\m    39   15   88    2  1 'General Information'
\m    51   19   84    2  1 'Control of Insect Pests in Plant Beds'
\m    52   20    2    2  2 'Plant Bed Inspection'
\m    81   29    5    3  2 'Aphid Control'
\m   117   43   94    3  2 'Cutworm Control'
\m   143   54    5    3  2 'Flea Beetle Control'
\m   182   68   27    4  2 'Grasshopper Control'
\m   211   79   10    4  2 'Mole Cricket Control'
\m   240   90  113    4  2 'Vegetable Weevil Control'
\m   266  100   11    5  1 'Control of Insect Pests in the Field'
\m   267  100   56    5  2 'Field Inspection'
\m   338  126   78    6  2 'Limitations and Residues'
\m   414  158   88    7  2 'Suggested Application - Transplanting to 24" tall'
\m   425  161   27    7  2 'Suggested Application - Tobacco over 24" tall'
\m   440  164  106    8  2 'Aphid Control'
\m   473  176   49    8  2 'Potato Virus Y'
\m   495  185   87    9  2 'Budworm or Hornworm Control'
\m   557  215   72   10  2 'Cutworm Control'
\m   587  229   22   10  2 'Flea Beetle Control'
\m   645  258   46   11  2 'Grasshopper Control'
\m   660  263   97   11  2 'Mole Cricket Control'
\m   675  268  112   12  2 'Stinkbug Control'
\m   687  272   26   12  2 'White-fringed Beetles (no control available)'
\m   705  277   50   13  2 'Wireworm Control'
\m   767  306   11   14  1 'Systemic Insecticide Treatment'
\m   804  318   62   14  1 'Insect Management Approaches - Reducing Crop Residue'
\m   805  318  123   14  2 'Crop Residue Control'
\m   821  324   34   15  2 'Residue Reduction by Insect Management'
\m   868  343   47   16  2 'Program of Pesticide Reduction'
\t'November 1987'                                                'IV H-'
\a                  Dr. Freddie Johnson, Extension Entomologist
\a                          W.B. Tappan, Entomologist
\a
\a                      INSECT CONTROL IN FLUE-CURED TOBACCO

                  Dr. Freddie Johnson, Extension Entomologist
                          W.B. Tappan, Entomologist

\h 1 'General Information'

                      INSECT CONTROL IN FLUE-CURED TOBACCO


                              General Information

Flue-cured tobacco is an important source of cash income in northern
Florida.  Like many other cultivated crops in Florida tobacco is subject to
attack by a variety of insect pests.  When not controlled, insects cause
considerable damage to flue-cured tobacco.  With proper timing and application
of recommended insecticides, most losses can be prevented.
\h 1 'Control of Insect Pests in Plant Beds'
\h 2 'Plant Bed Inspection'



                     Control of Insect Pests in Plant Beds


Plant Bed Inspection:

Examine the plant beds closely for insects or insect damage as soon as
the plants come up.  Apply insecticides as needed.  If insects have not been a
problem in the plant bed, it is recommended that a thorough application of one
of the recommended insecticides be made 10 and 5 days prior to transplanting
in order to prevent transfer of an unseen insect problem from the bed to the
field.

If sprays are desired, use equivalent dosages of recommended materials.
Apply 10-15 gallons of spray per 1000 square yards.  SP = soluble powder;
B = baits; D = dust; G = granules; WP = wettable powder; EC = emulsifiable
concentrate; L = liquid.

In order to get expected results from using baits for cutworms or mole
crickets, night temperatures should be in excess of 68 degrees F. and the
soil should be in moist condition.  Apply baits late in the afternoon for
best results.

*Caution:  Emulsifiable concentrate insecticides (liquids) may cause plant
foliage injury when the plant is in a tender growth stage.
\b\v
\h 2 'Aphid Control'
\v
\v
\v
Aphid Control:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Materials*             Amount                       Remarks
(caution: see footnote)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15% Di-Syston G        6 2/3 lbs./1000 sq.yds.      See systemic insecticides
                                                    (Di-Syston).
50% diazinon WP        9.6 ozs./1000 sq.yds.        Di-Syston, Guthion and
 5% malathion D        7 l/2 lbs./1000 sq.yds.      parathion should be
15% parathion WP       8 ozs./1000 sq.yds.          applied only by a trained
50% Thiodan WP         9.6 ozs./1000 sq.yds.        operator.
2EC Guthion            14 ozs./1000 sq.yds.
1.8L methomyl          7 ozs./1000 sq.yds.          MIX SPRAY TYPE MATERIALS
(Lannate, Nudrin)                                   IN ENOUGH WATER TO
75% Orthene SP         Mix l lb. Orthene 75%        THOROUGHLY COVER THE AREA.
                       SP per 50 gallons of
                       water.  Apply 10-15
                       gallons per 1000 sq.yds.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\vIf sprays are desired, use equivalent dosages of recommended materials.
\vApply 10-15 gallons of spray per 1000 square yards.  SP = soluble powder;
\vB = baits; D = dust; G = granules; WP = wettable powder; EC = emulsifiable
\vconcentrate; L = liquid.
\v
\v*Caution:  Emulsifiable concentrate insecticides (liquids) may cause plant
\vfoliage injury when the plant is in a tender growth stage.
\v
\vIn order to get expected results from using baits for cutworms or mole
\vcrickets, night temperatures should be in excess of 68 degrees F. and the
\vsoil should be in moist condition.  Apply baits late in the afternoon for
\vbest results.
\h 2 'Cutworm Control'


Cutworm Control:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Materials*             Amount                       Remarks
(caution: )
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5% Dylox B             5 lbs./1000 sq.yds.          Apply bait to the soil
50% Thiodan WP         6.4 ozs./1000 sq.yds.        around the plants.  Apply
15% parathion WP       10.7 ozs./1000 sq.yds.       sprays on leaves as
                                                    infestations warrant.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\vIf sprays are desired, use equivalent dosages of recommended materials.
\vApply 10-15 gallons of spray per 1000 square yards.  SP = soluble powder;
\vB = baits; D = dust; G = granules; WP = wettable powder; EC = emulsifiable
\vconcentrate; L = liquid.
\v
\v*Caution:  Emulsifiable concentrate insecticides (liquids) may cause plant
\vfoliage injury when the plant is in a tender growth stage.
\v
\vIn order to get expected results from using baits for cutworms or mole
\vcrickets, night temperatures should be in excess of 68 degrees F. and the
\vsoil should be in moist condition.  Apply baits late in the afternoon for
\vbest results.
\h 2 'Flea Beetle Control'


Flea Beetle Control:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Materials*             Amount                       Remarks
(caution: see footnotes)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15% Di-Syston G        6 2/3 lbs./1000 sq.yds.      See systemic insecticides
                                                    (Di-Syston).

15% parathion          8 ozs./1000 sq.yds.          MIX SPRAY TYPE MATERIALS
2EC Guthion            14 ozs./1000 sq.yds.         IN ENOUGH WATER TO
80% Sevin WP           10 ozs./1000 sq.yds.         THOROUGHLY COVER THE AREA.
1.8L methomyl          7 ozs./1000 sq.yds.
(Lannate, Nudrin)

75% Orthene SP         Mix l lb. Orthene 75%
                       SP per 50 gallons of
                       water.  Apply 10-15 gals.
                       per 1000 sq.yds.

Penncap-M 2E           6 1/2 - 13 ozs. per 1000     Use 3-6 gals. of total
(methyl parathion)     sq.yds.                      spray per acre.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\vIf sprays are desired, use equivalent dosages of recommended materials.
\vApply 10-15 gallons of spray per 1000 square yards.  SP = soluble powder;
\vB = baits; D = dust; G = granules; WP = wettable powder; EC = emulsifiable
\vconcentrate; L = liquid.
\v
\v*Caution:  Emulsifiable concentrate insecticides (liquids) may cause plant
\vfoliage injury when the plant is in a tender growth stage.
\v
\vIn order to get expected results from using baits for cutworms or mole
\vcrickets, night temperatures should be in excess of 68 degrees F. and the
\vsoil should be in moist condition.  Apply baits late in the afternoon for
\vbest results.
\b\v
\h 2 'Grasshopper Control'
\v
\v
\v
Grasshopper Control:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Materials*             Amount                       Remarks
(caution: see footnotes)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
80% Sevin WP           1 1/4 - 1 3/4 lbs./A         Apply to grasslands and
                                                    fields adjacent to beds.
                                                    Check pasture recommenda-
                                                    tions for limitations.

75% Orthene SP         2/3 lb./A
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\vIf sprays are desired, use equivalent dosages of recommended materials.
\vApply 10-15 gallons of spray per 1000 square yards.  SP = soluble powder;
\vB = baits; D = dust; G = granules; WP = wettable powder; EC = emulsifiable
\vconcentrate; L = liquid.
\v
\v*Caution:  Emulsifiable concentrate insecticides (liquids) may cause plant
\vfoliage injury when the plant is in a tender growth stage.
\v
\vIn order to get expected results from using baits for cutworms or mole
\vcrickets, night temperatures should be in excess of 68 degrees F. and the
\vsoil should be in moist condition.  Apply baits late in the afternoon for
\vbest results.
\h 2 'Mole Cricket Control'



Mole Cricket Control:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Materials*             Amount                       Remarks
(caution: see footnotes)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14% diazinon G         5 lbs./1000 sq.yds.          Broadcast granular material
5% Dylox B             5 lbs./1000 sq.yds.          on soil surface and turn
                                                    into the soil 2-4 inches
                                                    1-2 days prior to sowing
                                                    seed.  Apply bait to soil
                                                    surface around plants.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\vIf sprays are desired, use equivalent dosages of recommended materials.
\vApply 10-15 gallons of spray per 1000 square yards.  SP = soluble powder;
\vB = baits; D = dust; G = granules; WP = wettable powder; EC = emulsifiable
\vconcentrate; L = liquid.
\v
\v*Caution:  Emulsifiable concentrate insecticides (liquids) may cause plant
\vfoliage injury when the plant is in a tender growth stage.
\v
\vIn order to get expected results from using baits for cutworms or mole
\vcrickets, night temperatures should be in excess of 68 degrees F. and the
\vsoil should be in moist condition.  Apply baits late in the afternoon for
\vbest results.
\h 2 'Vegetable Weevil Control'



Vegetable Weevil Control:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Materials*             Amount                       Remarks
(caution: see footnotes)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Penncap-M 2E           6 1/2 - 13 ozs./1000         Use 3-6 gallons of total
(methyl parathion)     sq. yds.                     spray per acre.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Caution:  Emulsifiable concentrate insecticides (liquids) may cause plant
foliage injury when the plant is in a tender growth stage.

If sprays are desired, use equivalent dosages of recommended materials.
Apply 10-15 gallons of spray per 1000 square yards.  SP = soluble powder;
B = baits; D = dust; G = granules; WP = wettable powder; EC = emulsifiable
concentrate; L = liquid.

In order to get expected results from using baits for cutworms or mole
crickets, night temperatures should be in excess of 68 degrees F. and the
soil should be in moist condition.  Apply baits late in the afternoon for
best results.
\b\v
\h 1 'Control of Insect Pests in the Field'
\h 2 'Field Inspection'
\v
\v
\v
                      Control of Insect Pests in the Field

Field Inspection of Flue-Cured Tobacco:


   General Information

Past experience shows that much of the problem associated with control
of tobacco insects, particularly budworms, is closely related to equipment
and application deficiencies.  It has been shown that a scheduled insecticide
application program is the best control of tobacco insects in the field.

A good program would include one insecticide application immediately
after transplanting.  This should be followed by applications beginning the
first week in April and continuing at 14-day intervals for the remainder of
the growing season.  Should infestation levels exceed the thresholds as stated
below, the spray interval should be shortened until control is accomplished.



   Thresholds

The following economic or action thresholds have been developed for the
consideration of the grower.  These thresholds are based on research and
experience under Florida conditions.  All thresholds are based on the average
growing season and for the average crop and pest conditions.  All thresholds
are intended to be used as a tool in the overall production of the crop and
each grower must make their own decision as to how to use them based on their
own individual situation.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Insect                       Threshold or Action Level
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
aphids (plant Lice)          25% of the plants sampled having 100 or more
                             aphids per plant.

budworms                     20% of the plants sampled having fresh damage or
                             1 or more worms per plant.

hornworms                    20% of the plants sampled having fresh damage or
                             1 or more worms per plant.

flea beetles                 10% of young plants having 8 or more beetles per
                             plant.

cutworms                     2% of small plants cut or plants showing damage
                             within 3 weeks of transplanting.

splitworms                   25% of the plants sampled having 1 or more worms
                             per plant.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\v
\v
\v
\b   Sampling

It is important to select plants for sampling on a random basis.  No more
than 20% of the plants should be selected from the borders of the field.  Do
not select unusual or sickly-looking plants.  Enter the field from a different
point and direction each time the field is sampled and do not select pre-
determined plants.  Inspect the individual plant from the bud to the lowest
leaves including both upper and lower leaf surfaces.  The grower should sample
approximately 10-20 plants per acre on the average or for example:  100-200
plants for a 10 acre field.  These total plants should be selected from at
least 10 different locations with no more than two sample sites being on the
borders of the field.  For the grower to be able to more accurately determine
the problems that exist in the field, inspections should be made on a regular
twice weekly basis.
\h 2 'Limitations and Residues'



Limitations and Residues:

These insecticides have been registered by the Pesticides Regulation
Division, USDA, for use on tobacco with the following limitations and safety
restrictions.  Important -- see footnotes*.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Material                         Restrictions
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fensulfothion (Dasanit)          Soil application.  Do not apply to plant
                                 foliage.

diazinon                         Do not apply within 3 days of harvest.

disulfoton (Di-Syston)           No time limitations.  Do not apply to foliage
                                 after transplanting as injury may result.

fonofos (Dyfonate)               Soil applications.  No time limitations.

endosulfan (Thiodan)             Do not apply within 6 days of harvest.  When
                                 workers must handle tobacco within 5 days
                                 after application, they should be protected
                                 against skin contact by wearing clean, dry
                                 cotton gloves and tightly woven clothing.
                                 Should be applied only by an experienced
                                 operator.

malathion                        No time limitations.

acephate (Orthene)               Do not apply within 3 days of harvest.  Do
                                 not re-enter sprayed areas until the spray
                                 deposit has dried.

methomyl (Lannate, Nudrin)       Do not apply within 5 days of harvest.  Do
                                 not enter the field until spray deposit has
                                 dried.

\p                                    (cont'd)
\b\pLimitations and Residues - cont'd
\p------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\pMaterial                         Restrictions
\p------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ethoprop (Mocap)                 Soil application.  Apply as a broadcast
                                 treatment up to two weeks before planting.
                                 Unprotected persons may enter fields after
                                 chemical has been mixed with the soil.

Penncap M (methyl parathion)     Do not enter field until spray has dried.

parathion                        No application should be made within 5 days
                                 of priming.  Avoid plant juices coming in
                                 contact with the skin of those persons
                                 engaged in cutting or priming the crop.
                                 Application should be made only by an
                                 experienced operator.

carbaryl (Sevin)                 No time limitations.  Do not apply within
                                 7 days after application of parathion or
                                 organic phosphate insecticides as plant
                                 injury may result.  Do not mix with organic
                                 phosphate insecticides.

trichlorfon (Dylox)              Do not apply directly to bud.  Apply to base
                                 of plant.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Do not mix phosphatic family insecticides (parathion, Orthene, Guthion,
diazinon, etc.) with carbamate family insecticides such as carbaryl (Sevin)
and methomyl (Lannate or Nudrin) for foliage applications.  A minimum of 4
days should be allowed between use of these materials.
NOTE:  Any combination of ethyl + methyl parathion commonly marketed under the
6-3E ingredient can severely damage tobacco.
WARNING:  Past experiences have indicated that adding spreader stickers to
insecticides can result in phytotoxicity and flecking of the tobacco.
\h 2 'Suggested Application - Transplanting to 24" tall'



Suggested Application - Transplanting to 24" tall:

1.  Use one D3-25 cone-nozzle (or equivalent).
2.  Use 60 pounds pressure or less.
3.  Travel at about 4 MPH.
4.  Adjust boom to 8" from plant bud.
5.  Try to apply 8 to 10 gallons of spray per acre.
\h 2 'Suggested Application - Tobacco over 24" tall'



Suggested Application - Tobacco over 24" Tall:

1.  Use 3 D3-25 cone nozzles (or equivalent).
2.  Use 60 pounds of pressure or less.
3.  Travel at about 4 MPH.
4.  Adjust boom 8" from plant.
5.  Try to apply 18-25 gallons of spray per acre.

WARNING:  Past experiences have indicated that adding spreader stickers to
insecticides can result in phytotoxicity and flecking of the tobacco.
\b\v
\h 2 'Aphid Control'
\v
\v
\v
Aphids:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Materials                 Amount/Acre               Remarks
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15% Di-Syston G           13.3 - 26.7 lbs.          Apply Di-Syston to the soil
                                                    1-2 days prior to trans-
15% parathion WP          2 lbs.                    planting and turn into a
42% (4EC) parathion       1/2 pt.                   depth of 2-4 inches.
22% (2EC) methyl
  parathion               2 qts.
  (Penncap M*) 2E
25% malathion WP          4 lbs.
57% (5EC) malathion       2 pts.
50% Thiodan WP            1 lb.
90% methomyl SP           1/4 - 1/2 lb.
  (Lannate, Nudrin)
1.8L methomyl             1 pt. - 1 qt.
  (Lannate, Nudrin)
75% Orthene SP            2/3 lb.
5EC Azodrin**             7/8 pt.
25% (2EC) Thiodan         2 pts.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*ASC = Aqueous suspension concentrate; WP = wettable powder; D = dust.
Penncap-M is a special formulation of methyl parathion contained in a
polymeric type micro capsule.  Do not use Penncap-M with other emulsifiable
concentrates or in the same tank with organic solvents.  It is suggested to
use drop nozzles so that bottom leaf coverage is insured.
**Applications of Azodrin may cause some flecking of tobacco.
\h 2 'Potato Virus Y'



Potato Virus Y:

Potato Virus Y constitutes a serious threat to tobacco production in the
southeastern United States.  This disease is transmitted by aphids (plant
lice).  Aphids may migrate over great distances from infected, wild or culti-
vated host plants and bring the disease to the tobacco field.  There has been
a great deal of discussion and debate concerning means of avoiding this
disease.  Since the aphids can move over great distances, it is impossible to
rogue out and destroy other host plants (potatoes, peppers, eggplants,
bullnettle, nightshade, etc.).  Research in Florida indicates that even though
infected migrating aphids were quickly killed they were able to transmit the
disease prior to death.  Consequently, there is no known insecticide currently
available that kills with the rapidity required to prevent Potato Virus Y
transmission once the infected aphids have alighted on a susceptible tobacco
plant.  However, this does not mean that aphids should not be controlled since
most are not infected with the virus and can cause damage to tobacco when
populations are allowed above the recommended thresholds.
\b\v
\h 2 'Budworm or Hornworm Control'
\v
\v
\v
Budworms or Hornworms:


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Materials                 Amount/Acre               Remarks
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15% Furadan G****         40 lbs.                   BROADCAST FURADAN AT LEAST
90% methomyl SP                                     7-10 DAYS PRIOR TO TRANS-
  (Lannate, Nudrin)       1/4 - 1/2 lb.             PLANTING.  DISC INCORPORATE
1.8L methomyl                                       IN TWO DIRECTIONS TO A
  (Lannate, Nudrin)       1 pt. - 1 qt.             DEPTH OF 4-6 INCHES.
22% (2EC) methyl                                    WHERE FURADAN IS USED IT
  parathion               2 qts.                    MAY BE NECESSARY TO TREAT
  (Penncap M*)                                      FOR FOLIAGE INSECTS DURING
50% Thiodan WP            1-2 lbs.                  THE LAST 4 WEEKS OF THE
25% (2EC) Thiodan         2-3 qts.                  GROWING SEASON.
80% Sevin WP              1-2 lbs.
22% (2EC) Guthion         2-3 pts.                  Guthion may be applied
75% Orthene SP            2/3 lb (budworms)         only by a trained operator.
                          1 lb (hornworms)
5EC Azodrin               7/8 pt. hornworms
                          7/8 - 1 5/8 pts. budworms

Bacillus thuringiensis**

  Bactospeine                                       Refer to product label for
  Dipel                                             specific ingredient state-
  SOK-Bt                                            ments.  Apply by hand or
  Thuricide                                         calibrated mechanical
  Dipel 10 G                                        ground equipment.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Penncap-M is a special formulation of methyl parathion contained in a
polymeric type micro capsule.  Do not use Penncap-M with other emulsifiable
concentrates or in the same tank with organic solvents.  It is suggested to
use drop nozzles so that bottom leaf coverage is insured.
**ASC = Bacillus thuringiensis can be purchased in many formulations such as
suspensions, wettable powders, dusts or baits.
***For the last several years complaints have been received about difficulty
in controlling tobacco budworms.  In 1986, a field source of Florida tobacco
budworms were compared with a controlled laboratory population concerning
susceptibility to acephate (Orthene) and methomyl (Lannate, Nudrin).  Results
obtained indicated that Florida budworms were 2.18 times less resistant to
Orthene than the laboratory budworms and 6.82 times more resistant to Lannate
and Nudrin than the laboratory budworms.  Resistance or susceptibility may
vary from one geographic location to another.
****CAUTION - You may not have noticed but a ground water advisory or
environmental hazards statement was added to several pesticide labels just
recently.  The labels include carbofuran (Furadan).  There may be others that
already include the statement and we expect it on numerous other pesticide
labels shortly.  This statement is now a part of the Furadan label.
Carbofuran is a chemical which can travel (seep or leach) through soil and can
contaminate ground water which may be used as drinking water.  Carbofuran has
been found in ground water as a result of agricultural use.  Users are advised
not to apply carbofuran where the water table (ground water) is close to the
surface and where the soils are very permeable, i.e., well-drained soils such
as loamy sands.  Your local agricultural agencies can provide further
information on the type of soil in your area and the location of ground water.
\b\v
\h 2 'Cutworm Control'
\v
\v
\v
Cutworms:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Materials                 Amount/Acre               Remarks
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5% Dylox B                20-30 lbs.                Bait applications should be
                                                    scattered around the plants
                                                    or broadcast to the soil
                                                    surface.  Do not apply
                                                    Dylox B after plants are
                                                    two feet tall.

Orthene 75% SP            1 lb.                     (If Orthene is used in
                                                    transplant water, some
                                                    control of cutworms should
                                                    be expected.)  Do not
                                                    apply within 3 days of
                                                    harvest.  Use 1 lb per 100
                                                    gals water/acre in
                                                    transplanting water.

Lorsban 15 G              20 lb                     Preplant broadcast one week
                                                    before transplanting.
Losbane 4 E               3 qt                      Incorporate immediately to
                                                    a depth of 2 - 4 inches.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\h 2 'Flea Beetle Control'



Flea Beetles:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Materials                 Amount/Acre               Remarks
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
15% Di-Syston G           13.3-26.7 lbs.            Apply Di-Syston to the soil
15% Furadan G*            40 lbs.                   1-2 days prior to trans-
15% Parathion WP          2-3 lbs.                  planting and turn in to a
42% (4EC) parathion       1/2 pt.                   depth of 2-4 inches. Broad-
50% Thiodan WP            1-2 lbs.                  cast Furadan at least 7-10
25% (2EC) Thiodan         2-3 pts.                  days prior to transplant-
80% Sevin WP              1-2 lbs.                  ing.  Disc incorporate in
90% methomyl SP                                     two directions to a depth
  (Lannate, Nudrin)       1/4 - 1/2 qt.             of 4-6 inches.  Where
                                                    Furadan is used it may be
1.8L methomyl                                       necessary to treat for
  (Lannate, Nudrin)       1 pt. - 1 qt.             foliage insects during the
                                                    last 4 weeks of the growing
                                                    season.  When Thiodan or
                                                    Sevin is used to control
                                                    budworms and hornworms,
                                                    stinkbugs should not be a
                                                    problem.  Parathion should
                                                    be applied by a trained
                                                    operator only.

\p                                    (cont'd)
\b\pFlea Beetles - cont'd
\p------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\pMaterials                 Amount/Acre               Remarks
\p------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Penncap M 2E              2-4 pts.                  Do not apply within 15 days
                                                    of priming.
Orthene 75% SP            1 lb. per 100 gals.
                          water/acre in trans-
                          planting water.

Lorsban 15 G              20 lb                     Preplant broadcast one
                                                    week before transplanting.
Lorsban 4 E               3 qt                      Incorporate immediately
                                                    to a depth of 2-4 inches.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*CAUTION - You may not have noticed but a ground water advisory or
environmental hazards statement was added to several pesticide labels just
recently.  The labels include carbofuran (Furadan).  There may be others that
already include the statement and we expect it on numerous other pesticide
labels shortly.  This statement is now a part of the Furadan label.
Carbofuran is a chemical which can travel (seep or leach) through soil and can
contaminate ground water which may be used as drinking water.  Carbofuran has
been found in ground water as a result of agricultural use.  Users are advised
not to apply carbofuran where the water table (ground water) is close to the
surface and where the soils are very permeable, i.e., well-drained soils such
as loamy sands.  Your local agricultural agencies can provide further
information on the type of soil in your area and the location of ground water.
\h 2 'Grasshopper Control'



Grasshoppers:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Materials                 Amount/Acre               Remarks
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
80% Sevin SP              1 1/4 - 1 3/4 lbs.        Apply to grasslands and
                                                    areas adjacent to fields.
                                                    Check recommendations for
                                                    limitations.
75% Orthene SP            2/3 lb.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\h 2 'Mole Cricket Control'



Mole Crickets:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Materials                 Amount/Acre               Remarks
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14% diazinon                                        Broadcast granules and
                                                    disc in 4-6 inches about
                                                    2 weeks before setting
                                                    tobacco.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\b\v
\h 2 'Stinkbug Control'
\v
\v
\v
Stinkbugs:

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Materials                 Amount/Acre               Remarks
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25% (2EC) Thiodan         2-3 qts.
42% (4EC) parathion       1/2 pt.
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\h 2 'White-fringed Beetles (no control available)'



White-fringed Beetles:

NO LEGAL CONTROL AVAILABLE.

Rotation programs are recommended and plans should be made as far in advance
as possible.  Fields destined to be planted in tobacco should be inspected
every year for 2 years in advance for presence of weevils.

Do not follow leguminous crops (peanuts, soybeans, clover, peas, or beans)
with tobacco for at least 2 years.  Research indicates where chlorpyrifos
(Lorsban) is used at the 4 lb a.i./acre rate, a reduction in white-fringed
beetle larval population may be expected; however this amount exceeds the
maximum labeled rates.
\b\v
\h 2 'Wireworm Control'
\v
\v
\v
Wireworms:

     Broadcast Treatments for Wireworms:

     Broadcast applications are suggested for those growers who have fields
which are heavily infested with wireworms every year.  Unless otherwise
specified, the insecticide should be broadcast evenly over the soil surface at
least 3-5 weeks before planting.  It should be cross disked into the soil to a
depth of 4-6 inches immediately after application.  The treated soil should
not be bedded or otherwise disturbed for at least 3 weeks so the insecticide
will kill the wireworms.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Material            Amount/Acre      Remarks
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14% diazinon G      14-21 lbs.       Broadcast Furadan at least 7-10 days
10% parathion G     20 lbs.          prior to transplanting.  Disc incorporate
15% Dasanit G       13.3 lbs.        in two directions to a depth of 4-6
10% Dyfonate G      20 lbs.          inches.  Where Furadan is used it may be
10% Mocap G         20 lbs           necessary to treat for foliage insects
15% Furadan G*      40 lbs.          during the last 4 weeks of the growing
                                     season.
15% Lorsban G       20 lb
4E  Lorsban         3 qt
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*CAUTION - You may not have noticed but a ground water advisory or
environmental hazards statement was added to several pesticide labels just
recently.  The labels include carbofuran (Furadan).  There may be others that
already include the statement and we expect it on numerous other pesticide
labels shortly.  This statement is now a part of the Furadan label.
Carbofuran is a chemical which can travel (seep or leach) through soil and can
contaminate ground water which may be used as drinking water.  Carbofuran has
been found in ground water as a result of agricultural use.  Users are advised
not to apply carbofuran where the water table (ground water) is close to the
surface and where the soils are very permeable, i.e., well-drained soils such
as loamy sands.  Your local agricultural agencies can provide further
information on the type of soil in your area and the location of ground water.


     Transplant Water Treatment for Wireworms:

CAUTION!!  The following treatment is intended for added control ONLY.  DO NOT
depend on this treatment as the only means to control wireworms.
Transplant water treatments can be used for aid in the control of
wireworms.  These treatments ARE NOT AS EFFECTIVE as a thorough broadcast
application however, when properly used, they will give fairly good control
even where the wireworm population is high.  The quantity of insecticides used
for a given amount of water will depend upon the equipment used in setting the
plants.  A higher concentration of the insecticide will be needed for
mechanical transplanters than for hand transplanters.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Material             Amount/Acre                Remarks
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50% diazinon WP      1 1/2 oz. in 50 gals.      Apply 200-250 gals. per acre
                     water (hand);              for hand transplanters and
                     3 ozs. in 50 gals.         about 300 gals. for mechanical.
                     water (mechanical)         Keep mixture well stirred.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\b\v
\h 1 'Systemic Insecticide Treatment'
\v
\v
\v
                         Systemic Insecticide Treatment

A systemic insecticide is one that is absorbed by the plant, circulated
throughout the plant, and renders the plant toxic to the feeding insect.
Several of the newer insecticides have systemic action.

Di-Syston (Systemic Insecticide):

    For early season control of aphids and flea beetles on flue-cured
    tobacco.

    PLANT BED APPLICATION:  For protection against aphids and flea beetles in
    the plant beds, apply 15% Di-Syston granules at the rate of 6 2/3 lbs. per
    1000 square yards and mix with the top two to four inches of soil just
    before seeding.  Treatment may also be made after plants emerge.
    Broadcast the granules evenly and water thoroughly.

    FIELD APPLICATION:  Apply 13.3 - 26.7 lbs. of 15% Di-Syston granules in a
    6 to 12 inch band on the top of the row and mix with the top two to four
    inches of soil, one to two weeks prior to transplanting.

Furadan (Systemic Insecticide):

    For extended control of flea beetles, hornworms, wireworms and aid in the
    control of budworms on flue-cured tobacco.

    FIELD APPLICATION:  Before forming field beds, broadcast 40 lbs of 15%
    Furadan* granules and disc incorporate to a depth of 4 to 6 inches.

    *CAUTION!!  Furadan may cause some minor flecking of the leaves on the
    lower portion of the plant and is generally confined to those leaves
    comprising the first priming.  Seldom has this injury resulted in grade or
    yield loss.
\h 1 'Insect Management Approaches - Reducing Crop Residue'
\h 2 'Crop Residue Control'


             Reducing Crop Residue - Insect Management Approaches


Crop Residue Control:

IMPORTANT!!  Since hornworms, budworms and flea beetles continue to feed on
tobacco after harvest, destruction of the stalks will remove their food source
and breeding sites.  Most of the hornworms that live through the winter are
produced late in the summer.  Stalk destruction has been shown to reduce
hornworm numbers considerably when combined with growing season sucker control
and insecticides.  Budworm pupae overwinter in the top 2 to 3 inches of soil.
Turning the stubble reduces the number of moths which emerge in the spring.
\b\v
\h 2 'Residue Reduction by Insect Management'
\v
\v
\v
Residue Reduction by Insect Management:


Pesticide residues on tobacco have become a major concern since more
stringent residue restrictions have been placed on tobacco leaf and tobacco
products exported to European markets.  With these and further restrictions
probable, producers exporting tobacco will have to insure that their tobacco
meets residue requirements.

With recent advancements in pest management techniques, pesticide
residues on tobacco can be reduced without jeopardizing required insect
control.

If the grower plans to transplant the crop on or about March 25, he
should broadcast diazinon, 14% granules on the soil surface and incorporate
the material to a depth of 4 to 6 inches about March 4 for wireworm control.
As soon as the diazinon has been applied, an application of Dylox 5% bait
should be broadcast on the soil surface and left undisturbed for about 2 weeks
before transplanting for cutworm control.  The day before or the same day as
transplanting, an application of Di-Syston 15% granules should be broadcast on
the soil surface and incorporated to a depth of 2 to 4 inches for aphid and
flea beetle control.

The Di-Syston treatment will give protection to the tobacco foliage
against aphids and flea beetles for about 6 weeks after transplanting.  No
other applications of an aphicide should be needed during that period of time.

Approximately 2 to 3 weeks after transplanting, foliage applications of
Bacillus thuringiensis should begin and continue on a 2-week schedule for the
remainder of the growing season to control budworms, cabbage loopers and
hornworms.  (If any of the worm pests or aphids become a problem later in the
season, the grower could use an application of Thiodan, methomyl (Lannate,
Nudrin) or Orthene as a spot-treatment to effect needed control; however, they
should be used only in an emergency).

The Bacillus thuringiensis treatments will leave no chemical residue on
the leaf.  If Thiodan or methomyl applications are needed, it would be
advisable to limit the number of applications of either material to two each.
In a season of moderate insect infestations, late applications of Thiodan,
methomyl or Orthene may not be needed.  The grower must remember that if this
program is to be effective the 2-week schedule of Bacillus thuringiensis must
be adhered to strictly.
\b\v
\h 2 'Program of Pesticide Reduction'
\v
\v
\v
Program of Pesticide Residue Reduction:

A program of reducing pesticide residues on flue-cured tobacco in Florida
is outlined in the following table.

B = bait; D = dust; G = granules; ASC = aqueous suspension concentrate;
WP = wettable powder; EC = emulsifiable concentrate; SP = soluble powder;
L = liquid.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            Rate of
Insect             Pesticide        Application          Formulation/Acre
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wireworms          diazinon         to soil pre-plant    14% G, 14-21 lbs.
                                      21 days

Cutworms           Dylox            to soil pre-plant    5% B, 20 lbs.
                                      14 days

Aphids and         Di-Syston        to soil pre-plant    15% G, 13.3-26.7 lbs.
flea beetles                          1 day

Budworms,          Bacillus         spray foliage        ASC 1-2 qts.
cabbage loopers,   thuringiensis    biweekly beginning   WP 1-3 lbs.
hornworms                           14-21 days after     D 20-30 lbs.
                                    transplanting

Aphids,            Thiodan*         spray or dust        50% WP, 1-2 lbs.
budworms,                           foliage for          25% (2EC) 2-3 pts.
cabbage loopers,                    clean-up only
hornworms                           as needed

                   methomyl*        spray foliage        90% SP 1/3-1/2 lbs.
                   (Lannate,        for clean-up only    2% D 20-30 lbs.
                    Nudrin)         as needed            1.8L 1 1/2-2 pts.

                   Orthene*         spray for clean-up   75% SP 2/3 - 1 lb.
                                    only as needed
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*These materials applied only when needed for clean-up of aphids and flea
beetles.  Bacillus applications are not necessary when these materials are
applied.
