                                10. Imidan 50W         1 lb          2.5 lb

                                11. Penncap-M 2F       1 pt          2.5 pt
_______________________________________________________________________________
A handgun application is recommended for LPTB control.  Thoroughly cover
all wounded bark areas on trunk, scaffold limbs, and small branches.
*Residual  life of  this  material is  short;   extend effectiveness  by
combining with 1/2 rate of 9,10, or 11.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                          PEACHES AND NECTARINES

                          THIRD COVER SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED           100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES    EFFECTIVENESS          CHEMICALS           DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Brown rot   E = 5,6,7,8         5. Benlate 50W +       4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
           G = 9,10               Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-4 lb

                               6. Benlate 50W +       4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
                                  Sulfur 95W          3-6 lb      6-9 lb

                               7. Topsin-M 70W +      4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
                                  Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-4 lb

                               8. Topsin-M 70W +      4-10 oz +   12-32 oz +
                                  Sulfur 95W          4-6 lb      12-15 lb

                               9. Captan 50W          2 lb        5 lb

                              10. Sulfur 95W          6 lb        15 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

Do not extend intervals between cover sprays more than 14 days.


                          THIRD COVER SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                    SUGGESTED         100 GAL         ACRE
INSECTS/MITES    EFFECTIVENESS       CHEMICALS         DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Stink bugs       E = 8           4. Thiodan 50W        1.5 lb        ---
(SB)             G = 4,5*,9,11                                          
                                5. Lannate 1.8L/      1 pt          2.5 pt
Oriental         E = 5*,7,8,9,      Nudrin 1.8L                      
fruit moth           10,11                                              
(OFM)                            7. Zolone 3EC         1 pt          2.5 pt

Lesser peach     G = 4           8. Parathion 15W      2 lb          5 lb
tree borer                                                
(LPTB)                           9. Guthion 50W        8 oz          1.2 lb

Leafrollers      E = 5*,11      10. Imidan 50W         1 lb          2.5 lb
(RBLR,VLR,TABM)  G = 7,9,10                               
                               11. Penncap-M 2F       1 pt          2.5 pt
_______________________________________________________________________________
Apply second  handgun spray  for LPTB  control 3  weeks after  the first
application.
*Residual  life of  this  material is  short;   extend effectiveness  by
combining with 1/2 rates of 9,10, or 11.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                          PEACHES AND NECTARINES

                    FOURTH AND FIFTH COVER SPRAYS
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED           100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES    EFFECTIVENESS          CHEMICALS           DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Brown rot   E = 5,6,7,8         5. Benlate 50W +       4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
           G = 9,10               Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-4 lb

                               6. Benlate 50W +       4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
                                  Sulfur 95W          3-6 lb      6-9 lb

                               7. Topsin-M 70W +      4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
                                  Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-4 lb

                               8. Topsin-M 70W +      4-10 oz +   12-32 oz +
                                  Sulfur 95W          4-6 lb      12-15 lb

                               9. Captan 50W          2 lb        5 lb

                              10. Sulfur 95W          6 lb        15 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

Do  not  exceed   14-day  intervals  between  cover   sprays.    Consult
pre-harvest sprays p. ___ for early-maturing cultivars.



                    FOURTH AND FIFTH COVER SPRAYS
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                    SUGGESTED         100 GAL         ACRE
INSECTS/MITES    EFFECTIVENESS       CHEMICALS         DILUTE       CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Stink bugs       E = 3,8         3. Carzol 92SP        4 oz         10 oz
(SB)             G = 5,9,11                                            
                                5. Lannate 1.8L/      1 pt         2.5 pt
Plum             E = 9,10,11           Nudrin 1.8L                     
curculio         G = 7,8                                               
(PC)                             7. Zolone 3EC         1 pt         2.5 pt

Oriental         E = 5*,7,8,9,   8. Parathion 15W      2 lb         5 lb
fruit moth           10,11                                
(OFM)            G = 12          9. Guthion 50W        8 oz         1.2 lb

Leafrollers      E = 5*,11      10. Imidan 50W         1 lb         2.5 lb
(RBLR,VLR,TABM)  G = 7,9,10                               
                               11. Penncap-M 2F       1 pt         2.5 pt
Japanese         E = 11,12                                             
beetle (JB)      G = 5*         12. Sevin 50W          2 lb         5 lb

Cicada (C)       E = 5*,12      13. Plictran 50W       4 oz         10 oz

Mites            E = 3,13       14. Kelthane 35W       1 lb         2.5 lb
(ERM,TSM)        G = 14                                                
_______________________________________________________________________________

PC  and   C  only   require  control  in   some  areas.     Consult  the
spray-to-harvest interval when selecting chemicals for application.
Sevin application is likely to result in an increase in mites.
*Residual  life of  this  material is  short;   extend effectiveness  by
combining with 1/2 rates of 9,10, or 11.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                          PEACHES AND NECTARINES

                         PRE-HARVEST SPRAYS
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED           100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES       EFFECTIVENESS       CHEMICALS           DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________
Brown rot   E = 5,6,7,8,11,12   5. Benlate 50W +       4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
           G = 9,13               Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-4 lb

                               6. Benlate 50W +       4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
Rhizopus rot   G = 13                 Sulfur 95W          3-6 lb      6-9 lb
               F = 9                                                  
                               7. Topsin-M 70W +      4-6 oz      12-16 oz +
                                  Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-4 lb

                               8. Topsin-M 70W +      4-10 oz +   12-32 oz +
                                  Sulfur 95W          4-6 lb      12-15 lb

                               9. Captan 50W          2 lb        5 lb

                              11. Funginex 1.6E       12-16 fl oz 36-48 fl oz

                              12. Rovral 50W          ----        2 lb

                              13. Botran 75W +        1 lb +      2.5 lb +
                                  Captan 50W          1 lb        2.5 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

Starting two to three weeks before  harvest,  shorten the spray interval
to 7-10 days.   Where a range of  rates is presented,  use the higher rates
under heavier disease pressure (rot present or rainy, humid weather).
If fruit  is to  be shipped to  Canada,  do not  apply captan  closer to
harvest than 2 days.
Do not exceed three applications of  Funginex in the pre-harvest period.
Do not apply Botran closer than 1 day to harvest.


                      HARVESTED FRUIT TREATMENT
            __________________________________________________________

              DISEASES        RATE PER 100 GAL   HYDROCOOLER WATER
            __________________________________________________________

              Brown rot         Botran 75W +          1 lb +
                                Benlate 50W           8 oz
              Rhizopus rot                       
              
            __________________________________________________________

CAUTION:
Flush and clean the hydrocooler daily.  Do not treat fruit in containers
that do not allow adequate drainage.  On nectarines, apply Botran only with
fruit wax.
Add appropriate amount  of fungicide per 100  gal of water added  to the
hydrocooler during operations.



                      INSECT CYCLES ON PEACHES

                      (Blank page for figure)



                          POSTHARVEST SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                    SUGGESTED         100 GAL         ACRE
INSECTS/MITES    EFFECTIVENESS       CHEMICALS         DILUTE       CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Peachtree        E = 15             4. Thiodan 50W        1.5 lb         ----
borer (PTB)      G = 4                                    

Lesser peach-    E = 15            15. Lorsban 4E         3 pt           ----
tree borer       G = 4                                    
(LPTB)                                                    
_______________________________________________________________________________

A handgun application is recommended.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-

                          PLUMS AND PRUNES

  Chemical effectiveness rating:  E = excellent, G = good, F = fair

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                          PLUMS AND PRUNES

                           PREBLOOM SPRAYS
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED           100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES       EFFECTIVENESS       CHEMICALS           DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Black knot  E = 1,2             1. Benlate 50W +       4-6 oz +    10-12 oz +
           G = 3                  Captan 50W          1 lb        3 lb

                               2. Topsin-M 70W +      4-6 oz +    10-12 oz +
Brown rot      E = 1,2                Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-6 lb

                               3. Zineb 75W           2 lb        4.5 lb

                               4. Captan 50W          2 lb        4.5 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

CAUTION:
To reduce  potential for development  of Topsin-M  and Benlate-resistant
strains  of brown  rot  and  other fungi,   it  is  recommended that  these
fungicides not be  used as the only  fungicides for control of  any disease
through the growing season.   To achieve successful black knot control, all
knots must be  cut out of the tree  and removed from the  orchard or burned
before  the start  of  the growing  season.   Captan  may  cause injury  on
Japanese-type and Stanley plums in early season.  Zineb may cause injury on
Burbank and Ozark Premier plum.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                          PLUMS AND PRUNES


                           PREBLOOM SPRAYS
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                    SUGGESTED         100 GAL         ACRE
INSECTS/MITES    EFFECTIVENESS       CHEMICALS         DILUTE       CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

San Jose         E = 1,1+2,1+3   1. Superior oil       2 gal        6 gal
scale (SJS)                                               
                                2. Lorsbab 4E         1 pt         2.5 pt
Mite eggs        E = 1                                                 
(ERM)                            3. Trithion 8E        4 oz         10 oz
_______________________________________________________________________________

Control insects during the dormant or delayed-dormant period.


-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                          PLUMS AND PRUNES

                             BLOOM SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED           100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES    EFFECTIVENESS          CHEMICALS           DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Black knot  E = 1,2             1. Benlate 50W +       4-6 oz +    10-12 oz +
           G = 3                  Captan 50W          1 lb        3 lb
           F = 4                                                  
                               2. Topsin-M 70W +      4-6 oz +    10-12 oz +
Brown rot   E = 1,2                Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-6 lb
           G = 4
                               3. Zineb 75W           2 lb        4.5 lb

                               4. Captan 50W          2 lb        4.5 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

CAUTION:
Captan may  cause injury  on Japanese-type  and Stanley  plums in  early
season.  Zineb may cause injury on Burbank and Ozark Premier plums.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                          PLUMS AND PRUNES

                          PETAL FALL SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED           100 GAL       ACRE
DISEASES     EFFECTIVENESS          CHEMICALS           DILUTE    CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Black knot  E = 1,2             1. Benlate 50W +       4-6 oz +    10-12 oz +
           G = 3                  Captan 50W          1 lb        3 lb
           F = 4                                                  

Brown rot   E = 1,2             2. Topsin-M 70W +      4-6 oz +    10-12 oz +
           G = 4                  Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-6 lb

                               3. Zineb 75W           2 lb        4.5 lb

                               4. Captan 50W          2 lb        4.5 lb
______________________________________________________________________________

CAUTION:   Captan may cause injury  on Japanese-type and Stanley plums
in early  season.   Zineb may cause  injury on Burbank and  Ozark Premier
plums.


-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                          PLUMS AND PRUNES

                          PETAL FALL SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                    SUGGESTED         100 GAL         ACRE
INSECTS/MITES    EFFECTIVENESS       CHEMICALS         DILUTE       CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Plum             E = 4,5         4. Guthion 50W        8 oz         1.2 lb
curculio         G = 6,7                                               
(PC)                             5. Imidan 50W         1 lb         2.5 lb

Mites (ERM)      E = 8,9         6. Zolone 3EC         1 pt         2.5 pt

                                7. Parathion 15W      2 lb         5 lb

                                8. Carzol 92SP        4 oz         10 oz

                                9. Plictran 50W       4 oz         10 oz
_______________________________________________________________________________


-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                          PLUMS AND PRUNES

                   SHUCK SPLIT, SHUCK FALL SPRAYS
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED           100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES     EFFECTIVENESS          CHEMICALS           DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Black knot  E = 1,2             1. Benlate 50W +       4-6 oz +    10-12 oz +
           G = 3                  Captan 50W          1 lb        3 lb
           F = 4                                                  
                               2. Topsin-M 70W +      4-6 oz +    10-12 oz +
Brown rot   E = 1,2                Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-6 lb

                               3. Zineb 75W           2 lb        4.5 lb

                               4. Captan 50W          2 lb        4.5 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

CAUTION:
Captan may  cause injury  on Japanese-type  and Stanley  plums in  early
season.  Zineb may cause injury on Burbank and Ozark Premier plums.


                   SHUCK SPLIT, SHUCK FALL SPRAYS
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                    SUGGESTED         100 GAL         ACRE
INSECTS/MITES    EFFECTIVENESS       CHEMICALS         DILUTE       CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Plum             E = 4,5         4. Guthion 50W        8 oz         1.2 lb
curculio         G = 6,7                                               
(PC)                             5. Imidan 50W         1 lb         2.5 lb

Mites (ERM)      E = 8,9         6. Zolone 3EC         1 pt         2.5 pt

                                7. Parathion 15W      2 lb         5 lb

                                8. Carzol 92SP        4 oz         10 oz

                                9. Plictran 50W       4 oz         10 oz
_______________________________________________________________________________

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                          PLUMS AND PRUNES


                         FIRST COVER SPRAYS
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED           100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES    EFFECTIVENESS          CHEMICALS           DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Black knot  E = 1,2             1. Benlate 50W +       4-6 oz +    10-12 oz +
           G = 3                  Captan 50W          1 lb        3 lb
           F = 4                                                  
                               2. Topsin-M 70W +      4-6 oz +    10-12 oz +
Brown rot   E = 1,2                Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-6 lb
           G = 4                                                  
                               3. Zineb 75W           2 lb        4.5 lb

                               4. Captan 50W          2 lb        4.5 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

CAUTION:  Zineb may cause injury on Burbank and Ozark Premier plums.


                         FIRST COVER SPRAYS
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                    SUGGESTED         100 GAL         ACRE
INSECTS/MITES    EFFECTIVENESS       CHEMICALS         DILUTE       CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Plum             E = 4,5,10      4. Guthion 50W        8 oz         1.2 lb
curculio         G = 6,7                                               
(PC)                             5. Imidan 50W         1 lb         2.5 lb

Mites (ERM)      E = 8,9         6. Zolone 3EC         1 pt         2.5 pt

                                7. Parathion 15W      2 lb         5 lb

                                8. Carzol 92SP        4 oz         10 oz

                                9. Plictran 50W       4 oz         10 oz

                               10. Penncap-M 2F       1 pt         2.5 pt
_______________________________________________________________________________


-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                          PLUMS AND PRUNES

                    SECOND AND THIRD COVER SPRAYS
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED           100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES    EFFECTIVENESS          CHEMICALS           DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Black knot  E = 1,2             1. Benlate 50W +       4-6 oz +    10-12 oz +
           G = 3                  Captan 50W          1 lb        3 lb

Brown rot   E = 1               2. Topsin-M 70W +      4-6 oz +    10-12 oz +
           G = 4                  Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-6 lb

                               3. Zineb 75W           2 lb        4.5 lb

                               4. Captan 50W          2 lb        4.5 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

CAUTION:
Zineb may cause injury on Burbank  and Ozark Premier plums.   Additional
sprays may  be required  during harvest if  brown rot  is prevalent  or the
harvest period is prolonged.


                    SECOND AND THIRD COVER SPRAYS

_______________________________________________________________________________

                                    SUGGESTED         100 GAL         ACRE
INSECTS/MITES    EFFECTIVENESS       CHEMICALS         DILUTE       CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Japanese         E = 10,11       8. Carzol 92SP        4 oz         10 oz
beetle                                                                 
(JB)                             9. Plictran 50W       4 oz         10 oz

Cicada           E = 11         10. Penncap-M 2F       1 pt         2.5 pt
(C)                                                       
                               11. Sevin 50W          2 lb         5 lb
Mites            E = 8,9                                               
(ERM)                                                                  
_______________________________________________________________________________

See maps, page ___, for location and year of cicada occurrence.


-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-

                      CHERRIES (SWEET AND SOUR)
  Chemical effectiveness rating: E = excellent, G = good, F = fair

                           PREBLOOM SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED           100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES       EFFECTIVENESS       CHEMICALS           DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Brown rot      E = 1,2          1. Topsin-M 70W +      4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
blossom        G = 3               Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-6 lb
blight                                                    
                               2. Benlate 50W         4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
Black knot     E = 1,2             Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-6 lb

                               3. Captan 50W          2 lb        5 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

CAUTION:
To   reduce   the    potential   for   development   of    benomyl   and
thiophanate-methyl resistant strains  of brown rot and  other fungi,  these
fungicides  are  recommended  only  in combination  with  captan  or  other
fungicides.

       ________________________________________________________________

           INSECTS:  No insects require control at this time.

       ________________________________________________________________

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                      CHERRIES (SWEET AND SOUR)

                          PETAL FALL SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED           100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES    EFFECTIVENESS          CHEMICALS           DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Leaf spot   E = 1,2             1. Topsin-M 70W +      4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
           G = 3,4                Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-6 lb

Mildew      G = 1,2             2. Benlate 50W +       4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
                                  Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-6 lb
Black knot  E = 1,2                                                
                               3. Captan 50W          2 lb        5 lb
Brown rot   E = 1,2                                                
           G = 3               4. Folpet 50W          2 lb        5 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________
CAUTION:  Do not use folpet on sweet cherries.



                          PETAL FALL SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED         100 GAL          ACRE
INSECTS/MITES    EFFECTIVENESS     CHEMICALS         DILUTE        CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Plum             E = 2,3       1. Parathion 15W      2 lb          5 lb
curculio         G = 1,4                                
(PC)                           2. Guthion 50W        8 oz          1.2 lb

Black cherry     E = 5         3. Imidan 50W         1 lb          2.5 lb
aphid (BCA)      G = 4                                                
                              4. Zolone 3EC         1 pt          2.5 pt

Mites (ERM)      G = 6         5. Thiodan 50W        1 lb          2.5 lb

                              6. Kelthane 35W       1 lb          2.5 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

Do not apply Imidan on sweet cherries.


-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                      CHERRIES (SWEET AND SOUR)


                          SHUCK FALL SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED           100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES      EFFECTIVENESS        CHEMICALS           DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Leaf spot     E = 1,2           1. Topsin-M 70W +      4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
             G = 3,4              Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-6 lb

Mildew        G = 1,2           2. Benlate 50W +       4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
                                  Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-6 lb
Black knot    E = 1,2                                              
                               3. Captan 50W          2 lb        5 lb
Brown rot     E = 1,2                                              
             G = 3             4. Folpet 50W          2 lb        5 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

CAUTION:  Do not use folpet on sweet cherries.


                          SHUCK FALL SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED         100 GAL          ACRE
INSECTS/MITES    EFFECTIVENESS     CHEMICALS         DILUTE        CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Plum             E = 2,3       1. Parathion 15W      2 lb          5 lb
curculio         G = 1,4
(PC)                           2. Guthion 50W        8 oz          1.2 lb

Black cherry     E = 5         3. Imidan 50W         1 lb          2.5 lb
aphid (BCA)      G = 4
                              4. Zolone 3EC         1 pt          2.5 pt
Mites (ERM)      G = 6                                                
                              5. Thiodan 50WP       1 lb          2.5 lb

                              6. Kelthane 35W       1 lb          2.5 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

Do not apply Imidan on sweet cherries.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                      CHERRIES (SWEET AND SOUR)


                          FIRST COVER SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED           100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES      EFFECTIVENESS        CHEMICALS           DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Leaf spot     E = 1,2           1. Topsin-M 70W +      4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
             G = 3,4              Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-6 lb

Mildew        G = 1,2           2. Benlate 50W +       4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
                                  Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-6 lb
Black knot    E = 1,2                                              
                               3. Captan 50W          2 lb        5 lb
Brown rot     E = 1,2                                              
             G = 3             4. Folpet 50W          2 lb        5 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

CAUTION:   *Do  not use  folpet on sweet  cherries.   Some  sweet cherry
cultivars such as Schmidt,  Emperor Francis,  and Giant may be sensitive to
captan.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                      CHERRIES (SWEET AND SOUR)


                          FIRST COVER SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                 SUGGESTED         100 GAL          ACRE
INSECTS/MITES    EFFECTIVENESS    CHEMICALS         DILUTE        CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Plum             E = 2,3,7     1. Parathion 15W      2 lb          5 lb
curculio         G = 1,4
(PC)                           2. Guthion 50W        8 oz          1.2 lb

Black cherry     E = 5         3. Imidan 50W         1 lb          2.5 lb
aphid (BCA)      G = 4
                              4. Zolone 3EC         1 pt          2.5 pt
Mites (ERM)      G = 6
                              5. Thiodan 50WP       1 lb          2.5 lb

                              6. Kelthane 35W       1 lb          2.5 lb

                              7. Penncap-M 2F       1 pt          2.5 pt
_______________________________________________________________________________

Do not use Penncap-M if any ground cover plants are in bloom.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                      CHERRIES (SWEET AND SOUR)

                         SECOND COVER SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED           100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES      EFFECTIVENESS        CHEMICALS           DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Leaf spot     E = 1,2           1. Topsin-M 70W +      4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
             G = 3,4              Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-6 lb

Mildew        G = 1,2           2. Benlate 50W +       4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
                                  Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-6 lb

Black knot    E = 1,2           3. Captan 50W          2 lb        5 lb

Brown rot     E = 1,2           4. Folpet 50W          2 lb        5 lb
             G = 3                                    
_______________________________________________________________________________

CAUTION:
Do not use  folpet on sweet cherries.   Some cultivars  such as Schmidt,
Emperor Francis and Giant may be sensitive to captan.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                      CHERRIES (SWEET AND SOUR)


                         SECOND COVER SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED         100 GAL          ACRE
INSECTS/MITES    EFFECTIVENESS     CHEMICALS         DILUTE        CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Cherry fruit     E = 2,3,4,7,8 1. Parathion 15W      2 lb          5 lb
flies (CFF)      G = 1                                  
                              2. Guthion 50W        8 oz          1.2 lb
Japanese         E = 7,9
beetle (JB)                    3. Imidan 50W         1 lb          2.5 lb

Cicada (C)       E = 9         4. Zolone 3EC         1 pt          2.5 pt

Mites (ERM)      F = 6         6. Kelthane 35W       1 lb          2.5 lb

                              7. Penncap-M 2F       1 pt          2.5 pt

                              8. Mesurol 75W        1.3 lb        3.25 lb

                              9. Sevin 50W          2 lb          5 lb

_______________________________________________________________________________

See maps (page____) for location and year of cicada occurrence.


                        BIRD REPELLENT SPRAY
                (See vertebrate pest control p.____.)
         ________________________________________________________________

           Mesurol is also effective for cherry fruit fly control.
         ________________________________________________________________

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                      CHERRIES (SWEET AND SOUR)


                          PREHARVEST SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED           100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES    EFFECTIVENESS          CHEMICALS           DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Leaf spot   E = 1,2             1. Topsin-M 70W +      4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
           G = 3,4                Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-6 lb

Brown rot   E = 1,2             2. Benlate 50W +       4-6 oz +    12-16 oz +
                                  Captan 50W          1-2 lb      3-6 lb

Alternaria  G = 3               3. Captan 50W          2 lb        5 lb rot                                                                   
                               4. Folpet 50W          2 lb        5 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

CAUTION:
Do not  apply Topsin-M  within one  day of  harvest.   Apply  additional
sprays during harvest if necessary to provide protection against fruit rots
where the  harvest is prolonged  or the  trees are mixed  cultivars.   Some
cultivars such as Schmidt,  Emperor Francis,  and Giant may be sensitive to
captan.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF DISEASES AND INSECTS.
-SubTitle-
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF INSECTS ON APPLES
-Text-
                      CHERRIES (SWEET AND SOUR)

                          POSTHARVEST SPRAY
_______________________________________________________________________________

                                  SUGGESTED           100 GAL        ACRE
DISEASES    EFFECTIVENESS          CHEMICALS           DILUTE      CONCENTRATE
_______________________________________________________________________________

Leaf spot   E                       Cyprex 65W         8 oz        1.2 lb
_______________________________________________________________________________

Apply postharvest sprays as needed to prevent defoliation from leafspot.
Heavy, early defoliation increases susceptibility to winter injury.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS
-SubTitle-
Orchard_Weed_Control
-Text-

  Controlling weeds  in the  orchard is  a cultural  practice integrated  with
other practices in an overall management strategy to obtain an optimum yield
of quality fruit.

  The presence  of weeds under young  fruit trees decreases tree  survival and
growth and may  result  in reduced  yields for  several  years.   Grasses  and
broadleaf weeds  effectively  compete  with   young  trees  for  moisture  and
nutrients, provide  cover for  rodents,  and increase  the risk  of mechanical
injury to trees from cultivation and mowing.   Specific weeds  may cause other
management problems, such as the effect of dandelions on bee management in the
spring and  poison ivy and bramble interference with worker  efficiency during
harvesting.

   Maximum benefits  can be expected from  maintaining a  continuous weed-free
zone beneath  the tree  canopy.  Additional  benefits may  be realized  by the
establishment  and   maintenance  of  a  permanent   grass  sod   between  the
vegetation-free strips in the tree row.  The grass sod will need an occasional
postemergence treatment to prevent  the development  of a  high population  of
broadleaf weeds.

  An effective weed control program is  the result of successfully integrating
sound  management  strategies with  the   selection  and  application  of  the
appropriate herbicide for specific weed problems and  maintaining a consistent
effort throughout the life of the orchard.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS
-SubTitle-
Application_Equipment
-Text-

  Equipment for  the application  of herbicides in  the orchard  is relatively
easy to calibrate  and operate  compared  with other  orchard sprayers.    The
objective in using  this  equipment is  to obtain  accurate  placement of  the
correct herbicide dosage to obtain uniform control of the weeds without 
causing tree injury.

  Although a sprayer unit may be built from individually purchased components,
it  is  economically feasible  and  certainly  more convenient to  purchase  a
suitable system  from a reputable equipment  dealer.  This will  eliminate the
uncertainty  of component availability  and  possible incompatibility  of  the
individual  components.   There  are  several units  available  mounted  on  a
three-point hitch platform that can be quickly attached to a tractor.

  When looking for an appropriate sprayer, there are some basic qualifications
to be considered in selecting suitable components.

  Pumps.    Roller pumps and piston  pumps  are both  suitable for  herbicide
application in the orchard.  Roller pumps are more economical to purchase, but
the abrasive nature of wettable powders may necessitate the replacement of the
rollers  on an  annual basis.   Positive  displacement piston  pumps are  more
expensive initially but require less maintenance  and generally have  a longer
useful life.   Regardless of the type  selected,  the pump capacity  should be
adequate to deliver a  range of  volumes of 30  to 50  gallons per  acre (GPA)
necessary for pre-emergence applications as well as a 100 GPA required for 
some postemergence treatments.   These demands, plus an additional requirement
for agitation, may be met by pumps with a capacity of approximately 8 to 10
gallons per minute.   The higher capacity pump would be necessary if the 
sprayer is to be utilized for broadcast spraying of field crops.

   Agitation.   Continuous agitation after the initial mixing of water-soluble
herbicides, such as paraquat, and glyphosate (Roundup), is not necessary; but,
all wettable powder  and flowable formulations require continuous agitation to
maintain  the herbicides  in suspension.    Hydraulic (by-pass)  agitation  is
generally adequate  for relatively small  (100 gal)  vertically-mounted tanks;
but,   larger horizontally-mounted  tanks should  be equipped with  mechanical
agitation.   If spraying operations are  interrupted, suspended materials will
settle  in the  bottom  of the  tank  and will  require  vigorous agitation to
re-establish the suspension before resumption of spraying.

   Pressure,  spray  volume.   Relatively  low pressures  (25 to  40 psi)  are
adequate and desirable for most herbicide applications in the orchard.  Higher
nozzle pressures  increase the  drift  hazard  and  should be  avoided.    The
potential  for tree injury  from drift  is  much greater  when  the spray  mix
includes glyphosate, paraquat, or 2,4-D.

   Spray  volumes within the range  of  25 to  50  GPA are  adequate for  most
pre-emergence applications.  However, volumes of 40 to 60 GPA may be desirable
to ensure thorough coverage when applying foliar-active herbicides to rank 
weed growth.  Even  higher volumes  of 70  to 100  GPA applied  with a  
handgun are necessary for optimum  control using  ammonium sulfamate  
(Ammate-X)  on rank growth of brambles, poison ivy, or other woody perennials.

   Booms.  A rigid boom system is  necessary for the application of herbicides
to the orchard floor.   Some means of adjusting the width  of the treated band
will be required when changing from younger trees to mature trees.  This might
be most  easily accomplished by constructing a  boom suitable for  the maximum
desired band width for mature trees.   For younger  plantings,  use individual
nozzle 'plugs' to reduce the  width of the  sprayed band.   Remember  that the
sprayer should be re-calibrated whenever such changes are made.

   A handgun  is an often overlooked but  necessary item  of equipment  in the
applicator's inventory.  Effective, postemergence spot treatments of weeds can
be  made  most efficiently with  a  handgun.    The  handgun should  have  the
capability of delivering a variable spray pattern to  facilitate the treatment
of either isolated clumps of weeds beneath the canopy of mature trees or
larger areas with a more uniform weed cover.  When using Ammate-X, a handgun 
adjusted to deliver a coarse  spray is essential  to obtain  thorough foliage  
and stem coverage of perennials such as poison ivy and brambles.

   Tanks.  Although stainless steel tanks are acceptable, fiberglass tanks are
considered to be most economically feasible. Galvanized or other unlined metal
tanks are not desirable, since some  herbicides are quite corrosive to certain
metals.  Sumps  with removable plugs  in the  bottoms of tanks  facilitate the
complete  removal of unused pesticide  solutions and  rinse water.    Although
various tank sizes are available, a volume of 100 to 150 gallons is considered
adequate,  since about 10  acres of orchard can be treated with 100 gallons of
solution when spraying a 6-foot band at 35 GPA.  A large removable strainer to
remove foreign matter should be located between the tank outlet and the pump.

   Nozzles.  A single  off-center nozzle is useful in treating  a narrow strip
under young trees, but a series of flat-fan nozzles of the same output
capacity would be  more appropriate for treating wider strips under large  
trees.   The large  orifice  flood-jet tips  are not  suitable  for  band  
applications  of herbicides in the orchard.  A line  strainer and individual 
nozzle screens (50 mesh) should be used to minimize clogging problems.

  Application Precautions.   After selecting the appropriate herbicide,  there
are several precautions that should be observed during the application process.

  Apply pre-emergence treatments in early spring to take advantage of frequent
rainfall necessary to move the herbicide from the soil surface  to the zone of
weed seed  germination.  When treating narrow  strips under young  trees using
foliar-acting herbicide mixes, make a pass on each side of the tree row rather
than attempting to treat  the entire band in one pass.   Immature stem tissues
may be severely injured when sprayed with foliar-active materials.

   Choose the herbicide rate according to the  soil type of the orchard.  High
rates of application on coarse soils (sand, gravel, and sandy loam) are likely
to cause injury to young trees, especially the Golden Delicious variety.

  ALWAYS read the ENTIRE PESTICIDE LABEL and follow the directions explicitly.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS
-SubTitle-
Sprayer_Calibration
-Text-

  The importance of sprayer calibration cannot be over-emphasized, considering
the cost of herbicides, the time invested in the purchase and application, and
the importance of applying the correct rate of herbicide. The time invested in
calibration is one of the most critical investments in the orchard.   The fine
line between effective  weed  control and  tree injury  is  determined by  the
application of the correct herbicide at the correct rate.

  There are many different methods or procedures that may be used to determine
the output of a sprayer. Although the details of such procedures may vary, all
methods will require at least some  calculations, a container to measure spray
volume, and a tape measure or yardstick.

   The following method can be used for most types of field applicators:

1.  Using the throttle  and gear setting normally used when spraying,  drop an
    object from the moving sprayer at the start of a minute. At the end of the
    minute drop another object on the ground. The distance between the objects
    will be the distance traveled  in one  minute.   IMPORTANT -  Perform this
    procedure under field conditions and NOT on a road.

2.  Measure the distance traveled.

3.  Measure the width of the spray swath.

4.  Determine the area sprayed.

    Example:  If the tractor traveled  353 feet  in 1  minute,  and  the spray
              pattern was 30  inches wide,   then  the sprayed  area would  be
              calculated as follows:

              30 inches
              _________
              12 inches/ft

              There are 43,560 sq ft in an acre, therefore,

              882 sq ft
              _________
              43,560 sq ft/A =

5. Determine the sprayer output.   Using the throttle setting selected in Step
   1 and adjusting the  pressure to 25 to 40 psi,  collect  the spray from one
   (or several) nozzles and calculate the average output per minute in ounces.

    Example:  If the average output per nozzle was 96 oz/minute, then

              96 oz/minute
              ____________
              128 oz/gallon =

6.  Determine the output in GPA.

    Example:  In 1  minute the sprayer covered 0.02  acres and  delivered 0.75
              gallons of water.  Therefore, the output would be:

              0.75 gal/minute
              _______________
              0.02 acre/minute   =


-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS
-SubTitle-
Herbicide Selection
-Text-

   The grower  must know  the major  weeds present  in each orchard block  and
select a herbicide  that will control the major problem  weeds.  These efforts
should be initiated before  planting an orchard,   but a  form of  scouting to
identify weeds or other problems and keeping block records should be
maintained for newly planted as well as established orchards.

   There  are some practical  limitations to  matching  problem  weeds with  a
specific herbicide.  For example:   if morningglories  were a problem in a new
planting, simazine or diuron could not be recommended because the use of these
herbicides is limited to established orchards (see Table 1).   Therefore,  the
most economical herbicide for annual grass control should be applied under the
new trees, and postemergence treatments should be applied as needed during the
season for morningglory  control.  Simazine or diuron could be  applied in the
second year to control morningglories.   Notes  on weed control and  weeds not
killed should be maintained  each year  to assist  in the  herbicide selection
process. The herbicide selection decision is not a one-time event, but must be
made every  year  to  accommodate  shifts in  the  weed  population  or  other
management practices.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS
-SubTitle-
Herbicide_Recommendations
-Text-

   Table  10  should  be utilized  to assist  in  the  selection  and  use  of
appropriate herbicides.  The first column  gives a generalized statement about
the type of weeds controlled.

   The second column of Table 10 gives the common chemical  name of the active
ingredient followed by the trade name and formulation  in parenthesis.   There
may be several trade names and formulations of a single active ingredient.

   The  amount of herbicide on  a sprayed-acre  basis  is given  in the  third
column.   Remember that a sprayed acre is not  the same as an  acre of orchard
because herbicides are normally applied in a  band within the tree  row.   The
first figure represents the  amount of  active ingredient  per acre,   and the
amount of commercial product is in parenthesis.

  The  last  column  includes general-use  comments  and  safety  precautions;
however, ALWAYS CONSULT THE LABEL to get specific directions for use.

-End-
-Title-
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS
-SubTitle-
STONE FRUITS
-Text-

  See introductory discussion  and specific remarks under  "Apples and Pears".
The same principles of safe  and effective herbicide  use apply to  other tree
fruit crops as well.

  An "X" in any  block of the table below indicates that  the herbicide in the
left column is registered and may be used for weed control in that crop at the
same rate(s) and under the same conditions as recommended for use in apples 
and pears.  If the space is blank, the herbicide is not registered for use in 
that particular crop.

   Most research  on the  herbicide performance  and safety  to fruit crops at
Virginia Tech has been conducted on apples  and peaches.   However, the use of
herbicides mentioned for other tree fruits is also believed to be valid, based
on  the  best   information   available  from   other   sources  and   limited
experimentation in Virginia.


-Table-

Table  11.   Herbicides  and Recommended  Rates for  Their Use  in Stone  Fruit
Orchards(1).
    __________________________________________________________________________

              Herbicide         Cherries    Nectarines     Peaches   Plums
    __________________________________________________________________________

    dalapon(5)                                                 X        
    dichlobenil                     X            X             X        X
    diuron(4)                                                  X        
    diuron + napropamide(4)                                    X        
    diuron + oryzalin(4)                                       X        
    diuron + terbacil(3)                                       X        
    fluazifop butyl                 X            X             X        X
     (non-bearing only)
    glyphosate                      X            X(6)          X(6)     X(6)
    napropamide                     X            X             X        X
    napropamide + terbacil(4)                                  X        
    norflurazon                                  X(2)          X        X(2)
    oryzalin                        X            X             X        X
    paraquat                        X            X             X        X
    pronamide(2)                                                        
    sethoxydim                                   X             X        X
    simazine(2)                     X                          X        
    terbacil(4)                                                X        
    __________________________________________________________________________

    (1)For recommended rates of herbicides and directions, see
       Table 10, "Herbicides and Recommended Rates for Their Use in Apple
       and Pear Orchards".
    (2)Use on trees established at least one year.
    (3)Use on trees established at least two years.
    (4)Use on trees established at least three years.
    (5)Use on trees established four years or more, and apply 3.5 pounds
       of Dowpon M per acre.
    (6)Use with wick wiper only.


-End-
-Title-
GROWTH REGULATORS FOR TREE FRUITS
-Text-
                                 Introduction

   Plant growth regulators can  be used  to modify  growth and  development in 
various  ways.  Some  growth regulators  affect  primarily vegetative  growth;
others influence the fruit only; still others may induce modifications in both
vegetative and fruiting parts.  The responses to a particular growth regulator
depend upon factors such as the plant, the chemical, and the environment.

   Plant factors  include the species,  variety,   stage of  development,  and
overall plant condition.   Among varieties,  there are  sizable differences in
responsiveness, and each variety must be considered separately.  Overall plant
condition includes  stress from  excess or inadequate moisture,   and nutrient
deficiencies as  well as  general vigor.   Even for  a given  variety,  growth
regulator treatments should  be adjusted on the basis of the condition  of the
plant to both maximize the benefits and minimize the risks.

   Chemical considerations relate to the specific compound, the amount applied,
and,  more  specifically,  how much is actually absorbed.   Absorption  can be
altered  by the  chemical  formulation, its  concentration,   and  the use  of
adjuvants as well as coverage.   It must be kept in mind that growth regulator
effects are very dosage-related;  there is often a very small margin of error.
Excessive  dosage may  cause  injury;  inadequate  levels  may give suboptimal
response.

   Environment may also play a major  role in growth regulator treatments.  Of
major consequence are temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity. Since most
growth regulators  are most readily  absorbed while in solution on  the plant,
rate of drying of the spray droplets is important. Conditions such as moderate
temperatures and high humidity retard drying,  so may increase uptake compared
to a period of high  temperature and  low humidity.   Rainfall  within several
hours of a growth regulator application can wash the material off the plant &
reduce response.  It is, therefore, recommended that applications be made when
several  hours  of rain-free  weather  are  expected to  follow.   Temperature
extremes should  be avoided.   Optimal  growth regulator responses result from
applications made at temperatures between 65-85 degrees F.  Temperatures below
65 degrees F.  tend  to lead  to sub-optimal  response;  above  90 degrees  F,
response may be excessive and injury may occur.

  A final factor is timing of treatment.  Although with some growth regulators
there is considerable flexibility,  for others there may be only  a day or two
when response will be ideal.

  Lastly,  one should  always leave some untreated or check  plants with which
the treated plants can be compared.  Without such checks,  it is impossible to
evaluate the  effectiveness of  the treatment.  Closely  related is  the great
benefit to be gained from excellent records,  not only of the treatment (time,
concentration, gallons per acre, etc.) but the ultimate outcome.

-End-
-Title-
GROWTH REGULATORS FOR TREE FRUITS
-SubTitle-
Determining Rate Per Acre - Tree Row Volume
-Text-

  The use of dosage-dependent chemicals,  such  as chemical thinners and other
growth regulators, in orchard blocks of different tree size requires a means
of determining effective rate per acre for each tree size situation.

   Tree-row-volume calibration  is based  on application of l gallon  of spray
material uniformly to every  1425 cu ft  of tree canopy  row.  Standard trees,
defined as trees 19.5 ft tall and 23.5 ft wide and planted in rows 35-ft apart,
require a rate of 400 gallons dilute mix per acre.    Many trees in production
today are smaller than standard size and these should be sprayed with less
than 400 gallons  per acre  so that chemical  deposits are  similar in 
plantings of different tree sizes.

   A graph is  presented to determine tree-row-volume of blocks in any orchard
and the  rate per acre  necessary for spraying those blocks on a  dilute basis
(Fig. 1).

   To use the graph, the following steps are provided:

     A)  Draw a line from 0 (bottom left-hand corner) to the number on the
         right side  (midway up)   of the  chart that  corresponds to  the
         specific distance between  rows in the block  in question.   This
         forms a base line for any block which has that same row spacing.
     B)  Determine tree  height and  width of  trees in  block.   Multiply
         height and width  together to obtain number for use  on left hand
         side of the graph (tree height x width).
     C)  Draw horizontal  line from  the calculated  height x  width value
         across graph  to point where  line intersects diagonal  base line
         already present.
     D)  Draw line from  the intersect point down to bottom  line on graph
         (rate per acre).  This point is the required gallons per acre for
         dilute spraying of the block of trees in question.

   Two examples  are shown  on the  graph.   Example 1 illustrates  35 ft  row
spacings with trees that are 19 ft high and 23 ft wide.  Draw a base line from
0 to 35, multiply 19 x 23 to get 437. Follow a horizontal line from 437 to the
base line.  Vertically below this,  a base  gallonage of 390 gpa dilute can be
found.  Example 2 shows a need of 313 gpa dilute for 25-ft rows and trees that
are 16 ft high and 16 ft wide.

   For  growers not  using dilute  sprays, the  lower  row of  numbers on  the
horizontal axis  has been added  to allow those using concentrate  sprayers to
compute the needed rate per acre.   The base figure to use in this case is the
rate  of material  per  acre,  given  on a  product label.   Whether  spraying
concentrate or dilute,  the basis is  that smaller, easier-to-spray trees need
less material per acre than standard sized  trees.  This second row of numbers
is used to compute the percentage of the full dilute rate per acre needed.

   As with  any other  production procedure, grower  judgment should  be used.
Where tree size is quite variable, calibration  should be done for the average
of the largest trees.    Two-thirds of the spray is directed to the top of the
trees.   A well pruned  orchard may require only 85% of the base rate early in
the season,  while  a full-foliaged processing orchard may need the full rate.
Base-calculated  rates may  be increased  or  decreased by  10-20% when grower
judgment  dictates  additional  adjustments  related  to  leaf density,   pest
pressure, or desired results from thinners and growth regulators.  Most growth
regulators should be applied dilute for maximum effectiveness.

  Failure to apply the  proper rates per acre can lead  to disasterous results
when  dealing with  thinners,   growth regulators,  and  other  rate-sensitive
materials.   It  is also important  to note that tree-row-volume or  any other
concept for  determining rate per  acre will not make up for  poor application
techniques  or improper  timing.   This  method should allow  growers to  more
precisely calibrate their equipment for the various blocks they must spray and
thereby reduce problems that arise  from too little  or too much  material per
acre. But, it will only be effective if the necessary adjustments of equipment
are made before spraying blocks of different sized trees.

-End-
-Title-
GROWTH REGULATORS FOR TREE FRUITS
-SubTitle-
PROGRAMS FOR APPLES
-Text-

                        Improving_Fruit_Shape_of_Apple

   Since typiness is a desirable market characteristic for Red Delicious, crop
value may be increased if fruit length is increased in relation to diameter. A
bloom  application of  Promalin has  increased  typiness in Delicious in  some
years.   Responses may be  best with strains that are naturally more typey and
under seasonally cool  conditions that are naturally better for development of
typiness.

   Promalin -  Apply from  early full King bloom to first  petal drop  of King
bloom.    Response  is improved  under  maximum absorption conditions  -  warm
temperatures or high humidity with slow drying.  A rain-free period of several
hours is desired after application.  Do not apply when windy, after a rain
when plant parts are wet,  or when air temperatures are below 40 degrees or 
above 90 degrees F.

   Use 1 pt of Promalin per 100 gal  of spray.   On mature trees, apply 100 to
150 gal  per acre.   Dilute applications  are not recommended.   Using a clean
spray tank,  add Promalin to half the water to be used in the spray tank, then
agitate while adding the rest of the water needed.  Do not combine other spray
materials with Promalin, although a nonionic wetting agent such as Regulaid
may be added at 4 to 8 oz per 100 gal.

   In some tests, Promalin has caused  thinning of Delicious.   An increase in
fruit size would be expected if thinning occurs.   Thinning may  or may not be
desirable, depending on fruit set,  which cannot  be determined at the time of
Promalin application.

-End-
-Title-
GROWTH REGULATORS FOR TREE FRUITS
-SubTitle-
PROGRAMS FOR APPLES
-Text-
               Controlling_Watersprouts_and_Rootsuckers_on_Apple

   Rootsuckers can interfere with orchard  operations and contribute  to aphid
problems.   Watersprouts  reduce  spray  penetration,   light  exposure,   and
contribute to aphid problems. Watersprouts and rootsuckers are usually removed
by pruning; however, they usually regrow by the next year.

  An ethyl ester form of NAA (Tre-Hold Sprout Inhibitor A-112)  can be used to
control rootsuckers and watersprouts by reducing regrowth.

   Rootsucker control.  Use Tre-Hold at 10 oz per gal (10,000 ppm).   For best
results, prune off the existing rootsuckers at ground level during the dormant
season and treat when new rootsucker growth is  4 to 12 inches tall.  A second
application may be necessary the following year if rootsuckers are vigorous
and regrowth occurs.

   Do not apply from  bloom to 4 weeks after petal fall because fruit thinning
may  result.    Experience  in  Virginia   and  West Virginia  indicates  that
rootsuckers often  reach the  4- to 12-inch  stage before 4 weeks  after petal
fall.   In  this case,  rootsuckers can  be burned down by herbicide treatment
usually made during  this time of the  year.   Tre-Hold can then be applied to
regrowth when it reaches the optimum stage.

   Apply with a handgun or back-pack sprayer as a low-pressure, directed spray
to avoid spray drift.

   Watersprout control  around pruning cuts.   Use Tre-Hold  at 10 oz  per gal
(10,000 ppm).    Apply with  a brush,  roller,  or small  low-pressure pump-up
sprayer to pruning cut and several inches around the cut after time of pruning
but before growth starts in the spring.

  Do not  apply with  a pressurized handgun.    Do not  spray into  the trees,
permit contact with fruit buds, or apply  when green growth is present because
serious damage can occur.

  White exterior latex paint  (No oil based or latex paints  that contain oil)
can be mixed  at the rate of 1-4 pt per gal of water to  mark where treatments
are made.

-End-
-Title-
GROWTH REGULATORS FOR TREE FRUITS
-SubTitle-
PROGRAMS FOR APPLES
-Text-
                         Defruiting Young Apple Trees

   Apple  trees,  particularly  spur-types,   will often  set  more fruit than
desirable before  the tree is  large enough  to structurally support the crop.
Fruit compete with shoot growth when maximum tree growth is desired to fill
the allotted bearing space.   Allowing fruit to develop on the  central leader
can cause the leader to bend out of position  and ruin attempts to  develop a 
good tree structure. In addition, fruit on young trees are usually large, 
irregular in shape, and of poor keeping quality.

   The fruit can be  removed by hand shortly after bloom;  however,  this is a
slow and labor-demanding process.  Chemical sprays  can be used to remove most
of the fruit.

   Carbaryl (Sevin)  NAA  Tween-20.  This combination has been found to remove
a large portion of  the fruit.   Use 1.0 lb of Sevin 50W combined with 5-8 ppm
NAA along with l/2 pt of Tween-20 per 100  gal of water.  Apply the spray 7 to
14 days after bloom,   preferably a  dilute application  with a  high-pressure
handgun.  Select a calm day when temperatures are expected to reach 70 degrees
F.   Although this treatment usually will not remove all fruit, it will reduce
the amount that must be removed by hand.  It is critical to follow-up chemical
spray with hand removal because only a couple of fruit too many can damage the
central leader. Observe young trees periodically for mite development that may
occur following  the use of  carbaryl.   Treat  with a recommended miticide if
necessary to maintain tree vigor.

-End-
-Title-
GROWTH REGULATORS FOR TREE FRUITS
-SubTitle-
PROGRAMS FOR APPLES
-Text-

                   Development of Lateral Branching in Apple

   Some varieties,   such as  spur-types of Delicious,   tend to produce long,
vigorous,   unbranched scaffolds,   particularly  in  the early  years.   This
characteristic results in the slow and often inadequate development of
fruiting spurs  and lateral  shoots.   Promalin  treatment can be used  to
promote  the development of spurs and lateral branching on young trees.

   Branching is primarily limited to stimulation of growth on 1-year-old wood.
Thus,  the spray can  be directed to these areas of scaffold limbs.   Directed
sprays can  also be  used to  induce branches for a second  or third  whorl of
scaffolds on the central leader.   Treatment of low-vigor trees or trees under
drought or low fertility conditions will likely be ineffective.  High vigor is
necessary for optimum response.

  For small trees,  applications with a small hand sprayer or handgun are most
practical for directing the spray.  Thoroughly wet bark and foliage surface of
areas where response is desired.

  Promalin.   Apply foliar applications of Promalin at 0.5 to 1.0 pt per 5 gal
water (250 to 500 ppm) when new terminal shoots are 1 to 3 inches long (about 
1 to 2 weeks after full  bloom).   Adjuvants or wetting agents may improve the
response but have  also resulted in phytotoxicity in some  cases.  Use wetting
agents at  the rate of 1.0  oz per 5 gal  water.  The wetting agent  should be
added to the spray  tank before the Promalin.  The final  spray mixture should
not be alkaline.  If the spray mixture tests alkaline, add an acidifying agent
such as vinegar or a buffered surfactant.

  Promalin at these rates can cause fruit thinning and can also prevent flower
bud formation for the next year. Thus, whole tree treatments should be limited
to young non-bearing trees.

-End-
-Title-
GROWTH REGULATORS FOR TREE FRUITS
-SubTitle-
PROGRAMS FOR APPLES
-Text-

          Promoting_Flower_Initiation_and_Controlling_Vigor_in_Apple

   Various orchard practices can be employed to initiate flowering and fruiting
and control vegetative growth including limb spreading, proper pruning, proper
nitrogen control, scoring, and growth regulator treatments. Alar, ethephon, or
their combination can be used to control shoot growth and induce flowering and
fruiting in the following year. (Table 12).

Non-Bearing Trees

   Young,  vigorously  growing apple trees can be  slow to come  into bearing,
especially varieties such as Delicious.   Along with other cultural practices,
growth regulators (Alar,  ethephon) can help to bring such trees into bearing.
Such growth regulator programs should only be used on young, non-bearing trees
that have  developed an adequate  structure to  support a crop.   Stunting may
occur if applied to weak or very young trees, particularly spur types.

  Daminozide (Alar).  Alar 85W at 1.5 to 2.0 lb per 100 gal (1500 to 2000 ppm)
applied when  new terminal growth  is around  2-4 inches long (approximately 2
weeks after  full bloom)  will  reduce vegetative growth during the  season of
treatment and promote flower bud development for the following season.   Rates
depend on tree age, vigor, and rootstock (Table 12).

   Ethephon (Ethrel).    Ethrel at 1.0  pt per 100 gal applied  to non-bearing
trees 2  weeks after  full bloom  will promote flower bud  initiation for  the
following year.  This treatment may cause fruit thinning.

   Daminozide (Alar)  plus Ethephon (Ethrel).  Alar 85W at 1.0-1.5 lb (1000 to
1500 ppm)  plus 1.0 pt of Ethrel per 100 gal applied to non-bearing trees when
new terminal shoot growth is about 2-4 inches long (approximately 2 wks after
full bloom)  will  reduce shoot growth in the season of treatment  and promote
flower  bud initiation  for the  following season.   The  combination is  more
effective in reducing vegetative growth and inducing flower bud formation than
Alar or Ethrel alone.  Fruit thinning may  occur when ethephon is used at this
rate.

Bearing Trees

   Maintaining mature trees in their allotted  growing space can  be difficult
without the presence of a fruit crop to moderate vigor.   This is especially a
problem when the  trees  are  grown in  fertile  soils  on the  more  vigorous
rootstocks such as MM 111 or seedling.

   Spring growth regulator applications can be used to reduce  shoot growth in
mature trees that have very light or no  crop as a result of  spring frosts or
biennial bearing and on trees where dormant pruning is expected to cause 
excess growth.

   Where mature trees are mechanically topped  or heavily pruned prior  to the
growing season, Alar directed into tops can reduce shoot growth resulting from
the heading cuts.

  Daminozide (Alar).   Use  Alar 85W at 1.5-2.0  lb per 100 gal  (1500 to 2000
ppm) when terminal shoots are around 2-4  inches long (generally about 2 weeks
after full bloom).  Rates depend on tree age, vigor, and rootstock (Table 12).

  The following precautions  and factors influencing response  should be noted
prior to the use of growth regulator treatments:

     1.  The use  of an  adjuvant or wetting  agent increases  response to
         Alar.  If a wetting agent is used at 4 to 8 oz/100 gal with Alar,
         the Alar  rate may  be reduced 0.25  lb per 100  gal on  a dilute
         basis to obtain similar results.  Do not use less than 0.75 lb of
         Alar per 100  gal plus a wetting agent because  the Alar response
         will be reduced.
     2.  Spring applications of Alar may reduce fruit size; therefore, use
         on bearing trees with full crops is not advised.   Where only the
         tree tops are treated,  spray drift can result in some fruit size
         reduction in other areas of the tree.  However, on young vigorous
         trees just coming into bearing,  fruit  tend to be larger and the
         reduction in fruit size may not be undesirable.
     3.  Spring  applications of  Ethrel with  or without  Alar can  cause
         unpredictable fruit thinning and are  not recommended for bearing
         trees.
     4.  Apply Alar only  once during the growing  season because multiple
         applications can  cause tree stunting  and fruit  size reduction.
         Under certain  conditions,  mid-season  Alar applications  can be
         made if  spring applications were made  only to the top  of trees
         (see Alar For Increased Fruit  Firmness and Improved Condition of
         Apple, p.  ___).

-Table-
          Table 12.    Growth  Regulators  for Vigor  Control  and  Flower
                   Formation*
     ______________________________________________________________________

     Tree Vigor              Alar 85W        Alar plus Ethrel   Ethrel
                             (lbs/100 gal)   lbs plus pt/100    pt/100

     ______________________________________________________________________

     Low                     Do not use      Do not use         Do not use
     Stress condi-                                              
     tions                   Do not use      Do not use         Do not use
     Non-bearing                                                
     trees                   1.5-2.0         1.0 plus 1.0          1.0

     Bearing trees (light to no crop)

       Moderate               0.75-1.0       Do not use         Do not use
       Good to high           1.0-1.5        Do not use         Do not use
       Very high              1.5-2.0        Do not use         Do not use
     ______________________________________________________________________


     *Spring  application   when  terminal   shoots  are   2-4  inches   long
  (approximately 2 weeks after full bloom).

-End-
-Title-
GROWTH REGULATORS FOR TREE FRUITS
-SubTitle-
PROGRAMS FOR APPLES
-Text-

                            Fruit Thinning of Apple

   Fruit thinning  promotes annual bearing,   reduces limb breakage,  improves
fruit size and color, thereby increasing value of the crop.  With a heavy set,
it  may  be  necessary  to  remove 70 to  80%  of  the  fruit.    Fortunately,
overthinning seldom occurs.  Failures usually are on the underthinning side.

   Factors important to the success of a chemical thinning program are keeping
accurate records,  observing conditions in the orchard,  and understanding the
factors affecting chemical thinning response. Such information can then be put
together  to select  the best  material, rate,   and timing  for the  chemical
thinning operation (Table 14).

Materials and Timing


   Naphthylacetamide (NAD),  Amid-Thin,  is usually applied 4 to  8 days after
full bloom (generally at petal fall) for summer varieties. The same timing has
been effective on  fall and winter varieties.  Fall and  winter varieties have
also been satifactorily  thinned when NAD has been applied from petal  fall to
2-1/2 weeks after full  bloom.  This material should not be  used on Delicious
after petal fall because pygmy fruit may be induced.

   Carbaryl (Sevin)  is  usually applied from l4 to 2l days after  full bloom.
Sevin is particularly toxic to bees.   Sevin can also result in increased mite
populations because it is toxic to natural  mite predators.  The addition of 1
qt/100 gal of a 70 sec superior  oil will promote additional thinning.  Dilute
applications by  handgun or removal of swirl plates in airblast  sprayers will
also increase thinning.

  Naphthaleneacetic acid  (NAA)  is usually applied  14 to 18 days  after full
bloom.   This material  has  often  induced pygmy  fruit  on  spur strains  of
Delicious.

   Carbaryl (Sevin)  Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) Tween 20 combinations may be
used when inadequate thinning is obtained with single chemicals.  Use Sevin at
full rate and reduce NAA to 1/4-3/4 of full rate depending on thinning desired. 
Several years of  experience  are desirable  if combinations  are  to be  used
successfully.

Timing by Fruit Size

   Response of fruit  to thinners, particularly NAA,  depends on  the stage of
fruit development at time of  application.  Weather conditions following bloom
can influence the rate of fruit development -- cool weather slows fruit growth
while warm weather accelerates fruit growth.  Different varieties,  as well as
blocks in different  locations may  grow at  different rates.    Consequently,
days-after-full-bloom may not be the best method to determine application time.

  Fruit  diameter can  be used  to determine  the stage  of fruit  development
(Table 13).  A plastic  template that can be used to  accurately measure fruit
diameter  is also  available  for   $1.00  each  from  Extension  Horticulture
Specialists.


                 Table 13.   Selected Diameters (mm) For Timing Chemical
                             Thinners
                 _______________________________________________________

                  9.5        10.3         11.1         13.5
                 _______________________________________________________


   Several points should be followed for the most consistent results:

     A.  Fruit  with  a diameter  greater  than  13.5mm will  usually  not
         respond to recommended rates of thinners.   Fruit with a diameter
         of 10.3 to 11.1mm exhibit optimal thinning.

     B.  If the crop is light due to frost or light bloom, a larger number
         of fruit  may be retained on  trees by waiting until  the desired
         number of large fruit are 13.5mm and larger.

     C.  If the crop load is heavy and maximum thinning is required, fruit
         size should be  approximately 10mm in diameter  and largest fruit
         about 12mm.

     D.  The use of NAA on fruit with  diameters between 6.3 and 9.5mm can
         increase the set, particularly on spur strains of Delicious.



Factors Affecting Thinning Response

  Several conditions affect fruit set and some degree of judgment is necessary
when selecting chemicals, rates, and timing.

   Absorption of chemical  thinner into the leaf is necessary for activity and
is affected by the cutin layer on the leaf surface.  Dry, sunny conditions for
one  or  more weeks  before  thinning  increase  cutin and  reduce absorption.
Prolonged cool periods condition leaves for increased absorption.  Exposure of
blossoms and young leaves to freezing conditions increases absorption.

   Drying  time.   Slow drying  time  usually  causes greater  absorption  and
response.   Low humidity, wind, and inadequate spray volume can result in fast
drying, low absorption, and poor thinning.

   Warm temperatures  accompanied by  high humidity before or  soon after  the
chemical application can favor high absorption. Applications when temperatures
are below 60 degrees F are usually ineffective, particularly with NAA.  Optimum
temperatures are 70-75 degrees F.  Above 85 degrees F, the thinning response 
is increased.

  Fruit  set  should  be  carefully  evaluated  prior  to  chemical  thinning.
Following bloom, the developing fruits compete  for food products in the tree.
The number of viable seeds affects fruitlet strength, and, consequently,  poor
pollination and low temperatures can reduce set.   Cool,  overcast weather and
low temperature will reduce  photosynthate and  can result  in weak  fruit and
result in poor set.  Chemical thinners act to intensify the fruit-to-fruit and
fruit-to-shoot competition.   On  trees where return bloom  is light, chemical
thinning removes few fruit because fruit-to-fruit competition is low.  If poor
set is anticipated,   the  thinner  may be  applied  slightly  later in  fruit
development.

  Tree  Vigor.   Low  tree vigor  intensifies  fruit-to-fruit competition  and
results in trees being easier to thin.   Stress can be caused by inadequate or
excessive moisture, and poor fertilization.

  Low light exposure  of fruiting wood reduces vigor.   In  thick trees,  poor
thinning occurs in tree  tops and  excessive thinning  occurs in  shaded lower
areas.

   Young trees.  It is easy to over-thin young trees in good vigor.

-Table-

          Table 14.   Chemical Concentrations for Thinning Apples

          ---------------------------------------------------------------
                             NAA (plus 1/2
                             pt Tween 20
                             per 100 gal                 Carbaryl 50W
                             water)          Amid-Thin   (Sevin)
          Variety            (ppm)             (ppm)     (lb per 100 gal)
          _______________________________________________________________

          Lodi                   -              50             -
          Transparent            -              40             -
          Grimes                 5              50             -
          Jonathan               5              50             -
          Delicious (Std)        5               -             -
          Delicious (Spur)       -               -            1-2*
          Golden Delicious      8-10             -             -
          Stayman                5              50             -
          York                   5              50             -
          Rome                   5              50            1-2
          Winesap                -               -             2
          _______________________________________________________________
          *Addition of 70 sec superior oil (1qt/100gal) will increase thinning.

-End-
-Title-
GROWTH REGULATORS FOR TREE FRUITS
-SubTitle-
PROGRAMS FOR APPLES
-Text-
       Alar_for_Increased_Fruit_Firmness_and_Improved_Condition_of_Apple

  Alar (daminozide)  normally provides  several fruit-modifying effects (Table
15).

  Apply Alar 85W at 1.0 to 2.0 lb per  100 gal (1000 to 2000 ppm)  on a dilute
basis.  Rate should be based on tree vigor, increasing as tree vigor 
increases.  A low-volume concentrated spray may fail to provide the desired 
results.

   Alar rate  can be reduced by 0.25 lb per 100  gal when used with  a wetting
agent at 4 to 8 oz per 100 gal. Do not use less than 0.75 lb Alar per 100 gal;
the desired response may be reduced if lesser amounts are used.

  For most varieties, apply 60-70 days before anticipated harvest.  Effects of
applications later  than 60 days  before harvest may  carry over into the next
season and reduce fruit size.

   For reduction of Stayman  cracking,  Alar should be applied by  mid-to late
July,  before  cracking has started,  which  usually occurs in  August.  Apply
around 70-90 days before normal harvest date of Stayman.

  Alar should be applied only once in a growing season. Do not apply to trees
of low vigor or under stress such as drought conditions.  If reduced fruit 
size occurs as a result of Alar use, omit in year following such a response.

  Trials on all  major varieties in Virginia  have shown that the  addition of
Promalin to mid-season Alar sprays has not increased red color development 
over Alar alone.

-Table-

 Table 15.   Growth Regulator Fruit Responses
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                               Pre-
 Growth        Stayman   Red   Fruit   Water-  harvest           Storage
 regulator(s)  cracking color firmness core    drop    Ripening   life
 ________________________________________________________________________

 Alar             -       +      ++      --     -         -        ++
 Alar+Promalin    -       +      ++      --     -         -        ++
 Alar+TP or       -       +      ++      --     --        -        +
   NAA
 Alar+Ethephon    -       ++     +       -      -         +        -
   +TP
 Alar+Ethephon    -       ++     +       -      +         +        -
 Ethephon                 ++     --      +      ++        ++       --
 Ethephon+TP              ++     -       +      +         ++       --
 NAA                             -              -         +        +
 TP                              -              -         +        -
 NAA+TP                          -              -         +        -
 ________________________________________________________________________

 (-) decrease
 (+) increase


-End-
-Title-
GROWTH REGULATORS FOR TREE FRUITS
-SubTitle-
PROGRAMS FOR APPLES
-Text-

 Ethephon for Stimulation of Coloring and Ripening of Apple

  Ethephon (Ethrel) provides several fruit modifying effects (Table 15).  Used
properly,  it  can spread out  picking time for selected parts of  orchards by
permitting earlier harvesting of better colored fruit.

   Ethephon  response is  greatest under  good fruit-coloring  conditions  and
cannot substitute for conditions associated with poor color development,  such
as hot  weather and poorly-pruned trees.   Hot,  dry conditions  may stimulate
ripening, softening, and watercore with inadequate red color,  particularly on
fruit treated  with ethephon.   Ethephon is  not advised  under conditions  of
severe water stress and high temperature.

   Ethephon applied alone can cause early  and severe fruit drop.  Combination
of NAA or 2,4,5-TP,  with ethephon will provide adequate drop control.  NAA is
not as effective as TP,  and 2 sprays at  20 ppm may be needed.  NAA will only
prevent  fruit drop  for  7-10 days.    Therefore,  7  days  after the initial
ethephon-NAA  application,  an  additional NAA  application should  be used if
treated fruit  will not  be harvested  by 8-9  days after  initial application.
Since only  two NAA  applications are  permitted for  fruit drop  control, ALL
treated fruit MUST be harvested by 8-10 days after the second NAA application.

  If ethephon is to be used before harvest to stimulate coloring and ripening,
an Alar application should be made 9 to 10 weeks before the expected harvest 
to reduce over-ripening and watercore development and to increase firmness.  
Alar does not provide adequate drop control if ethephon is used  late without 
TP or NAA.

  For stimulating red color on fruit to be marketed early,  use a dilute spray
combination of ethephon at 3/4 to 1 pt per  100 gal plus 4 oz  of a surfactant
plus NAA or 2,4,5-TP as shown in Table 16.

  Use ethephon 1 to 2 weeks before normal picking time.  Do not spray ethephon
earlier  than 3  weeks  before  normal harvest date  because  response may  be
limited.

   Check fruit development closely,  and harvest when treated fruit are ready.
Do not spray more fruit than can be harvested in a 2-3 day period. Watch fruit
condition because ethephon stimulates ripening and softening of  apples on the
tree and after harvest.   It may be possible to begin  harvest earlier in some
seasons,  or  to pick more  or most fruit with  better color at normal picking
time.

   Ethephon  absorption is  decreased  at low  temperatures.   Apply when  air
temperature is between 60  degrees and 85 degrees F.  Reduced  response may be
expected if application is followed by rain or excessive heat.

-Table-

 Table 16.   Ethephon Timing and Stop-drop Concentration*
 __________________________________________________________________

                   Timing (weeks
                   before normal        Concentration (ppm)
 Variety             picking)        2,4,5-TP             NAA
 __________________________________________________________________

 Jonathan              1-2              20                10
 Delicious              2              10-15              10
 Delicious              1               10                10
 Rome                   1               20              10-20
 Stayman                1               20              10-20
 Winesap                1               20                10
 York                   1               20                10
 __________________________________________________________________

*If ethephon is to be used,  Alar should  be applied 9 to 10  weeks before the
expected  harvest.    See  Alar  for Increased  Fruit  Firmness  and  Improved
Condition of Apple, page ___.

  If NAA is used,   an additional application should be made  if fruit are not
harvested by 8-9 days after initial application.



-End-
-Title-
GROWTH REGULATORS FOR TREE FRUITS
-SubTitle-
PROGRAMS FOR APPLES
-Text-
                     Preharvest Drop Control of Apples

  Three growth  regulators,  naphthaleneacetic  acid (NAA),   2,4,5-trichloro-
phenoxyproprionic acid (2,4,5-TP), and daminozide (Alar) provide several fruit
modifying effects, including preharvest drop control (Table 15).

  Proper timing  and rate  are important  for effectiveness  (Table 17).    If
either 2,4,5-TP or  NAA is sprayed too  early,  it may stimulate  ripening and
reduce storage life.    Anticipating the expected time of drop  is affected by
weather conditions;  however,  the period is usually around the normal harvest
period for a given variety.   Heavy, late season rains, particularly following
drought conditions, have been associated with heavy preharvest drop.

  Fruit should be harvested as near the normal harvest date as possible,  even
with the use of stop-drop materials.    Stop-drop materials reduce the drop of
fruit,  but  fruit ripening continues at  normal or even faster  rates.   Such
fruit, if allowed to remain on the tree too long,  will be of poor quality and
have decreased storage life.

  Stop-drop materials may not be effective  when applied at low-volume concen-
trations.  Use dilute or not higher than 3x, based on tree-row-volume calibra-
tion.  Thorough coverage is necessary.  Higher concentrations of 2,4,5-TP than
recommended may cause cracking of Golden Delicious and Grimes.  Healthy leaves
are necessary for maximum stop-drop spray effectiveness.  As such, severe mite
injury on leaves can reduce response.

  NAA.   Apply  before or at  the beginning  of preharvest drop  period.   NAA
becomes effective 2-3 days after application.  Such a spray will prevent fruit
drop for 7 to 10 days.   It may be necessary to apply a second spray of NAA if
picking is delayed.  Do not make more than two applications because additional
applications may not be effective.  Do not use within two days of harvest.

  2,4,5-TP.   Apply 7 to  10 days before the expected peak  harvest of a given
apple variety.  It usually takes 5-7 days for 2,4,5-TP to become active.  Such
a spray will normally  prevent fruit drop for a 4-week  period.   Do not apply
earlier than necessary to reduce drop because 2,4,5-TP stimulates fruit ripen-
ing.  2,4,5-TP is not recommended for use on long-term storage apples.

  NAA plus 2,4,5-TP.   This combination has been used with the idea of attain- 
ing quick drop control with NAA and long-term drop control with 2,4,5-TP.   No
known negative effects have been recorded with this combination; however, with
proper planning, such a combination should not be needed.

 Alar.   Alar,  without  the use of ethephon,  usually  provides drop control
equivalent to that provided by 2,4,5-TP.   See Alar for Increased Fruit Firm-
ness and Condition of Apple, page ___, for timing and concentration.


 Table 17.   NAA and 2,4,5-TP rates for preharvest drop control.
 ______________________________________________________________

 Variety                   NAA (ppm)             2,4,5-TP (ppm)
 ______________________________________________________________

 Grimes                        5                      10
 Jonathan                     10                      20
 Delicious                    10                      10
 Golden Delicious             10                      10
 Rome                         10                      20
 Stayman                      10                      20
 York                         10                      20
 Winesap                      10                      20
 Other late varieties         10                      20
 ______________________________________________________________



-End-
-Title-
GROWTH REGULATORS FOR TREE FRUITS
-SubTitle-
PROGRAMS FOR PEACHES
-Text-


     Alar for Maturity Advancement and Coloring of Peach

   Alar provides fruit modifying effects  on peach,  including  stimulation of
ripening, improved color, and more uniform maturity of fruit.   It can be used
to spread out picking time of a given variety or to close gaps in picking bet-
ween varieties to maintain a steady  harvest of fruit.  A maturity advancement
of 3-5 days can be expected.

  Apply Alar 85W at  1.0-2.0 lb per 100 gal (1000 to  2000 ppm).   For maximum
effect, apply  dilute to bearing  trees 6-7 weeks  after bloom and  before the
early signs of pit hardening.

  Do not apply to low-vigor trees,  trees heavily loaded with fruit,  or trees
under drought stress.  Yields may be  slightly reduced due to early harvesting
of fruit.

-End-
-Title-
GROWTH REGULATORS FOR TREE FRUITS
-SubTitle-
PROGRAMS FOR PEACHES
-Text-
           Antitranspirants_for_Improved_Fruit_Size_of_Peach

  Several antitranspirants  are available for  use in fruit  crops.   Improved
fruit size in peaches has been shown,   even when water  is not limiting.   In
drought conditions,  one application  may substitute  for one  irrigation when
applied in the final swell, 7-10 days before harvest.

-End-
-Title-
WILDLIFE CONTROL PROGRAMS
-SubTitle-
Vole_(Mouse)_Control
-Text-

  Tree damage  from pine and/or  meadow voles occurs during the late  fall to
early spring when populations are high.   In this period, the ground cover may
become dormant or frozen,  causing the animals to feed on less desirable woody
plants such as  apple tree roots and  trunks.   Snow gives the animals a great
deal  of cover  and prevents  the grower  from treating  during these periods.
Since reproduction rates are high in the late summer and early fall, the opti-
mal time for vole control is after harvest (late October, November,  or Decem-
ber)  and just prior to the damaging period.  Materials described in this sec-
tion are cleared for use after harvest and during the dormant season only.

Population_Monitoring

  The potential for damage should be determined prior to  treatment and after
treatment.  To evaluate an orchard treatment, growers may place an apple (with
a one-inch slice off  the side) in an active vole run or  tunnel at 20-40 tree
intervals in each block prior to treatment. Twenty-four hours after placement,
the apple can be checked  for vole teeth marks.    The percent of  apples with
gnawing gives an estimate of  the percentage of  trees that could  be damaged.
After the orchard is treated,   a second 24-hour  check for activity  (after a
30-day interval and  using  new apples)   can reflect  the  degree of  control
achieved.  The maximum effect from hand baits  will be about 20 days;  using a
ground spray, 30-45 days. To mark the original location of the apple placement
site, each site may be covered with split rubber tires, sections of straw, wood
slabs, shingles, tar paper, etc.  If a herbicide strip exists, vole monitoring
must be done in adjacent cover because voles will seldom range on bare ground.


Hand-Placed_Baiting

 Baits should be  placed in the active runs  and holes at the  rates shown in
Table 18.   Two bait placements  per tree for plantings  up to 100  trees/A is
desirable.  If site covers are used, only one placement per tree is necessary.
In plantings with over 100 trees/A, one placement per tree is sufficient.  For
best results,  baits should  not be placed just before or just after a rain or
when the soil is frozen more than an inch deep.  Baits have been used to great
advantage after the ground cover has become undesirable for  ground spray con-
trol.

 The proper use of site covers can greatly increase the effectiveness of bait
applications and  decrease baiting  time considerably.    Covers may be thrown
under trees 2-3  months ahead of baiting.    Random placement of this sort may
result in 50-80% of the covers with good activity at baiting time.  If no run-
way exists under the  cover,  it should be moved to an  active runway under the
same tree  because voles  will not be  attracted to the  cover before the bait
spoils.   Bait covers may be destroyed by mowing or cultivation, and they will
not be effective if  placed in a herbicide strip.   Covers should be placed in
the ground cover  areas adjacent to the  herbicide strip.  At least  40 and no
more than 80 covers are required for  good contact with the population.  Split
rubber tires  provide excellent site covers,  and bait placed in  plastic cups
under the tires presents the bait to the voles over a long period of time.

Broadcast_Baiting

 Broadcast evenly by ground equipment under trees at the rates shown in Table
18.   At least  3 days of good  weather should follow the  treatment.  Examine
orchard floor prior to treatment and broadcast bait over the area where trails
and runways are found.   Commercially-made feed, seed, or fertilizer spreaders
may be used for broadcasting bait uniformly.  In case of spilled pellets while
loading equipment, pick up pellets and reload them or dispose of them
properly.  When populations  are extremely  high,  a  second application may 
be  made 1-2 months after the first treatment.

Zinc_Phosphide_Baits

  New pelleted zinc phosphide bait formulations  are now becoming available to
the apple  industry.   One of these  formulations made by Bell Laboratories is
much superior to grain  baits for the control of pine  and meadow voles.  Hand
placement of this  material at the rate of  1-3 lbs/A under covers or in holes
and runs will control both species. Ten lbs/A broadcast evenly under the trees
by ground equipment should also give good control.  If populations are high, a
second application of an anticoagulant may be required.   Because of bait shy-
ness, zinc phosphide is not a good  repeat bait,  and another toxicant must be
chosen for second applications.

 Zinc phosphide grain  baits applied by hand have not  given adequate control
of pine vole or heavy  meadow vole populations.    Zinc-phosphide-coated apple
slices (1 teaspoon/qt) are more effective than grain baits, but neither is
considered adequate in a single baiting per year for pine voles.


Anticoagulant_Baits

  Several  days of  continuous feeding are required  for voles  to receive  a
lethal dose of diphacinone or chlorophacinone. For this reason, rates per acre
should not be reduced below levels  suggested for hand placement  or broadcast
treatment (Table 18).   If populations  are high,  voles  may run out  of bait
before a lethal dose has been consumed.    A second application should  not be
applied within 14 days of the first treatment.   Voles  receiving lethal doses
from the first treatment should die  within 20 days,   leaving sublethal-dosed
animals for the second treatment at 20-30 days after first treatment.

-Table-

     Table 18.   Rodenticides for the Control of Pine and
                       Meadow Voles in Orchards
_____________________________________________________________

                                                    ZP Rodent
             Rozol, Parapel*       Ramik-Brown**    Bait AG*
            (Chlorophacinone)     (Diphacinone)     (Zn  P  )
                 lb/A               lb/A            lb/A
______________________________________________________________

 Hand-placed:
   Pine Vole        10               10 + 10           2
   Meadow vole      10                  -              2
 Broadcast:
   Pine vole        20               10 + 10          10
   Meadow vole      15               10 + 10          10

____________________________________________________________

 *  If populations are high, a second application may be
    required 1-2 months later.  An anticoagulant should
    be used for second application.  Zinc phosphide is
    not a good repeat bait.

**  Applications made at 20-40 day intervals.


-End-
-Title-
WILDLIFE CONTROL PROGRAMS
-SubTitle-
Deer_Control
-Text-

 Deer  cause serious  problems in  apple orchards,  particularly where  trees
adjoin their natural habitat.   Deer feed on  young shoots, and bucks rub their
antlers on larger limbs and trunks  of young trees.   Young trees, particularly
spur types,  may  be seriously stunted and misshapen.   New plantings should be
examined often, since damage may occur in either summer or winter periods. Var-
ious methods have been used in attempts to control deer.

Permits

 Permits issued by the Virginia Fish,  Game, and Wildlife Service or the West
Virginia Department  of Natural Resources may  be obtained for reducing popula-
tions, and this sometimes decreases the intensity of the problem. However, this
method may  be ineffective where deer  pressure is high, particularly  in young
orchards adjoining large wooded areas.

Chemical_Taste_and_Odor_Repellents

 Chemical taste  and odor repellents are  moderately effective when deer have
other food supplies,  but are ineffective if  deer are starving.  The length of
time these materials are effective is influenced by weather, particularly rain-
fall.  Repeat applications when deer damage is observed.

The need for multiple applications can  make chemical repellents an expensive
means of control.  Dormant-season applications of  repellents do not need to be
applied to entire trees,  but may  be needed only  on terminal shoot tips  to a
height of 6 ft.  Several repellents (human hair, blood meal,  mothballs,  creo-
sote, and Magic Circle) have been found less effective than thiram formulations,
meat and feather meal, Hinder, hot sauce, and Deer Away Big Game Repellent.

 Thiram (10%) in  combination with a sticking  agent (10% Rhoplex AC33X  or a
non-toxic latex paint)  may give 3-6  months of moderate protection  during the
dormant season. Various thickening agents such as methocel (0.2%) and a defoam-
ing agent (hexadecanol-ethanol, 0.6%)  may also  be used to increase weathering
properties.

Fencing

 Fencing has been shown to be the most reliable method of deer control.   One
design and reliable method of deer control is construction of a non-electrified
8-ft woven-wire fence. Top and bottom wires should be at least 9 gauge and mesh
wire of 11 gauge. Barbed wire may be strung above the woven wire if more height
is needed.

 Recent evaluation of several high-tensile, high-voltage, low-impedance elec-
tric fences indicated that a 5-wire vertical design 58 inches in height was very
effective for  reducing deer damage.   The top 5  strands are spaced  12 inches
apart with the bottom strand 10 inches  above ground level.  Deer typically try
to crawl  under a wire fence  rather than jump  it.  The wire tension  and high
voltage cause  an aversion,  keeping  animals 3 to 5 ft away from  wires;  this
reduces their inclination to  jump the fence, since they usually  come within a
few inches before leaping.   West Virginia  trials indicate that a 6-wire fence,
58 inches high was more effective than the 5-wire fence.

 Electric fencing may be less expensive,  but it requires frequent inspection
and maintenance to insure that animals have not broken it. Grounding of wire by
weeds and snow can also be a continual problem.


-End-
-Title-
WILDLIFE CONTROL PROGRAMS
-SubTitle-
Rabbit_Control
-Text-

 Rabbits cause  serious damage  by chewing  bark on  tree trunks and scaffold
limbs to a height of about 24 inches above the soil or snow level, particularly
on young trees.   Trees  over 5 years old are seldom damaged unless high rabbit
populations exist  or overgrown  dwarf rootstock pieces provide a  good gnawing
angle.   Damage usually occurs in late fall and winter.  Fields adjoining newly
planted orchards provide cover and food for rabbits and may present a potential
problem in the dormant  season.  Removal of brush piles and  heavy weed growth,
especially along fences, and hunting will reduce populations in the area.

 Tree guards made of plastic, wire mesh, heavy foil, and other materials pre-
vent damage  to the tree  except in regions where  snow levels allow rabbits to
avoid the guards.    Rabbits may be fenced  from small nursery areas;  but,  in
orchards,  tree guards  are generally more economical  and effective.  Chemical
repellents (as discussed under deer control),  applied to trunks above the tree
guard, will give additional protection.

 Following rabbit damage, a considerable amount of live cambium may remain in
the girdled area.  If damaged trees are  treated immediately with bees wax or a
non-toxic,  water-based tree dressing, the tissue  will not dry out and cambium
activity may be sufficient to cause healing of the damaged area.


-End-
-Title-
WILDLIFE CONTROL PROGRAMS
-SubTitle-
Woodchuck_Control
-Text-

 Woodchucks are particularly damaging to roots, trunks, and scaffold limbs of
young and newly planted trees.   In addition, open burrows are a hazard to man,
livestock, and machinery.  A number of control methods have been used. Trapping
or shooting may be effective but require constant vigilance,  which  may not be
practical on a large scale. The most practical method of control is to fumigate
the animals in the underground burrow.

 Phostoxin,  formulated as a small pellet of aluminum phosphide and waxes, is
recommended for  woodchuck control in orchards  and non-crop lands.   When this
material comes in contact with moisture (air, water, or soil), phosphine gas is
evolved and will fumigate adjacent space.  Two to 4 pellets should be placed in
each active burrow and all burrow  openings sealed with soil.  Crumpled newspa-
pers or  empty fertilizer sacks  should be placed in the burrow  opening before
closing to prevent soil from burying pellets.  Lower rates may be used in small
burrow systems under moist conditions, and higher rates should be used in large
burrow systems when soil moisture is low.  Reopened burrows should be treated a
second time 1-2 days after  initial treatment  to kill woodchucks  invading the
burrows.  As much as 50% invasion of treated burrows may occur within one week.
Early spring  treatment is suggested, when  woodchucks are emerging  from their
burrows and before young have moved out.

 Phostoxin is classified as restricted, and proper certification and handling
are necessary.   Pellets should not be  stored where containers might  open and
fumigate inhabited buildings.  Spontaneous combustion  is also possible if pel-
lets are placed in water or very high humidity.

-End-
-Title-
WILDLIFE CONTROL PROGRAMS
-SubTitle-
Bird Control
-Text-

 Several bird species cause serious damage  in cherry orchards by  feeding on
the fruit.   The bird repellent  Mesurol (methiocarb)   has a clearance  and is
effective in  cherries when applied just  before birds  become established  and
begin to  damage the crop.   Apply Mesurol at  the rate of  1.3 lb per  100 gal
dilute or 4.0-5.3 lb per acre concentrate.   Do not apply more than 3 times per
season.

 In order  to meet  tolerance requirements,  this repellent  may not  be used
within 7 days of harvest.   Good damage control has been reported for 2-3 weeks
after spraying from a single application.

-End-
-Title-
ORCHARD NUTRITIONAL PROGRAMS
-SubTitle-
Determination_of_Nutritional_Needs
-Text-

 Orchardists must make an annual judgment regarding the nutritional status of
their trees.  They must decide whether to continue with the past year's program
or to modify it in some manner that  will improve the growth of  their trees or
the quantity and quality of the fruit produced.

 Nutritional requirements can be determined by leaf analysis,  soil analysis,
and observation of tree performance.  All three should be used.   Soil analysis
is of  value in determining the acidity of  the soil  and the lime  required to
adjust the pH to 6.5. Leaf analysis is the best tool available for the determi-
nation of fertilizer needs of established plantings. Leaf analysis is useful in
diagnosing an existing nutritional problem;  but,  more importantly,  it can be
used to detect approaching excesses or shortages,  and corrections  can be made
before symptoms occur.  Leaf  analysis has proven to be an  excellent guide for
the economical use of fertilizers.   A test every 3 years  may be sufficient if
trees are making good growth. However, when growth is poor, annual tests may be
advisable. Orchard observations that should be taken into account when planning
a fertility program include shoot growth, leaf color, crop size, and crop qual-
ity (color, corking, storage behavior).

 The nutrients that are most commonly supplied to Virginia  and West Virginia
orchards are nitrogen, calcium, and boron (Table 19).

Nitrogen

 On mature trees, nitrogen needs are generally  met by winter or early spring
soil applications.   If trees are light yellow, but otherwise healthy, nitrogen
deficiency can be  corrected by spraying urea at  6 to 12 pounds per acre after
bloom but not later than the second cover spray (Table 19).

 Young,  non-bearing  apple trees  will benefit from  adding urea at 6  to 12
pounds per  acre to  each insecticide  or fungicide  spray through July.   This
should be  done in addition  to soil  nitrogen applications.  Such  sprays will
increase tree growth.

Calcium

 To obtain high quality fruit with good market acceptance, growers must main-
tain adequate calcium levels in their fruit.   Low fruit  calcium is associated
with two major problems - cork spot and bitter pit.

 Cork spot shows up as a shallow depression in the fruit surface, which,  when
peeled, has brown, firm-hard corky tissue that is harder than the flesh.   This
corky area will usually extend into the  flesh.  Cork spot can also be internal
in Yorks.   The problem is associated with early-season water stress, irregular
cropping, excessive tree vigor and poor nutrition. The disorder is initiated by
midseason and does not develop after harvest.

Bitter pit is characterized by numerous small sunken pits of collapsed tissue
softer than the apple flesh. Most pits are just beneath the skin, mostly on the
blossom end of the fruit.   The problem is associated with late-season moisture
stress conditions, and fruit harvested too early is more prone. Bitter pit does
not usually develop until after harvest.

The maintenance of adequate levels of calcium in the fruit to minimize losses
from cork spot and bitter pit requires the use of a season-long management pro-
gram.  This program should include soil pH levels at 6.5 or higher, the encour-
agement of even,  annual cropping by thinning,  and the  avoidance of excessive
pruning and  fertilization that stimulate  too much growth.   Most importantly,
calcium should be included in each cover spray throughout the season.

Calcium Sprays

 Rate: Calcium can be applied in cover sprays at the rate of 3 to 6 pounds of
calcium chloride per acre (for a  total of 18 to  36 pounds per acre  per year)
(Table 19). The higher rates can cause foliage burn and should not be reapplied
unless at least 1/2 inch of rain has fallen since the last application.

 Timing:  All cover sprays.

 Gallons Per Acre:  No restrictions.  Applications of as little as 20 gal per
acre have been effective.

 Compatibility:  At the rates recommended, calcium chloride and/or Solubor may
be mixed with spray oil (Superior 70 sec), with WP formulations, or with EC
formulations of the more common fruit  pesticides.  Do not premix calcium
chloride with Solubor in  a small volume of water before adding to the tank,
when both materials are  to be applied together.   ALWAYS DISSOLVE CALCIUM
CHLORIDE  IN A PAIL OF WATER and add this last, when the spray tank is nearly
full,  to insure that the calcium chloride is completely dissolved before 
spraying begins.

 Additives:  Surfactants are not needed when calcium chloride is applied with
regular cover sprays.

 Temperature:  Spray on days when the  temperature will not exceed 90 degrees
F.

 Leaf Injury:  Some leaf injury may occur from calcium sprays made after wet,
cool springs or during hot, dry summers. When injury is noticed, reduce calcium
chloride to one-half rate in the next spray.

 Corrosion:   Calcium chloride can corrode equipment (by keeping it wet).   Be
sure all parts of the sprayer and the tractor are  rinsed thoroughly with water
following each use.

 Calcium nitrate:   Some growers prefer to use calcium nitrate at 4.5-9 pounds
per acre per application (27-54 pounds per  acre per year).  Do not use calcium
nitrate on Yorks because fruit spotting may occur.

Boron

 Boron is frequently deficient in Virginia and West  Virginia apple orchards.
Boron deficiency symptoms include large  sunken corky  areas near the  skin and
core of the fruit, premature ripening,  and premature dropping.   Cork spot and
bitter pit may also be more severe when boron is deficient.

Boron may be  supplied as a foliar  spray or in a  soil application.   Foliar
sprays are the easiest  method of  application and  give the  most rapid  boron
response.

Rate:  Generally, boron levels can be maintained with a single application of
3 to  4 pounds  per acre of Solubor at  petal fall or  first cover  (Table 19).
Under low boron conditions, applications of 3 to 4 pounds per acre in each of 2
sprays during petal  fall and first cover  are recommended.   Do not apply more
than one soluble  boron spray if boron has  been applied to the soil during the
previous fall or winter.

 Precaution:   Do not premix boron with calcium  chloride in a small volume of
water because of boron precipitation.

Toxicity:   Peaches  are very sensitive  to excess boron;   therefore,  boron
should not be applied unless it is certain that a deficiency exists.  Pears can
be sprayed with Solubor  at the same rate as apples.   Excessive boron can kill
young apple and pear trees.

-Table-

Table 19.   Recommended Rates and Materials for Nutrient Sprays.
______________________________________________________________

          Rate of Application
Material       (lb per acre)          Timing
______________________________________________________________

Urea              6 to 12              After bloom but not
                                    later than second
                                    cover on bearing trees.

Calcium chloride  3 to 6               All cover sprays.

Calcium nitrate   4.5-9                All cover sprays. Do
                                    not use on Yorks.

Solubor           2 to 4               Petal fall and first
                                    cover.
______________________________________________________________

-End-
