==================================HSR08==================================
8.   Traumatic pressure injuries to sciatic nerve.  Related cause and nurse's
     role in causes and prevention of.
1
UI  - 87054490
AU  - De Medinaceli L ; Quach T ; Duchemin AM ; Wyatt RJ
TI  - Is vigor of regeneration a key factor in recovery from peripheral nerve
      injuries?
AB  - The nerve-growth-promoting effects of the tricyclic antidepressant,
      imipramine, were tested on the sympathetic ganglion of chickens and on
      the sciatic nerve of rats. A powerful neuronotrophic action was observed
      in vitro, but the utilization of the drug in vivo did not modify the
      functional recovery from a crush lesion.
MH  - Animal ; Imipramine/*PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Locomotion/DRUG EFFECTS ; Male ;
      Nerve Regeneration/*DRUG EFFECTS ; Peripheral Nerves/*DRUG EFFECTS ; Rats
      ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; Sciatic Nerve/DRUG EFFECTS/INJURIES
SO  - Exp Neurol 1986 Dec;94(3):788-90
2
UI  - 87035708
AU  - Richardson PM ; Verge VM
TI  - The induction of a regenerative propensity in sensory neurons following
      peripheral axonal injury.
AB  - Injury of the peripheral axons of primary sensory neurons has been
      previously shown to increase the probability that the corresponding
      central axons would grow from the injured spinal cord into a peripheral
      nerve graft. This phenomenon has been used to investigate the nature of
      extrinsic cues from injured nerves that enhanced regenerative propensity
      within sensory neurons. In 13 groups of rats, a segment of the right
      sciatic nerve was grafted to the dorsal columns of the spinal cord and
      the left sciatic nerve was subjected to mechanical injury, injection of
      colchicine or infusion of nerve growth factor. Subsequently, neurons in
      lumbar dorsal root ganglia with axons growing from the spinal cord into a
      graft were identified by retrograde perikaryal labelling and compared for
      the two sides. The aim was to mimic or modify the inductive effect of
      nerve transaction by alternative or additional manipulation of the nerve.
      Growth of central axons was less enhanced by peripheral axonal
      interruption if the length of the proximal stump was increased or if a
      distal stump was present to permit rapid regeneration. However, the
      regenerative response following nerve transection was altered little by
      crushing the proximal stump or injecting it with colchicine or nerve
      growth factor. It is suggested that sensory neurons are stimulated to
      regenerate by peripheral axonal injuries that reduce some normal
      retrograde regulatory influence of Schwann cells.
MH  - Animal ; Colchicine/PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Female ; Ganglia, Spinal/DRUG
      EFFECTS ; Horseradish Peroxidase ; Nerve Crush ; Nerve Growth Factors/
      PHARMACODYNAMICS ; *Nerve Regeneration/DRUG EFFECTS ; Peripheral Nerves/
      DRUG EFFECTS/*INJURIES ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; Sciatic Nerve/
      INJURIES ; Spinal Nerves/DRUG EFFECTS/INJURIES ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
      ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
SO  - J Neurocytol 1986 Oct;15(5):585-94
3
UI  - 86280575
AU  - De Koning P ; Brakkee JH ; Gispen WH
TI  - Methods for producing a reproducible crush in the sciatic and tibial
      nerve of the rat and rapid and precise testing of return of sensory
      function. Beneficial effects of melanocortins.
AB  - A procedure for placing a crush lesion in the sciatic and tibial nerve of
      the rat based on anatomical landmarks is described. These crush lesions
      are used to study the process of regeneration of peripheral nervous
      tissue and the beneficial effects of melanocortins on speed and quality
      of nerve regeneration. A new precise and rapid method for testing the
      return of sensory function by a locally applied electric stimulus is
      discussed.
MH  - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/*ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/PHARMACODYNAMICS/
      THERAPEUTIC USE ; Animal ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Electric Stimulation/
      INSTRUMENTATION ; Female ; Hypesthesia/*DRUG THERAPY/ETIOLOGY ; Nerve
      Regeneration/DRUG EFFECTS ; Peptide Fragments/PHARMACODYNAMICS/
      *THERAPEUTIC USE ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; Sciatic Nerve/*INJURIES
      ; Tibial Nerve/*INJURIES
SO  - J Neurol Sci 1986 Jul;74(2-3):237-46
4
UI  - 86313325
AU  - McLean M
TI  - Total hip replacement and sciatic nerve trauma.
AB  - Intraoperative injury to the sciatic nerve is a known risk during total
      hip replacement. Postoperative injury by an implant is rare. A case of
      sciatic nerve laceration possibly caused by a protrusio ring is
      presented. The presentation of the patient, the mechanism of injury, and
      the means to avoid it are discussed.
MH  - Aged ; Case Report ; Hip/RADIOGRAPHY ; Hip Prosthesis/*ADVERSE EFFECTS ;
      Human ; Male ; Postoperative Complications/*ETIOLOGY ; Prosthesis Design
      ; Reoperation ; Sciatic Nerve/*INJURIES
SO  - Orthopedics 1986 Aug;9(8):1121-7
5
UI  - 86304571
AU  - Daniloff JK ; Levi G ; Grumet M ; Rieger F ; Edelman GM
TI  - Altered expression of neuronal cell adhesion molecules induced by nerve
      injury and repair.
AB  - Peripheral nerve injury results in short-term and long-term changes in
      both neurons and glia. In the present study, immunohistological and
      immunoblot analyses were used to examine the expression of the neural
      cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) and the neuron-glia cell adhesion molecule
      (Ng-CAM) within different parts of a functionally linked neuromuscular
      system extending from skeletal muscle to the spinal cord after peripheral
      nerve injury. Histological samples were taken from 3 to 150 d after
      crushing or transecting the sciatic nerve in adult chickens and mice. In
      unperturbed tissues, both N-CAM and Ng-CAM were found on nonmyelinated
      axons, and to a lesser extent on Schwann cells and myelinated axons. Only
      N-CAM was found on muscles. After denervation, the following changes were
      observed: The amount of N-CAM in muscle fibers increased transiently on
      the surface and in the cytoplasm, and in interstitial spaces between
      fibers. Restoration of normal N-CAM levels in muscle was dependent on
      reinnervation; in a chronically denervated state, N-CAM levels remained
      high. After crushing or cutting the nerve, the amount of both CAMs
      increased in the area surrounding the lesion, and the predominant form of
      N-CAM changed from a discrete Mr 140,000 component to the polydisperse
      high molecular weight embryonic form. Anti-N-CAM antibodies stained
      neurites, Schwann cells, and the perineurium of the regenerating sciatic
      nerve. Anti-Ng-CAM antibodies labeled neurites, Schwann cells and the
      endoneurial tubes in the distal stump. Changes in CAM distribution were
      observed in dorsal root ganglia and in the spinal cord only after the
      nerve was cut. The fibers within affected dorsal root ganglia were more
      intensely labeled for both CAMs, and the motor neurons in the ventral
      horn of the spinal cord of the affected segments were stained more
      intensely in a ring pattern by anti-N-CAM and anti-Ng-CAM than their
      counterparts on the side contralateral to the lesion. Taken together with
      the previous studies (Rieger, F., M. Grumet, and G. M. Edelman, J. Cell
      Biol. 101:285-293), these data suggest that local signals between neurons
      and glia may regulate CAM expression in the spinal cord and nerve during
      regeneration, and that activity may regulate N-CAM expression in muscle.
      Correlations of the present observations are made here with established
      events of nerve degeneration and suggest a number of roles for the CAMs
      in regenerative events.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
MH  - Animal ; Antigens, Surface/*BIOSYNTHESIS ; Chickens ; Ganglia, Spinal/
      ANALYSIS/ULTRASTRUCTURE ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Glycoproteins/
      *BIOSYNTHESIS ; Mice ; Muscles/ANALYSIS ; *Nerve Regeneration ; Sciatic
      Nerve/ANALYSIS/INJURIES/ULTRASTRUCTURE ; Spinal Cord/ANALYSIS/
      ULTRASTRUCTURE ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
SO  - J Cell Biol 1986 Sep;103(3):929-45
6
UI  - 86164803
AU  - Eather TF ; Pollock M ; Myers DB
TI  - Proximal and distal changes in collagen content of peripheral nerve that
      follow transection and crush lesions.
AB  - Collagen content of rat sciatic nerve was measured 10 weeks after either
      nerve transection or nerve crush. Nerve transection led to a significant
      increase in fascicular collagen in nerve segments 2.5 mm proximal and
      distal to the injury site. Remote from the transection, fascicular
      collagen was also significantly increased, this effect being most marked
      distally. Nerve crush by comparison resulted in only a small increase in
      fascicular collagen, significantly less than after transection. The
      greater amount of fascicular collagen far distal to the nerve injury
      could relate to a predominantly caudal endoneurial flow of inflammatory
      or growth factors. Differences in the amount of fascicular collagen
      formed after nerve transection compared with nerve crush are clearly due
      to factors other than axonal degeneration, and may relate to collagen
      synthesis by denervated Schwann cells or to the severity of the nerve
      injury.
MH  - Animal ; Collagen/*ANALYSIS ; Hydroxyproline/ANALYSIS ; Male ; *Nerve
      Crush ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; Sciatic Nerve/*ANALYSIS/INJURIES ;
      Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
SO  - Exp Neurol 1986 May;92(2):299-310
7
UI  - 86149229
AU  - Snipes GJ ; McGuire CB ; Norden JJ ; Freeman JA
TI  - Nerve injury stimulates the secretion of apolipoprotein E by nonneuronal
      cells.
AB  - Nerve trauma initiates significant changes in the composition of proteins
      secreted by nonneuronal cells. The most prominent of these proteins is a
      37-kDa protein, whose expression correlates with the time course of nerve
      development, degeneration, and regeneration. We now report that the
      37-kDa protein is apolipoprotein E (apoE). We produced a specific
      antiserum against the 37-kDa protein isolated from previously crushed
      nerves. This antiserum recognizes a 36-kDa protein in rat serum that we
      have purified and identified as apoE. The anti-37-kDa antiserum also
      recognizes apoE on electrophoretic transfer blots of authentic samples of
      high and very low density lipoproteins. The nerve 37-kDa protein
      comigrates with apoE by two-dimensional electrophoresis, shares a similar
      amino acid composition, and reacts with an antiserum against authentic
      apoE. The purified apoE specifically blocks the immunoprecipitation of
      [35S]methionine-labeled 37-kDa protein synthesized by nonneuronal cells.
      Thus, on the basis of its molecular mass, isoelectric point, amino acid
      composition, and immunological properties, we conclude that the 37-kDa
      protein is apoE. We also used light microscopic immunohistochemistry to
      localize apoE following nerve injury. In rats with optic nerve lesions,
      the 37-kDa antiserum bound specifically to the degenerating optic tracts
      and to the retino-recipient layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus and
      the superior colliculus. We propose that apoE is synthesized by
      phagocytic cells in response to nerve injury for the purpose of
      mobilizing lipids produced as a consequence of axon degeneration.
MH  - Amino Acids/ANALYSIS ; Animal ; Apolipoproteins E/IMMUNOLOGY/*SECRETION ;
      Astrocytes/METABOLISM/*SECRETION ; Immunoenzyme Technics ; Nerve Crush ;
      *Nerve Degeneration ; Nerve Regeneration ; Optic Nerve/INJURIES ;
      Phagocytes/METABOLISM/*SECRETION ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; Schwann
      Cells/METABOLISM/*SECRETION ; Sciatic Nerve/INJURIES ; Support, U.S.
      Gov't, P.H.S.
SO  - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986 Feb;83(4):1130-4
8
UI  - 86149228
AU  - Ignatius MJ ; Gebicke-H:arter PJ ; Skene JH ; Schilling JW ; Weisgraber
      KH ; Mahley RW ; Shooter EM
TI  - Expression of apolipoprotein E during nerve degeneration and
      regeneration.
AB  - A 37-kDa glycoprotein has been described recently, whose synthesis is
      dramatically increased after injury of the rat sciatic and optic nerves.
      Cells in the nerve sheath, distal to the site of injury, produce and
      secrete large amounts of this protein, so that by 3 weeks after injury,
      it represents 2-5% of the total soluble extracellular protein in the
      regenerating sciatic nerve sheath, although it fails to accumulate in
      damaged optic nerve. Results presented here reveal extensive homology
      between the 37-kDa nerve injury-induced protein and a well-studied serum
      protein, apolipoprotein E (apoE), that is involved in lipid and
      cholesterol metabolism and that has been shown recently to be present in
      adult and developing rat astroglia. Both proteins have identical
      isoelectric focusing points and similar molecular masses. Antibodies
      raised against the 37-kDa protein recognize apoE and anti-apoE serum
      crossreacts with the 37-kDa protein. Sequence data for two 14 amino acid
      stretches of the 37-kDa protein match identical regions of apoE. These
      data suggest that the 37-kDa protein is identical to serum apoE and that
      it could have similar functions to the latter. In the nervous system, for
      example, it may be involved in the mobilization and reutilization of
      lipid in the repair, growth, and maintenance of myelin and axonal
      membranes, both during development and after injury.
MH  - Amino Acid Sequence ; Animal ; Antibody Specificity ; Antigenic
      Determinants/IMMUNOLOGY ; Apolipoproteins E/*BIOSYNTHESIS/IMMUNOLOGY/
      SECRETION ; Cross Reactions ; Fluorescent Antibody Technic ;
      Immunoelectrophoresis ; Nerve Crush ; *Nerve Degeneration ; *Nerve
      Regeneration ; Rats ; Sciatic Nerve/INJURIES/METABOLISM ; Support,
      Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
SO  - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986 Feb;83(4):1125-9
9
UI  - 86122877
AU  - Shyne-Athwal S ; Riccio RV ; Chakraborty G ; Ingoglia NA
TI  - Protein modification by amino acid addition is increased in crushed
      sciatic but not optic nerves.
AB  - Rat optic and sciatic nerves were crushed, and 10 minutes to 3 days later
      nerve segments between the crushed site and the cell body were removed
      and assayed for posttranslational protein modification by amino acid
      addition. Protein modification was comparable in intact optic and sciatic
      nerves, but in sciatic nerves increased to 1.6 times control levels 10
      minutes after crushing and reached a maximum of ten times control levels
      by 2 hours. In optic nerves activity was decreased throughout the time
      course studied. The results indicate that, in a nerve which is capable of
      regeneration (sciatic), protein modification by the addition of amino
      acids increases immediately after injury, but a nerve incapable of
      regeneration (optic) is incapable of activating the modification
      reaction. These findings may be important in understanding the reasons
      for the lack of a regenerative response after injury to central mammalian
      nerves.
MH  - Amino Acids/*METABOLISM ; Animal ; Arginine/METABOLISM ; Goldfish ;
      Leucine/METABOLISM ; Lysine/METABOLISM ; Nerve Regeneration ; Nerve
      Tissue Proteins/*METABOLISM ; Optic Nerve/INJURIES/*METABOLISM/PHYSIOLOGY
      ; Rats ; Sciatic Nerve/INJURIES/*METABOLISM/PHYSIOLOGY ; Squid ; Support,
      U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Time Factors
SO  - Science 1986 Feb 7;231(4738):603-5