==================================CMR31==================================
31. Hepatitis B Virus
Including: vaginal smear or cytology or ultrastructure.
1
UI - 87109951
AU - Sherertz EF ; Davis GL ; Rice RW ; Harris BA ; Franzini DA
TI - Transfer of hepatitis B virus by contaminated reusable needle
electrodes after electrodesiccation in simulated use.
AB - Reusable needle electrodes have been standard for
electrodesiccation procedures commonly done by dermatologists.
This study investigates the risk of transmission of hepatitis B
virus by such electrodes during simulated use with
electrodesiccation. Sterile needle electrodes were inoculated
with either purified hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg+)
concentrate or serum positive for both HBsAg and deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) polymerase activity (a measure of infectious and
replicating hepatitis B virus), followed by simulated use for
electrodesiccation at various settings and rinsing of the tip
with negative serum. The rinse serum was then assayed for HBsAg,
DNA polymerase activity, and the presence of viral particles by
electron microscopy. HBsAg could be transferred through the
electrodesiccation procedure at all settings used. Although DNA
polymerase activity was negative in the rinse serum, electron
microscopy demonstrated transfer of HBsAg forms and complete
virus. These results suggest a potential risk of spread of
hepatitis B virus by reusable needle electrodes for
electrodesiccation.
MH - Electrocoagulation/*INSTRUMENTATION ; Electrodes ; Hepatitis B
Core Antigens/ANALYSIS ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/ANALYSIS ;
Hepatitis B Virus/ULTRASTRUCTURE ; Hepatitis B/*TRANSMISSION ;
Human ; Microscopy, Electron
SO - J Am Acad Dermatol 1986 Dec;15(6):1242-6
2
UI - 87092248
AU - Standring DN ; Ou JH ; Rutter WJ
TI - Assembly of viral particles in Xenopus oocytes:
pre-surface-antigens regulate secretion of the hepatitis B viral
surface envelope particle.
AB - Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is associated with the
production of a viral envelope particle that contains membrane
lipids, surface antigen (S), and two presurface-antigens (pre-S)
comprised of the entire S moiety with approximately 55 (pre-S2)
and 174 (pre-S1) additional NH2-terminal amino acids. We show
here that Xenopus oocytes injected with synthetic S mRNA assemble
and secrete characteristic 22-nm viral envelope particles. In
contrast, pre-S1 and pre-S2 antigens are synthesized but not
secreted. By coinjecting mRNAs, we found that synthesis of high
levels of pre-S proteins specifically inhibits S antigen
secretion. On the other hand, high levels of S synthesis can
drive the secretion of small amounts of either pre-S antigen.
These observations are consistent with a model for viral envelope
assembly in which both S and pre-S proteins are incorporated into
a multimeric particle, presumably via interactions between the S
protein domains, while the pre-S amino-terminal moieties regulate
the secretion of this structure. Our results indicate that
Xenopus oocytes will provide a powerful system for studying the
morphogenesis of simple structures of viral or cellular origin.
MH - Animal ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/*PHYSIOLOGY ; Hepatitis B
Virus/*GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT/GENETICS/ULTRASTRUCTURE ; Molecular
Weight ; Morphogenesis ; Protein Precursors/GENETICS ; Support,
U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Viral Envelope Proteins/*PHYSIOLOGY ;
Xenopus laevis/GENETICS
SO - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986 Dec;83(24):9338-42
3
UI - 87044107
AU - Uy A ; Bruss V ; Gerlich WH ; K:ochel HG ; Thomssen R
TI - Precore sequence of hepatitis B virus inducing e antigen and
membrane association of the viral core protein.
AB - Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA contains a precore (pre-c) sequence
of 29 codons with unknown function upstream of its gene for the
major core protein. Its significance was studied by expression of
core proteins with and without pre-c in Escherichia coli. Core
protein without pre-c, P22c, assembled spontaneously to core
particles and formed core antigen. It had the same size and
antigenicity as core particles from infected liver. Core protein
with pre-c, P25e, instead formed membrane-associated e antigen
(HBeAg). The data suggest that pre-c functions as a signal
peptide for the attachment of core protein P25e to cellular
membranes. This hypothesis can explain the not yet understood
relation between viremia and HbeAg and the protective role of
anti-HBe antibody.
MH - Amino Acid Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; Escherichia Coli/
GENETICS ; Hepatitis B e Antigens/GENETICS/*IMMUNOLOGY ;
Hepatitis B Virus/*IMMUNOLOGY/ULTRASTRUCTURE ; Membrane Proteins/
GENETICS/IMMUNOLOGY ; Molecular Weight ; Signal Peptides/GENETICS/
IMMUNOLOGY ; Viral Core Proteins/GENETICS/*IMMUNOLOGY
SO - Virology 1986 Nov;155(1):89-96
4
UI - 86227711
AU - Miyanohara A ; Imamura T ; Araki M ; Sugawara K ; Ohtomo N ;
Matsubara K
TI - Expression of hepatitis B virus core antigen gene in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae: synthesis of two polypeptides
translated from different initiation codons.
AB - Two recombinant plasmids were constructed that allow expression
of the hepatitis B core (HBc) antigen gene in the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of the repressible
acid phosphatase promoter. One plasmid was designed to produce
polypeptide I, which consists of 183 amino acids, and the other
plasmid was designed to produce polypeptide II, which has an
additional 29-amino-acid sequence at the amino terminus of
polypeptide I. The viral genome may code for either one or both
of these two polypeptides, depending upon the selection of
initiation codons. Both polypeptides produced in yeast cells
reacted with anti-HBc antibody and were assembled into spherical
particles approximately 27 nm in diameter. Particles made of
polypeptide I were stable, whereas those made of polypeptide II
readily dissociated when exposed to high salt levels. The
antigenicity of the HBc (as defined by its reactivity to anti-HBc
antibody in the reversed passive hemagglutination assay)
disappeared as the particle dissociated, leaving materials that
sedimented slowly and that reacted to anti-hepatitis B e
antibody. These observations strongly suggest that native viral
cores are mostly (if not all) made of polypeptide I, because it
is reasonably stable, and that the N-terminal portion of this
polypeptide has some, but not a profound, influence on the
assembly of polypeptides into particles.
MH - Capsid/GENETICS ; Cloning, Molecular ; Codon ; Gene Expression
Regulation ; Genes, Viral ; Hepatitis B Antibodies/IMMUNOLOGY ;
Hepatitis B Core Antigens/*GENETICS ; Hepatitis B Virus/*GENETICS/
IMMUNOLOGY/ULTRASTRUCTURE ; Microscopy, Electron ; Molecular
Weight ; Morphogenesis ; Saccharomyces Cerevisiae/GENETICS ;
Translation, Genetic ; Viral Core Proteins/GENETICS ; Viral
Proteins/*GENETICS
SO - J Virol 1986 Jul;59(1):176-80
5
UI - 86222186
AU - Budkowska A ; Dubreuil P ; Capel F ; Pillot J
TI - Hepatitis B virus pre-S gene-encoded antigenic specificity and
anti-pre-S antibody: relationship between anti-pre-S response and
recovery.
AB - A solid-phase radioimmunoassay involving specific antibody was
developed for determination of the pre-S gene-encoded epitopes of
hepatitis B virus and anti-pre-S antibody in sera of hepatitis B
patients. The reaction for pre-S determinants associated with
HBsAg was quantitatively inhibited by soluble, polymerized human
serum albumin, and the lower limit of the assay was about 1.6 ng
of HBsAg per ml. Continuous expression of pre-S-coded antigenic
sites on HBsAg particles in chronic hepatitis B patients
seropositive for HBeAg or anti-HBe shows that these determinants
may be considered as a marker of chronicity during hepatitis B
virus infection. The anti-pre-S antibody was determined by
inhibition of the reaction for pre-S determinants. This antibody,
different from anti-HBs, was detected during HBsAg antigenemia in
patients recovering from acute type B hepatitis, before anti-HBs
response. Kinetics of synthesis of anti-pre-S antibody in the
course of acute type B hepatitis, followed by elimination of
HBsAg and recovery, suggest the possible role of this antibody in
the immunological clearance of infective hepatitis B virus
particles.
MH - Antigenic Determinants/*GENETICS ; Chronic Disease ; Hepatitis B
e Antigens/IMMUNOLOGY ; Hepatitis B Antibodies/IMMUNOLOGY ;
Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/IMMUNOLOGY ; Hepatitis B Virus/
*GENETICS/IMMUNOLOGY/ULTRASTRUCTURE ; Human ; Microscopy,
Electron ; Radioimmunoassay ; Serum Albumin/IMMUNOLOGY ; Support,
Non-U.S. Gov't ; Viral Envelope Proteins/GENETICS
SO - Hepatology 1986 May-Jun;6(3):360-8
6
UI - 86195161
AU - Gust ID ; Burrell CJ ; Coulepis AG ; Robinson WS ; Zuckerman AJ
TI - Taxonomic classification of human hepatitis B virus.
AB - Sufficient data have accumulated to permit the ICTV Study Group
on the Nomenclature of Hepatitis Viruses to recognize human
hepatitis B virus as a member of a unique group of viruses and to
classify it, together with a number of related animal viruses,
into a new family called the Hepadnaviridae. Over the past
decade, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
has been active in the development of a classification system for
viruses. The majority of viruses infecting vertebrate hosts have
been classified into families and genera on the recommendations
of the Vertebrate Virus Subcommittee (VVSC). In June 1980, the
VVSC authorized the formation of an ad hoc Study Group on the
Nomenclature of Hepatitis Viruses under the Chairmanship of Dr.
Ian D. Gust. This paper represents the first report of the Study
Group on the Taxonomic Classification of Human Hepatitis B Virus.
MH - Animal ; Chimpansee troglodytes ; DNA, Viral/GENETICS ; Hepatitis
B Virus/*CLASSIFICATION/PATHOGENICITY/ULTRASTRUCTURE ; Human ;
Molecular Weight ; Review ; Species Specificity ; Support,
Non-U.S. Gov't ; Viral Proteins/ANALYSIS
SO - Intervirology 1986;25(1):14-29
7
UI - 86142638
AU - Cova L ; Lambert V ; Chevallier A ; Hantz O ; Fourel I ; Jacquet
C ; Pichoud C ; Boulay J ; Chomel B ; Vitvitski L ; et al
TI - Evidence for the presence of duck hepatitis B virus in wild
migrating ducks.
AB - A virus closely related to duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) was
isolated from serum and liver samples of wild migratory ducks
(mallards) caught in two separate wildlife reserve parks in
France. In the first one (Dombes region) 12% of wild mallards
were positive for DHBV, and in the second (River Somme) 3% of
mallards were found positive. The DHBV isolated from the serum of
wild mallards was also associated with an endogenous DNA
polymerase activity capable in vitro of completing a partially
double-stranded viral DNA into a fully double-stranded DNA of 3
kb. The various replicative DNA forms reported for DHBV were also
detected in the liver of wild viraemic mallards. The DNA
restriction enzyme pattern of the wild mallard strain differed
from that of American and French strains of DHBV. The wild
mallard strain DHBV was experimentally transmitted to mallard and
Pekin ducklings and induced a chronic viraemia in both varieties
of infected birds. This strain might be the common ancestor of
all DHBV strains isolated from domestic ducks world-wide. The
discovery of a DHBV-related virus in the natural wild population
might be an important clue in the study of the different roles of
environmental, host and viral factors in the pathogenesis of DHBV
infection, and their possible oncogenic action in ducks.
MH - Animal ; Animals/*MICROBIOLOGY ; Animals, Wild/*MICROBIOLOGY ;
Chromosome Mapping ; Ducks/*MICROBIOLOGY ; DNA Polymerases/
METABOLISM ; DNA Restriction Enzymes/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; DNA, Viral/
GENETICS ; Hepatitis B Virus/*ISOLATION & PURIFICATION/
ULTRASTRUCTURE ; Hepatitis, Animal/*MICROBIOLOGY/TRANSMISSION ;
Microscopy, Electron ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
SO - J Gen Virol 1986 Mar;67 ( Pt 3):537-47
1
UI - 87002491
AU - Sureau C ; Romet-Lemonne JL ; Mullins JI ; Essex M
TI - Production of hepatitis B virus by a differentiated human
hepatoma cell line after transfection with cloned circular HBV
DNA.
AB - Closed-circular HBV DNA was introduced into cells of the
established human hepatoma culture HepG2. The culture medium of
one of 40 single-cell clones contained HBV surface antigen
(HBsAg), core-related antigens (HBc/eAg), and HBV DNA sequences.
HBV DNA and DNA polymerase activity were detected in particles
resembling both nucleocapsids and complete virions (Dane
particles). Intracellular integrated and extrachromosomal HBV DNA
sequences were detected. Relaxed-circular and single-stranded
forms of viral DNA were identified as likely replicative
intermediates of the HBV genome. In conclusion, in vitro
production of Dane-like particles by transformed human
hepatocytes has been achieved. This model should be valuable as a
cell culture system for studying virus replication and virus-host
cell interactions.
MH - Cell Line ; DNA Polymerases/ANALYSIS ; DNA, Circular/GENETICS ;
DNA, Recombinant ; DNA, Viral/*GENETICS/ISOLATION & PURIFICATION
; Extrachromosomal Inheritance ; Hepatitis B Antigens/GENETICS ;
Hepatitis B Virus/GENETICS/*ISOLATION & PURIFICATION ; Hepatoma/
FAMILIAL & GENETIC/*MICROBIOLOGY ; Human ; Support, Non-U.S.
Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Transfection ; Viral
Proteins/ANALYSIS
SO - Cell 1986 Oct 10;47(1):37-47
2
UI - 86313627
AU - Wands JR ; Fujita YK ; Isselbacher KJ ; Degott C ; Schellekens H
; Dazza MC ; Thiers V ; Tiollais P ; Brechot C
TI - Identification and transmission of hepatitis B virus-related
variants.
AB - We have identified long-incubation viral agents that share
epitopes with hepatitis B virus (HBV). During chimpanzee
infectivity studies, these agents may be recognized in the liver
since they possess complementary nucleic acid sequences with HBV
DNA; the genomic size was found to be 3.2 kilobases, identical to
that of HBV. Liver injury was produced and there was antigen
expression in hepatocytes. Chimpanzees were not protected by
prior immunization with hepatitis B surface antigen; conversely,
they were still susceptible to HBV after recovery from infection
with such agents. These findings suggest that these hepatitis B
virus-related variants appear to be immunologically distinct from
HBV.
MH - Animal ; Chimpansee troglodytes ; DNA, Viral/*ANALYSIS ;
Hepatitis B/*IMMUNOLOGY/MICROBIOLOGY ; Hepatitis B Surface
Antigens/IMMUNOLOGY ; Hepatitis B Virus/GENETICS/IMMUNOLOGY/
*ISOLATION & PURIFICATION ; Human ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic
Acid ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ;
Time Factors ; Vaccination
SO - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986 Sep;83(17):6608-12
3
UI - 86239826
AU - Lohiya S ; Lohiya G ; Caires S
TI - Epidemiology of hepatitis B infection in institutionalized
mentally retarded clients.
AB - In 1,149 clients of an institution for the mentally retarded, the
prevalences of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis
B virus markers were 12 per cent and 66 per cent, respectively.
HBsAg prevalence was higher in males, Down syndrome, ambulatory,
and older clients, and those with longer institutionalization.
Serum alanine aminotransferase levels were abnormal in 31 per
cent of HBsAg positive and 10 per cent of HBsAg-negative clients.
MH - Adolescence ; Adult ; Alanine Aminotransferase/BLOOD ; California
; Child ; Down's Syndrome/IMMUNOLOGY ; Epidemiologic Methods ;
Female ; Hepatitis B/*OCCURRENCE ; Hepatitis B Antibodies/
IMMUNOLOGY ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/*ISOLATION &
PURIFICATION ; Hepatitis B Virus/*ISOLATION & PURIFICATION ;
Human ; Institutionalization ; Male ; Mental Retardation/
*IMMUNOLOGY ; Racial Stocks ; Sex Factors ; Support, Non-U.S.
Gov't ; Time Factors
SO - Am J Public Health 1986 Jul;76(7):799-802
4
UI - 86198649
AU - Shen HD ; Choo KB ; Lee SD ; Tsai YT ; Han SH
TI - Hepatitis B virus DNA in leukocytes of patients with hepatitis B
virus-associated liver diseases.
AB - In order to determine the relationship between hepatitis B virus
(HBV) infection of human white blood cells and different forms of
HBV-associated liver diseases, we tested for HBV DNA in the sera
and leukocytes of 11 healthy individuals without any serological
markers of HBV infection and 91 patients with HBV infection and
other gastrointestinal and urinary diseases by dot and Southern
blot hybridization. HBV DNA was found in leukocytes of chronic
HBV carriers, in acute and chronic hepatitis, and in patients
with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Between 27 and
50% of individuals in different categories of patients examined
were positive for leukocyte HBV DNA. HBV DNA was also detected in
the sera of some of these patients but was absent in others.
Serum HBV DNA-positive rates seemed to be highest in hepatitis B
e antigen-positive asymptomatic carriers (8/10, 80%), and tended
to drop to lower levels as the disease progressed to liver
cirrhosis (0/8) while leukocyte HBV DNA-positive rates were
highest in patients with cirrhosis (4/8, 50%). The results also
show that in individuals who were serologically negative for
hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and positive for antibodies
to HBsAg and/or HBcAg, HBV DNA was absent in most of the sera
(27/28, 96%) but it was present in leukocytes of some of these
patients (7/28, 25%). In control experiments with 11 healthy
individual, HBV DNA was not detected in either sera or
leukocytes. In all the cases with leukocyte HBV DNA, the HBV DNA
molecules were present in free forms with discrete sizes. The
exceptions were a case of liver cirrhosis and a case of chronic
hepatitis with possible HBV sequence integration into high
molecular weight cellular DNA. Since HBV does infect human
leukocytes, it may perhaps interfere with the immunological
functions of the white blood cells, and thus play an important
role in the pathogenesis of HBV-induced liver disease.
MH - Collodion ; DNA, Viral/*BLOOD ; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel/METHODS
; Gastrointestinal Diseases/BLOOD ; Hepatitis B e Antigens/
ANALYSIS ; Hepatitis B Virus/*ANALYSIS ; Hepatitis, Viral, Human/
BLOOD ; Hepatoma/BLOOD ; Human ; Leukocytes/*ANALYSIS/CYTOLOGY/
IMMUNOLOGY ; Liver Cirrhosis/BLOOD ; Liver Neoplasms/BLOOD ;
Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Paper ; Radioimmunoassay/METHODS ;
Urologic Diseases/BLOOD
SO - J Med Virol 1986 Mar;18(3):201-11
5
UI - 86177578
AU - Feitelson MA ; Millman I ; Halbherr T ; Simmons H ; Blumberg BS
TI - A newly identified hepatitis B type virus in tree squirrels.
AB - Virus-associated particles have been isolated from the livers of
three common gray tree squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis
pennsylvanicus) that have histological evidence of hepatitis. Two
of these livers were also positive by orcein staining, suggesting
the presence of surface antigen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes.
Fractionation of these particles by CsCl density equilibrium
gradient centrifugation and assay of the fractions for surface
antigen, core antigen, and DNA polymerase activities demonstrate
the presence of all three at an approximate density peak of 1.27.
Electron microscopic examination of purified virus preparations
showed spherical particles with a mean diameter of 25 nm. Initial
characterization of the DNA polymerase product by gel
electrophoresis showed a single DNase I sensitive band, migrating
slightly faster than the woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA polymerase
product. The presence of apparently cross-reacting antibodies was
demonstrated by purified hepatitis B surface and/or core antigens
binding to some squirrel sera in solid phase assays. Infected
tree squirrels appear to lack detectable antigen in their sera.
These results suggest that the tree squirrels studied are chronic
carriers of a hepatitis B type virus. The host-virus interaction
described herein may be useful in understanding the chronic
carrier state associated with hepatitis B in man.
MH - Animal ; Hepatitis B/*MICROBIOLOGY ; Hepatitis B Antigens/
ISOLATION & PURIFICATION ; Hepatitis B Virus/IMMUNOLOGY/
*ISOLATION & PURIFICATION ; Liver/MICROBIOLOGY ; Sciuridae/
*MICROBIOLOGY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't,
P.H.S.
SO - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986 Apr;83(7):2233-7
6
UI - 86102632
AU - Carloni G ; Delfini C ; Colloca S ; Alfani E ; Taliani G ; De Bac
C
TI - Incidence of hepatitis B virus DNA and DNA-polymerase in sera of
Italian asymptomatic carriers with the serological markers of
HBV.
AB - The presence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in sera of patients
with HBV related diseases is considered a reliable marker of
virus active replication. In this paper HBV DNA was assayed by
the molecular hybridization method with a 32P labeled nick
translated HBV probe. The assay was positive in sera of 21 out of
22 HBeAg-positive and 4 out of 8 HBeAg-negative asymptomatic
HBsAg carriers. 15 HBsAg-negative sera obtained from healthy
donors showed no HBV DNA. Almost 80 per cent of HBeAg and HBV DNA
positive sera revealed a DNA-polymerase activity. In order to
determine the infectivity of HBsAg carriers, it appears that,
whenever possible, the HBV DNA spot hybridization should be
performed in conjunction with the DNA-polymerase, HBsAg and HBeAg
tests.
MH - Carrier State ; DNA Polymerases/BLOOD ; DNA, Viral/*ANALYSIS ;
Hepatitis B/BLOOD/*DIAGNOSIS ; Hepatitis B e Antigens/ANALYSIS ;
Hepatitis B Antibodies/ANALYSIS ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/
ANALYSIS ; Hepatitis B Virus/*ANALYSIS/ENZYMOLOGY ; Human ; Italy
SO - Arch Virol 1986;87(1-2):97-105