\m    21    7   90    2  1 'Suggested Control Program'
\m    22    7  124    2  2 'General Information'
\m    61   24   25    2  2 'Timing'
\m    91   35   98    3  2 'Coverage'
\m   114   45    0    3  2 'Rates'
\m   136   54   47    4  2 'Precautions'
\m   150   60   16    4  2 'Pecan Spray Schedule'
\m   151   60   45    4  3 'Spray Schedule'
\m   301  111  121    7  3 'Pesticide Amounts and Restrictions'
\m   430  161   84    9  2 'Gallons of Spray by Tree Size'
\m   450  169    3   10  2 'Residue Tolerances and Limitations'
\m   504  191   34   11  2 'Amount of Pesticide Required per 100 Gallons'
\m   505  191   87   11  3 'Wettable Powders'
\m   530  203    0   11  3 'Emulsifiable Concentrates'
\t'November 1987'                                                   'V J-'
\a                    Dr. Russell F. Mizell III, Entomologist
\a
\a                            INSECT CONTROL IN PECANS

                    Dr. Russell F. Mizell III, Entomologist
\h 1 'Suggested Control Program'
\h 2 'General Information'


                            INSECT CONTROL IN PECANS

                           Suggested Control Program

General Information:

Disease and insects are often the limiting factors in the production of pecans
in Florida.  The crop requires about 7 months to develop and during that time
is subject to attack by a variety of pests.  A good disease and insect control
program is important, not only in protecting the maturing crop, but it is
essential to the production of high yields year after year.  Trees, which are
prematurely defoliated by insects, mites, and diseases, frequently set a light
crop the following year.  Pecan varieties differ in resistance to scab and
other diseases.  Scab susceptible varieties will require more fungicide sprays
than resistant varieties.  Check with your county extension director to
determine the most suitable varieties for local conditions.  Although today's
pecan grower is fortunate to have effective fungicides, insecticides, and
improved spray equipment available to him, spraying for pest control is not an
easy job.  It requires attention to many details that on the surface may seem
unimportant.  Even the best spray program can be improved if the following
cultural and sanitary practices are followed:

         1.   Knock shucks from branches.  Turn under, or rake and burn,
              culls, shucks, leaves and leaf stems, to prevent build-up of
              insects and diseases.  For shuckworm control, disc 3 inches deep
              during late February or early March.

         2.   Provide better air circulation in orchard; mow or disc weeds,
              and prune low hanging limbs.  Keeping the tree row weed-free by
              use of herbicides is recommended.

         3.   Maintain tree vigor by following recommended fertility
              practices.  (See Circular 280-B, Pecan Production in Florida.)

Perhaps the three most important factors in a spray program are timing,
coverage and rate (discussed in subsequent sections).
\h 2 'Timing'


Timing:

Some insects such as nut casebearer, pecan weevil, and hickory shuckworm occur
in orchards at particular and somewhat predictable times.  Timing of sprays
for control of these insects is very important and each grower should learn to
recognize the vulnerable stages of these insects and time sprays accordingly.

The pecan weevil is becoming a serious pest of pecans in Florida.  The adults
emerge from the soil beginning in July and can continue emergence into
November.  Adults feed on the nuts until the shell begins to harden and then
they begin laying eggs.  Feeding prior to shell hardening prevents nut
development and causes the nut to drop.

\bGrowers should check for adult weevils starting about July 15 by shaking
branches, using traps (sticky bands, burlap bands, ground cages, Malaise trunk
traps), or spraying a few selected trees with a quick knock down spray such as
pyrenone (lay a ground cloth under the trees so that the dislodged weevils can
be seen).

Spray when adult weevils are found and continue at 7 to 10 day intervals
during weevil emergence.  Spraying need not start until the shell begins to
harden, if the early population does not appear large enough to cause serious
nut drop.  Drought periods will delay weevil emergence.

Excessive use of insecticides should be avoided as it may create insect
problems that otherwise would not exist, as well as adding to the pollution of
our environment.
\h 2 'Coverage'


Coverage:

In applying spray materials, all leaves, twigs, and nuts should be covered.
Hydraulic machines are designed to use large volumes of water to carry the
chemicals to the trees.  Sprays should be applied until water runs off leaves
in the upper portion of the tree.  Do not attempt to concentrate or use low
volume sprays with hydraulic equipment (see the section on "Gallons of Spray
by Tree Size").

Air blast and mist blowers are designed for low volume applications.  Air
blast equipment should be adjusted before the spray season begins to deliver
the desired volume of spray in the proper pattern as is dictated by tree size.
Consult instruction manuals or spray machine representative for advice on
correct placement of spray nozzles.

Remember, when spraying with air blast sprayers, the pesticide is carried to
the tree in a small volume of water which is diluted by a larger volume of air.
Too fast a rate of travel will result in insufficient coverage where the trees
are not filled and spray-laden air; thus poor coverage results.  Small to
medium sized trees can be row sprayed while very large trees should be circled.
\h 2 'Rates'


Rates:

Insecticides are recommended at specific rates of application which have been
found to be effective and non-phytotoxic under Florida conditions.  It is,
therefore, very important to: 1) know the required rate of chemical per tree;
2) calculate the gallons of spray per tree the machine will deliver at a given
rate of travel; 3) calculate the amount of chemical to add per tank.  Example:
Carbaryl is recommended at 0.30 pound of 80% formulation per tree.  If 10
trees were sprayed per 100 gallons of water, then 10 times 0.30 equals 3.0
pounds of carbaryl required for 100 gallons or 15 pounds per 500 gallon tank.

The insecticides listed in this guide have been shown in field trials to be
effective against the pests; however, because of local differences in use
patterns, i.e. frequency of application, pesticides used, etc., some materials
may no longer be effective or they may cause outbreaks of other pests.
Alternating materials should help to avoid or delay these problems as will the
practice of spraying only when necessary.  In any event, the grower should be
aware of this and be prepared to shift materials as the situation demands.
\b\v
\h 2 'Precautions'
\v
\v
Precautions:

Parathion, azinphos methyl and demeton are especially toxic to man and should
be applied only by state licensed applicators.  Read the entire label before
opening any pesticide container and heed all cautions and warnings.  Store
pesticides in original labeled containers and out of reach of children, pets,
and livestock, under lock and key.  Dispose of left-over spray materials and
all empty containers promptly and safely.  Follow the recommended dosage and
waiting periods to avoid excess residues and injury to plants and animals.
Avoid drift of pesticides to adjacent areas.  See the section entitled
"Residue Tolerances and Limitations for Pesticides" for residue tolerances.
\h 2 'Pecan Spray Schedule'
\h 3 'Spray Schedule'



Pecan Spray Schedule:


   SPRAY SCHEDULE

This schedule is a guide to aid the grower; however, all pertinent information
relating to the pesticides cannot be included.  Many of these sprays can be
eliminated by monitoring for the presence of target pests.  It is the
responsibility of the grower to read the label for information on restrictions
and correct use.  USE OF A PESTICIDE INCONSISTENT WITH THE LABEL IS ILLEGAL.

Amounts shown are for medium sized trees (25-30 ft) in rows 60 ft apart.  For
larger trees, multiply the amount of pesticide formulation by 1.25; for
smaller trees, multiply by 0.75.

If different pesticide formulations are used, they should be used at an
equivalent amount of actual toxicant per acre.  Tank mixes of different
compounds should be tested in small amounts before filling tank.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Time of Spray           Pesticide              To Control
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FIRST PRE-     Benlate 50WP, Cyprex 65WP,      Scab
POLLINATION    Duter 30F, Super-Tin 4L,
(approx.       Triple Tin 4L
April 1)
               Cygon 2.67EC, Diazinon 50WP,    Leaf Casebearer, Nut Casebearer
               EPN 5EC, Guthion 50WP,
               Imidan 50WP, Lindane 20%,
               Malathion 25WP, Parathion 2EC,
               Spectracide 4E, Savit 80WP

               Guthion 50WP, Lindane 20%,      Phylloxera
               Malathion 25WP, Parathion 2EC,
               Thiodan 50WP, Lorsban 4E

     REMARKS:  Do not use Cyprex on Moore or Van Deman var.; cattle grazing -
     read label.

\p                                    (cont'd)
\b\pSpray Schedule - cont'd
\p------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\pTime of Spray           Pesticide              To Control
\p------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECOND PRE-    Benlate 50WP, Cyprex 65WP,      Scab, Downy Spot, Nursery Blight
POLLINATION    Duter 30F, Super-Tin 4L,
(approx.       Triple Tin 4L
April 15)
               Bacillus thuringiensis,         Fall Webworm/Walnut Caterpillar
               Diazinon 50WP, EPN 5EC,
               Guthion 50WP, Malathion 25WP,
               Parathion 2EC, Spectracide 4E

               Lindane 20%, Thiodan 50WP,      Phylloxera
               Lorsban 4E

     REMARKS:  Increase volume per tree as foliage grows.  Alternation of
     insecticide throughout season is suggested to avoid outbreak of secondary
     pests.

FIRST COVER    Benlate 50WP, Cyprex 65WP,      Scab, Downy Spot, Nursery Blight
(approx.       Duter 30F, Super-Tin 4L,
May 1)         Triple Tin 4L

               Bacillus thuringiensis,         Fall Webworm/Other Caterpillars
               Diazinon 50WP, EPN 5EC,
               Guthion 50WP, Imidan 50WP,
               Malathion 25WP, Parathion 2EC,
               Spectracide 4E

               Cygon 2.67EC, Malathion 25WP,   Aphids
               Methomyl 1.8L, Pydrin 2.4EC,
               Asana 1.9EC, Spectracide 4E,
               Zolone 3EC, Ammo 2.5E,
               Cymbush 3E, Ethion 4E
               (labelled in Florida in combi-
               nation with Ammo), Mavrik 2E

               Cygon 2.67EC, Di-Syston 8EC,    Mites
               4EC, Zolone 3EC, Kelthane
               35WP, Vendex 4L

     REMARKS:  Spray for aphids and mites only if numbers avg. of more than 30
     per compound leaf, if sprayed previously for nut casebearer, do not repeat.


SECOND COVER   See first cover.                Scab, Powdery Mildew, Aphid,
(approx.                                       Mites, Spittlebug
May 21)

     REMARKS:  If weather is rainy, apply fungicides at 2 wk intervals or
     increase rate by 1/2.  Combinations of insecticides tank mixed may be
     necessary to control all pests present.

\p                                    (cont'd)
\b\pSpray Schedule - cont'd
\p------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\pTime of Spray           Pesticide              To Control
\p------------------------------------------------------------------------------
THIRD COVER    See first cover.                Scab, Downy Spot, Brown Leaf
(approx.                                       Spot, Powdery Mildew, Aphid,
June 15)                                       Mites

     REMARKS:  Check nuts for shuckworm damage. Spray either Cygon 2.67EC,
     Duter 30F, Guthion 50WP, Imidan 50WP, Parathion 2EC, Supracide 2EC,
     Cymbush 3E, Ammo 2.5 EC or Zolone 3EC if present.

FOURTH COVER   See first cover.                Scab, Downy Spot, Brown Leaf
(approx.                                       Spot, Powdery Mildew, Aphid,
July 7)                                        Mites

               Diazinon 50WP, EPN 5EC,         Hickory Shuckworm
               Guthion 50WP, Parathion 2EC,
               Supracide 2EC, Zolone 3EC,
               Lorsban 4E, Ammo 2.5 E,
               Cymbush 3E, Pydrin 2.4EC,
               Asana 1.9 EC

               Savit 4F, Savit 80WP,           Weevil
               Sevin 80WP, EPN, methomyl

               Bacillus thuringiensis,         Fall Webworm/Walnut Caterpillar
               Diazinon 50WP, Malathion 25WP

     REMARKS:  Apply second and third shuckworm spray at 2 wk intervals after
     first spray.  EPN and methomyl effective against low weevil populations
     only.

FIFTH COVER    See fourth cover.               Scab, Downy Spot, Brown Leaf
(approx.                                       Spot, Powdery Mildew, Aphid,
July 30)                                       Mites, Hickory Shuckworm, Weevil

     REMARKS:  Aphids and mites may build up if Sevin is used for weevils.
     Monitor and spray if numbers of aphids exceeds avg. of 10 per compound
     leaf.  Sample randomly throughout the orchard.


SIXTH COVER    See fourth cover.               Scab, Downy Spot, Brown Leaf
(approx.                                       Spot, Powdery Mildew, Mites,
Aug. 15)                                       Aphid, Hickory Shuckworm, Weevil

     REMARKS:  Aphids and mites should be controlled as necessary in late
     season.  Foliage should remain on trees until frost.  Follow preharvest
     intervals as indicated by label for specific pesticides.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\b\v
\h 3 'Pesticide Amounts and Restrictions'
\v
\v
   PESTICIDE AMOUNT AND RESTRICTIONS

This schedule is a guide to aid the grower; however, all pertinent information
relating to the pesticides cannot be included.  It is the responsibility of
the grower to read the label for information on restrictions and correct use.
USE OF A PESTICIDE INCONSISTENT WITH THE LABEL IS ILLEGAL.

Amount shown are for medium sized trees (25-30 ft) in rows 60 ft apart.  For
larger trees, multiply the amount of pesticide formulation by 1.25; for
smaller trees, multiply by 0.75.

If different pesticide formulations are used, they should be used at an
equivalent amount of actual toxicant per acre.  Tank mixes of different
compounds should be tested in small amounts before filling tank.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Amount          Interval Between Last
Chemical               per acre        Application and Harvest, Remarks
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ammo 2.5EC             3 - 5 fl oz     Do not feed or graze livestock.

Asana 1.9EC            1.7 - 5 fl oz   Do not feed or graze livestock.
                                       Do not exceed 0.3 lb a.i./season.

Bacillus thuringiensis 0.5 - 1 lb      Several available: Dipel, Thuricide

Benlate 50WP           0.8 lb          Do not apply after shuck split.

Cyprex 65WP            2 lbs           Do not apply after shuck split.  Do not
                                       graze treated orchards.

Cygon 2.67EC           2 pts           Do not apply within 21 days of harvest.

Cymbush 3E             2.6 fl oz       Do not apply withing 21 days of harvest.
                                       Do not graze.

Diazinon 50WP          2 - 6 lbs       Do not apply after shuck split.

Di-Syston 8EC          0.75 - 1 pt     30 days, do not apply more than 3 times
                                       per season.

Duter 30F              1.5 - 3 pts     Do not apply after shuck split.  Do not
                                       graze.

EPN 5EC                0.75 pt         Do not apply after shuck split.  Do not
                                       graze.

Ethion 4E              2.5 qt          Do not apply after shuck split.  Do not
                                       graze.  Labelled in Florida for
                                       combination with Ammo.

Guthion 50WP           2 lbs           Do not apply after shuck split.  Do not
                                       graze for 21 days after treatment.

\p                                    (cont'd)
\b\pPesticide Amount and Restrictions - cont'd
\p------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\p                       Amount          Interval Between Last
\pChemical               per acre        Application and Harvest, Remarks
\p------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Imidan 50WP            1.5 - 2 lbs     14 days.  Do not graze.

Kelthane 35WP          4 lbs           14 days.

Lindane 20%            4 qts           Use only 1 application per season.  Do
                                       not graze.

Malathion 25WP         6 lbs

Mavrik 2E              6.4 fl oz       Non-bearing orchards only.  Do not graze

Methomyl 1.8L          2 - 4 pts       30 days.  Do not graze.

Parathion 2EC          2.5 pts         Do not apply after shuck split or
                                       within 15 days of harvest.  Do not
                                       graze.

Pydrin 2.4 EC          5.3 - 16 fl oz  Do not apply after shuck split.  Do not
                                       graze.  Do not exceed 1.2 lbs/A/season.

Spectracide 4E         4 - 12 pts      Do not apply after shuck split.

Savit 4E               2 - 5 pts       Do not apply more than
                                       7.2 lbs/A/application.

Savit 80WP             3 lbs           Do not apply more than
                                       9 lbs/A/application.

Super-Tin 4L           3 - 9 fl oz     Do not apply after shuck split.
                       per 100 gals

Supracide 2EC          4 pts           Do not apply within 60 days of harvest.
                                       Do not graze.  Do not mix with
                                       fungicides.

Temik 15G              6 lbs           Must be applied in early season within
                                       dripline and worked into soil.  It
                                       must be applied before May 1 unless
                                       special authorization from regulating
                                       agencies is mandated.  (See special note
                                       below.) If place near emitters in irri-
                                       gated orchards use 2.5 - 4.8 lbs ai/A.

Thiodan 50WP           1 lb            Do not apply after shuck split.  Do not
                                       graze.

Triple Tin 4L          3 - 9 fl oz     Do not apply after shuck split.
                       per 100 gals

\p                                    (cont'd)
\b\pPesticide Amount and Restrictions - cont'd
\p------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\p                       Amount          Interval Between Last
\pChemical               per acre        Application and Harvest, Remarks
\p------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vendex 4L              0.63 lb         Do not apply after shuck split.

Zolone 3EC             1 1/3 pts per   Do not apply more than 20 lbs/yr
                       100 gals        (53 1/3 pts).  Do not apply after shuck
                                       split.  Do not graze or feed treated
                                       cover crops.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Temik - Special Note:  Special state restrictions concerning rates and date
to apply accompany use of this compound.  These restrictions will take
precedent over this publication.  Contact your local County Agent before
using Temik.
\h 2 'Gallons of Spray by Tree Size'



Gallons of Spray by Tree Size:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Type of Equipment                   Gallons of Spray by Tree Size
                    -----------------------------------------------------------
                         Small                  Medium               Large
                    (Under 25 feet)         (25-35 feet)        (over 35 feet)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hydraulic                 15                     20                    30

Airblast                  4-10                   5-15                  7 1/2-30

Mist blower               3                      4                     5

Airplane                  1 1/2                  2                     2 1/2
_______________________________________________________________________________
\b\v
\h 2 'Residue Tolerances and Limitations'
\v
\v
Residue Tolerances and Limitations for Chemicals Recommended
for Pecans in this Publication:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                   Residue Tolerance        Interval Between Last Application
Chemical                (ppm)               And Harvest and Other Restrictions
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Azinphos Methyl         0.3                 Do not apply after shucks split.
 (Guthion)                                  Do not graze livestock in treated
                                            orchards within 21 days after
                                            treatment.

Carbaryl                1.0                 No time limitations.  Do not apply
 (Sevin)                                    more than 7.2 lb actual per acre
                                            per application.

Diazinon                0.50                Do not apply after shucks split.

Dimethoate              0.1                 Do not apply within 21 days of
                                            harvest.  Do not graze in treated
                                            areas.

Kelthane                5.0                 14 days

Lindane                 ---                 Make only 1 application/season.
                                            Do not graze.

Malathion               8.0                 No time limitations.

Methomyl                0.10                30 days. Do not graze within 10
 (Lannate, Nudrin)                          days of application.

Parathion               0.1                 Do not apply within 15 days of
                                            harvest or after shucks begin to
                                            open.  Do not graze in treated
                                            areas.

Phosalone               0.05                Do not apply more than 20 lb (53
 (Zolone)                                   1/3 pints per acre per year).  Do
                                            not apply after shucks split.  Do
                                            not graze treated areas.

Pydrin                  ---                 21 days. Do not exceed 4 applica-
                                            tions/season. Do not graze live-
                                            stock.

Vendex                  0.50                Do not apply within 14 days of
                                            harvest or more than 2
                                            times/season. Do not graze
                                            livestock in orchard.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\b\v
\h 2 'Amount of Pesticide Required per 100 Gallons'
\h 3 'Wettable Powders'
\v
\v
Amount of Pesticide Required per 100 Gallons:

   WETTABLE POWDERS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                               Gallons of spray applied per medium sized tree
                             --------------------------------------------------
                                 20     10    7.5     5      4     2.5   2
                              (Dilute)  (2X)  (3X)   (4X)   (5X)   (8X) (10X)
                             --------------------------------------------------
Chemical           Pounds       Pounds of wettable powder per 100 gallons
Formulation        per tree     of water
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Azinphos Methyl    .20          1       2     3       4      5      8    10
  50% WP
Carbaryl 80% WP    .30          1.5     3     4.5     6      7.5    12   15
Guthion 50WP       .07          0.21    0.4   0.6     0.8    1.0    1.6  2.1
Parathion 15% WP   .40          2       4     6       8      10     16   20
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*These figures are for medium size (25-35 ft.) trees.  For larger trees,
multiply either the amount of pesticide formulation per 100 gallons or gallons
per tree by 1.25.  For smaller trees, multiply either gallons per tree or
amount of pesticide formulation by 0.75.
\h 3 'Emulsifiable Concentrates'


   EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATES
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                               Gallons of spray applied per medium sized tree
                             --------------------------------------------------
                                20      10    7.5     5      4     2.5   2
                              (Dilute)  (2X)  (3X)   (4X)   (5X)   (8X) (10X)
                             --------------------------------------------------
Chemical           Ounces       Ounces of emulsifiable concentrate per 100
Formulation        per tree     gallons of water
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Azinphos Methyl    6.4          32      64    96      128    160    256  320
  (2 lb/gal E.C.)

Dimethoate         1.3          6.7     13.4  20      26.8   33.5   53.6 67
  (2.67 lb/gal E.C.)

Lindane            4.7          23.7    48    72      96     120    192  240

Malathion          4            20      40    60      80     100    160  200
  (5 lb/gal E.C.)

Parathion          4            20      40    60      80     100    160  200
  (2 lb/gal E.C.)

Phosalone          4            20      40    60      80     100    160  200
  (3 lb/gal E.C.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* These figures are for medium size (25-35 ft.) trees.  For larger trees,
multiply either the amount of pesticide formulation per 100 gallons or
gallons per tree by 1.25.  For smaller trees, multiply either gallons per
tree or amount of pesticide formulation by .75.
