\m    49   17   58    2  1 'General Information'
\m    62   22   20    2  1 'Scouting Techniques'
\m   114   48   19    3  1 'Action Thresholds for Sorghum Insect Pests'
\m   142   60    0    3  1 'Scouting for Lesser Cornstalk Borers'
\m   173   73   48    4  1 'Description of Insect Pests'
\m   174   73   84    4  2 'Aphids'
\m   192   79   38    4  2 'Armyworms'
\m   220   90  101    5  2 'Chinch Bugs'
\m   244   99   65    5  2 'Corn Earworms'
\m   273  110   52    6  2 'Cutworms'
\m   292  117   13    6  2 'Lesser Cornstalk Borers'
\m   323  127  127    7  2 'Mites'
\m   344  135   68    7  2 'Sorghum Midge'
\m   378  149   73    8  2 'Sorghum Webworms'
\m   408  163   68    8  1 'Control of Specific Insect Pests'
\m   409  163  109    8  2 'Cautionary Statement'
\m   427  168   47    9  2 'Aphids'
\m   505  203   32   10  2 'Armyworms'
\m   527  211    3   10  2 'Beet Armyworms'
\m   540  215   18   11  2 'Budworms'
\m   548  216   38   11  2 'Chinch Bugs'
\m   588  234   52   11  2 'Corn Billbugs'
\m   597  235  110   12  2 'Corn Earworms'
\m   623  245   51   12  2 'Corn Rootworms'
\m   640  251   42   13  2 'Cutworms'
\m   684  271   21   13  2 'European Corn Borers'
\m   697  275   48   14  2 'Fall Armyworms'
\m   716  281  114   14  2 'Flea Beetles'
\m   736  290   37   14  2 'Grasshoppers'
\m   758  298   43   15  2 'Greenbugs'
\m   838  335   17   16  2 'Lesser Cornstalk Borers'
\m   877  354   73   17  2 'Mites'
\m   915  369   33   17  2 'Seed Corn Maggots'
\m   937  378   52   18  2 'Sorghum Midge'
\m   983  396   79   19  2 'Sorghum Webworms'
\m  1007  404  102   19  2 'Southern Corn Rootworms'
\m  1028  413  106   19  2 'Stinkbugs'
\m  1042  418   63   20  2 'Whitefringed Beetles'
\m  1060  424  113   20  2 'White Grubs'
\m  1084  435    6   20  2 'Wireworms'
\t'November 1987'                                                  'IV E-'
\a                 Dr. Freddie Johnson, Extension Entomologist
\a                 Dr. Dick Sprenkel, Extension Entomologist
\a
\a                           INSECT CONTROL IN SORGHUM

                 Dr. Freddie Johnson, Extension Entomologist
                 Dr. Dick Sprenkel, Extension Entomologist
\h 1 'General Information'

                           INSECT CONTROL IN SORGHUM


                              General Information

Sorghum is grown over a wide geographical range in the state and is being
planted from early spring until mid-summer.  There are several insect pests
that reduce yields and hamper growth of sorghum.  The grower should be aware
of all available control measures for certain expected insects if sorghum is
to be grown.  Although numerous insects will be encountered, the major
problems are likely to be encountered from the pests described in this program.
\h 1 'Scouting Techniques'



                              Scouting Techniques

Sorghum, like other row crops, needs to be scouted for insects on a
regular basis during the growing season.  Sampling varies somewhat depending
on the stage of the crop.  However, regardless of the crop stage, all samples
should be selected at random and should be representative of the fields
scouted.  In general, approximately 20% of the samples should be taken from
the edge of the field and the remainder taken from the interior of the field.

Before heading, monitor grain sorghum once every 7 days.  For each 2
acres of field size, sample 1 site consisting of 5 consecutive plants.
Examine each plant giving particular attention to both leaf surfaces of the
uppermost leaves.  Count the number of plants having fall armyworm egg masses
and/or newly-hatched fall armyworm larvae.  Also count the number of plants
having live fall armyworms or corn earworms in the whorls.  Always examine at
least 20 sites (100 plants) regardless of field size.  In fields larger than
50 acres, sample one site (five plants) for each 3 acres of field size.  For
example, in a 75 acre field, check 25 sites (125 plants).  After scouting a
field, determine and record the percentage of plants infested with fall
armyworm eggs or newly-hatched larvae (number of plants having eggs or
newly-hatched larvae divided by the total number of plants examined x 100%).
Also determine and record the percentage of plants infested with live corn
earworms or fall armyworms in the whorl (number of plants with worms in the
whorls divided by the total number of plants examined x 100%).

From late boot to 40% bloom, sample grain sorghum 2 times per week.  From
40% bloom until 90% of the heads are in the early milk stage, check sorghum
three times per week.  Examine 5 heads per 2 acres and always sample at least
50 heads per field.  Do not examine heads of consecutive plants.  Because the
sorghum midge is easily disturbed, always walk several paces between sampled
heads.  Always take samples for sorghum midge before 10:00 AM since they are
most active early in the morning.  To sample the grain heads for midges,
webworms, fall armyworms and corn earworms you will need a plastic bag that is
approximately 6 x 3 x 15 inches.  Without disturbing the plant, quickly slip
\bthe bag over the head, clamping the bag shut beneath the head.  Shake the head
vigorously in the bag for 2 to 3 seconds.  Without opening the bag, examine
the plastic bag for adult sorghum midges which will fly toward the sun when
disturbed.  Next remove the head from the bag by tipping the upper part of the
sorghum plant downwards.  Pour the contents of the bag into your hand and
count the sorghum webworms, fall armyworms and corn earworms.  After sampling
five plants, record the total number of each of the major pests of grain
sorghum found.  Worm size should be noted.  When the samples for the field
have been taken, determine the average number of sorghum midges, sorghum
webworms, fall armyworms and corn earworms per head.

From late milk stage until the crop is mature, sample sorghum heads once
every 7 days for sorghum webworms, fall armyworms and corn earworms using a
plastic bag in the manner previously described above.
\h 1 'Action Thresholds for Sorghum Insect Pests'



                   Action Thresholds for Sorghum Insect Pests

The sorghum midge is a sporadic pest of sorghum.  However, it can cause
considerable losses over a relatively short period of time if left unchecked.
Chemical control for this pest is usually justified when there is an average
of one adult midge per two heads (0.5 midge per head).  The action threshold
for the sorghum webworm is 3-5 larvae per head.

Thresholds for the fall armyworm and corn earworm vary depending on
whether the sorghum plant is in the whorl stage or has headed out.  Before
heading, the action threshold is when 5% of the plants have fall armyworm egg
masses or newly-hatched larvae present.  Treatment may also be justified if
50% of the plants have live fall armyworms or corn earworms in the whorl.
However, control of worms in the whorl is extremely difficult.  Best results
have been obtained when a recommended insecticide is applied in 25 or more
gallons of water per acre at low pressure through a nozzle directed into the
whorl.

After heading, when the fall armyworm and corn earworm feed on the grain,
an average of 1-2 worms per head usually justifies treatment.  If sorghum
webworm, fall armyworm, and corn earworm are all present in a field,
thresholds must be adjusted downward accordingly.  For example, a field having
an average of two sorghum webworms PLUS one fall armyworm and/or corn earworm
per head usually justifies treatment.
\h 1 'Scouting for Lesser Cornstalk Borers'



                      Scouting for Lesser Cornstalk Borer

At this time there are no available scouting techniques or thresholds
(action levels) for lesser cornstalk borer on sorghum.  However, it is
important that the grower be aware as soon as possible if lesser cornstalk
borers begin to cause damage.  Timing of insecticide application is very
critical if control is to be obtained.

\bIn order to determine if populations exist and if damage is occurring,
sorghum should be carefully inspected from cracking time and continued until
the plants are 12 inches high and/or their stems are strong enough to resist
damage.

Samples should be made to include the borders as well as the interior
portions of the field.  At least 10 inspection sites should be made for the
average size field with 2 (20%) of the samples being made from the borders and
8 (80%) being made from the interior part of the field.  A single sample
should consist of observing at least 10 row feet of plants in succession and
observing to see if any of the young plants were:  (1) wilted, (2) off-color,
(3) stunted, or (4) dying.  If any plants are observed in the aforementioned
state then they should be carefully troweled, "spooned" or dug up.  The excess
soil should gently be shaken from the roots and observations made to determine
if the 3/4-1 inch long dirty silken-like tube(s) are found attached to the
plant root.  The observation of this "tell-tale" tube alerts the grower to the
presence of the pest.  The tube is attached at the point of entry of the borer
into the plant and generally is found approximately 1/4-3/8 inch below the
soil surface.
\h 1 'Description of Insect Pests'
\h 2 'Aphids'



                          Description of Insect Pests


Aphids:

These soft-bodied insects are often called "plant lice."  These pests are
small in size ranging from 1/16-1/8 inch in length.  They damage young sorghum
plants and cause problems with the emerging seed heads.  The aphids and
greenbugs cause damage by sucking the juice or sap from the plant and further
complicate harvest since they give off body wastes in the form of honey dew.
This syrupy fluid often causes the grain heads to become sticky and makes it
difficult to combine the crop.  A black fungus known as sooty mold also will
grow on the honey dew contaminated seed heads and gives them a dark colored
appearance.
\h 2 'Armyworms'



Armyworms:

Various armyworms occur in Florida and can cause severe damage to sorghum
by feeding on the seed head.  The stripes and coloration of these worms are
highly variable.  The most prevalent armyworm is most likely to be the fall
armyworm.  The worm reaches a maximum size of about 1 1/2 inches long and is
predominately greenish or greyish-brown in color.  The head capsule is
generally dark brown to almost black in color and is quite shiny in
appearance.  The front (head-on view) of the head capsule has a whitish-yellow
colored inverted Y that is easily seen by the unaided eye.

The fall armyworm feeds on sorghum when the crop is in the whorl stage
(as a budworm).  It also feeds on the leaves and developing seed heads.  This
pest can begin its attack in the spring months and usually reaches two
population peaks, one in late July and a second in late August.

\bThe female moth lays eggs in batches of 100-150 eggs.  The eggs are
covered with a creamish to tan colored "felt appearing" material (body hairs).
The egg masses are generally located on the undersurface of the leaves.  The
eggs hatch in 3-7 days and the tiny black-colored larvae appear in tremendous
numbers "all-at-once."  The larval stage lasts for about 14 days depending on
the temperature.  The larvae then drop to the soil and pupate for about 7-10
days and then emerge as an adult.  The entire life cycle takes approximately
30 days.
\h 2 'Chinch Bugs'



Chinch Bugs:

At times this pest may attack sorghum in Florida.  The adult chinch bug
is approximately 1/8 inch long and is characterized by a black body with
silver-colored wings.  The immature chinch bugs are somewhat smaller and are
reddish in color with a single white band running across their back.  Both
nymphs and adults suck plant juices and cause the leaves of the plants to
appear red.  When plants are less than 18 inches high, severe feeding
can cause wilting and stunting.  Chinch bugs cause more damage in hot dry
weather.

If insecticides are to be used, the grower is encouraged to use ground
spray equipment and direct the nozzles at the infested portions of the plants.
In most cases the bugs are located on the lower parts of the main plant stem
and on the lower leaves.

False chinch bugs are similar to chinch bugs in appearance and habits.
The false chinch bugs are usually found feeding on the heads of the sorghum
plant.  These pests can cause a reduction in seed quality and quantity by
sucking the juices from the developing seeds and plants.
\h 2 'Corn Earworms'



Corn Earworms:

This insect is a general feeder on corn, cotton, tomatoes, soybeans,
peanuts and numerous other crops as well as sorghum.  These caterpillars are
found in many colors such as pink, yellow, green, brown and almost black.
Like the armyworms, the corn earworm will curl up into a ball when disturbed.
The female moth lays tiny eggs, one at a time, over the plant.  The eggs hatch
in 2-7 days and the tiny larvae are almost black in color.  These worms
resemble the fall armyworm in size and appearance and reach about 1 1/2 inches
in length before pupating.

The larvae differ somewhat in appearance from the fall armyworm in that
their head capsule is generally yellowish to orangish in color and the obvious
inverted Y found on the head capsule of the fall armyworm is absent on the
corn earworm.

\bThe corn earworm will also feed in the whorls of sorghum but prefers the
seed heads.  After feeding as larvae for about 14 days, the caterpillars drop
to the soil and pupate for a period of approximately 7-10 days.  The entire
life cycle takes approximately 30 days to complete.  There are several
generations per year with peaks usually occurring in late July and again in
late August.

Late planted sorghum is frequently damaged heavily by corn earworms and
the pest seems to be attracted to the compact seed head varieties.
\h 2 'Cutworms'



Cutworms:

These night-feeding worms often cause problems when the sorghum is grown
during periods of cool nights and warm days.  The most dangerous conditions
are when sorghum is planted behind a grass or weed crop that is harboring
large populations of overwintering larvae.  If the larvae are not reduced by
proper and thorough cultivation before planting, they often will reduce a
sorghum stand so that replanting may be necessary.  The cutworms can reach
1 1/2-2 inches in length when full grown and will often cut or "graze down"
seedling sorghum.

If baits are to be used they should be applied in the late afternoon or
early evening hours in order to produce the best results.  If sprays are to be
used, ground application units with nozzles set to direct the spray at the
base of the plants give good results.
\h 2 'Lesser Cornstalk Borers'



Lesser Cornstalk Borers:

This pest has become extremely difficult to control on young sorghum
plantings and particularly on late plantings as well as on those following rye
and other grass crops.

The female moth lays eggs on or around the sorghum plant and upon
hatching the young larvae will feed for a short period of time on the
above-ground plant parts before migrating to the below-ground parts.  The
larvae will usually bore into the underground tap root approximately 3/8"
below the soil surface.

The worm will construct a dirty white fragile silk-like tube that will be
found dangling from the root.  The tube will be approximately 1/2-1 inch long
and due to its sticky nature will have sand particles covering it.

The larvae will reach about 5/8-3/4 of an inch in length when full grown
and it will usually take about 2 weeks for it to progress through this stage.
The pupal stage occurs in the soil and the entire life cycle of the pest can
be completed in approximately 21-30 days.

The larvae are quite easy to identify since they have alternating
aqua-blue and wine colored bands encircling their body.  The head capsule is
small and shiny black.  The worm will wiggle "violently" when disturbed.  This
pest prefers dry, hot weather and sandy soils.  It is an extremely severe pest
on late planted sorghum.
\b\v
\h 2 'Mites'
\v
\v
\v
Mites:

Mites are small non-insect pests that can feed on sorghum leaves causing
considerable damage.  The mites are only 1/60-1/50 of an inch long.  The mites
resemble miniature spiders and generally are a pale green in color.  Spider
mites spin webs which can cover leaves and heads during periods of heavy
infestation.

Mites usually establish themselves on the underside of lower plant leaves
and migrate upwards to the head as populations and damage increase.  Periods
of hot dry weather favor population build-ups.  Sorghum will tolerate mites
better if it is not undergoing water stress.  Research indicates that yields
are not hurt if mite attacks occur at or after the hard dough stage.

Mites are able to complete their life cycle in short periods of time,
going from the egg to the adult stage within 7-10 days or less.  Their feeding
causes the sorghum to become off-color and to take on a "dusty" appearance.
\h 2 'Sorghum Midge'



Sorghum Midge:

The adult midge is a delicate orange colored "gnat-like" fly about 1/12
of an inch long.  Adult midges emerge from their pupal stage shortly after
daybreak and mate soon afterwards.  The individual female may deposit from 30
to as many as 200 tiny white eggs.  The female may also lay from up to 8 or 10
eggs in an individual grain kernel.  A single larva is capable of destroying
the contents of a developing seed.  Females seldom live more than a day while
males live only a few hours.  Egg-laying generally occurs from 8:00 to 10:00
AM and approximately one hour before sunset.

Eggs hatch in approximately 2 days.  The stout-looking, orangish-red maggots
(larvae) begin feeding on the developing seed and will require from 9-11 days
to complete the larval stages.  The pupal stage will last for approximately 3
days, whereupon they emerge as adults.  The life cycle is complete within
approximately 15-24 days depending on weather conditions.  The midge can
tolerate very cold temperatures and overwinters as larvae wrapped in cocoons
within the spikelets of host plants and emerge as adults in the spring.  They
usually infest Johnsongrass and other wild hosts until sorghum starts to bloom.

Early sorghum midge infestations do not usually cause enough damage to
economically merit control.  However, early generations contribute to an
overall population build-up and the pest generally reaches higher numbers as
the warm weather continues.  Sorghum blooming in mid-to-late summer generally
is infested with the midge.

Midge damage appears as blasted or blighted seed heads.  The damage often
resembles heads that are diseased, that have been hit by hard rains, or that
are suffering from a lack of fertilizer.
\b\v
\h 2 'Sorghum Webworms'
\v
\v
\v
Sorghum Webworms:

The webworms are hairy caterpillars and grow to a maximum length of
approximately 1/2 inch long.  They are greenish to yellowish in color with
well-marked darker stripes running lengthwise down their body.  They hibernate
in plant debris above ground and emerge as soon as weather permits in the
spring.  There can be and usually are several generations a year in Florida.
The webworms feed almost entirely on the developing seeds and the larvae often
completely destroy the seed head.  The larvae will spin a web during feeding;
however, the webs are often very inconspicuous (to the observer).  The eggs
hatch in approximately 5 days and the larva takes an additional estimated 15
days to reach full size.  The pupal stage lasts approximately 7-10 days.  It
takes approximately 30 days for the entire life cycle to be completed.

The adult webworm moth is nearly white in color with irregular dark
markings along the rear margin of the forewings (front pair of wings).  With
wings fully expanded, the moth measures about 1/2 inch across.  During some
years the sorghum webworm has caused extensive damage, though in most cases
damage is usually localized in late season plantings.  The webworms are
favored by cool wet weather during late summer and early fall.  Generally the
caterpillars do most of their feeding while the grain is in the milk to soft
dough stage.  The webworms seem to prefer the compact seed head varieties.
The pests partially hollow out and consume many individual seeds in a head.
Small white fecal droppings may indicate fairly heavy infestations.  These
droppings also increase the likelihood of secondary molds and fungi which can
add to the overall poor quality of the seed.
\h 1 'Control of Specific Insect Pests'
\h 2 'Cautionary Statement'



                        Control of Specific Insect Pests


Cautionary Statement:

The use of organo-phosphatic insecticides can be phytotoxic to certain
varieties of sorghum.  Sweet sorghum is particularly sensitive.  Methyl
parathion and materials containing methyl parathion can often cause leaf burn.
Read the label carefully for all warnings and precautions.

Organo-phosphates compose the majority of legal insecticides in this text and
only Furadan, Lannate, Nudrin, Sevin, Comite and Temik are
non-organo-phosphates.
\b\v
\h 2 'Aphids'
\v
\v
\v
Aphids:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                              Preharvest Inter-
Insecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre      val and Remarks
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
carbofuran (Furadan)*           15 G           6 - 8 oz/1000         75
  (corn leaf aphid)                            ft row

chlorpyrifos (Lorsban)          4 E            1/2 pt            30 - forage,
                                                                 fodder, hay or
                                                                 silage; do not
                                                                 exceed 3 pt
                                                                 per season;
                                                                 do not treat
                                                                 sweet sorghum

demeton (Systox 2)              2 EC           1 pt              35 -apply only
                                                                 once/season

dimethoate (Cygon, Defend)      4 EC           1/2 - 1 pt        28 - feed or
                                                                 grazing. Do
                                                                 not make more
                                                                 than 3 applic
                                                                 per season

disulfoton (Di-Syston)          15 G           6 - 8 oz/1000     Apply at
  (see also: Greenbug)                         ft row            planting; do
                                                                 not apply
                                                                 directly to
                                                                 seed

fonophos (Dyfonate)             4 EC           3/4 - 1 qt        14 - do not
  (corn leaf aphid)                                              make more than
                                                                 2 applic/year

mevinphos (Phosdrin)            4 EC           1/4 - 1/2 pt           3

methyl parathion                4 EC           1 pt                   21
  (corn leaf aphid)

oxydementonmethyl               2 SC           1 - 2 pt          45 - grain
  (Meta-Systox-R)                                                21 - forage,
  (corn leaf aphid, yellow                                       grazing; do
  sugarcane aphid)                                               not use on
                                                                 sweet sorghum

parathion                       4 EC           1/2 pt                 12
  (corn leaf aphid)

parathion-methyl parathion      6-3            1/3 pt            21 days for
                                                                 harvest or
                                                                 forage

\p                                    (cont'd)
\b\pAphids - cont'd
\p------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\p                                                             Preharvest Inter-
\pInsecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre     val and Remarks
\p------------------------------------------------------------------------------
phorate (Thimet)                20 G           4.9 lb            28 - broadcast
  (greenbug)                                                     into whorls

terbufos (Counter)              15 G           8 - 16 oz/1000    Banded at
  (greenbug, corn leaf aphid)                  ft row            planting
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Carbofuran (Furadan) is a chemical which can travel (seep or leach) through
soil and can contaminate ground water which may be used as drinking water.
Carbofuran has been found in ground water as a result of agricultural use.
Users are advised not to apply carbofuran where the water table (ground water)
is close to the surface and where the soils are very permeable, i.e.,
well-drained soils such as loamy sands.  Your local agricultural agencies can
provide further information on the type of soil in your area and the location
of ground water.
\h 2 'Armyworms'



Armyworms:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Min. Days to
Insecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre            Harvest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
carbaryl (Sevin)                80 S           1 1/4 - 2 1/2     21 - grain
                                               lb                0 - forage

chlorpyrifos (Lorsban)          4 E            1 - 2 pt          30 - 1 pt or
                                                                 less;
                                                                 60 - 1+ pt

methomyl (Lannate L, Nudrin)    1.8 L          1 - 2 pt               14

parathion                       4 EC           3/4 pt                 12
  (up to 3rd instar)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\h 2 'Beet Armyworms'



Beet Armyworms:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Min. Days to
Insecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre            Harvest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
methomyl (Lannate)              1.8 L          1 - 2 pt               14
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\b\v
\h 2 'Budworms'
\v
\v
\v
Budworms:

Budworms are fall armyworms and or corn earworms.  See control recommendations
for each of these pests.
\h 2 'Chinch Bugs'



Chinch Bugs:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Min. Days to
Insecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre            Harvest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
aldicarb (Temik)                15 G           7 1/2 oz/         Apply in seed
  (early season control)                       1000 ft row       furrow and
                                                                 cover with
                                                                 soil. See
                                                                 label for
                                                                 environmental
                                                                 limitations.

carbaryl (Sevin)                80 S           1 1/4 - 2 1/2     21 - grain
                                               lb                0 - forage

carbofuran (Furadan)*           15 G           8 oz/1000         at planting;
                                               ft row            75 days

chlorpyrifos (Lorsban)          4 E            1 - 2 pt          30 - 1 pt or
                                                                 less;
                                                                 60 - 1+ pt;
                                                                 apply to base
                                                                 of plants

parathion                       4 EC           1 1/2 pt               12
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Carbofuran (Furadan) is a chemical which can travel (seep or leach) through
soil and can contaminate ground water which may be used as drinking water.
Carbofuran has been found in ground water as a result of agricultural use.
Users are advised not to apply carbofuran where the water table (ground water)
is close to the surface and where the soils are very permeable, i.e.,
well-drained soils such as loamy sands.  Your local agricultural agencies can
provide further information on the type of soil in your area and the location
of ground water.
\h 2 'Corn Billbugs'



Corn Billbugs:

No legal means of control on sorghum.  If chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) is used for
other insects, some reduction in population may occur.
\b\v
\h 2 'Corn Earworms'
\v
\v
\v
Corn Earworms:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Min. Days to
Insecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre            Harvest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
carbaryl (Sevin)                80 S           1 1/4 - 2 1/2     21 - grain
                                               lb                0 - forage

chlorpyrifos (Lorsban)          4 E            1 - 2 pt          30 - 1 pt;
                                                                 60 - 1+ pt
                                                                 See note under
                                                                 armyworms

methomyl (Lannate, Nudrin)      1.8 EC         1 - 2 pt               14

mevinphos (Phosdrin)            4 EC           1/2 - 1 pt             3

parathion                       4 EC           3/4 pt                 12

parathion-methyl parathion      6-3            1/3 pt                 21
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\h 2 'Corn Rootworms'



Corn Rootworms:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Min. Days to
Insecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre            Harvest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
chlorpyrifos (Lorsban)          15 G           8 oz/1000         banded; at
                                               ft row            planting

terbufos (Counter)              15 G           8 - 16 oz/        banded; at
                                               1000 ft row       planting
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\b\v
\h 2 'Cutworms'
\v
\v
\v
Cutworms:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Min. Days to
Insecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre            Harvest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
carbaryl (Sevin)                80 S           2 1/2 lb          21 - grain
                                                                 0 - forage

carbofuran (Furadan)*           15 G           8 oz/1000         at planting
  (aids in control)                            ft row

chlorpyrifos (Lorsban)          4 E            1 - 2 pt          30 - 1 pt
                                                                 60 - 1+ pt
                                                                 See note under
                                                                 armyworms

diazinon (D.z.n.)               14 G           14 - 28 lb        broadcast
                                                                 prior to
                                                                 planting and
                                                                 work 3-6" deep

diazinon (D.z.n.)               4 EC           2 - 4 qt          broadcast
                                                                 prior to
                                                                 planting and
                                                                 work 3-6" deep

diazinon (D.z.n.)               50 WP          4 - 8 lb          broadcast
                                                                 prior to
                                                                 planting and
                                                                 work 3-6" deep
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Carbofuran (Furadan) is a chemical which can travel (seep or leach) through
soil and can contaminate ground water which may be used as drinking water.
Carbofuran has been found in ground water as a result of agricultural use.
Users are advised not to apply carbofuran where the water table (ground water)
is close to the surface and where the soils are very permeable, i.e.,
well-drained soils such as loamy sands.  Your local agricultural agencies can
provide further information on the type of soil in your area and the location
of ground water.
\h 2 'European Corn Borers'



European Corn Borers:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Min. Days to
Insecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre            Harvest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
chlorpyrifos (Lorsban)          4 E            1 1/2 - 2 pt           60
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\b\v
\h 2 'Fall Armyworms'
\v
\v
\v
Fall Armyworms:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Min. Days to
Insecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre            Harvest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
carbaryl (Sevin)                80 S           1 1/4 -           0 - forage
                                               2 1/2 lb          21 - grain

methomyl (Lannate, Nudrin)      1.8 L          1 - 2 pt               14

mevinphos (Phosdrin)            4 EC           1 pt                   3

parathion                       4 EC           3/4 pt                 12
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\h 2 'Flea Beetles'



Flea Beetles:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Min. Days to
Insecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre            Harvest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
carbofuran (Furadan)*           15 G           8 oz/1000 ft row       75
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Carbofuran (Furadan) is a chemical which can travel (seep or leach) through
soil and can contaminate ground water which may be used as drinking water.
Carbofuran has been found in ground water as a result of agricultural use.
Users are advised not to apply carbofuran where the water table (ground water)
is close to the surface and where the soils are very permeable, i.e.,
well-drained soils such as loamy sands.  Your local agricultural agencies can
provide further information on the type of soil in your area and the location
of ground water.
\h 2 'Grasshoppers'



Grasshoppers:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Min. Days to
Insecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre            Harvest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
chlorpyrifos (Lorsban)          4 E            1/2 - 1 pt        30; see notes
                                                                 under aphids

dimethoate (Cygon)              4 EC           1 pt              28; do not
                                                                 make more
                                                                 than 3
                                                                 applic/season

malathion (Cythion Conc.)       9.33 EC        1/2 pt                 7
                                (ULV)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\b\v
\h 2 'Greenbugs'
\v
\v
\v
Greenbugs:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Min. Days to
Insecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre            Harvest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
aldicarb (Temik)                15 G           7 1/2 oz/         Apply in seed
                                               1000 ft row       furrow and
                                                                 cover with
                                                                 soil. See
                                                                 label for
                                                                 environmental
                                                                 limitations

carbofuran (Furadan)*           15 G           6 - 8 oz/1000          75
                                               ft row

carbofuran (Furadan)*           15 G           6 - 8 oz/1000     at planting
                                               ft row

chlorpyrifos (Lorsban)          4 E            1/2 - 1 pt        30; see notes
                                                                 under aphids

diazinon (AG 500)               4 EC           1 pt              0 - forage
                                                                 7 - grain

disulfoton (Di-Syston)          15 G           8 oz/1000         30 - grain
                                               ft row            45 - forage or
                                                                 fodder; at
                                                                 planting or in
                                                                 whorl

fonofos (Dyfonate)              4 EC           3/4 - 1 pt        14 - (2 applic
                                                                 per season)

malathion (Cythion)             57% (5 EC)     1 1/2 pt               7

methyl parathion                4 EC           1 1/2 pt               21

oxydementonmethyl               2 SC           1 - 2 pt          45 - grain
  (Meta-Systox-R)                                                21 - forage
                                                                 Do not use on
                                                                 sweet sorghum

phorate (Thimet)                20 G           6 oz/1000         banded over
  (at planting)                                ft row            the row

phorate (Thimet)                20 G           4.9 lb            28 - broadcast
  (over the plant)                                               into the
                                                                 whorls; make
                                                                 only one
                                                                 applic. after
                                                                 plant
                                                                 emergence

\p                                    (cont'd)
\b\pGreenbugs - cont'd
\p------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\p                                                             Preharvest Inter-
\pInsecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre     val and Remarks
\p------------------------------------------------------------------------------
terbufos (Counter)              15 G           8 - 16 oz/        Use at bedding
                                               1000 ft row       or planting
                                                                 time. Do not
                                                                 place in
                                                                 direct contact
                                                                 with seed
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Carbofuran (Furadan) is a chemical which can travel (seep or leach) through
soil and can contaminate ground water which may be used as drinking water.
Carbofuran has been found in ground water as a result of agricultural use.
Users are advised not to apply carbofuran where the water table (ground water)
is close to the surface and where the soils are very permeable, i.e.,
well-drained soils such as loamy sands.  Your local agricultural agencies can
provide further information on the type of soil in your area and the location
of ground water.
\h 2 'Lesser Cornstalk Borers'


Lesser Cornstalk Borers:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Min. Days to
Insecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre            Harvest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
chlorpyrifos (Lorsban)          15 G           4 - 12 oz/        Apply in a
                                               1000 ft row       6-8" band at
                                                                 planting;
                                                                 incorporate
                                                                 lightly. Do
                                                                 not make more
                                                                 than 1
                                                                 applic/season

chlorpyrifos (Lorsban)          4 E            1 - 2 pt          30 - 1 pt
                                                                 60 - 1+ pt
                                                                 See note under
                                                                 amryworms.
                                                                 Direct at
                                                                 base of plant
                                                                 in 8-12" band

diazinon (D.z.n.)               14 G           7 - 14 lb         Apply in a
                                                                 10" band over
                                                                 the row at
                                                                 planting;
                                                                 Cover with
                                                                 1-2" of soil.
                                                                 Do not apply
                                                                 granules
                                                                 directly to
                                                                 the seed
                                                                 furrow
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\b\v
\h 2 'Mites'
\v
\v
\v
Mites:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Min. Days to
Insecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre            Harvest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
demeton (Systox)                2 EC           1 pt              35; Apply only
                                                                 once/season

diazinon (AG500)                4 EC           1 pt              0 - forage
                                                                 7 - grain

dimethoate (Cygon, Defend)      4 EC           1 pt              28; do not
  (Banks grass mite;                                             apply more
   spider mite)                                                  than 3 times
                                                                 per season

ethion (Ethion)                 4 EC           1/2 - 1 pt        30; do not
  (sorghum mite)                                                 apply more
                                                                 than 3 times
                                                                 per season

methyl parathion                4 EC           1 pt                   21
  (spider mite)

parathion                       4 EC           1/2 pt                 12

phorate (Thimet)                20 G           4.9 lb            28; broadcast
  (Banks grass mite)                                             into whorls

propargite (Comite)             6.55 E         1 1/2 - 2 pt      30; 1 applic
  (two-spotted spider &                                          per year
   Banks grass mite)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\h 2 'Seed Corn Maggots'



Seed Corn Maggots:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Min. Days to
Insecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre            Harvest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
carbofuran (Furadan)*           15 G           8 oz/1000         in furrow at
                                               ft row            planting
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Carbofuran (Furadan) is a chemical which can travel (seep or leach) through
soil and can contaminate ground water which may be used as drinking water.
Carbofuran has been found in ground water as a result of agricultural use.
Users are advised not to apply carbofuran where the water table (ground water)
is close to the surface and where the soils are very permeable, i.e.,
well-drained soils such as loamy sands.  Your local agricultural agencies can
provide further information on the type of soil in your area and the location
of ground water.
\b\v
\h 2 'Sorghum Midge'
\v
\v
\v
Sorghum Midge:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Min. Days to
Insecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre            Harvest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
carbaryl (Sevin)                80 S           1 7/8 lb          21 - grain
                                                                 0 - forage

chlorpyrifos (Lorsban)          4 E            1/2 pt            30; see notes
                                                                 under aphids

diazinon (D.z.n.)               50 W           1/2 - 1 lb        0 - forage
                                                                 7 - grain

diazinon (AG500)                4 EC           1/2 - 1 pt        0 - forage
                                                                 7 - grain

dimethoate (Cygon, Defend)      4 EC           1/4 - 1/2 pt      Do not treat
                                                                 within 28 days
                                                                 of harvest.
                                                                 Some leaf burn
                                                                 may occur.
                                                                 Maximum of 3
                                                                 applic/season.

ethion (Ethion)                 4 EC           1/2 - 1 pt        30; do not
                                                                 apply more
                                                                 than 3 times
                                                                 per season

malathion (Cythion ULV Conc)    9.33 EC        8 - 12 oz              7

methomyl (Lannate, Nudrin)      1.8 L          1 - 2 pt               14

methyl parathion                4 EC           1 - 2 pt               21

parathion                       4 EC           1 - 2 pt               12

parathion-methyl parathion      6-3            1/2 pt                 21
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\b\v
\h 2 'Sorghum Webworms'
\v
\v
\v
Sorghum Webworms:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Min. Days to
Insecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre            Harvest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
carbaryl (Sevin)                80 S           1 1/4 -           21 - grain
                                               2 1/2 lb          0 - forage

chlorpyrifos (Lorsban)          4 E            2 pt                   60

methomyl (Lannate, Nudrin,      1.8 L          2 pt                   14
  Lannate LV)                   2.4 LV         1 1/2 pt

mevinphos (Phosdrin)            4 EC           1/2 - 1 pt             3

parathion                       4 EC           3/4 - 1 pt             12

parathion-methyl parathion      6-3            1/2 pt                 21
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\h 2 'Southern Corn Rootworms'



Southern Corn Rootworms:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Min. Days to
Insecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre            Harvest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
carbofuran (Furadan)*           15 G           8 oz/1000         at planting
                                               ft row
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Carbofuran (Furadan) is a chemical which can travel (seep or leach) through
soil and can contaminate ground water which may be used as drinking water.
Carbofuran has been found in ground water as a result of agricultural use.
Users are advised not to apply carbofuran where the water table (ground water)
is close to the surface and where the soils are very permeable, i.e.,
well-drained soils such as loamy sands.  Your local agricultural agencies can
provide further information on the type of soil in your area and the location
of ground water.
\h 2 'Stinkbugs'



Stinkbugs:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Min. Days to
Insecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre            Harvest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
carbaryl (Sevin)                80 S           1 1/4 -           21 - grain
                                               2 1/2 lb          0 - forage
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\b\v
\h 2 'Whitefringed Beetles'
\v
\v
\v
Whitefringed Beetles:

Although there is no legal control for this pest, research indicates when
carbofuran (Furadan) at 0.89 lb ai/A is used, a reduction in whitefringed
beetle larval populations can be expected.

Carbofuran (Furadan) is a chemical which can travel (seep or leach) through
soil and can contaminate ground water which may be used as drinking water.
Carbofuran has been found in ground water as a result of agricultural use.
Users are advised not to apply carbofuran where the water table (ground water)
is close to the surface and where the soils are very permeable, i.e.,
well-drained soils such as loamy sands.  Your local agricultural agencies can
provide further information on the type of soil in your area and the location
of ground water.
\h 2 'White Grubs'



White Grubs:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Min. Days to
Insecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre            Harvest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
carbofuran (Furadan)*           15 G           8 oz/1000         at planting
  (aids in control)                            ft row

terbufos (Counter)              15 G           8 - 16 oz/        banded at
                                               1000 ft row       planting
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\v* Carbofuran (Furadan) is a chemical which can travel (seep or leach) through
\vsoil and can contaminate ground water which may be used as drinking water.
\vCarbofuran has been found in ground water as a result of agricultural use.
\vUsers are advised not to apply carbofuran where the water table (ground water)
\vis close to the surface and where the soils are very permeable, i.e.,
\vwell-drained soils such as loamy sands.  Your local agricultural agencies can
\vprovide further information on the type of soil in your area and the location
\vof ground water.
\h 2 'Wireworms'



Wireworms:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                 Min. Days to
Insecticide                     Formulation    Rate/Acre            Harvest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
carbofuran (Furadan)*           15 G           8 oz/1000         at planting
                                               ft row

terbufos (Counter)              15 G           8 - 16 oz/        banded at
                                               1000 ft row       planting
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Carbofuran (Furadan) is a chemical which can travel (seep or leach) through
soil and can contaminate ground water which may be used as drinking water.
Carbofuran has been found in ground water as a result of agricultural use.
Users are advised not to apply carbofuran where the water table (ground water)
is close to the surface and where the soils are very permeable, i.e.,
well-drained soils such as loamy sands.  Your local agricultural agencies can
provide further information on the type of soil in your area and the location
of ground water.
