\m 28 10 25 2 1 'Introduction and Description of Fungi and Viruses' \m 90 38 8 3 1 'Sequential Control Practices for Peanut Diseases' \m 91 38 65 3 2 'Crop Rotation' \m 117 48 88 3 2 'Deep Plowing' \m 137 56 113 4 2 'Lime and Fertilizer Relations with Peanut Diseases' \m 152 63 10 4 2 'Weed Control' \m 171 70 68 4 2 'Nematode Control' \m 181 72 118 4 2 'Seed Treatment' \m 202 79 44 5 2 'Resistant Varieties' \m 220 86 20 5 2 'Avoid Deep Planting if Moisture Permits' \m 230 89 35 5 2 'Minimize Stress on the Root System' \m 239 91 83 5 2 'Foliar Applications of Fungicides' \m 381 154 37 8 2 'Chemical Control of White Mold' \m 407 165 3 8 2 'Yellow Mold Control of Segregation III Peanuts' \m 426 172 33 9 1 'Florida Peanut Diseases' \m 523 212 114 11 1 'Fungicides for Controlling Peanut Leafspot and Rust' \m 620 250 49 13 1 'Fungicides for Various Peanut Situations for Control of Leafspot' \t'March 1987' Dr. Tom Kucharek, Extension Plant Pathologist DISEASE CONTROL IN PEANUTS (Plant Protection Pointer No. 12 - Disease Control Program for Peanuts) \h 1 'Introduction and Description of Fungi and Viruses' Introduction and Description of Fungi and Viruses Peanut diseases reduce yields and monetary returns by retarding desirable plant development or by diverting product utilization. Some diseases, such as leaf spot and rust, are obvious while others, such as root rots and pod rots, often are unnoticed until dry weather occurs or until harvest time. Diseases are evident in stored peanuts also. The best example of this is a disease called yellow mold which produces aflatoxin in stored peanuts. Most peanut diseases occurring in Florida are caused by fungi. In addition, four viruses (Peanut mottle, peanut stunt, peanut stripe and tomato spotted wilt) have been identified in Florida. Peanut stripe virus has been found at University of Florida land sites in 1983, 1984, 1985 and 1986. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was first found on peanuts in 1986. TSWV has the potential for limiting yield. The section in this Plant Protection Pointer entitled "Florida Peanut Dis- eases" shows that not only do pathogens live on or in a peanut plant but most of them are capable of surviving in the soil. In order to understand this complex ability of pathogens, we must know something of their life cycles. FUNGI are plants that have no true roots, leaves, stems or chlorophyll. Instead, they have hyphae (microscopic threads) of various types which can grow in the soil or in a host plant. These threads absorb food from the plant or organic material in the soil. Fungi cannot make certain necessary food materials, so they live on materials manufactured by other organisms. Fungi reproduce by various methods. They produce various types of spores (microscopic seeds). Some spore types are air borne and thus can be spread by air currents. The fungi causing leaf spots and rust produce hundreds and even thousands of these spores in one spot on a leaf. Many of the fungi causing pod rots, seedling blights, and root rots produce heavy duty spores, or resting spores, that can survive in the soil for many years. Soil fungi decline in number when their favorite hosts are absent. This is the basis for crop rotation as a recommended disease control measure. When fungi come into contact with a peanut plant, they grow on it and eventually enter the plant. Some are able to penetrate directly, while others gain entrance only when an opening or a wound is present. Plants have natural openings through which fungi enter into the plant. Diseases of the roots and pods are more severe after being wounded by nematodes. Therefore, one method of reducing disease is by controlling nematodes. Fungi, like other living things, are injured or killed by certain chemicals. This is the basis for controlling leaf spots and rust with fungicides. \b\v VIRUSES that cause disease on peanuts are particles made of RNA core covered with a protein coat. Their small size requires an electron microscpe to visualize their shape and size characteristics. Peanut mottle virus and peanut stripe virus are both seed-borne and further spread by aphids. Tomato spotted wilt virus is spread by thrips and has a wide host range, including some common weeds. With this basic information at hand, it becomes understandable that no one control measure will be totally effective in controlling all peanut diseases. A series of coordinated control measures are necessary to do a proper job. Each step requires knowledge and experience. \h 1 'Sequential Control Practices for Peanut Diseases' \h 2 'Crop Rotation' Sequential Control Practices for Peanut Diseases 1. Crop Rotation The choice you make in selecting a field should be based on the past history of the land available. Whenever possible, an interval of 3-4 years between peanut crops on the same land is preferable. Shorter intervals increase the occurrence of most peanut diseases. For example, in one situation peanut leaf spot was 12 times more severe in June when peanuts were planted in a field which had peanuts the previous year than in another field close by where peanuts followed soybeans. From this do not presume that a soybean-peanut rotation is best. Soybeans are highly susceptible to the fungus causing white mold on peanuts. Considering all diseases on peanuts, IT IS BEST TO ROTATE WITH GRASS CROPS such as pasture grasses, sorghum or corn, since many fungi causing diseases of grass crops do not cause diseases of peanuts and vice versa. Recent studies demonstrated that the fungus that produces Aflatoxin will be in higher populations with rotations including corn and peanuts and in lower populations with rotations including soybeans or fallow. Also Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) can survive in Florida soils for 5 years even with a bahia grass rotation. \h 2 'Deep Plowing' 2. Deep Plowing When turning the soil during land preparation, every effort should be made to bury surface trash and stubble 6 inches deep even if a grass crop preceded the peanut crop. This method of control is specifically aimed at reducing white mold and other soil borne diseases, but it is also beneficial in reducing leaf spot when the interval between peanut crops is only one or two years. Planting peanuts in a no till situation has resulted in both good and bad results by the same grower. Seedlings and young plants are highly susceptible to soilborne fungi such as Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp. and Pythium spp. Poor stands resulted when the grower used a single disk opener for the seed furrow. A better stand resulted when the grower used a subsoiler with the single disk opener. The shank of the subsoiler cleared away organic matter from the emergence zone. This suggests that pushing away some of the organic trash from the immediate planting zone could be beneficial. \b\v \v \v \h 2 'Lime and Fertilizer Relations with Peanut Diseases' 3. Lime and Fertilizer Relations with Peanut Diseases Calcium availability and placement are critical for peanuts. Deficiency of calcium in the fruit predisposes the plant to peg and pod rots caused by fungi. Calcium (Ca++) deficiencies usually result from inadequate calcium IN THE PEGGING ZONE or competition from excess cations such as potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg++) or ammonium (NH4+). Gypsum can replenish calcium in the pegging zone. Avoid excessive potassium usage on peanuts. Blemished pods (non bright) are commonly colonized by Fusarium sp. and other fungi because calcium is limiting in the pegging zone. Use a limestone source without magnesium if magnesium is adequate according to soil tests. \h 2 'Weed Control' 4. Weed Control Less white mold and other soil borne diseases occur where herbicides are used rather than cultivation for weed control. Cultivation frequently increases damage to plants and often results in soil and debris being deposited on the peanut plant. These conditions are ideal for development of white mold and other soil borne diseases. Some caution must be used with herbicides as intensive use of them will stress plants and reduce SMK'S. Also, because weeds interfere with fungicide spray deposition, leafspot will be more difficult to control. Peanut leaf spot has been observed to be more severe under coffeeweeds while non-weed areas had less peanut leafspot. Such a situation may not be considered important until spray intervals are interrupted or a less effective fungicide is used; then spores produced near the weeds serve as an intense inoculum source off-setting desired control. \h 2 'Nematode Control' 5. Nematode Control Nematodes cause wounds in roots and pods. They create an open door situation for fungi. By controlling nematodes pod rot problems will be reduced. Most pod rot and some white mold problems in Florida have been reduced by controlling nematodes. \h 2 'Seed Treatment' 6. Seed Treatment Most of the seed peanuts that you buy are treated with a fungicide seed treatment. This control measure increases the original stand by reducing seed and seedling decay caused by fungi. We have measured beneficial effects of seed treatments up to 14 days after planting using seed treatment chemicals. Do not offset benefits from seed treatment by planting excessively deep. The following seed treatment fungicides are effective: Botran 30C (use in combination with Thiram or Vitavax) Captan-DCNA Botec Vitavax-30C (use in combination with Thiram, Captan, Evershield II, Evershield C, or Botran) CAUTION: DO NOT FEED TREATED SEED TO MAN OR BEAST UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCE. \b\v \v \v \h 2 'Resistant Varieties' 7. Resistant Varieties The Florunner peanut variety has some degree of resistance to yellow mold, the fungus that produces aflatoxin which if detected by the buyers will divert peanuts to Segregation 3 peanuts. The variety Early Bunch has a higher yield potential than the variety Florunner but Early Bunch is more susceptible to late leaf spot. Large seeded peanut varieties such as Florigiant, Early Bunch, NC7, and GK3 incur more pod rot. This can be related to higher calcium requirements for large seeded peanut varieties. The release of Southern Runner, a variety with resistance to late leaf spot, has occurred. Begin considering how you can integrate a variety with leaf spot resistance into your future plans. Available data suggests that 20 day spray intervals will suffice on the Southern Runner variety. \h 2 'Avoid Deep Planting if Moisture Permits' 8. Avoid Deep Planting if Moisture Permits Planting excessively deep will offset benefits from seed treatments. The longer it takes for a seedling to emerge, the longer the entire plant is exposed to soil-borne fungi. Recommended planting depths are 2 to 3 inches in light textured soils and 1 1/2 to 2 inches in heavy textured soils. \h 2 'Minimize Stress on the Root System' 9. Minimize Stress on the Root System Excessive use of herbicides and alternate wetting and drying of soils can weaken the root sytem and reduce the rate of root growth, thereby allowing "weak" fungi to colonize root tissue and reduce plant vigor. \h 2 'Foliar Applications of Fungicides' 10. Foliar Applications of Fungicides This control measure is directed primarily at peanut leaf spot and peanut rust. Fungicides do not eradicate established disease; they protect uninfected tissue from becoming infected. For this reason IT IS SUGGESTED THAT YOUR SPRAY PROGRAM BEGIN BEFORE LEAF SPOT APPEARS. INITIATION OF SPRAY PROGRAM - At the present time, no specific date can be given to start a spray program. However, certain guidelines should be helpful. 1. Beginning at 30 days after planting, periodically walk through a representative portion of your peanut fields looking for a trace amount of peanut leaf spot. EARLY DETECTION in conjunction with EARLY SPRAYING will make subsequent fungicide applications more effective. Begin spray program 25 days after planting for the Early Bunch variety. 2. Leaf spot will appear earlier when peanuts are not rotated with other crops. \b\v 3. Dry weather will retard leaf spot development. Conversely, wet weather aids leaf spot development. 4. Where a large acreage is involved and the fungicide is applied by ground equipment, begin your spray program early enough so that the entire acreage has been sprayed before leaf spot begins on the last part of the acreage sprayed. This is a judgement decision on your part based on your own past experience for those fields involved. 5. Peanuts planted in late March and early to mid April will be exposed for a shorter period of time to leaf spot-favorable weather than peanuts planted at later dates (assuming the same age at harvest). 6. Peanut fields or those portions of a field next to a field planted in peanuts the previous year should be sprayed by the time they are 35 days old. SPRAY INTERVALS - An average spray interval for fungicide applications should be 10-14 days for the Florunner variety. If Early Bunch is used, a 10 day spray interval is advised. During dry periods, the longer interval is more suitable while during periods of heavy rains, the shorter interval should be considered because rains promote disease development and wash off spray residues. Spray intervals longer than 14 days should not be used. With Southern Runner 20 day spray intervals are adequate. If you normally apply 7 applications per season on Florunner, better leafspot control will result if the first 4 applications are 10 days apart and the last 3 applications are 14 days apart rather than a switch from 14 to 10. Growers often shorten spray intervals when it is too late. If leafspot does get severe in mid-season because of poor control practices earlier, then use 7-10 day intervals at highest label rates. APPLICATIONS OF FUNGICIDES - Fungicide sprays may be applied by ground equipment or by aircraft. Ground equipment used for application of fungicides include boom sprayers, air blast sprayers (air, air mist or blower sprayers), and irrigation systems. Fungicides will perform better when applied at 10-15 gallons of water per acre if a high psi (250) is used. For low psi situations (40-50), 25 gallons of water per acre is best. Using 50 GPA at 250 psi will perform well provided heavy rains do not occur. Over the years, use of 20-30 gallons of water per acre will result in best control, regardless of spray pressure. When using BOOM EQUIPMENT three nozzles per row are best. Center one nozzle directly over the row and the other two can be used also to cover the row center canopy when plants are small. Swivel nozzles are available and will allow you to adjust spray direction as your crop grows. The nozzle components should be of the type that discharge a hollow cone or flat fan pattern. Various sizes of nozzle parts are available for adjusting to gallonages and pressures. Consult with an equipment dealer on what sizes you need for various gallonage-pressure combinations at a given tractor speed. Use the same nozzle size for the entire boom. \b\v AIR BLAST SPRAYERS would be expected to provide control equal to boom spryaers provided that the nozzles are adjusted to deliver a uniform pattern of spray across the sprayed swath. Most failures with air blast sprayers result from lack of uniform spray deposition across the entire spray swath or attempts to over-extend the spray swath beyond sprayer design specifications. Wind can cause uneven distribution of spray deposition. IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT can be used but is not advised to deliver the fungicide (fungigation). First and foremost, THIS SHOULD NOT BE ATTEMPTED WITHOUT ANTI-BACK SIPHONING DEVICES ON THE WELL AND INJECTION EQUIPMENT AND WITHOUT LABEL CLEARANCE of the fungicide. Residues of the fungicide on the leaves are less when fungicides are injected through an irrigation system rather than a conventional ground spray. Leafspot control has not been as effective when using fungigation compared to ground equipment. Yield has been decreased when using fungigation compared to ground spray applications in some tests while the reverse has resulted in other situations. It is potentially dangerous to use. AERIAL APPLICATION of fungicides has proven effective through many years of grower use. Any method of application (ground or air) will perform well if other practices such as early planting, early initiation of a spray program, and proper spray intervals are used to minimize disease early in the season. The cost of using aerial application versus ground equipment is dependant upon the acreage involved, cost of maintaining equipment, labor costs and life expectancy of equipment. The grower should consider all these factors in relation to his own enterprise. Aerial applications are generally applied with 3-7 gallons of water per acre. Experience indicates that better leafspot control occurred with 5 gallons than with 3 gallons per acre. Less wind occurs during the early part of the day and thus, better spray deposition occurs on the peanut plant during calm times of the day. ALTERNATION OF FUNGICIDES TO REDUCE COST OF PRODUCTION - Bravo is widely used because it is highly effective; yet growers would like to reduce fungicide costs without incurring yield loss due to leafspot. One method to reduce costs is to alternate a highly effective and expensive material such as Bravo with other fungicides of less cost provided that the alternate fungicide performs equally well to Bravo. Because Bravo is currently the best fungicide for high disease pressure situations, growers who have short rotations, plant late, plant Early Bunch or conduct other practices that are conducive for peanut leafspot should use Bravo at the higher rate season long. For those growers who have lower disease pressure situations (plant early, begin spray program early, have long rotations without peanuts etc.), other fungicides can be used alternately with Bravo or in some cases the other fungicides can be used exclusively throughout the season. Whenever alternating Bravo with other fungicides, use Bravo in the first two applications and the other fungicide alternately with Bravo after that. In other words, do not use a less effective fungicide in the first part of the spray program unless you have a low disease pressure situation (long crop rotation, early planting, early spray program initiation, less susceptible variety such as Southern Runner). \b\v \v CESSATION OF SPRAY PROGRAM - Continue spray program up to 10 days prior to your anticipated date of digging unless you are well assured by weather forecasts that your anticipated digging date will be the digging date. Bravo, Manzate 200 and Dithane M-45 should not be applied within 14 days of harvest. FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROLLING PEANUT LEAFSPOT AND RUST - see Tables 2 and 3 below \h 2 'Chemical Control of White Mold' 11. Chemical Control of White Mold Use an early pegging time treatment of Lorsban 15G has been excellent in recent tests for white mold control. It has added benefits because it is reasonable in cost and is effective for lesser corn stalk borer control. The rate for Lorsban 15G is 15oz/1000 foot of row (13.6 lb/A for 36" row centers). Deliver the granules in a 14-18" band along the row. Apply in a 12 to 15 inch band centered on the row. Do not make more than 1 application/year or use within 21 days of harvest. PCNB + Mocap 10-3G is also effective for white mold control and should be applied at 100#/A in a 14-18 inch band 40-60 days after planting. Terraclor 10G (100#/A) may or may not perform adequately. Either chemical should be used only in fields where white mold is known to be a problem as this treatment is costly. See label for restrictions. Also, drag a sack or similar device across vines to distribute the granules to the soil surface. Do not apply to wet foliage. Do not throw dirt on the base of the plant when cultivating. Do not incorporate granules into the soil as white mold is at the soil surface and that is where the granules need to be placed. Application of these products after the appearance of white mold is not as effective as the early pegging treatment. \h 2 'Yellow Mold Control of Segregation III Peanuts' 12. Yellow Mold (Aspergillus flavus) Control of Segregation III Peanuts The fungus which produces aflatoxin can be reduced at harvest time by using an invertor during the digging operation. Most infection of this fungus takes place after digging when the moisture content of the peanut is between 12-35 percent. Inverting allows the peanuts to dry faster and minimizes contact of the soil with the fruit. Also, control pod rot. Once the peanuts are combined every effort should be made to dry the peanuts below 12% moisture as soon as possible. Do not allow a wagon full of peanuts to stand without proper drying. Corn and peanuts are the crops most likely to increase populations of this fungus. For more complete information on peanut harvesting, drying and storage see University of Florida Agricultural Engineering Bulletin 209. \b\v \v \v \h 1 'Florida Peanut Diseases' Table 1: Florida Peanut Diseases *Occurs but not considered to be of major importance. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Organism Diseases Habitat ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Peanut mottle (virus) Mosaic Carried in seed, aphid transmitted Peanut stunt (virus) Plant stunting and Carried in seed, fruit distortion aphid transmitted Peanut stripe (virus) Mosaic Carried in seed, aphid transmitted Tomato spotted wilt Stunting, ringspots, Thrip transmitted virus (virus) mottling and mosaic Pythium sp. (fungus) Seedling Blight, Root Survives in soil or soil Rot, Peg Rot, Pod Rot debris Rhizoctonia solani Seedling Blight, Stem Carried in seed*, survives (fungus) Rot, Root Rot, Peg Rot, in soil or soil debris, Pod Rot, Aerial Leaf disseminated by air currents Blight or Leaf Spot or rain splash* Fusarium sp. (fungus) Seedling Blight, Root Carried in seed*, survives Rot, Wilts, Peg Rot, in soil or soil debris, Pod Rot disseminated by air currents or rain splash* Aspergillus niger Seedling Blight, Carried in seed*, survives (fungus) Crown Rot in soil or soil debris, disseminated by air currents or rain splash* Aspergillus flavus Seedling Blight, Carried in seed, survives in (fungus) Yellow Mold (cause of soil or soil debris, Seg. III Peanuts) disseminated by air currents or rain splash* Rhizopus sp. (fungus) Seedling Blight Carried in seed, survives in soil or soil debris, disseminated by air currents or rain splash* Macrophominia Seedling Blight, Pod Carried in seed*, survives phaseolina (fungus) Rot, Peg Rot, Root Rot in soil or soil debris Sclerotium rolfsii Stem Rot (White Mold), Carried in seed*, survives (fungus) Pod Rot, Peg Rot in soil or soil debris (cont'd) \b\pFlorida Peanut Diseases - cont'd \p \p*Occurs but not considered to be of major importance. \p------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \p Organism Diseases Habitat \p------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Cercospora arachi- Early Leaf Spot Survives in soil or soil dicola (fungus) debris, disseminated by air currents or rain splash Cercosporidium Late Leaf Spot, Survives in soil or soil personatum (fungus) Peg Spot debris, disseminated by air currents or rain splash Puccinia arachidis Rust Survives in soil or soil (fungus) debris, disseminated by air currents or rain splash Leptosphaerulina Pepper Spot, Survives in soil or soil crassiasca (fungus) Leaf Scorch debris, disseminated by air currents or rain splash Alternaria sp. Alternaria Leaf Spot Survives in soil or soil (fungus) debris, disseminated by air currents or rain splash Cylindrocladium Peg Rot, Pod Rot, Carried in seed*, survives in crotalariae Root Rot, Stem Rot soil or soil debris, dissemi- (Calonectria crota- (CBR) nated by air currents or rain lariae) (fungus) splash* Diplodia gossypina Stem Rot Survives in soil or soil (fungus) debris, disseminated by air currents or rain splash* Ascochyta sp. Leaf Spot and Blotch Survives in soil or soil (fungus) debris*, disseminated by air currents or rain splash* ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \b\v \v \v \v \h 1 'Fungicides for Controlling Peanut Leafspot and Rust' Table 2: FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROLLING PEANUT LEAFSPOT AND RUST: During wet season use fungicide at maximum dosage. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Formu- Diseases Fungicide lation Controlled Rate/Acre ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Basic copper sulfate Wettable Leaf Spot 1 1/2 - 2 lbs + (Tri-basic or Basicop powder & Rust 15-20 lbs (WP) or or CP-Basic Copper 1 qt with Flowable TS 53 WP) + Sulfur LIMITATIONS: No time limitations. Blue Shield Wettable Leaf Spot 1 1/2 - 3 lbs powder LIMITATIONS: No time limitations. COMMENTS: Add 1 qt of Flowable Sulfur for rust control. Bravo 500 Flowable Leaf Spot 1 1/2 - 2 1/8 pts & Rust Spreader-sticker not needed LIMITATIONS: Do not apply within 14 days of harvest. Do not allow livestock to graze treated areas. Do not feed hay or threshings from treated fields to livestock. COMMENTS: During the 1987 season, the manufact- urer of Bravo 500 intends to switch to a new flowable formulation, Bravo 720. The maximum rate for the new product will be 1 1/2 pts/Acre. Citcop 4E or Cop-O-Cide Flowable Leaf Spot 2-3 qts LIMITATIONS: No time limitations. Citcop 5E Flowable Leaf Spot 3-5 pts LIMITATIONS: No time limitations. Dithane M-45 or Wettable Leaf Spot 2 lbs + Spreader- Manzate 200 powder & Rust sticker Flowable Leaf Spot 1.7 qts & Rust LIMITATIONS: Do not feed treated vines, hay or hulls to livestock. Do not apply within 14 days of harvest. (cont'd) \b\pFungicides for Controlling Peanut Leafspot and Rust - cont'd \p \pDuring wet season use fungicide at maximum dosage. \p------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \p Formu- Diseases \pFungicide lation Controlled Rate/Acre \p------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Kocide 101 Wettable Leaf Spot 1 1/2 - 3 lbs powder LIMITATIONS: No time limitations. COMMENTS: Add 1 qt Flowable Sulfur for rust control. Kocide 404S Flowable Leaf Spot 1-2 qts & Rust LIMITATIONS: No time limitations. COMMENTS: Add 1 qt Flowable Sulfur for rust control. Sulfur Flowable Rust 1 qt with Bravo 500 Manzate 200, or Dithane M-45 LIMITATIONS: See label. COMMENTS: Use when rust first appears and reduce spray intervals to 5-7 days. Some leafspot control is attained with sulfur. Benlate + Manzate 200 Wettable Leaf Spot 1/4 lb + 1 1/2 lb WP (1 application per powders season only) Flowable Leaf Spot 1/4 lb + 1.3 qts FL (Manzate 200) LIMITATIONS: Do not apply within 14 days of harvest. Do not graze or feed treated vines, hay or hulls to livestock. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \b\v \v \v \v \h 1 'Fungicides for Various Peanut Situations for Control of Leafspot' Table 3: FUNGICIDES FOR VARIOUS FLORIDA PEANUT SITUATIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF PEANUT LEAF SPOT WHEN USING GROUND SPRAYERS Situations are based on 14 day spray intervals. Shorter spray intervals may result in better performance for those fungicides in List B that are not in List A. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Crop Rotation Planting Time of First Spray Scheme Date Application Fungicide* ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Peanuts in LIST A: Bravo 500* field within Dithane M-45 + sulfur last 2 years Manzate 200 + sulfur ---------------------------------------------------- LATE After peanuts are (After mid-May 35 days old LIST A in the Florida ------------------- Panhandle) Before peanuts are LIST A 35 days old ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Peanuts NOT After peanuts are LIST A. Fungicides in in field 35 days old but LIST B may perform within not later than satisfactorily up to last 2 48 days old this point. years EARLY ---------------------------------------------- Before peanuts are LIST B: 35 day old Basic copper sulfate + sulfur, Bravo 500*, Citcop 4E or 5E, Cop-O-Cide, Blue Shield, Dithane M-45, Kocide 101, Kocide 404S, Manzate 200 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *During the 1987 season, the manufacturer of Bravo 500 intends to switch to a new flowable formulation, Bravo 720. The maximum rate for the new product will be 1 1/2 pts/Acre.