\m    62   23   18    3  1 'Insects That Affect Vegetable Crops'
\m    63   23   62    3  2 'Soil Insects'
\m    64   23   83    3  3 'General Information'
\m    98   35   74    3  3 'Wireworms'
\m   125   46   18    4  3 'Cutworms'
\m   142   52   83    4  3 'Mole Crickets'
\m   160   59   74    4  3 'Lesser Cornstalk Borer'
\m   181   68   12    5  3 'Cucumber Beetle Larvae'
\m   200   75   12    5  3 'White-Fringed Beetles'
\m   225   84  103    6  3 'Grubs'
\m   258   97   28    6  2 'Foliage and Stem Feeders'
\m   259   97   61    6  3 'General Information'
\m   284  106  118    7  3 'Caterpillars and/or Worms'
\m   285  107   24    7  4 'General Information'
\m   294  108   84    7  4 'Armyworms'
\m   340  127   55    8  4 'Tobacco Budworms'
\m   358  133  105    8  4 'Hornworms'
\m   375  139   42    8  4 'Loopers'
\m   409  153   31    9  4 'Bean Leafrollers'
\m   424  158  113    9  4 'Tomato Pinworms'
\m   452  170   65   10  3 'Beetles'
\m   511  191   95   11  3 'Leafminers'
\m   536  202   34   11  2 'Sap Feeders'
\m   537  202   54   11  3 'General Information'
\m   575  218   64   12  3 'Aphids or Plant Lice'
\m   631  242   51   13  3 'Leafhoppers'
\m   664  254  103   13  3 'Stinkbugs'
\m   704  271   85   14  3 'Thrips'
\m   735  284   44   15  3 'Spider Mites'
\m   777  301  103   15  2 'Insects That Consume Seeds, Pods or Fruit'
\m   778  302   25   15  3 'General Information'
\m   800  309   95   16  3 'Corn Earworms'
\m   829  321   42   16  3 'Cowpea Curculio'
\m   839  324   83   16  3 'Pickleworms and Melonworms'
\m   861  332   99   17  3 'Pepper Weevils'
\m   872  336   38   17  3 'Tomato Pinworms'
\m   898  347   71   17  3 'Stinkbugs'
\m   909  350   91   18  3 'Wireworms'
\m   941  363   84   18  3 'Potato Tuberworms or Tobacco Splitworms'
\m   965  373    5   19  1 'Insecticide Safety'
\m   966  373   32   19  2 'Safety Precautions'
\m   988  381   51   19  2 'Organic Phosphate Insecticides'
\m  1009  390   52   19  2 'Carbamate Insecticides'
\m  1026  396  102   20  2 'Synthetic Pyrethroids'
\m  1043  403   96   20  2 'Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides'
\m  1054  407  104   20  2 'Things to Do and Not Do'
\m  1098  419   37   21  1 'Sanitation'
\m  1114  425   42   21  1 'Weather'
\m  1128  430   63   22  1 'Insecticide Application Concerns'
\m  1129  430  104   22  2 'Compatibility'
\m  1146  436   45   22  2 'Formulations'
\m  1155  439   44   22  2 'Spraying Pressure'
\m  1168  443   75   22  2 'Residues and Tolerances'
\m  1236  469    3   24  1 'Formulation Comparison Chart'
\m  1284  483   60   25  1 'List of Insecticides Currently Used on Vegetables'
\t'November 1987'                                                 'IX A-'
\a                 Dr. Freddie Johnson, Extension Entomologist
\a
\a                      INSECTS THAT AFFECT VEGETABLE CROPS

                 Dr. Freddie Johnson, Extension Entomologist
\h 1 'Insects That Affect Vegetable Crops'
\h 2 'Soil Insects'
\h 3 'General Information'


                      INSECTS THAT AFFECT VEGETABLE CROPS

                                  Soil Insects

General Information:

Soil insects are a constant problem in Florida and attack most row crops. The
attack occurs on the seed and/or on the roots and stems of young developing
plants.  Damage ranges from reduced plant vigor to death.

Most soil insects are indiscriminate in their attack.  They generally feed on
seed, seedlings or plants that are in early stages of growth.  Their attack
center on the roots, tap, or lower part of the plant stem.  Damage occurs from
tunneling, boring, and consumption of the plant tissue.  The plant generally
dies from breaking, lodging or from damage to its vascular system which
prevents the upper plant parts from receiving water and nutrients contained in
the soil.

Symptoms of soil insect attack are described best by slow plant growth
followed by yellowing of the leaves and finally by wilt followed by death.  If
the plant recovers it will often remain stunted, rosetted and will yield
poorly.

The soil insects are generally worse on crops planted behind (after) grass or
turf.

It is almost impossible to sample for soil insects or predict their attacks.
Control measures generally consist of preplant treatments of well-disced and
prepared soil followed by immediate incorporation of the insecticide by cross
discing.  The treatment should take place from one to three weeks ahead of
seeding or transplanting.
\h 3 'Wireworms'


Wireworms:

Wireworms are one of the most damaging of the soil insect group.  There are
many species and the worm (larvae) ranges in size from 1/2 to 1 1/2 inches
depending on growth and/or species.  The larvae are slender, quite hard and
usually have a shiny appearance.  The predominant color is yellow to
yellowish-brown.  The adults are known as "click" beetles.

The worms live from one to several years and are often found from one to five
feet deep in the soil.  There is no recommended sampling technique that is
either available or accurate enough to determine the population density prior
to planting.  Attack is often sudden and frequently plant stands are reduced
to such small numbers that fields must be abandoned.

\bCrop rotation is a cultural control method that is recommended, and often
flooding is also employed in reducing wireworm populations.  It is important
to keep records on field history for several years in order to combat this
pest efficiently.

Chemical control continues to be a mainstay in preventing wireworm damage.  It
generally consists of applying recommended soil insecticides several weeks
prior to planting and taking care to plow or disc the material into the soil
according to directions.  Wireworms are widespread and attack almost all known
cultivated plants.
\h 3 'Cutworms'


Cutworms:

The cutworm or caterpillar has always been a dreaded pest of young seedlings.
The worms are stout and dark colored.  During the day they stay just below the
soil surface under trash or in cracks in the soil around the plant.  Most
damage is done at night when they climb the plants and feed on the foliage or
cut plants off at the soil surface.  The dirty looking worm can often be found
close to the plant upon which it has previously fed.  It generally is located
from just under the soil surface to several inches deep.  The worm readily
rolls into a ball when molested.

The cutworms are often controlled by baits, and the bait gives more
satisfactory results when applied late in the afternoon hours of the day.
Cutworms attack nearly all plants except those with hard woody stems.
\h 3 'Mole Crickets'


Mole Crickets:

This pest is also a nocturnal insect and is rarely observed in the day.  It
damages young crops by tunneling in, under and around the root systems.
Feeding on the roots can occur but is considered secondary.  The crickets are
active on warm nights coupled with good soil moisture.  Adults as well as
immature stages (nymphs) tunnel.  The tunnels are made just under the soil
surface and are about 1/2 inch in diameter and look like miniature common
ground mole (animal) galleries.

Mole crickets are controlled best by baits or applications of soil
insecticides.  If control is expected, correct selection of the proper
insecticides is mandatory and application timing is critical.  Baits must be
broadcast and applied in late afternoon; timing must be synchronized with
moist soils and warm evening temperatures (68 F or above).
\h 3 'Lesser Cornstalk Borer'


Lesser Cornstalk Borer:

This pest attacks more than 60 known plant species in Florida.  It is a
particularly serious pest on corn, peanuts, soybeans, southern peas and
various varieties of beans grown as vegetables.

The female moth lays eggs on the host plant and the young caterpillar feeds
first on the foliage before it starts to burrow into the stem.  The worm
attaches silken-like tubes to the stem of the plant.  The tubes are located at
or just below the soil surface.  The small 1/4 to 5/8 inch long worm tunnels
\band bores into the main tap, or stem of the plant.  The worm is recognized by
having alternate bands of purple and aqua-blue encircling its body.  In order
to find the worm, the plant stem must be carefully cut into with a knife.
Upon exposure or prodding, the worm will "jump around" violently.

If control is desired, treatment must be made at and/or just after planting
time using recommended soil insecticides.  Only in peanuts is control usually
successful after the plant has reached any so-called "size".
\h 3 'Cucumber Beetle Larvae'


Cucumber Beetle Larvae:

There are several species of cucumber beetles (banded, striped, spotted) that
attack field and vegetable crops.  The adult beetles feed on the foliage, but
the major source of damage is brought about by yellowish-white fragile larvae
(worms) that tunnel and eat off the roots of the plants.  The lower part of
the stalk is also often bored into by the worm.  The small thin worm is
difficult to extract from the plant due to its fragility and care must be
taken in dissecting or cutting apart infested plant tissue.

Control of the worm is difficult and application of insecticides must be made
at planting time or shortly thereafter if this pest is a suspect.

Once the plant is infested, little can be done to control the pest.  The
cucumber beetle larvae are worse on wet soils and on those with higher clay
content.
\h 3 'White-Fringed Beetles'


White-fringed Beetles:

This insect is a pest of crops grown in the western and northern part of the
state.  It attacks over 360 species of plants which include the field and
vegetable crops.  The adult beetle is about 1/2 inch long and is grey in color
with faint white stripes on its sides.

Adults feed on the leaves of plants but the critical damage is caused by the
grub-like legless larvae which are about 3/8 to 1/2 inch long and which feed
on the lower part of the plant stem and taproot.  The grub damage is confined
to plant parts below the soil surface as the grub does not climb or feed on the
foliage.  The adult is unable to fly and the spread of the insect is brought
about by the beetle's walking 1/4 to 3/4 mile per year or being moved by man,
equipment, etc.

Control is almost impossible and it is often necessary to abandon a "piece of
land".  Since the host is so numerous, rotation is of little value.  In the
past, use of the chlorinated hydrocarbon soil insecticides was the only
successful treatment.  With these materials off the market, along with failure
to obtain control with phosphatic materials, the white-fringed beetle could
become a dreaded pest.
\b\v
\h 3 'Grubs'
\v
\v
Grubs:

The common grubworm is an occaisional pest of vegetables and field crops.
Like the mole cricket, damage comes about due to the tunneling of the grub.
Plant damage is further magnified by the grub feeding on the roots.

The grub is identified by a brown head, six prominent legs and a smooth shiny
body with the rear end purple to black in color due to body contents showing
through the skin.  Most all vegetables, field or cultivated plants are
attacked.

The adults or May Beetles are nocturnal and probably do little or no economic
damage.  The grubs can live approximately three years in the soil, therefore
emergence of adults is often heavier in certain years than in others.
Recommended control for the grub is the same as for the wireworm:

Crop rotation is a cultural control method that is recommended, and often
plowing is also employed in reducing grub populations.  It is important to
keep records on field history for several years in order to combat this pest
efficiently.

Chemical control continues to be a mainstay in preventing grub damage.  It
generally consists of applying recommended soil insecticides several weeks
prior to planting and taking care to plow or disc the material into the soil
according to directions.  Grubs are widespread and can create problems on
almost all known cultivated plants.

Grubs can build up to high numbers on grass, turf or sod.  When crops are
grown or rotated behind (after) grass crops, care should be taken to determine
if preplant insecticide treatments are necessary.
\h 2 'Foliage and Stem Feeders'
\h 3 'General Information'


                            Foliage and Stem Feeders
General Information:

Foliage feeders are going to be considered as those insects which feed on all
above ground plant parts, but not including seeds, seed pods or fruit.

The foliage feeders are primarily beetles and caterpillars.  In the case  of
beetles, adults and larvae often feed on above-ground plant tissue.  However,
in cases like the white-fringed beetle or cucumber beetle, the majority of
plant damage is caused by underground larval feeding and not by adult foliage
feeding (see Soil Insects).

The caterpillars are widely known for their foliage feeding ability, but the
adult forms (moths, butterflies or skippers) do not damage the plant.
Most of the foliage feeding forms discussed cause their damage by consumption
of plant tissue with chewing-type mouthparts.  The only exception are the
maggot or chewing type caterpillars, acting as leafminers, which destroy the
tissue with stylets (blade-like) mouthparts.
A great deal of attention and control effort is given to the foliage feeders
since they or their pronounced damage usually is quite obvious to the grower
or observer.
\b\v
\h 3 'Caterpillars and/or Worms'
\h 4 'General Information'
\v
\v
Caterpillars and/or Worms:

   General Information

Caterpillars and/or worms have chewing mouthparts and damage plants by
consumption of tissue.
\h 4 'Armyworms'


   Armyworms

The armyworms are so named because of their habit of attacking plants in large
numbers.  They "seem" to appear all at once, feed and then more or less
"disappear" all at once.  The stripes and coloration of these caterpillars are
highly variable; however, they can generally be identified by a white or light
colored inverted "Y" mark on the front of the head.

The adult moth lays eggs in a fuzzy, buff, brown or light colored cluster that
generally contains about 150 eggs.  The eggs hatch and yield small larvae that
feed voraciously.  They are not nocturnal and feed through the day.  The
caterpillars often prefer to feed in the buds, whorls or often compact plant
parts.  The larvae or caterpillars will reach 1 to 1 1/2 inchs in length when
grown.

There are four major species of armyworms in Florida.  They are discussed in
subsequent sections.

FALL ARMYWORM -  varies in color from light tan to green to black. It has
three yellow hair lines down the back from head to tail.  On the sides next to
the yellow lines is a wider dark stripe and next to it an equally wide,
somewhat, wavy yellow stripe blotched with red. The fall armyworm is generally
the most prevalent species of armyworm in Florida.  Because of its name it is
not to be mistaken to be a "fall of the year" species.  The caterpillar
appears each spring and continues with new generations every 30 to 40 days.
Feeding will continue into fall.  The insect cannot overwinter in any section
where the ground freezes and thus migrates from warm winter areas every spring.

BEET ARMYWORM - green larvae with prominent dark lateral stripes and a
small black spot located on its side just above the second pair of true legs
(near the head).

SOUTHERN ARMYWORM - is also considered a climbing cutworm.  The larvae is dark
grey to nearly black and marked with bright yellow stripes on its sides.

YELLOW-STRIPED ARMYWORM - larvae has a pair of triangular black spots on the
top side of most of its body segments and often has a bright orange stripe
just outside these spots on each side.
The armyworms are fairly easy to control with most recommended insecticides
with the exception of the beet armyworm.  The latter pest must be properly
identified and specific recommended control measures taken preferably before
the worm reaches 1/2 inch in length.
\b\v
\h 4 'Tobacco Budworms'
\v
\v
   Tobacco Budworms

NOTE:  This is not an expected pest of vegetable crops.

This is a major pest of tobacco in Florida although it attacks cotton and may
feed on other solanaceous plants.  The worm damage is manifold since it
attacks and eats holes in the developing tobacco bud causing the leaves to be
ragged and distorted when they enlarge.  The female moth lays tiny eggs about
one-half the size of a pinhead on the leaves, buds and seed heads of tobacco.
The eggs are laid singly and hatch to yield a pale green larvae marked with
several longitudinal pale stripes.  The larvae reaches 1 1/2 inches when full
grown.

Control of this worm is improved by good coverage of the insecticide and care
must be taken to direct the spray so it will reach the tobacco bud.
\h 4 'Hornworms'


   Hornworms

The hornworms are characterized by having a horn-like projection on top of the
rear end of the body.  The worms grow quite large (3-4 inches) when full grown
and can consume large amounts of foliage within a short period of time.  The
worms attack tobacco, tomatoes, eggplants, pepper and potatoes.

The large hawk or hummingbird moths (5 inch wingspan) lay greenish colored
eggs slightly smaller than a BB shot, one at a time, on the leaves of the host
plant.  The caterpillars feed for three to four weeks in order to reach
maximum size.

This worm is easy to control if the recommended insecticide is used and spray
coverage of the plant is practiced.
\h 4 'Loopers'


   Loopers

Loopers have been known to be a devastating pest of many vegetable crops as
well as some field crops.

The cabbage looper, one of the worst pests of all loopers, is generally
greenish in color with a conspicuous white line along each side of the body
and two other lines near the middle of the back.  The larvae has three pairs
of slender legs near the head and two pairs of thicker club-shaped fleshy
looking appendages called prolegs located at the stomach portion of the worm.
Most other pest worms have three or four pairs of these abdominal prolegs
instead of the two pairs which set the loopers apart.  All true caterpillars
(lepidopterous larvae) have a single pair of prolegs at the extreme rear end
of the body and this pair should be ignored when counting pairs of abdominal
prolegs.

The loopers  get their name from the looping-like hump back motion the worm
makes as it walks.  Most loopers are more or less club-shaped with the rear
end being larger and tapering to a smaller size at the head end.

\bThe pest stays in the larval stage for two to four weeks.  There is usually
three to four or more generations per year.

Control of the loopers is generally recognized as being more difficult than
for most species of caterpillars.  Upon spraying or dusting, loopers move
quickly to protected parts of the plant.  Therefore it is mandatory that
thorough spray coverage of the plant is practiced.  It is also necessary to
select with care the insecticide to be used since most standard worm control
agents will not control the looper.  It is also important to learn to identify
the loopers while they are small, since like the beet armyworm, they become
extremely difficult to kill after they get larger.
\h 4 'Bean Leafrollers'


   Bean Leafroller

This caterpillar attacks beans and can be easily recognized by the damage it
does.  The young larvae begin by notching and rolling back a portion of the
leaf around its edges so it has a "flap-like look".  As the larva grows
larger, the folds along the leaf edge also become larger.  When full grown the
caterpillar is approximately 1 1/2 inches in length.  It is predominately
green with several yellow stripes running longitudinally along its body.  The
head capsule is prominent and the body is constricted just behind the head
giving the worm a "small necked" or "pinched" look.

Control is easy to obtain with recommended materials and proper application.
\h 4 'Tomato Pinworms'


   Tomato Pinworm

The pinworm is similar to the leafminer in its attack.  It does not have as
wide a host range as the leafminer since its feeding is generally restricted
to tomatoes, pepper, eggplants and potatoes.

The pinworm is a small, yellowish-grey or green, purple-spotted caterpillar
belonging to the moth order of insects.  The larva is only about 1/4 inch long
when grown.  It, like the leafminer, tunnels through the leaf, eating away the
chlorophyll tissue and leaves a crooked tunnel behind.  The pinworm also rolls
and ties the leaf tips together, and differs from the leafminer in that it
does not leave a trail of fecal material in its tunnel but comes to the
entrance to make depositions of wastes.  The larva drops to the soil to pupate
and several generations of the moth pest can be expected each year.

Control is difficult due to the protected feeding habits of the pest inside
the leaf and the rolling, tying habits it creates with the leaves makes it
more complicated to obtain spray coverage.  Correct selection, application and
timing of insecticides is mandatory if populations are to be kept low.

Underleaf coverage is also necessary for control.  Plant damage from both
leafminers and pinworms results in a burned or scalded appearance of the plant
exemplified by the absence of green tissue.  Severe infestations result in
whole fields looking as though they had been sprayed with "weed killers".
\b\v
\h 3 'Beetles'
\v
\v
Beetles:

   Mexican Bean Beetle

The Mexican bean beetle is a pest of snapbeans, lima beans, and cowpeas.

The adult bronze colored beetle is 1/4 to 1/3 inch long and has 16 black spots
on its back.  The beetle looks almost like several of the lady beetles, in
fact it belongs to the same family but is larger than most of the "lady bugs".
The yellow colored larvae are about 1/3 inch long when full grown and have
rows of long branched spines with black tips growing from their back.

Both the adult and larvae feed on the foliage and prefer to do so from the
underside of the leaves.  The pests usually feed in large numbers and the
leaves take on a characteristic "lace-like" skeletonized appearance.  If
infestations are allowed to become heavy, total plant defoliation can occur
and the pods and stems will also come under attack.


   Colorado Potato Beetle

The Colorado potato beetle is a chief pest of potatoes, this beetle also can
survive on tomatoes, eggplant, tobacco, pepper or cabbage.  The adult has
alternate black and yellow stripes running lengthwise down the back of its
body (five of each color on each wing cover).  It is about 3/8 of an inch long
and lays patches of about one dozen yellowish-orange colored eggs on the
underside of the leaves.

The smooth skinned larvae are hump-backed pink to red in color and have two
rows of small black spots on their sides.  The larvae reach 1/2 inch in length
when fully mature and possess well-developed legs.  Both the adults and larvae
feed by chewing the leaves and terminal growth of the host plant.  The larvae
usually feed in groups.

Control is becoming difficult with both contact and stomach poisons in most
potato growing areas of the U.S.  Care should be used in selecting insecticides
and in obtaining proper coverage.


   Flea Beetle

Flea beetles are a variety of small beetles which have enlarged hind legs and
jump great distances when disturbed.  Where the adults are found in abundance,
the foliage of plants is eaten badly and the damage appears as numerous small
"shot holes" or trenching of the leaf surface.  The beetles are about 1/16 of
an inch long or about the length of a big flea.  They are usually bronze,
brown or black in color but may appear in many color shades.  Striped versions
may also occur.

The eggs are too small to be easily seen and are usually laid in the soil or
plant crevices. The white delicate worm-like larvae are only 1/8 to 1/4 inch
long when fully grown and feed on plant roots, underground stems or tubers.

Control is usually accomplished without difficulty by proper selection and
application of insecticides.
\b\v
\h 3 'Leafminers'
\v
\v
Leafminers:

Leafminers are particularly damaging pests of beans, peas, celery, carrots,
the crucifers, cucurbits, okra, potatoes and tomatoes as well as many other
row crops.  The leafminer adult is a small fly about the size of an eye gnat.
She punctures or "stiples" the leaves which, upon close observation, gives
them a spotty, tiny white blotched appearance.  The tiny eggs are inserted
into the leaf tissue and hatch into small yellow maggots which grow to about
1/10 to 1/8 inch in length just prior to pupation.

The maggots feed on the chlorophyll tissue leaving a winding trail or pattern
through the leaf.  The pest is protected within its tunnel since the epidermis
of the upper and lower leaf surface is not fed upon.  The tunnel is clear with
the exception of a trail of black fecal material left behind as the maggot
feeds.  Upon reaching maturity, the maggot cuts its way out of the leaf, drops
to the soil and pupates.  Generations in Florida are continuous for much of
the year.

Control is difficult due to the feeding habits inside the leaf of the host
plant.  Care must be taken in application and timing of insecticidal sprays if
the pest is to be controlled.  Insecticides with systemic and/or fumigating
action are usually the best materials to be used against the maggot.
\h 2 'Sap Feeders'
\h 3 'General Information'



                                  Sap Feeders

General Information:

These are the insects or mites that damage above ground plant parts not by
chewing but by removal of plant sap.  These pests are equipped with
"needle-like" mouthparts that act like a hypodermic needle.  Certain of these
pests transmit plant viruses and others have modifications in their mouthparts
that allow them not only to suck out plant juices, but to also pump in or
inject certain foreign enzymes into the plant on which they are feeding.
These enzymes give rise to partial or whole plant wilts, cause growth
abnormalities on leaves, stems and fruit and can impart bad flavors in the
edible portions of plants.

The insects and mites that attack and suck out juices from the plant are often
over-looked.  They hurt the plants in three ways.  First, they cause loss of
plant nutrients and fluids by their feedings.  Second, many of these pests
carry virus diseases and transmit them to the plant.  Third, they often inject
toxins into their host plants which cause wilt, off-flavored plant products
and irregular, abnormal growth of leaves, stems and fruit.

Damage from the piercing-sucking group is often underestimated since the
wounds they make are not apparent to the eyes of the observer.  Frequently,
the pests of this group are quite mobile and fly before they are seen.  These
pests are particularly bothersome in dry weather since they account for added
strain on plants which are already short of moisture.

\bOverall plant symptoms caused by either severe or constant attack are
characterized by distorted leaves, overall loss of plant vigor (in spite of
adequate moisture and nutrition), spotting of leaves, eventual yellowing of
the plant or some of the leaves, and in some cases, loss of foliage and death.
In the case of fruit or pods the piercing-sucking group causes off-color spots
or wart-like growths (tomatoes, etc, pod drop) soybeans, beans and peas, and
curvature of the fruit (okra, etc).
\h 3 'Aphids or Plant Lice'


Aphids or Plant Lice:

Aphids or plant lice are well-known and recognized plant pests.  There are
numerous species of these insects and hardly any plant escapes their attack.
They are particularly severe pests of vegetables and field crops.

The aphids come in various sizes (1/16 to 1/8 inch in length) and colors
(brown, yellow, pink, or black).  They feed by thrusting their sharp hollow
beaks in among the plant cells and sucking out the juices.  During this
process they inject toxic saliva into the plant.

The aphid toxins generally result in twisted, curled or downward cupped
foliage of the host plant.  Large numbers of aphids may cause plants to
gradually wilt, turn yellow or brown and die.

Aphids are the most important agents in the dissemination of plant virus
diseases, and only a brief period of feeding by a single infected aphid may
infect and eventually kill the plant.

The presence of aphids make plants unattractive, detracts from their market
value and flavor.  Aphids secrete a sticky, sugary fluid known as honey-dew,
which gums up the plant and serves as a medium for the growth of sooty mold; a
fungus which further reduces the grade of vegetables, fruit, etc.

Aphids produce tremendous populations within a short period of time.  One
reason for this is that the population in Florida is composed entirely of
females, and potentially each individual is a producer of more female
offspring.  The females do not need to mate to produce offsprings and this
phenomenon further increases their biotic potential.

They give birth to live young which sidesteps the time-consuming egg stage.
Adult females deliver several female nymphs every hour.  The nymphs damage and
feed just as their mothers did and within a few days are mature and begin
giving live birth to new female nymphs. The population literally "snowballs"
and the plants can be covered with aphids in a short period of time.

Aphids are generally spread by females, which can grow wings when conditions
are proper and fly or drift in the wind to new plant hosts.  This act results
in them being even more dangerous especially when they are infected with virus.

Control of aphids is not difficult if a few precautions are observed.  It is
necessary to select a recommended material for their control, but even more
so, a thorough coverage of all the plant surfaces is mandatory.  Aphids prefer
the undersurface of the leaves and young developing buds as feeding sites.
\bThus they are protected from much of the insecticidal spray unless it is aimed
at these crevices and places.  Even a few females left uncontrolled can
quickly lead to new populations.

One item in favor of the grower is that the aphids do not lay eggs, which
generally is a life stage that protects the insect from insecticides.
Therefore, a single well-delivered spray will often kill all of a population,
and the grower will be free of the pest until re-infestation occurs from new
migrations of winged females.
\h 3 'Leafhoppers'


Leafhoppers:

Leafhoppers are pests that attack nearly all cultivated plants as well as many
wild hosts.  The majority of adults vary in size from 1/20 to 1/4 inch but a
few will reach 1/2 inch in length.  Most are wedge-shaped individuals, broad
at the head and pointed behind.  They are often brilliantly colored: green,
yellow, blue, red, and may have solid, striped, spotted or banded color
patterns.  However, many are somber colored such as brown, tan, greyish or
black.

When leafhoppers are abundant on any crop, the plants show a lack of vigor,
growth is retarded and, in most cases, the leaves have a somewhat whitened,
mottled appearance, or turn yellow, red or brown.  This condition is due to
the sucking out of the sap by the hoppers which feed mainly on the undersides
of the leaves.

The feeding of certain species of leafhoppers produces a burning effect on the
plants, and causes the tips to wither and die as if scorched by bright
sunshine, heat, or drought.  In walking through fields which are infested,
large numbers of these insects will hop or fly for short distances ahead of the
observer.

Several species of leafhoppers transmit plant viruses.  The adults lay eggs in
the plant stem, buds or leaves, which hatch into wingless nymphs.  The nymphs
feed in the same manner as the adults.  They suck and inject toxins into the
plants which are poisonous to the tissues, particularly around their feeding
punctures.

Control is usually accomplished by proper spraying of the crop with a
recommended insecticide.
\h 3 'Stinkbugs'


Stinkbugs:

Stink bugs are insects that are recognized by the offensive odor they produce
when disturbed.  One species or another will attack almost all vegetable and
field crops.  Stink bugs, like all other insects with piercing-sucking
mouthparts, remove plant juices and inject toxins which result in limp wilted
leaves or groups of wilted leaves connected to a common fed-upon stem.

The southern green stink bug is probably the most common of all the stink bugs
in Florida.  It is a large flattened, shield-shaped, bright green colored bug
about 2/3 of an inch long.  The nymphs are smaller, wingless and have small
red, black and white markings on their backs.  This pest is a serious threat
\bto soybeans, cowpeas, and other beans; Since they prefer to feed on young
developing pods this causes them to drop or form hardened, knotty areas or to
produce stunted and distorted seeds.

The brown stink bug is similar to the green variety except that it reaches
only 1/2 inch in length as an adult and is buff or brown in color.  They
attack plants in the same manner and cause the same damage as the green
stink bug does.  Normally the green variety outnumbers the brown, but there
are times when they occur in reverse populations.

The leaf-footed plant bug is identified by the lower part of the hind legs
which are flat and somewhat leaf-shaped.  They are approximately 5/8 to 3/4 of
an inch long and are brown with a narrow white band running across the back.
They normally are solitary in their attack, but often several will be found on
one plant causing wilting symptoms.

The big-legged or big-footed plant bug is the largest of the stink bug group.
It is dark grey to black, and adults are 1 to 1 1/2 inches in length.  The
hind legs are enlarged and appear to be swollen.  They are not generally
bothersome, and occur more as solitary pests.

The stink bugs are controlled when proper spray materials are used and
thorough coverage made.  The green and brown varieties are often overlooked in
plant inspections due to their coloration, and habits of feeding deep in the
plant foliage.
\h 3 'Thrips'


Thrips:

Thrips generally have been considered to be a nuisance pest to most vegetable
crops.  However, in the last several years several species have become pests
of a serious nature on some crops.  Several thrips species transmit tomato
spotted wilt virus which can be a very serious problem.  The western flower
thrip is now found in Florida and is a difficult species to control.  Care
must be taken in selecting specific insecticides and in obtaining thorough
spray coverage.  Thrips inhabit the blooms of many plants and it is not
known if they inhibit pollination.  Certain species of thrips are thought to
cause fruit scarring and blemishes in tomatoes and beans.

Thrips are small (about 1/16 inch long) and slender. They are rarely over 1/8
inch long.  They live in flowers, on tender leaves and leaflets feeding on the
sap.  The mouths of thrips are unique since they are intermediate between the
chewing and the piercing-sucking type.  One part of the mouth acts like a rasp
and tears the surface of the petal or leaf exposing the liquid contents.  The
exuded fluid is then sucked up through another part of the mouth.

Thrips are active when disturbed and move quickly.  The adults range in color
from yellow to black, while the immature wingless nymphs are cream or white in
color.  Their feeding usually causes leaf-curl (leaves curl in an upward
fashion) or some type of distortion.

If control is necessary, it can generally be accomplished on most plants with
a choice of several available materials and by observing sound spray manage-
ment practices.
\b\v
\h 3 'Spider Mites'
\v
\v
Spider Mites:

Although there are several species of spider mites which attack plants, the
red spider mite and the two-spotted spider mite are the most common.  The red
spider mite is often referred to as the "red spider", the red mite, or the red
spider mite.

In periods of hot dry weather the leaves of host plants become blotched with
pale yellow, reddish-brown spots ranging from small to large areas on both
upper and lower leaf surfaces.  The leaves become pale and sickly in
appearance, gradually die, and drop off the plant.  Before death the leaves
look as though they have been dusted with some sort of powder which is caused
by numerous molted skins of the mites coupled with a depletion of leaf
chlorophyll.

The spider mites in general are about 1/60 of an inch long.  They may be
whitish, green or red, depending upon the species.  The mites are eight-legged
(the insects have six legs) and are close relatives to spiders rather than
insects.

The spider mites live on the sap of the plant which is drawn by piercing the
leaf with two sharp, slender lances attached to the mouth.  The mites attack
many types of vegetables and field crops.  The mites spin webs as do spiders,
and are able to be blown from field to field by floating or parachuting in the
wind on their webs.

The first outbreak of mites in a field generally occurs around barns, fences,
trees or some obstacle in the field.  The mites are also severe pests of
plants grown inside or in greenhouses.

Control can be difficult since care must be taken to select the correct
miticide and thoroughly cover the plants.  In Florida, a second application
must be applied from five to seven days following the first, in order to
control spider mites.  The reason for this is that the first application kills
the nymphs and adults, but the eggs are not killed by most  miticides.  If
more than five to seven days are allowed to pass after the first application,
the existing eggs will have time to hatch, and the females will have matured
and laid eggs again.  Therefore, a second spray kills the nymphs before they
reach maturity and lay eggs which in turn would provide for a new generation.
\h 2 'Insects That Consume Seeds, Pods or Fruit'
\h 3 'General Information'



                   Insects That Consume Seeds, Pods or Fruit

General Information:

This group of insects constitutes probably the most dangerous of those
discussed.  A plant, particularly one possessing good health and vigorous
growth often can overcome attack by soil and foliage feeders, and
piercing-sucking groups.  Most plants (if the foliage is not consumed) can
also stand quite a bit of foliage loss before actual seed, pod or fruit loss
is incurred.

\bHowever, one of the biggest dreads of the grower is attack of his final
product.  Insects that infest fruits, pods, ears, etc. are given special
attention by the grower since even a small bite will cause a fruit to be
culled and inevitable monetary loss.  To further complicate the situation,
attack at times of fruiting also means that not only is the immediate fruit
lost but time, money and labor expended on the crop is at a maximum at this
time.
\h 3 'Corn Earworms'


Corn Earworm:

The corn earworm is the same insect as the cotton bollworm, tomato fruitworm,
and soybean podworm.  It attacks most vegetables and field crops.  Although it
often feeds on the foliage, it becomes the most damaging when it bores into or
attacks developing fruit, ears, pods, etc.

The worm varies in color from light green or pink to brown or nearly black.
Light-colored underneath, they have alternating light and dark stripes running
lengthwise on the body.  The stripes are not always the same on different
individuals, but there is usually a double dark line running lengthwise the
body located on the mid point of the back.  The head is yellow and the legs
nearly black.

The skin is coarse and shows many thorn-like projections.  The worm has four
pairs of abdominal prolegs, and reaches up to 1 1/2 inches in length when full
grown.  The worms are cannibalistic and usually only one or two per ear (on
corn) is found.  Two to three generations are produced each season.

Control is dependent upon good coverage of the target plant by the spray
applicator.  Timing is also critical and the worms are impossible to control
once they have bored into the plant structures or fruiting bodies.

The corn earworm is an extremely dangerous pest.  The larvae bores into the
fruit of the tomato and feeds on the silk end of the cob and kernels on corn.
They also will bore into pods of beans and peas and eat the seeds.
\h 3 'Cowpea Curculio'


Cowpea Curculio:

The adult weevil is about 1/8 to 1/6 inch long and is dark in color.  The
female drills a hole with its mouthparts through the developing pods of peas
and beans, and inserts an egg into the feeding site.  The tiny white grub-like
larvae then feed on the inside of the seed and cause its destruction.  Control
can be obtained with properly timed preventive spray programs.
\h 3 'Pickleworms and Melonworms'


Pickleworm and Melonworm:

The pickleworm and melonworm are specific pests of the cucurbit group
(watermelons, cantaloupes, squash, cucumbers, and honeydew melons).

The female moths lay eggs on the tender buds, new leaves, stems and undersides
of fruit.  The larvae at first feed on plant tissue and leaves and when they
become larger many bore into fruit.  The whitish to green caterpillars feed on
the insides of the fruit and reach 3/4 of an inch in length when full grown.
The larvae push out small masses of green sawdust-like excrement from the
holes in the fruit.
\v
\bThe fruits soon rot, sour and mold after the interior has been exposed to the
air by the burrows.  Fruits of late season plants are severly attacked.
Usually four to five generations are produced per season.

Control is difficult.  The caterpillar must be killed before it bores into the
fruit.  Once entry has been made, it is impossible to reach the pest with
spray and the fruit is immediately ruined.
\h 3 'Pepper Weevils'


Pepper Weevil:

Pepper weevils are shiny, brownish-black or grey colored snout beetles, about
1/8 inch long.  The females lay eggs in flower buds or fruit and the legless
white, brown-headed grubs tunnel in the seed mass at the center of the pepper
pods or in flowering structures.  The grub is only 1/4 inch long when full
grown.  Timing of spray application is critical in controlling and/or
preventing this pest.
\h 3 'Tomato Pinworms'


Tomato Pinworm:

Though the tomato pinworm is primarily a foliage feeding insect, it also
attacks the fruit of the tomato at times.  The favorite entry point into the
fruit is around the stem end and under the calyx.

The pinworm is a small, yellowish-grey or green, purple-spotted caterpillar
belonging to the moth order of insects.  The larva is only about 1/4 inch long
when grown.  It, like the leafminer, tunnels through the leaf, eating away the
chlorophyll tissue and leaves a crooked tunnel behind.  The pinworm also rolls
and ties the leaf tips together, differing from the leafminer in that it does
not leave a trail of fecal material in its tunnel but comes to the entrance to
make depositions of wastes.  The larva drops to the soil to pupate and several
generations of the moth pest can be expected each year.

Control is difficult due to the protected feeding habits of the pest inside
the leaf and the rolling, tying habits of the leaves makes it more
complicated.  Correct selection, application and timing of insecticides is
mandatory if populations are to be kept low.  Underleaf coverage is also
necessary for control.  Plant damage from both leafminers and pinworms results
in a burned or scalded appearance of the plant exemplified by the absence of
green tissue.  Severe infestations result in whole fields looking as though
they had been sprayed with "weed killers".
\h 3 'Stinkbugs'


Stinkbugs:

Stink bugs also attack the ears of corn, and are particularly damaging to
peas, beans, and okra.  The bugs attack developing bean and pea pods and cause
tremendous yield loss and pod drop.  Feeding on okra pods results in
distortion and curvature of the pods.  The pest also attacks tomato fruit
resulting in spots, blemishes and uneven ripening and color.
\b\v
\h 3 'Wireworms'
\v
\v
Wireworms:

Wireworms attack underground edible parts of peanuts, Irish potatoes, sweet
potatoes and carrots.  The worm bores into the developing structure, damages
it causing it to be culled.  The wounds made by wireworm boring also often
leads to secondary rots and infections that destroys the structures.

Wireworms are one of the most damaging of the soil insect group.  There are
many species and the worm (larvae) ranges in size from 1/2 to 1 1/2 inches
depending on growth and/or species.  The larvae are slender, quite hard and
usually have a shiny appearance.  The predominant color is yellow to
yellowish-brown.  The adults are known as "click" beetles.

The worms live from one to several years and are often found from one to five
feet deep in the soil.  There is no recommended sampling technique that is
either available or accurate enough to determine the population density prior
to planting.  Attack is often sudden and frequently plant stands are reduced
to such small numbers that fields must be abandoned.

Crop rotation is a cultural control method that is recommended, and often
flooding is also employed in reducing wireworm populations.  It is important
to keep records on field history for several years in order to combat this
pest efficiently.

Chemical control continues to be a mainstay in preventing wireworm damage.  It
generally consists of applying recommended soil insecticides several weeks
prior to planting and taking care to plow or disc the material into the soil
according to directions.  Wireworms are widespread and attack almost all known
cultivated plants.
\h 3 'Potato Tuberworms or Tobacco Splitworms'


Potato Tuberworm or Tobacco Splitworm:

Tubers of potatoes in the field and in storage are often riddled with slender,
dirty-looking silk-lined burrows containing pinkish-white or greenish
caterpillars with dark-brown heads that range up to 3/4 inch in length.  The
worm also attacks the leaves of tobacco and acts like a miner as it consumes
the chlorophyll tissue between the upper and lower leaf epidermis.  The attack
on tobacco causes clear "window pane" patches over the surface of the leaf.
Damage on host crops is more severe in years of low rainfall and high
temperatures.

Control measures are difficult due to the feeding habits of the larvae and
care should be taken in selecting insecticides to combat the pest.  Proper
timing and spray application techniques are also mandatory for best results.

Care should be taken to protect stored potatoes from invasion by the moth.
Once the potato tubers have been invaded by the caterpillar they cannot be
controlled.  Potatoes must be kept in a cool storage area protected by screen
or in a completely covered storage area so that the tuber moth cannot contact
them.
\b\v
\h 1 'Insecticide Safety'
\h 2 'Safety Precautions'
\v
\v
                               INSECTICIDE SAFETY

                               Safety Precautions

Read and heed the precautions on the label.  Relatively few deaths have
occurred among workers handling poisonous agricultural products or
insecticides.  Those that have occurred can be traced to disregard of even the
minimum safety directions and precautions found on product labels.

Some violations occur through ignorance or misunderstanding of the available
information.  Many more violations result from plain carelessness --- or what
is worse, recklessness on the part of workers who have been adequately
informed.

The key to safe handling is understanding coupled with the diligent practice
of safe working habits.  Accidents with pesticides can be prevented.  Some of
the major causes are: (1) leaving the material within reach of irresponsible
persons; (2) failure to read and follow the use precautions on the label; and
(3) carelessness in the disposal of empty containers.
\h 2 'Organic Phosphate Insecticides'


                         Organic Phosphate Insecticides

The organic phosphate group of insecticides includes materials such as:
parathion, mevinphos (Phosdrin), malathion, naled (Dibrom), demeton (Systox),
azinphosmethyl (Guthion), dimethoate (Cygon, Defend), diazinon, ethion,
fensulfothion (Dasanit), acephate (Orthene), methamidophos (Monitor),
oxydemeton-methyl (Meta-Systox-R), disulfoton (Di-Syston), trichlorofon
(Dylox), fonofos (Dyfonate), phorate (Thimet), phosmet (Imidan) and
chlorpyrifos (Lorsban).  Some of these compounds are highly toxic while others
are relatively safe.  All of them, however, can be used safely by following
the precautions on the label.

Early symptoms and signs of organic phosphate poisoning include headache,
dizziness, blurred vision, weakness, chest discomfort and nervousness, a
little later - nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, sweating, tears,
salivation, slow pulse, muscular tremors and possibly convulsions.  This group
of insecticides enters the body through ingestion (swallowing), inhalation
(breathing), and absorption (through the skin).
\h 2 'Carbamate Insecticides'


                             Carbamate Insecticides

The carbamate insecticides include carbaryl (Sevin), propoxur (Baygon),
methomyl (Lannate, Nudrin), carbofuran (Furadan), thiodicarb (Larvin), oxamyl
(Vydate) and aldicarb (Temik).  Some of these compounds are highly toxic
while others are relatively safe.  However, use only those recommended for the
job after all of the label has been read and precautions followed.

Symptoms and signs of carbamate poisoning include constriction of pupils,
salivation, profuse sweating, fatigue, muscular incoordination, nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and chest tightness.  This group of
insecticides can enter the body through ingestion (swallowing), inhalation
(breathing), and absorption (through the skin).
\b\v
\h 2 'Synthetic Pyrethroids'
\v
\v
                             Synthetic Pyrethroids

The synthetic pyrethroid group includes esfenvalerate (Asana), fenvalerate
(Pydrin), and permethrin (Ambush, Pounce).

One of the most common signs of synthetic pyrethroid poisoning is a stuffy,
runny nose and scratchy throat from inhalation of partly purified pyrethrum
extract.  Asthmatic wheezing may occur in susceptible individuals.  Sudden
bronchospasm, swelling of oral and laryngeal mucous membranes, and shock
(anaphylaxis) have been reported after pyrethrum inhalation.  Delayed
appearance of breathing difficulty, cough and fever, with patchy lung infil-
trates on x-ray suggest hypersensitivity pneumonitis.  Nervous irritability,
tremors, and inability to coordinate muscular movements have occured rarely
in persons who have had massive inhalation exposure to pyrethrins.
\h 2 'Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides'


                      Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides

Chlorinated hydrocarbon type insecticides include Lindane, 1,3-D (Telone),
methyl bromide (Brom-O-Gas, Dowfume MC-2, MC-33, Terr-O-Gas 67), chloropicrin
(Chlor-O-Pic, Picfume), and Thiodan.  These are generally less hazardous from
an acute standpoint than many of the phosphates and carbamates.  However some
are highly toxic and label precautions should be carefully read before using
these compounds.
\h 2 'Things to Do and Not Do'


                              Some Do's and Don'ts

DO read the manufacturer's label carefully and completely paying particular
attention to precautions and antidotes.

DO wear adequate clean protective clothing and equipment as specified on the
label.

DO wash immediately and thoroughly with soap and water if spray is spilled on
the skin.

DO remove clothes after using poisonous chemicals and bathe with plenty of
soap and water.  Wash work clothes before using again.

DO wash hands and face before eating or smoking.

DO confine insecticides to the property being treated.

DO store insecticides in the original labeled containers away from food, feed
or medicine; and out of reach of children, pets and livestock.

DO dispose of empty containers properly and safely.

DO call a doctor or get the patient to a hospital immediately if symptoms of
poisoning occur during or shortly after spraying or dusting.

\bDON'T breathe sprays or dusts.

DON'T direct spray or dust stream into the wind.

DON'T allow clothing to become saturated with dust or spray.

DON'T use sprayers with leaking hoses or connections.

DON'T allow drift onto neighboring fields, particularly pasture and forage
crops, or fields containing produce ready to harvest.

DON'T contaminate fish ponds, streams or lakes.

DON'T use the mouth to siphon liquids from containers or to blow out clogged
lines, nozzles, etc.
\h 1 'Sanitation'


                                   SANITATION

Destroy crop remains following last harvest as well as control volunteer crop
plants and weed hosts in unused fields, along field edges and in the
production fields.  It is a good practice to rotate vegetable crops with cover
crops or other crops that are not susceptible to the same pests.  Fallowing
and clean cultivation reduces many pests in fields not being used.  Flooding
with water for 6 to 8 weeks once a year can reduce many pests.  These measures
might be considered where sod or crop growth is not needed to reduce plant bed
erosion and sand blasting.

Sanitation practices will aid in the control of many hard-to-control pests
such as leaf miners, aphids and certain diseases.
\h 1 'Weather'


                                    WEATHER

Weather factors have a tremendous effect on the incidence of plant pests, the
tolerance of plants to damage by the pests, the effectiveness of treatments
and the likelihood of damage to the plants from insecticide treatments.  Some
insecticides are ineffective at low temperatures; some are effective for very
short periods at high temperatures.  Rains will often wash insecticides from
the plant making an additional application necessary.  Wind will decrease the
effectiveness of sprays by blowing spray droplets or dust particles away
before they are deposited upon the plant.
\b\v
\h 1 'Insecticide Application Concerns'
\h 2 'Compatibility'
\v
\v
\v
                        INSECTICIDE APPLICATION CONCERNS


                                 Compatability

Most spray materials perform satisfactorily when mixed together.  There can be
many suitable mixtures of chemicals; but a given application must meet certain
requirements, including: (1) each component must be fully effective and (2)
must not be harmful to the crop; and (3) the materials must mix readily and
cause no difficulty in operation and maintenance of equipment.  It is
advisable not to mix insecticides and/or fungicides with soluble fertilizers.
In case of questionable compatibility of a mixture of chemicals, do not
attempt the combination.
\h 2 'Formulations'


                                  Formulations

Insecticides may be applied as emulsions, wettable powders, soluble powders,
flowables, dusts, granules or baits.  The effectiveness of an insecticide and
its potential for damage to crop plants is partially determined by the quality
of the formulation, which includes both active and inert ingredients.
\h 2 'Spraying Pressure'


                               Spraying Pressure

Spraying pressure should not be excessive.  Excessive spraying pressure causes
spray droplets to be broken down so small that they drift and are not
deposited on the plant.  In addition, high spraying pressures cause undue wear
on engines, pumps, nozzles and other sprayer parts.  If fog is formed at the
nozzles, the spraying pressure is too great.

The speed of the sprayer should not exceed 5 miles per hour.  Greater speed
results in poor coverage.
\h 2 'Residues and Tolerances'


                            Residues and Tolerances

Introduction:

Some of the chemicals used on crops may remain when they are harvested and
marketed.  In excessive amounts, many are injurious to humans.  Any
contamination of vegetable and other agricultural foods is a matter of concern
to growers, shippers, the chemical industry, agricultural and public health
authorities, law enforcement officials and the consumer.


What is a Residue?

A pesticide residue is the remnant of a pesticide or its degradation products
that can be found on or in a crop or commodity after application or other
exposure to the chemical.  Residues may result from a direct application,
drift, up-take from contaminated soil, or from other environmental sources.
Residues are usually expressed in parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion
(ppb) on a weight basis.
\v
\v
\bWhat is a Tolerance?

Tolerance is the amount of chemical that scientists and governmental agencies
have determined may safely remain as a residue on the food crop without injury
to the consumer.  Tolerances for specific chemcials in or on crops are
established by regulation.


How Can Growers Avoid Excessive Residues?

Generally, growers can avoid residues in excess of allowed tolerances on
harvested crops by applying pesticides only on the crops specified in the
amounts specified and at the times specified in this guide or on the label.
It is not safe to reason that "if a little is good, more will be better".  The
recommended time of application should be observed.  Growers should be
especially careful in measuring and applying the higher concentrated chemicals
to be sure not to exceed the recommended amounts.  Examples of high
concentrate materials are 8 pounds per gallon (8EC) parathion, 80% wettable
powders and 75% soluble powder.

Drift of pesticides onto adjacent crops should be prevented.  Consideration of
the wind direction and velocity, adjoining crops, and methods of application
is extremely important.

Growers are urged to consider carefully the locations of various crops when
planning their farming operations.  Special consideration should be given to
planting in the same general area as those crops likely to receive the same
approved chemicals.  Do not locate a crop adjacent to another if either is
likely to be treated with a chemical not cleared on the other.  Also, two
crops should not be planted next to each other if one will require insecticide
applications during the time of harvest of the other crop.

Application of chemicals with ground equipment results in less drift than
application by aircraft under similar conditions.  Sprays, especially coarse
sprays, drift less than dusts.  Higher spray pressures result in more drift
than lower pressures.

Each grower should plan and follow a control program that will assure him of
harvested vegetables without excessive residues.  Raw agricultural products
marketed with residues exceeding tolerances set by the Environmental
Protection Agency are potentially injurious to consumers, may result in
serious financial loss to the grower, and may reduce public acceptance of
fresh Florida products.
\b\v
\h 1 'Formulation Comparison Chart'
\v
\v
\v
                         FORMULATIONS COMPARISON CHART

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                             Amount of Formulation (At Left) Needed
                             To Obtain The Following Amounts of
                             Active Ingredient
Insecticide                  --------------------------------------------------
Formulation                  1/4 lb       1/2 lb       3/4 lb        l lb
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1% dust                      25           50          75            100

2% dust                      12 1/2       25          37 1/2        50

5% dust                      5            10          15            20

10% dust                     2 1/2        5           7 1/2         10

15% wettable powder          1 2/3 lb     3 1/3 lb    5 lb          6 2/3 lb

25% wettable powder          1 lb         2 lb        3 lb          4 lb

40% wettable powder          5/8 lb       1 1/4 lb    1 7/8 lb      2 1/2 lb

50% wettable powder          1/2 lb       1 lb        1 1/2 lb      2 lb

75% soluble/wettable         1/3 lb       2/3 lb      1 lb          1 1/3 lb

23-25% liquid concentrate    1 pt         1 qt        3 pt          2 qt
(2 lbs active ingredient
 per gallon)

42-46% liquid concentrate    1/2 pt       1 pt        1/2 pt        1 qt
(4 lbs active ingredient
 per gallon)

60-65% liquid concentrate    1/3 pt       2/3 pt      1 pt          1 1/3 pt
(6 lbs active ingredient
 per gallon)

72-78% liquid concentrate    1/4 pt       1/2 pt      3/4 pt        1 pt
(8 lbs active ingredient
 per gallon)
_______________________________________________________________________________
\b\v
\h 1 'List of Insecticides Currently Used on Vegetables'
\v
\v
\v
                   INSECTICIDES CURRENTLY USED ON VEGETABLES

LEGEND:

Liquid Formulations

    EC - emulsifiable concentrate )
    F - flowable                  ) number indicates lbs of active
    L - liquid                    ) ingredients per gallon
    S - sprayable                 ) (i.e., 4EC = 4 lb)

Solids (dry Formulations
    B - bait                      )
    G - granular                  ) number indicates % active ingredient
    SP - soluble powder           ) (i.e., 5B = 5%,  75SP = 75%)
    WP - wettable powder          )

(R) denotes restricted use material
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                      Some Typical
Common Chemical Name         Trade Name               Available Formulations
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
acephate                     Orthene                  75 SP

(R) aldicarb                 Temik                    10 G, 15 G

allethrin                    Pyrellin SCS             liquid, 1% EC

(R) azinphosmethyl           Guthion                  2 S, 2 L, 50 WP

Bacillus thuringiensis       Bactospeine, Bactur,     WP, B, L, AS
                             Bug Time, Dipel, Javelin,
                             Sok, Thuricide, Vectobac

carbaryl                     Sevin                    80 WP, 4 XLR, 4-oil,
                                                      50 WP, 4 F, 20 B

(R) carbofuran               Furadan                  3 G, 5 G, 10 G, 15 G, 4 F

carbophenothion              Trithion                 8 EC
  (no longer being manu-
   factured; may use
   existing supplies)

chlorpyrifos                 Lorsban                  4 EC, 15 G, 50 W

cryolite                     Kryocide                 96 WP

cyhexatin                    Plictran                 50 WP
  (dropped from the market;
  existing supplies may be used)

cyromazine                   Trigard                  75 WP

(R) demeton                  Systox                   6 EC, 2 EC

\p                                    (cont'd)
\b\pInsecticides - cont'd
\p------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\p                                                      Some Typical
\pCommon Chemical Name         Trade Name               Available Formulations
\p------------------------------------------------------------------------------
diazinon                     Diazinon, D.z.n.         4 EC,
                             AG-500                   50 WP, 14 G
                             Spectracide              .05 S

dichloropropene              Telone II                92% L

dicofol                      Kelthane                 4 EC, 1.6 EC, 35 WP

dimethoate                   Cygon                    2 EC, 2.67 EC
                             Defend, Rebelate         4 EC

(R) disulfoton               Di-Syston                8 EC, 15 G

endosulfan                   Thiodan                  3 EC, 50 WP, 2 EC

(R) esfenvalerate            Asana                    1.9 EC

ethion                       Ethion                   25 WP, 8 EC
                             Nialate                  4 EC, 10 G

(R) ethoprop                 Mocap                    10 G, 15 G, 6 EC

fenbutatin-oxide             Vendex                   50 WP, 4 L

(R) fensulfothion            Dasanit                  15 G, 6 EC

(R) fenvalerate              Pydrin                   2.4 EC

(R) flucythrinate            Pay-Off                  2.5 EC

(R) fonofos                  Dyfonate                 10 G, 20 G, 4 EC

(R) isofenfos                Amaze                    20 G, 6 EC

lindane                      Isotox, Lindane          25 WP, 1.65 EC

malathion                    Cythion                  5 EC, 9.33 EC
                             Malathion                25 WP

metaldehyde                  Ortho-Metaldehyde        4 B

(R) methamidophos            Monitor                  4 EC

(R) methidathion             Supracide                2 EC

(R) methomyl                 Lannate                  90 SP
                             Nudrin                   1.8 L, 2.4 L
                                                      numerous baits

methoxychlor                 Methoxychlor             50 WP, 2 EC, 4 EC

\p                                    (cont'd)
\b\pInsecticides - cont'd
\p------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\p                                                      Some Typical
\pCommon Chemical Name         Trade Name               Available Formulations
\p------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(R) methyl parathion         Penncap-M and            2 EC, 4 EC
                             numerous labels

(R) mevinphos                Phosdrin                 4 EC, 10.3 EC

naled                        Dibrom                   8 EC

(R) oxamyl                   Vydate L                 2 L

oxydemeton-methyl            Meta-Systox-R (MSR)      2 EC

oxythioquinox                Morestan                 25 WP

(R) parathion (ethyl)        numerous labels          8 EC, 4EC, 15 WP, 25 WP

(R) permethrin               Ambush, Pounce           2 EC, 3.2 EC, 25 WP

(R) phorate                  Thimet                   15 G, 20 G

phosmet                      Imidan                   50 WP

(R) phosphamidon             Phosphamidon             8 EC
                             Dimecron

propargite                   Omite                    30 WP, 6 EC

pyrethrin + piperonyl        Pyrenone                 66% EC - 60%
  butoxide                                            piperonyl
                                                      butoxide
                                                      6% pyrethrin

(R) terbufos                 Counter                  15 G

thiodicarb                   Larvin                   3.2 EC

trichlorfon                  Dylox, Proxol            80 SP, 5 B
                             + others                 numerous baits
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The materials that are restricted cannot be purchased by those users not
having state pesticide permits.  The law requires that the user be responsible
for carefully reading all the instructions on the labels.  Recent rulings have
indicated that if a material is not restricted by the state and can be
purchased without a valid pesticide license then it may be used on home
gardens or other non-commercial vegetable crops as long as the directions and
crop areas on the labels are adhered to.  This guide has attempted to make the
user aware of those commonly used insecticides that are legally cleared (both
restricted and non-restricted) for use on the indicated crop.  However there
are no doubt other insecticides that have been left out due to time and
\bprinting space.  The University of Florida does not have available data on
all the individual insecticides that are legal for a given crop due to the
multitude of tests, time, money and labor that would be necessary to
accomplish this task.  An attempt has been made to give the user as much
latitude of choice of insecticides for a specific crop and insect as the
writer is knowledgeable, however the user should also seek out research if
available as well as inquire about the local success of a material before
making a choice of an insecticide.

The use of trade names in this guide is solely for the purpose of providing
specific information.  It is not a guarantee or warranty of the products
named and does not signify that they are approved to the exclusion of others.
