\m    35   15  101    2  1 'Forest Tree Nurseries (Pines and Cedars)'
\m    36   16   22    2  2 'Sucking Insects and Mites - Symptoms of Damage'
\m    69   30   22    2  2 'Sucking Insects and Mites - Suppression'
\m    93   37   94    3  2 'Defoliators - Symptoms of Damage'
\m   124   52    3    3  2 'Defoliators - Suppression'
\m   169   68  104    4  2 'Bark and Stem Feeders - Symptoms of Damage'
\m   197   80   56    5  2 'Bark and Stem Feeders - Suppression'
\m   239   95   15    6  2 'Root Feeders - Symptoms of Damage'
\m   275  111    6    6  2 'Root Feeders - Suppression'
\m   333  130   91    8  1 'Christmas Trees (Pines and Cedars)'
\m   334  131    6    8  2 'Symptoms of Damage'
\m   388  153  112    9  2 'Management Practices'
\m   482  184   43   11  1 'Pine Seed Orchards (Cone and Seed Insects)'
\m   483  184   94   11  2 'Symptoms of Damage'
\m   526  199   82   11  2 'Management Practices'
\m   589  221   51   13  1 'Commercial Forest Trees (Pines and Cypress)'
\m   590  221  103   13  2 'Pine Trees 6-10 Years'
\m   591  222    5   13  3 'Defoliators - Symptoms of Damage'
\m   631  237   67   13  3 'Defoliators - Suppression'
\m   660  248   22   14  3 'Bark and Stem Feeders - Symptoms of Damage'
\m   690  259   21   14  3 'Bark and Stem Feeders - Suppression'
\m   733  273   29   15  2 'Pine Trees 11-40 Years'
\m   734  273   60   15  3 'Defoliators - Symptoms of Damage'
\m   754  279  114   16  3 'Bark and Stem Feeders - Symptoms of Damage'
\m   813  299   29   17  3 'Bark and Stem Feeders - Suppression'
\m   886  327  111   18  2 'Cypress Trees All Ages'
\m   887  328   14   18  3 'Defoliators - Symptoms of Damage'
\m   919  340   82   19  3 'Defoliators - Suppression'
\t'November 1987'                                                 'III-'
\a              D.E. Short, R.C. Wilkinson, W.N. Dixon, J.L. Foltz
\a
\a                     FOREST AND SHADE TREE INSECT CONTROL

              D.E. Short, R.C. Wilkinson, W.N. Dixon, J.L. Foltz
\h 1 'Forest Tree Nurseries (Pines and Cedars)'
\h 2 'Sucking Insects and Mites - Symptoms of Damage'

                     FOREST AND SHADE TREE INSECT CONTROL



FOREST TREE NURSERIES (PINES AND CEDARS):


                           Sucking Insects and Mites

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Symptoms of Damage          Common Name        Description of Pest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Needles curling, mottled    Spruce Mite        Dark green to brown color;
yellowing or bronzing;                         0.5mm length; oval; 8-legged
silk webbing or matting     Southern red mite  Pale to dark red color;
between or on needles                          0.4mm length; oval; 8-legged
                            Twospotted spider  Pale yellow, green to brown,
                            mite and others    two dark spots; 0.5mm length;
                                               oval; 8-legged

Needles stunted, curling    Aphids             Soft bodied, pear shape; white,
yellowing, or distorted;                       green, yellow, gray, brown,
resinosis, black sooty                         black; 1-6mm length; wings pre-
mold                                           sent or absent
                            Pine scale         White waxy coat; yellow to
                            Pine needle scale  yellowish-brown tip; 3-4mm
                                               length; legs and mobility
                                               reduced (Taxonomic specialist
                                               required to identify Chionaspis
                                               spp.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\h 2 'Sucking Insects and Mites - Suppression'


Suppression of Sucking Insects and Mites:

A.  Spruce Mite, Southern Red Mite, Twospotted Spider Mite and others

    COMMENTS:  Abundant during periods of warm, dry weather; especially
    damaging during periods of drought.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  Low damage level - no action.  Medium to high damage
    level - employ chemical control.  Spray seedlings.  Cythion (malathion);
    Kelthane (dicofol); Omite (propargite); Pentac (dienchlor); Tedion
    (tetradion); Nialate (ethion).

B.  Aphids, Pine Scale, Pine Needle Scale

    COMMENTS:  Routine insecticide applications may reduce beneficial insect
    populations, thus leading to aphid and scale population buildups.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  Low damage level - no action.  Medium to high damage
    level - employ chemical control.  Spray seedlings.  Cygon or De-Fend
    (dimethoate); Cythion (malathion); Nialate (ethion).
\b\v
\h 2 'Defoliators - Symptoms of Damage'
\v
\v
                                   Defoliators


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Symptoms of Damage          Common Name        Description of Pest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Needles clipped-off;        Pine webworm       Dark and light brown head;
masses of brown pellets in                     light brown body with 4 darker
webbing on stem or branches                    stripes; 20 mm length when
of seedling                                    mature (larva).

Small to large groups of    Redheaded pine     Red head, whitish- or yellowish-
larvae feeding on needles;  sawfly (Pine       green body with 6 rows of
green to brown pellets on   sawflies)          irregular black spots, large
ground underneath damaged                      black spot on hind end; 25 mm
seedlings                                      length when mature (larva).
                                               Other sawfly larvae usually
                                               green background and several
                                               dark to faint longitudinal
                                               stripes.

Cut or chewed cotyledons    Cutworms:          Coloration variable, generally
or primary needles;         Variegated cut-    dull gray or brown background
sunken or depressed         worm, Southern     color with faint to strong
lesions on stems; seed-     armyworm, Army-    banding or stripes; stout, naked
lings cut off at ground-    worm and others    body; 25 mm length when mature
line                                           (larva).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\h 2 'Defoliators - Suppression'


Suppression of Defoliators:

A.  Pine Webworm

    COMMENTS:  Larvae pull clipped-off needles into web-nest for feeding.
    Several (1-14) larvae may occupy a nest.  Pupate in soil.  Several
    generations per year.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  Low damage level - no action.  Natural enemies,
    unfavorable weather usually keep the webworm at low levels.   Medium to
    high damage level - employ physical and/or chemical control.
         CHEMICAL:  Spray seedlings.  Cygon or De-Fend (dimethoate); Cythion
         (malathion); Sevin (carbaryl)
         PHYSICAL:  Handpick and destroy frass nest and larvae of webworms

B.  Redheaded Pine Sawfly

    COMMENTS:  Young larvae feed on outermost part of needles; older larvae
    consume entire needle.  Feed in colonies or groups.  Pupate in soil.  Eggs
    deposited in slits in needles, appearance of light yellow patches.
    Several generations per year.  Longleaf pine favored host.

\b    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  Low damage level - no action.  Natural enemies,
    unfavorable weather usually keep sawflies at low levels.   Medium to high
    damage level - employ physical and/or chemical control.
         CHEMICAL:  Spray seedlings.  Cygon or De-Fend (dimethoate); Cythion
         (malathion); Sevin (carbaryl)
         PHYSICAL:  handpick and destroy sawfly colonies

C.  Cutworms (Variegated Cutworm, Southern Armyworm, Armyworm and others)

    COMMENTS:  Most damage occurs in early spring-summer months while pine
    seedlings are still succulent.  Feeding occurs at night.  Pests hide
    underground during day.  Damage can be confused with damping-off disease.
    Weeds and grasses along nursery borders plus cover-crops may induce
    buildup of cutworm populations.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  Low damage level - no action.  Medium to high damage
    level - employ cultural and/or chemical control.
         CULTURAL:  Clean cultivation and weed control.
         CHEMICAL:  Spray seedlings.  Cythion (malathion); Diazinon; Dursban
         (chlorpyrifos); Dylox (trichlorfon); Sevin (carbaryl)
\h 2 'Bark and Stem Feeders - Symptoms of Damage'


                              Bark and Stem Feeders


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Symptoms of Damage          Common Name        Description of Pest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Foliage discoloration;      Nantucket pine     Head and body light brown to
shoots and tips damaged;    tip moth; Pitch    dark orange; up to 9 mm long
resin drops or flakes and   pine tip moth;     when mature (larva)
fine webbing                Subtropical pine
                            tip moth

Main stem and roots         Pales weevil;      Long snout on small head; light
damaged; irregular patches  Pitch-eating       to dark brown head and body;
of bark missing; crystal-   weevil             many scattered yellowish-white
lized pitch                                    patches on wing covers; 8-12 mm
                                               long (adult)

Girdling of stems close     Lesser cornstalk   Dark brown to black head; bright
to ground; lodging; gall-   borer              green to turquoise-colored body,
like stem formation;                           striped longitudinally with
heavy callus tissue around                     brown; 20 mm long when mature
wound                                          (larva)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\b\v
\h 2 'Bark and Stem Feeders - Suppression'


Suppression of Bark/Stem Feeders:

A.  Nantucket Pine Tip Moth, Pitch Pine Tip Moth, Subtropical Pine Tip Moth

    COMMENTS:  Loblolly pine highly susceptible.  Larvae feed within shoot
    tips; pupate in damaged shoots.  Several generations per year.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  Low damage level - no action.  Medium to high damage
    level - employ physical, cultural and/or chemical control.
         PHYSICAL:  Handpick and destroy damaged shoots
         CULTURAL:  Remove loblolly pine windbreaks
         CHEMICAL:  Spray seedlings:  Cygon or De-Fend (dimethoate). Furadan
         (carbofuran); apply granules to soil in beds.

B.  Pales Weevil, Pitch-Eating Weevil

    COMMENTS:  Adults attracted to recent harvest sites or damaged stands.
    Nurseries near such are at highest risk.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  Low damage level - no action.  Medium to high
    damage level - employ chemical control.
         CHEMICAL:  Spray seedlings:  Dursban (chlorpyrifos). Furadan
         (carbofuran); apply granules to soil in beds.

C.  Lesser Cornstalk Borer

    COMMENTS:  Infestation favored by presence of susceptible host plants,
    sandy soils, and dry, warm weather.  Several generations per year.
    Susceptible covercrops:  corn, sorghum, soybean, millet, peas, peanuts,
    grasses.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  Low damage level - no action.  Medium to high damage
    level - employ cultural and/or chemical control.
         CULTURAL:  Fall or winter cleanup of plant residue and field borders.
         Rotate with nonsusceptible covercrops.
         CHEMICAL:  Spray seedlings:  Dasanit (fensulfothion); Dursban
         (chlorpyrifos); Sevin (carbaryl); Spectracide (diazinon); Thiodan
         (endosulfan). Furadan (carbofuran);  apply granules to soil in beds.
\b\v
\h 2 'Root Feeders - Symptoms of Damage'
\v
\v
                                  Root Feeders


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Symptoms of Damage          Common Name        Description of Pest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Foliage fades and turns     White grubs        Head amber-orange; body C-shaped
brown; seedling roots cut                      and creamy white; well-developed
off; 3-5 mm gouges in large                    legs and jaws; hind end dark
roots; tap root severed,                       color; 25 mm long when mature
smaller roots missing                          (larva)

Seedlings severed above     Mole crickets      Light to dark brown body; front
ground or roots within      (Tawny mole        legs strongly scooped for
60 mm of soil surface;        cricket,         digging; 30-40 mm long when
small lesions on tap root;  Southern mole      mature (nymph and adult)
winding tunnels visible       cricket)
on surface of soil.         Short-winged
                            mole cricket

Girdling of stems above     Lesser cornstalk   Dark brown to black head; bright
or below ground; lodging;     borer            green to turquoise-colored body,
gall-like stem formation;                      striped longitudinally with
heavy callous tissue                           brown; 20 mm long when mature
around wound                                   (larva)

                            Cutworms           Coloration variable, generally
                                               dull gray or brown background
                                               color with faint to strong
                                               banding or stripes; stout,
                                               naked body; 25 mm length when
                                               mature (larva)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\h 2 'Root Feeders - Suppression'


Suppression of Root Feeders:

A.  White Grubs

    COMMENTS:  Newly-established nurseries most susceptible, especially with
    freshly turned-under sod

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  Low damage level - no action.  Medium to high damage
    level - employ cultural and/or chemical control.
         CULTURAL:  delay planting to age turned sod; thoroughly disc nursery
         beds
         CHEMICAL:  Soak soil:  Diazinon; Oftanol (isofenphos); Turcam
         (bendiocarb)

\bB.  Mole Crickets (Tawny Mole Cricket, Short-winged Mole Cricket, Southern
    Mole Cricket)

    COMMENTS:  Pine seedling feeding usually incidental to primary feeding on
    cover crops and grassy borders.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  Low damage level - no action.  Medium to high damage
    level - use chemical control.
         CHEMICAL:  Spray seedlings or soak soil:  Baygon (propoxur);
         Diazinon

C.  Lesser Cornstalk Borer

    COMMENTS:  Infestation favored by presence of susceptible host plants,
    sandy soils, and dry, warm weather.  Several borer generations per year.
    Susceptible covercrops:  corn, sorghum, soybean, millet, peas, peanuts,
    grasses.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  Low damage level - no action.  Medium to high damage
    level - employ cultural and/or chemical control.
         CULTURAL:  Fall or winter cleanup of plant residue and field borders.
         Rotate with nonsusceptible covercrops.
         CHEMICAL:  Drench susceptible cover crops and seedling beds:  Dasanit
         (fensulfothion); Dursban (chlorpyrifos); Sevin (carbaryl);
         Spectracide (diazinon); Thiodan (endosulfan). Furadan (carbofuran);
         apply granules to soil in beds.

D.  Cutworms (Variegated Cutworm, Southern Armyworm, Armyworm and others)

    COMMENTS:  Most damage occurs in early spring-summer months while pine
    seedlings are still succulent.  Feeding occurs at night.  Pests hide
    underground during day.  Damage can be confused with damping-off disease.
    Weeds and grasses along nursery borders plus cover-crops may induce
    buildup of cutworm populations.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  Low damage level - no action.  Medium to high damage
    level - employ cultural and/or chemical control.
         CULTURAL:  Clean cultivation and weed control.
         CHEMICAL:  Spray seedlings:  Cythion (malathion); Diazinon; Dursban
         (chlorpyrifos); Dylox (trichlorfon); Sevin (carbaryl)
\b\v
\h 1 'Christmas Trees (Pines and Cedars)'
\h 2 'Symptoms of Damage'
\v
\v
                       CHRISTMAS TREES (PINES AND CEDARS)


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Symptoms of Damage          Common Name        Description of Pest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Resin and silk webbing on   Pine tip moths     Head and body light brown to
new growth.  Shoots dead                       dark orange; up to 3/8 inch long
or dying-back.  Larvae                         when mature (larva).
feed and pupate in damaged
shoots.

Masses of brown pellets     Pine webworm       Dark and light brown head;
in webbing on stems or                         light brown body with 4
branches.  Larva pull                          darker stripes; about 3/4 inch
clipped-off needles into                       long when mature (larva).
web-nest for feeding.

Branches unevenly defoli-   Redheaded pine     Red head, yellowish-green body
ated.  Groups of larvae       sawfly           with six rows of irregular
feeding together at ends                       black spots; larvae are approxi-
of needles.  Green to                          mately one inch long when
brown pellets on ground                        mature.
underneath damaged trees.

Dead or dying seedlings     Reproduction       Light to dark brown weevils with
with girdled stems.         weevils (Pales     light patches on wing covers;
Damage heaviest near        & Pitch eating     long curved snout and long legs;
fresh pine stumps.          weevils)           from 3/8 - 1/2 inch long.

Needles curling, turning    Mites              Several species involved; color
mottled yellow or bronze                       varies from dark green, brown,
in color.  Silk webbing                        red to pale yellow; about 1/50
may be present between                         inch long.
or on needles.

Black sooty mold. Stunted   Pine aphids and    Aphids are soft bodied, pear-
tree growth.  Ants often    soft (tortoise)    shaped; may be green, yellow,
present.                    scales             brown or black; 1/25 to 1/8
                                               inch long.  Scales are brown
                                               with white streaks;
                                               approximately 1/4 inch
                                               diameter; round, convex body.

Stunted, curled, chlor-     Pine scale and     Elongate, white body with
otic needles.  If scales    Pine needle        yellowish-orange tips; approxi-
are numerous, needles         scale            mately 1/8 inch long.  The two
appear white due to large                      scales are similar in
numbers of scales present.                     appearance.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\b\v
\h 2 'Management Practices'
\v
\v
Management Practices:

A.  Pine Tip Moths

    COMMENTS:  Virginia, spruce and sand pines are hosts.  Four to five moth
    generations per year.

    MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
         CULTURAL:  Prune out and destroy infested tips if feasible.
         CHEMICAL:  Spray trees:  Cygon or De-Fend (dimethoate); Orthene EC
         (acephate); Zolone EC (phosphalone); Dimilin 25W (diflubenzuron).
         Timing is important.  Spray 5-10 days after first moth catch in warm
         weather; 14 days in cool weather.  Object is to kill 1st and 2nd
         instar larvae.  Pheromone traps are available to aid timing of
         applications.  Furadan (carbofuran) granules (soil treatment) are
         mixed into soil under planted trees in February; apply again during
         late July for older trees.

B.  Pine Webworm

    COMMENTS:  Attacks all pines.  Young pine seedlings 1-2 years old are most
    susceptible; older trees seldom infested.  Three to four moth generations
    per year.

    MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
         CULTURAL:  Handpick and destroy the nests and larvae where practical.
         Promote tree vigor to aid in recovery from defoliation.
         CHEMICAL:  Spray trees:  Diazinon EC; Malathion EC; Orthene EC
         (acephate); Sevin WP (carbaryl); Dylox WP (trichlorfon).  If Furadan
         has been applied for pine tip moth control, webworms usually are not
         a problem.

C.  Redheaded Pine Sawfly

    COMMENTS:  All pines are subject to attack.  Three to four sawfly
    generations per year.

    MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
         CULTURAL:  Diseases and parasites often control sawflies.  Handpick
         and destroy colonies when feasible.  Promote tree vigor and health.
         CHEMICAL:  Spray trees when larvae are small:  Cygon, De-Fend
         (dimethoate); Malathion EC (malathion); Orthene EC (acephate); Sevin
         WP (carbaryl).

D.  Reproduction Weevils (Pales and Pitch-eating Weevils)

    COMMENTS:  One to two weevil generations per year.  Attack all pines.
    Damage occurs primarily from March through June.  Weevils breed in fresh
    pine stumps or roots of dead and dying trees and can kill nearby seedlings.

\b    MANAGEMENT METHODS:
         CULTURAL:  Uproot and burn fresh stumps; also any dead or dying
         trees.  If possible, delay planting near freshly cut-stumps for one
         year.
         CHEMICAL:  Spray stumps and soil within 3 foot distance with 1%
         lindane or 2% Dursban EC (chlorpyrifos).  Spray foliage and stem of
         seedlings with 2% Dursban.  Mix Furadan (carbofuran) granules in soil
         near young trees.

E.  Mites

    COMMENTS:  Attack pines and cedars, especially during warm, dry weather.
    Multiple generations per year.


    MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
         CULTURAL:  Minimize insecticidal use whenever possible.  Buildup
         occurs after use of many insecticides.
         CHEMICAL:  Spray trees:  Kelthane (dicofol); Ethion (nialate);
         Malathion.

F.  Pine Aphids and Soft (tortoise) Scales

    COMMENTS:  May attack all species of pines.

    MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
         CULTURAL:  Generally controlled by beneficial insects if routine
         insecticide applications haven't reduced beneficial populations.
         Control ants, which protect aphids and scales from beneficial insects.
         CHEMICAL:  Aphids and scales - spray trees with Dimethoate EC (Cygon,
         De-Fend).  Ants - Place Amdro bait in ant mounds.

G.  Pine Scale and Pine Needle Scale

    COMMENTS:  All pine species may be attacked.

    MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
         CULTURAL:  Parasites usually keep scale populations at low levels.
         CHEMICAL:  Spray trees.  Cygon or De-Fend (dimethoate); Nialate
         (ethion).
\b\v
\h 1 'Pine Seed Orchards (Cone and Seed Insects)'
\h 2 'Symptoms of Damage'
\v
\v
                   PINE SEED ORCHARDS (CONE AND SEED INSECTS)


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Symptoms of Damage          Common Name        Description of Pest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nymphs and adults feed      Slash pine flower  Slender (cigar-shaped) insects
on female flowers of slash    thrips           less than 1/8 inch long; dark
pine from bud-burst until                      brown to black in color; may be
pollination occurs; small                      winged or wingless (adult)
resin beads present on
female flowers.  Flowers
sometimes die or conelets
and cones are distorted.

Larvae destroy buds,        Pine coneworms     Mature caterpillars are yellow-
shoots, flowers, and cones                     brown to purplish-brown,
of pines; tunnel exten-                        5/8 - 1 inch long (larva).
sively in host material,
usually push out frass and
resin to surface of in-
fested material; blisters
and/or webbing may be present.

Larvae destroy seed of      Pine seedworms     Mature larvae are white and less
second-year pine cones.                        than 1/2 inch long.
No external evidence of
infestation in green cones;
cut-open cones contain hol-
lowed seed packed with
frass and larval tunnels
are present in cone axis
during winter.

Conelets abort or seed      Pine seedbugs:     Leaffooted bug is approximately
hollowed, discolored,       Leaffooted pine    1 inch long with leaf-like
often moldy inside.         seedbug (plant     expansion on rear legs.  Shield-
                            bug) and shield-   backed bug is 1/2 inch long and
                            backed bug         "stink-bug" shaped.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\h 2 'Management Practices'


Management Practices:


A.  Slash Pine Flower Thrips

    COMMENTS:  3-4 overlapping generations per year.  Develop on elongating
    shoots of young slash pines during spring and summer.  Adults feed on
    female flowers during winter.

\b    MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
         CULTURAL:  Remove young slash pines growing adjacent to slash pine
         seed trees.
         CHEMICAL:  Spray trees:  Malathion - apply when female flowers are in
         twig-bud stage; second application one week prior to maximum flower
         receptivity to pollen.  Note:  Ferbam used for first spray to control
         cone rust may be tank-mixed with malathion for thrips control.

B.  Pine Coneworms

    COMMENTS:  Moths lay eggs on suitable host material.  Larvae feed on rust
    galls, rust-infected conelets, buds, or shoots, flowers, cones and trunk
    wounds; from 1 to 6 generations occur each year.

    MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
         CHEMICAL:  Spray trees:  It is very important to control cone rust;
         rusted conelets are preferred feeding sites of coneworms.  To prevent
         cone rust spray with Ferbam.  Note:  Ferbam used for first spray to
         control cone rust may be tank-mixed with malathion for thrips
         control.  Apply first spray of Guthion or Pydrin within 30 days
         following conelet closure, followed by 3-5 applications at least 30
         days apart (see label).  Pydrin & Ambush can be used for control of
         coneworms and seed bugs, but scale outbreaks may occur, if used
         exclusively.  An alternation of Pydrin and Guthion is usually
         successful.

C.  Pine Seedworms

    COMMENTS:  Moths lay eggs on cones in spring.  Larvae feed on seeds during
    summer and overwinter in cone axis.  One generation occurs each year.

    MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
         CULTURAL:  Collect and burn all second-year cull cones soon after
         seed harvest.
         CHEMICAL:  Slash pine seed orchards only.  Spray tree crown with
         Guthion.  Only one hydraulic spray application is required from May
         1-15.

D.  Pine Seedbugs (Leaffooted Pine Seedbug (plant bug) and Shieldbacked Bug)

    COMMENTS:  Shieldbacked bug has one generation per year.  Leaffooted  pine
    seedbug has several.

    MANAGEMENT PRACTICES:
         CHEMICAL:  Apply first spray of Guthion within 30 days following
         conelet closure, followed by 3 to 5 applications at least 30 days
         apart (see label).  Pydrin or Ambush alone can be used for control
         but scale outbreaks may occur; alternate with Guthion for best
         control.  Sprays for pine coneworms usually provide good seedbug
         control.
\b\v
\h 1 'Commercial Forest Trees (Pines and Cypress)'
\h 2 'Pine Trees 6-10 Years'
\h 3 'Defoliators - Symptoms of Damage'
\v
\v
\v
                   COMMERCIAL FOREST TREES:  PINES AND CYPRESS


                              Pine Trees 6-10 Years


Defoliators:


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Symptoms of Damage          Common Name        Description of Pest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Small to large groups of    Redheaded pine     Larva: red head, whitish- or
larvae feeding on needles;  sawfly             yellowish-green body with 6 rows
green to brown pellets on                      of irregular black spots, large
ground underneath damaged                      black spot on hind end; 25 mm
seedlings.                                     in length when mature.

Small to large groups of    Slash pine         Larva: two-tone head (red above,
larvae feeding on needles;  sawfly             black below); yellow-green body
green to brown pellets on                      with 4 faint black stripes and
ground underneath damaged                      a large black spot on hind end
seedlings.                                     on each side;  25 mm in length
                                               when mature.

Small to large groups of    Other pine         Larva: other sawfly larvae
larvae feeding on needles;  sawflies           usually with green background
green to brown pellets on                      and several dark to faint
ground underneath damaged                      longitudinal stripes.
seedlings.

Scattered patches of trees  Pine colaspis      Beetles: approximately 6 mm with
reddish-brown or                               long; rusty yellow to brown head
"scorched" crowns.                             and body; robust body with
                                               reflective green highlights.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\h 3 'Defoliators - Suppression'


Suppression of Defoliators:

A.  Redheaded Pine Sawfly, Slash Pine Sawfly and Other Sawflies

    COMMENTS:  Young larvae feed on outermost part of needles; older larvae
    consume entire needle.  Feed in colonies or groups.  Pupate in soil.  Eggs
    deposited in slits in needles, appearance of light yellow patches.
    Several generations per year.  Redheaded pine sawfly:  open-grown longleaf
    pine especially susceptible; old and new foliage consumed.  Slash pine
    sawfly:  open-grown slash pine especially susceptible; older foliage
    consumed.  Other species of sawflies are occasional pests.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  No action recommended for low level populations.
    Long-leaf pine defoliated greater than 75% have reduced growth and are
    commonly infested and killed by secondary insects.  Slash pine defoliated
    greater than 75% exhibit reduced growth.  Natural enemies usually keep
    sawflies at low levels.

\bB.  Pine Colaspis

    COMMENTS:  Usually growth loss is small;  however, damage occasionally
    becomes severe in young, open stands on grassy sites.  Adult beetles feed
    on needles in early summer.  Larvae feed on roots of grasses and weeds.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  Apply Cythion (malathion) only for severe
    defoliation on high value trees.
\h 3 'Bark and Stem Feeders - Symptoms of Damage'


Bark and Stem Feeders:


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Symptoms of Damage          Common Name        Description of Pest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dead or dying trees or      Deodar weevil      Beetle:  long snout on small
flagging upper branches.                       head; rusty red to grayish-brown
Wood-chip cocoons (15 mm                       head and body; 2 white spots on
long x 5 mm wide) located                      rear end; ca. 7 mm long.
just under the bark in
stems, branches, and
sometimes fusiform galls.

Irregular, creamy-white,    Southern pine      Larva:  dark head, upper surface
granular pitch masses       coneworm           of body red-purple brown, under-
on stems and branches                          surface greenish; 20 mm long
(greater than 30 mm wide)                      when mature.
associated with bark wounds
or fusiform rust galls.

Resin and silk webbing      Pine tip moths     Larva:  head and body light
on new growth.  Shoots                         brown to dark orange; up to 3/8
dead or dying back.                            inch long when mature.
Larvae feed and pupate
in damaged shoots.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\h 3 'Bark and Stem Feeders - Suppression'


Suppression of Bark/Stem Feeders:

A.  Deodar Weevil

    COMMENTS:  Adult beetles feed on bark of pine shoots.  Larvae feed on
    inner bark.  Pupate in chip cocoons made on the surface of sapwood.  One
    generation per year.  It is a known vector of pitch canker fungus which
    can reduce the growth rate or kill southern pines.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  Effective control measures for the pitch canker
    disease or deodar weevil are unknown.

\bB.  Southern Pine Coneworm

    COMMENTS:  Moths lay eggs on suitable host material.  Larvae feed on rust
    galls, rust-infected conelets, buds or shoots, flowers, cones and trunk
    wounds; from 1 to 6 generations occur each year.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  None recommended.

C.  Pine Tip Moths

    COMMENTS:  Loblolly pine highly susceptible.  Larvae feed within shoot
    tips; pupate in damaged shoots.  Several generations per year.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  No control necessary for trees growing on good sites
    or with closing canopies.  Avoid planting loblolly pine on poor sites.

D.  Blackheaded Pine Sawfly

    COMMENTS:  Young larvae feed on outermost part of needles; older larvae
    consume entire needle.  Feed in colonies or groups.  Pupate in soil.  Eggs
    deposited in slits in needles, appearance of light yellow patches.
    Several generations per year.  Loblolly pine favored host.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  No action recommended for low level populations.
    Natural enemies usually keep sawflies at low levels.  Severe infestations
    may develop in dense sawtimber stands.  Salvage overmature trees.  Tree
    growth is reduced when defoliation exceeds 75% and secondary insects may
    infest and kill such trees.
\h 2 'Pine Trees 11-40 Years'
\h 3 'Defoliators - Symptoms of Damage'



                             Pine Trees 11-40 Years


Defoliators:


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Symptoms of Damage          Common Name        Description of Pest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Small to large groups of    Blackheaded pine   Larva:  shiny black head, olive-
larvae feeding on needles;  sawfly             green body with 2 black stripes
green to brown pellets on                      and row of black spots, large
ground underneath damaged                      black spot on hind end; 20 mm
trees.                                         long when mature.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\b\v
\h 3 'Bark and Stem Feeders - Symptoms of Damage'
\v
\v
Bark and Stem Feeders:


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Symptoms of Damage          Common Name        Description of Pest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Foliage discoloration       Ips engraver       Beetles:  body reddish-brown to
(sequence:  green to        beetle             black, cylindrical; hollowed out
yellow to red to brown);                       and spined rear end; the 3
small lumps of pitch                           species vary in size, 4-6 mm
(12 mm wide) on the bark;                      long.
reddish-brown boring dust
in crevices of bark on
the trunk or on undergrowth
leaves.

Foliage discoloration       Black turpentine   Beetle:  body reddish-brown to
(sequence:  green to        beetle             black, robust; round rear end;
yellow to red to brown);                       9 mm long.
large lumps of pinkish-white
to reddish-brown pitch
(ca. 25 mm wide) on the
bark of tree stem prevalent
from ground and up to eye
level; coarse dark brown
particles in bark crevices
or at base of tree.

Foliage discoloration       Southern pine      Beetle:  body reddish-brown to
(sequence:  green to        beetle             black; round rear end; 3 mm
yellow to red to brown);                       long.
small yellowish-white lumps
of pitch (7-12 mm wide) on
the bark of tree stem;
reddish-brown boring dust
in bark crevices; mature
loblolly pine and short-
leaf pine primary hosts.

One or more piles of fine,  Southern pine      Beetle:  head and body light to
white powder caught in      ambrosia beetle    dark brown; elongate cylindrical
bark crevices and/or at                        body; 5 mm long.
tree base.  All southern
pine species susceptible.

Coarse, white, excelsior-   Sawyers            Beetle:  body mottled gray to
like fibers caught in bark                     brown; cylindrical body; long
crevices; funnel-shaped pits                   antennae.  Larva yellowish to
in bark; small patches of                      creamy white; dark mouthparts;
bark removed from green                        30-60 mm long when mature.
shoots; foliage discoloration;
round holes (about 6-7 mm
wide) in bark and sapwood.
All pine species susceptible.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\b\v
\h 3 'Bark and Stem Feeders - Suppression'
\v
\v
Suppression of Bark/Stem Feeders:

A.  Ips Engraver Beetle

    COMMENTS:  Adult beetles generally attack weakened pines.  Narrow, Y- or
    H- shaped galleries constructed within the inner bark.  Small, white,
    C-shaped larvae (less than 6 mm long) feed on the inner bark.  Pupate in
    cells in the bark.  Several generations (8-12) per year.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  Preventive actions include careful establishment of
    plantations, thinning overcrowded stands, prescribed burning, and
    avoidance of logging injury.  After events such as wildfire, lightning,
    and wind storms, promptly locate and salvage heavily damaged, merchantable
    timber.  When thinning, do not leave green slash or large-diameter logs
    close to residual trees.  Avoid naval stores operations, prescribed
    burning, and thinning during period of severe drought.  Ips engraver
    beetle infestations typically involve one to several trees.

B.  Black Turpentine Beetle

    COMMENTS:  Adult beetles generally attack weakened trees.  Wide, irregular
    to D-shaped galleries under the bark.  White, legless grubs feed
    gregariously on inner bark.  Pupate in cells in inner bark.  Approximately
    2 1/2 to 3 generations per year.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  Preventive actions include careful establishment of
    plantations, thinning overcrowded stands, prescribed burning, and
    avoidance of logging injury.  After events such as wildfire, lightning,
    and wind storms, promptly locate and salvage heavily damaged, merchantable
    timber.  When thinning, do not leave green slash or large-diameter logs
    close to residual trees.  Avoid naval stores operations, prescribed
    burning, and thinning during period of severe drought.  Black turpentine
    beetle infestations typically involve one to a few trees.

C.  Southern Pine Beetle

    COMMENTS:  Adult beetles attack weak and healthy trees.  Narrow, winding,
    S-shaped galleries under the bark, white, legless, C-shaped larvae feed on
    inner bark.  Pupate in cells in the bark.  Several generations (6-8) per
    year.  All southern pines susceptible.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  Both healthy and weakened trees are attacked.
    Preventive actions include thinning overcrowded stands, careful
    establishment of plantations, and avoidance of logging injury.
    Infestations are small to large groups (spots) of trees.  Generally, spots
    have a central area of dead, bare trees, surrounded by one or more areas
    of red-topped trees, and one or more expanding areas of trees with
    yellowish to green tops plus a buffer strip of non-infested green trees at
    least 60-70 feet from the outermost infested trees.  NOTE:  Contact your
    local state or private foresters for additional information.

\bD.  Southern Pine Ambrosia Beetle

    COMMENTS:  Adult beetles attack trees infested by bark beetles and
    sawyers, as well as severely stressed or dying trees.  Attacks prevalent
    on lower 1 m of trunk.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  None recommended.  However, their presence often
    indicates a nearby bark beetle and/or sawyer infestation which may require
    control actions.

E.  Sawyers

    COMMENTS:  Adult beetles usually attack weakened or stressed trees.
    Larvae feed on inner bark and outer sapwood.  Pupate in outer sapwood.
    Emerging adults make round holes.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  Commonly associated with Ips engraver and southern
    pine beetle-infested trees.  See suppression recommendations for Ips
    engraver beetles.
\h 2 'Cypress Trees All Ages'
\h 3 'Defoliators - Symptoms of Damage'



                             Cypress Trees All Ages


Defoliators:


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Symptoms of Damage          Common Name        Description of Pest
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Foliage discoloration -     Cypress leaf       Beetle:  small (4 mm long),
bright to dark red          beetle             pale yellow head and body with
appearance, June and July;                     black markings on outer margins
small linear gouges                            of body.
(3 mm long) in needles.

Reddened or missing         Cypress looper     Larva:  moth white to grayish-
foliage.                                       white; forewings with blackish-
                                               brown cross lines and inter-
                                               spersed brown scales; wing span
                                               22-36 mm; body length 6-10 mm.
                                               Young larva uniformly green,
                                               similar to foliage; mature
                                               larva mottled gray-brown-black,
                                               closely resembling a twig in
                                               coloration and shape; 25 mm
                                               long when mature.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\b\v
\h 3 'Defoliators - Suppression'
\v
\v
Suppression of Defoliators:

A.  Cypress Leaf Beetle

    COMMENTS:  Adults congregate in large numbers in tree crowns.  Larvae
    thought to feed on roots of grasses and weeds.  Drought or other stress
    factors can bring on similar needle color change.  Bald and pond cypress
    trees primary hosts; sand pine adjacent to cypress ponds may be
    defoliated.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  Defoliated cypress trees usually refoliate during
    the same growing season.  No control is recommended.

B.  Cypress Looper

    COMMENTS:  Moths present year-round in southern Florida.  Larvae consume
    part of or entire leaves.  Pupate in cocoons under bark flaps.

    SUPPRESSION METHODS:  The typical water environment of cypress trees
    usually precludes use of insecticides.  Defoliated cypress trees are hardy
    and usually refoliate.
