\m 39 15 88 2 1 'General Information' \m 51 19 84 2 1 'Control of Insect Pests in Plant Beds' \m 52 20 2 2 2 'Plant Bed Inspection' \m 81 29 5 3 2 'Aphid Control' \m 117 43 94 3 2 'Cutworm Control' \m 143 54 5 3 2 'Flea Beetle Control' \m 182 68 27 4 2 'Grasshopper Control' \m 211 79 10 4 2 'Mole Cricket Control' \m 240 90 113 4 2 'Vegetable Weevil Control' \m 266 100 11 5 1 'Control of Insect Pests in the Field' \m 267 100 56 5 2 'Field Inspection' \m 338 126 78 6 2 'Limitations and Residues' \m 414 158 88 7 2 'Suggested Application - Transplanting to 24" tall' \m 425 161 27 7 2 'Suggested Application - Tobacco over 24" tall' \m 440 164 106 8 2 'Aphid Control' \m 473 176 49 8 2 'Potato Virus Y' \m 495 185 87 9 2 'Budworm or Hornworm Control' \m 557 215 72 10 2 'Cutworm Control' \m 587 229 22 10 2 'Flea Beetle Control' \m 645 258 46 11 2 'Grasshopper Control' \m 660 263 97 11 2 'Mole Cricket Control' \m 675 268 112 12 2 'Stinkbug Control' \m 687 272 26 12 2 'White-fringed Beetles (no control available)' \m 705 277 50 13 2 'Wireworm Control' \m 767 306 11 14 1 'Systemic Insecticide Treatment' \m 804 318 62 14 1 'Insect Management Approaches - Reducing Crop Residue' \m 805 318 123 14 2 'Crop Residue Control' \m 821 324 34 15 2 'Residue Reduction by Insect Management' \m 868 343 47 16 2 'Program of Pesticide Reduction' \t'November 1987' 'IV H-' \a Dr. Freddie Johnson, Extension Entomologist \a W.B. Tappan, Entomologist \a \a INSECT CONTROL IN FLUE-CURED TOBACCO Dr. Freddie Johnson, Extension Entomologist W.B. Tappan, Entomologist \h 1 'General Information' INSECT CONTROL IN FLUE-CURED TOBACCO General Information Flue-cured tobacco is an important source of cash income in northern Florida. Like many other cultivated crops in Florida tobacco is subject to attack by a variety of insect pests. When not controlled, insects cause considerable damage to flue-cured tobacco. With proper timing and application of recommended insecticides, most losses can be prevented. \h 1 'Control of Insect Pests in Plant Beds' \h 2 'Plant Bed Inspection' Control of Insect Pests in Plant Beds Plant Bed Inspection: Examine the plant beds closely for insects or insect damage as soon as the plants come up. Apply insecticides as needed. If insects have not been a problem in the plant bed, it is recommended that a thorough application of one of the recommended insecticides be made 10 and 5 days prior to transplanting in order to prevent transfer of an unseen insect problem from the bed to the field. If sprays are desired, use equivalent dosages of recommended materials. Apply 10-15 gallons of spray per 1000 square yards. SP = soluble powder; B = baits; D = dust; G = granules; WP = wettable powder; EC = emulsifiable concentrate; L = liquid. In order to get expected results from using baits for cutworms or mole crickets, night temperatures should be in excess of 68 degrees F. and the soil should be in moist condition. Apply baits late in the afternoon for best results. *Caution: Emulsifiable concentrate insecticides (liquids) may cause plant foliage injury when the plant is in a tender growth stage. \b\v \h 2 'Aphid Control' \v \v \v Aphid Control: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Materials* Amount Remarks (caution: see footnote) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15% Di-Syston G 6 2/3 lbs./1000 sq.yds. See systemic insecticides (Di-Syston). 50% diazinon WP 9.6 ozs./1000 sq.yds. Di-Syston, Guthion and 5% malathion D 7 l/2 lbs./1000 sq.yds. parathion should be 15% parathion WP 8 ozs./1000 sq.yds. applied only by a trained 50% Thiodan WP 9.6 ozs./1000 sq.yds. operator. 2EC Guthion 14 ozs./1000 sq.yds. 1.8L methomyl 7 ozs./1000 sq.yds. MIX SPRAY TYPE MATERIALS (Lannate, Nudrin) IN ENOUGH WATER TO 75% Orthene SP Mix l lb. Orthene 75% THOROUGHLY COVER THE AREA. SP per 50 gallons of water. Apply 10-15 gallons per 1000 sq.yds. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \vIf sprays are desired, use equivalent dosages of recommended materials. \vApply 10-15 gallons of spray per 1000 square yards. SP = soluble powder; \vB = baits; D = dust; G = granules; WP = wettable powder; EC = emulsifiable \vconcentrate; L = liquid. \v \v*Caution: Emulsifiable concentrate insecticides (liquids) may cause plant \vfoliage injury when the plant is in a tender growth stage. \v \vIn order to get expected results from using baits for cutworms or mole \vcrickets, night temperatures should be in excess of 68 degrees F. and the \vsoil should be in moist condition. Apply baits late in the afternoon for \vbest results. \h 2 'Cutworm Control' Cutworm Control: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Materials* Amount Remarks (caution: ) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5% Dylox B 5 lbs./1000 sq.yds. Apply bait to the soil 50% Thiodan WP 6.4 ozs./1000 sq.yds. around the plants. Apply 15% parathion WP 10.7 ozs./1000 sq.yds. sprays on leaves as infestations warrant. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \vIf sprays are desired, use equivalent dosages of recommended materials. \vApply 10-15 gallons of spray per 1000 square yards. SP = soluble powder; \vB = baits; D = dust; G = granules; WP = wettable powder; EC = emulsifiable \vconcentrate; L = liquid. \v \v*Caution: Emulsifiable concentrate insecticides (liquids) may cause plant \vfoliage injury when the plant is in a tender growth stage. \v \vIn order to get expected results from using baits for cutworms or mole \vcrickets, night temperatures should be in excess of 68 degrees F. and the \vsoil should be in moist condition. Apply baits late in the afternoon for \vbest results. \h 2 'Flea Beetle Control' Flea Beetle Control: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Materials* Amount Remarks (caution: see footnotes) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15% Di-Syston G 6 2/3 lbs./1000 sq.yds. See systemic insecticides (Di-Syston). 15% parathion 8 ozs./1000 sq.yds. MIX SPRAY TYPE MATERIALS 2EC Guthion 14 ozs./1000 sq.yds. IN ENOUGH WATER TO 80% Sevin WP 10 ozs./1000 sq.yds. THOROUGHLY COVER THE AREA. 1.8L methomyl 7 ozs./1000 sq.yds. (Lannate, Nudrin) 75% Orthene SP Mix l lb. Orthene 75% SP per 50 gallons of water. Apply 10-15 gals. per 1000 sq.yds. Penncap-M 2E 6 1/2 - 13 ozs. per 1000 Use 3-6 gals. of total (methyl parathion) sq.yds. spray per acre. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \vIf sprays are desired, use equivalent dosages of recommended materials. \vApply 10-15 gallons of spray per 1000 square yards. SP = soluble powder; \vB = baits; D = dust; G = granules; WP = wettable powder; EC = emulsifiable \vconcentrate; L = liquid. \v \v*Caution: Emulsifiable concentrate insecticides (liquids) may cause plant \vfoliage injury when the plant is in a tender growth stage. \v \vIn order to get expected results from using baits for cutworms or mole \vcrickets, night temperatures should be in excess of 68 degrees F. and the \vsoil should be in moist condition. Apply baits late in the afternoon for \vbest results. \b\v \h 2 'Grasshopper Control' \v \v \v Grasshopper Control: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Materials* Amount Remarks (caution: see footnotes) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80% Sevin WP 1 1/4 - 1 3/4 lbs./A Apply to grasslands and fields adjacent to beds. Check pasture recommenda- tions for limitations. 75% Orthene SP 2/3 lb./A ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \vIf sprays are desired, use equivalent dosages of recommended materials. \vApply 10-15 gallons of spray per 1000 square yards. SP = soluble powder; \vB = baits; D = dust; G = granules; WP = wettable powder; EC = emulsifiable \vconcentrate; L = liquid. \v \v*Caution: Emulsifiable concentrate insecticides (liquids) may cause plant \vfoliage injury when the plant is in a tender growth stage. \v \vIn order to get expected results from using baits for cutworms or mole \vcrickets, night temperatures should be in excess of 68 degrees F. and the \vsoil should be in moist condition. Apply baits late in the afternoon for \vbest results. \h 2 'Mole Cricket Control' Mole Cricket Control: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Materials* Amount Remarks (caution: see footnotes) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14% diazinon G 5 lbs./1000 sq.yds. Broadcast granular material 5% Dylox B 5 lbs./1000 sq.yds. on soil surface and turn into the soil 2-4 inches 1-2 days prior to sowing seed. Apply bait to soil surface around plants. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \vIf sprays are desired, use equivalent dosages of recommended materials. \vApply 10-15 gallons of spray per 1000 square yards. SP = soluble powder; \vB = baits; D = dust; G = granules; WP = wettable powder; EC = emulsifiable \vconcentrate; L = liquid. \v \v*Caution: Emulsifiable concentrate insecticides (liquids) may cause plant \vfoliage injury when the plant is in a tender growth stage. \v \vIn order to get expected results from using baits for cutworms or mole \vcrickets, night temperatures should be in excess of 68 degrees F. and the \vsoil should be in moist condition. Apply baits late in the afternoon for \vbest results. \h 2 'Vegetable Weevil Control' Vegetable Weevil Control: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Materials* Amount Remarks (caution: see footnotes) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Penncap-M 2E 6 1/2 - 13 ozs./1000 Use 3-6 gallons of total (methyl parathion) sq. yds. spray per acre. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *Caution: Emulsifiable concentrate insecticides (liquids) may cause plant foliage injury when the plant is in a tender growth stage. If sprays are desired, use equivalent dosages of recommended materials. Apply 10-15 gallons of spray per 1000 square yards. SP = soluble powder; B = baits; D = dust; G = granules; WP = wettable powder; EC = emulsifiable concentrate; L = liquid. In order to get expected results from using baits for cutworms or mole crickets, night temperatures should be in excess of 68 degrees F. and the soil should be in moist condition. Apply baits late in the afternoon for best results. \b\v \h 1 'Control of Insect Pests in the Field' \h 2 'Field Inspection' \v \v \v Control of Insect Pests in the Field Field Inspection of Flue-Cured Tobacco: General Information Past experience shows that much of the problem associated with control of tobacco insects, particularly budworms, is closely related to equipment and application deficiencies. It has been shown that a scheduled insecticide application program is the best control of tobacco insects in the field. A good program would include one insecticide application immediately after transplanting. This should be followed by applications beginning the first week in April and continuing at 14-day intervals for the remainder of the growing season. Should infestation levels exceed the thresholds as stated below, the spray interval should be shortened until control is accomplished. Thresholds The following economic or action thresholds have been developed for the consideration of the grower. These thresholds are based on research and experience under Florida conditions. All thresholds are based on the average growing season and for the average crop and pest conditions. All thresholds are intended to be used as a tool in the overall production of the crop and each grower must make their own decision as to how to use them based on their own individual situation. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Insect Threshold or Action Level ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- aphids (plant Lice) 25% of the plants sampled having 100 or more aphids per plant. budworms 20% of the plants sampled having fresh damage or 1 or more worms per plant. hornworms 20% of the plants sampled having fresh damage or 1 or more worms per plant. flea beetles 10% of young plants having 8 or more beetles per plant. cutworms 2% of small plants cut or plants showing damage within 3 weeks of transplanting. splitworms 25% of the plants sampled having 1 or more worms per plant. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \v \v \v \b Sampling It is important to select plants for sampling on a random basis. No more than 20% of the plants should be selected from the borders of the field. Do not select unusual or sickly-looking plants. Enter the field from a different point and direction each time the field is sampled and do not select pre- determined plants. Inspect the individual plant from the bud to the lowest leaves including both upper and lower leaf surfaces. The grower should sample approximately 10-20 plants per acre on the average or for example: 100-200 plants for a 10 acre field. These total plants should be selected from at least 10 different locations with no more than two sample sites being on the borders of the field. For the grower to be able to more accurately determine the problems that exist in the field, inspections should be made on a regular twice weekly basis. \h 2 'Limitations and Residues' Limitations and Residues: These insecticides have been registered by the Pesticides Regulation Division, USDA, for use on tobacco with the following limitations and safety restrictions. Important -- see footnotes*. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Material Restrictions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- fensulfothion (Dasanit) Soil application. Do not apply to plant foliage. diazinon Do not apply within 3 days of harvest. disulfoton (Di-Syston) No time limitations. Do not apply to foliage after transplanting as injury may result. fonofos (Dyfonate) Soil applications. No time limitations. endosulfan (Thiodan) Do not apply within 6 days of harvest. When workers must handle tobacco within 5 days after application, they should be protected against skin contact by wearing clean, dry cotton gloves and tightly woven clothing. Should be applied only by an experienced operator. malathion No time limitations. acephate (Orthene) Do not apply within 3 days of harvest. Do not re-enter sprayed areas until the spray deposit has dried. methomyl (Lannate, Nudrin) Do not apply within 5 days of harvest. Do not enter the field until spray deposit has dried. \p (cont'd) \b\pLimitations and Residues - cont'd \p------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \pMaterial Restrictions \p------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ethoprop (Mocap) Soil application. Apply as a broadcast treatment up to two weeks before planting. Unprotected persons may enter fields after chemical has been mixed with the soil. Penncap M (methyl parathion) Do not enter field until spray has dried. parathion No application should be made within 5 days of priming. Avoid plant juices coming in contact with the skin of those persons engaged in cutting or priming the crop. Application should be made only by an experienced operator. carbaryl (Sevin) No time limitations. Do not apply within 7 days after application of parathion or organic phosphate insecticides as plant injury may result. Do not mix with organic phosphate insecticides. trichlorfon (Dylox) Do not apply directly to bud. Apply to base of plant. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *Do not mix phosphatic family insecticides (parathion, Orthene, Guthion, diazinon, etc.) with carbamate family insecticides such as carbaryl (Sevin) and methomyl (Lannate or Nudrin) for foliage applications. A minimum of 4 days should be allowed between use of these materials. NOTE: Any combination of ethyl + methyl parathion commonly marketed under the 6-3E ingredient can severely damage tobacco. WARNING: Past experiences have indicated that adding spreader stickers to insecticides can result in phytotoxicity and flecking of the tobacco. \h 2 'Suggested Application - Transplanting to 24" tall' Suggested Application - Transplanting to 24" tall: 1. Use one D3-25 cone-nozzle (or equivalent). 2. Use 60 pounds pressure or less. 3. Travel at about 4 MPH. 4. Adjust boom to 8" from plant bud. 5. Try to apply 8 to 10 gallons of spray per acre. \h 2 'Suggested Application - Tobacco over 24" tall' Suggested Application - Tobacco over 24" Tall: 1. Use 3 D3-25 cone nozzles (or equivalent). 2. Use 60 pounds of pressure or less. 3. Travel at about 4 MPH. 4. Adjust boom 8" from plant. 5. Try to apply 18-25 gallons of spray per acre. WARNING: Past experiences have indicated that adding spreader stickers to insecticides can result in phytotoxicity and flecking of the tobacco. \b\v \h 2 'Aphid Control' \v \v \v Aphids: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Materials Amount/Acre Remarks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15% Di-Syston G 13.3 - 26.7 lbs. Apply Di-Syston to the soil 1-2 days prior to trans- 15% parathion WP 2 lbs. planting and turn into a 42% (4EC) parathion 1/2 pt. depth of 2-4 inches. 22% (2EC) methyl parathion 2 qts. (Penncap M*) 2E 25% malathion WP 4 lbs. 57% (5EC) malathion 2 pts. 50% Thiodan WP 1 lb. 90% methomyl SP 1/4 - 1/2 lb. (Lannate, Nudrin) 1.8L methomyl 1 pt. - 1 qt. (Lannate, Nudrin) 75% Orthene SP 2/3 lb. 5EC Azodrin** 7/8 pt. 25% (2EC) Thiodan 2 pts. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *ASC = Aqueous suspension concentrate; WP = wettable powder; D = dust. Penncap-M is a special formulation of methyl parathion contained in a polymeric type micro capsule. Do not use Penncap-M with other emulsifiable concentrates or in the same tank with organic solvents. It is suggested to use drop nozzles so that bottom leaf coverage is insured. **Applications of Azodrin may cause some flecking of tobacco. \h 2 'Potato Virus Y' Potato Virus Y: Potato Virus Y constitutes a serious threat to tobacco production in the southeastern United States. This disease is transmitted by aphids (plant lice). Aphids may migrate over great distances from infected, wild or culti- vated host plants and bring the disease to the tobacco field. There has been a great deal of discussion and debate concerning means of avoiding this disease. Since the aphids can move over great distances, it is impossible to rogue out and destroy other host plants (potatoes, peppers, eggplants, bullnettle, nightshade, etc.). Research in Florida indicates that even though infected migrating aphids were quickly killed they were able to transmit the disease prior to death. Consequently, there is no known insecticide currently available that kills with the rapidity required to prevent Potato Virus Y transmission once the infected aphids have alighted on a susceptible tobacco plant. However, this does not mean that aphids should not be controlled since most are not infected with the virus and can cause damage to tobacco when populations are allowed above the recommended thresholds. \b\v \h 2 'Budworm or Hornworm Control' \v \v \v Budworms or Hornworms: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Materials Amount/Acre Remarks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15% Furadan G**** 40 lbs. BROADCAST FURADAN AT LEAST 90% methomyl SP 7-10 DAYS PRIOR TO TRANS- (Lannate, Nudrin) 1/4 - 1/2 lb. PLANTING. DISC INCORPORATE 1.8L methomyl IN TWO DIRECTIONS TO A (Lannate, Nudrin) 1 pt. - 1 qt. DEPTH OF 4-6 INCHES. 22% (2EC) methyl WHERE FURADAN IS USED IT parathion 2 qts. MAY BE NECESSARY TO TREAT (Penncap M*) FOR FOLIAGE INSECTS DURING 50% Thiodan WP 1-2 lbs. THE LAST 4 WEEKS OF THE 25% (2EC) Thiodan 2-3 qts. GROWING SEASON. 80% Sevin WP 1-2 lbs. 22% (2EC) Guthion 2-3 pts. Guthion may be applied 75% Orthene SP 2/3 lb (budworms) only by a trained operator. 1 lb (hornworms) 5EC Azodrin 7/8 pt. hornworms 7/8 - 1 5/8 pts. budworms Bacillus thuringiensis** Bactospeine Refer to product label for Dipel specific ingredient state- SOK-Bt ments. Apply by hand or Thuricide calibrated mechanical Dipel 10 G ground equipment. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *Penncap-M is a special formulation of methyl parathion contained in a polymeric type micro capsule. Do not use Penncap-M with other emulsifiable concentrates or in the same tank with organic solvents. It is suggested to use drop nozzles so that bottom leaf coverage is insured. **ASC = Bacillus thuringiensis can be purchased in many formulations such as suspensions, wettable powders, dusts or baits. ***For the last several years complaints have been received about difficulty in controlling tobacco budworms. In 1986, a field source of Florida tobacco budworms were compared with a controlled laboratory population concerning susceptibility to acephate (Orthene) and methomyl (Lannate, Nudrin). Results obtained indicated that Florida budworms were 2.18 times less resistant to Orthene than the laboratory budworms and 6.82 times more resistant to Lannate and Nudrin than the laboratory budworms. Resistance or susceptibility may vary from one geographic location to another. ****CAUTION - You may not have noticed but a ground water advisory or environmental hazards statement was added to several pesticide labels just recently. The labels include carbofuran (Furadan). There may be others that already include the statement and we expect it on numerous other pesticide labels shortly. This statement is now a part of the Furadan label. Carbofuran is a chemical which can travel (seep or leach) through soil and can contaminate ground water which may be used as drinking water. Carbofuran has been found in ground water as a result of agricultural use. Users are advised not to apply carbofuran where the water table (ground water) is close to the surface and where the soils are very permeable, i.e., well-drained soils such as loamy sands. Your local agricultural agencies can provide further information on the type of soil in your area and the location of ground water. \b\v \h 2 'Cutworm Control' \v \v \v Cutworms: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Materials Amount/Acre Remarks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5% Dylox B 20-30 lbs. Bait applications should be scattered around the plants or broadcast to the soil surface. Do not apply Dylox B after plants are two feet tall. Orthene 75% SP 1 lb. (If Orthene is used in transplant water, some control of cutworms should be expected.) Do not apply within 3 days of harvest. Use 1 lb per 100 gals water/acre in transplanting water. Lorsban 15 G 20 lb Preplant broadcast one week before transplanting. Losbane 4 E 3 qt Incorporate immediately to a depth of 2 - 4 inches. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \h 2 'Flea Beetle Control' Flea Beetles: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Materials Amount/Acre Remarks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15% Di-Syston G 13.3-26.7 lbs. Apply Di-Syston to the soil 15% Furadan G* 40 lbs. 1-2 days prior to trans- 15% Parathion WP 2-3 lbs. planting and turn in to a 42% (4EC) parathion 1/2 pt. depth of 2-4 inches. Broad- 50% Thiodan WP 1-2 lbs. cast Furadan at least 7-10 25% (2EC) Thiodan 2-3 pts. days prior to transplant- 80% Sevin WP 1-2 lbs. ing. Disc incorporate in 90% methomyl SP two directions to a depth (Lannate, Nudrin) 1/4 - 1/2 qt. of 4-6 inches. Where Furadan is used it may be 1.8L methomyl necessary to treat for (Lannate, Nudrin) 1 pt. - 1 qt. foliage insects during the last 4 weeks of the growing season. When Thiodan or Sevin is used to control budworms and hornworms, stinkbugs should not be a problem. Parathion should be applied by a trained operator only. \p (cont'd) \b\pFlea Beetles - cont'd \p------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \pMaterials Amount/Acre Remarks \p------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Penncap M 2E 2-4 pts. Do not apply within 15 days of priming. Orthene 75% SP 1 lb. per 100 gals. water/acre in trans- planting water. Lorsban 15 G 20 lb Preplant broadcast one week before transplanting. Lorsban 4 E 3 qt Incorporate immediately to a depth of 2-4 inches. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *CAUTION - You may not have noticed but a ground water advisory or environmental hazards statement was added to several pesticide labels just recently. The labels include carbofuran (Furadan). There may be others that already include the statement and we expect it on numerous other pesticide labels shortly. This statement is now a part of the Furadan label. Carbofuran is a chemical which can travel (seep or leach) through soil and can contaminate ground water which may be used as drinking water. Carbofuran has been found in ground water as a result of agricultural use. Users are advised not to apply carbofuran where the water table (ground water) is close to the surface and where the soils are very permeable, i.e., well-drained soils such as loamy sands. Your local agricultural agencies can provide further information on the type of soil in your area and the location of ground water. \h 2 'Grasshopper Control' Grasshoppers: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Materials Amount/Acre Remarks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80% Sevin SP 1 1/4 - 1 3/4 lbs. Apply to grasslands and areas adjacent to fields. Check recommendations for limitations. 75% Orthene SP 2/3 lb. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \h 2 'Mole Cricket Control' Mole Crickets: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Materials Amount/Acre Remarks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14% diazinon Broadcast granules and disc in 4-6 inches about 2 weeks before setting tobacco. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \b\v \h 2 'Stinkbug Control' \v \v \v Stinkbugs: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Materials Amount/Acre Remarks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25% (2EC) Thiodan 2-3 qts. 42% (4EC) parathion 1/2 pt. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \h 2 'White-fringed Beetles (no control available)' White-fringed Beetles: NO LEGAL CONTROL AVAILABLE. Rotation programs are recommended and plans should be made as far in advance as possible. Fields destined to be planted in tobacco should be inspected every year for 2 years in advance for presence of weevils. Do not follow leguminous crops (peanuts, soybeans, clover, peas, or beans) with tobacco for at least 2 years. Research indicates where chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) is used at the 4 lb a.i./acre rate, a reduction in white-fringed beetle larval population may be expected; however this amount exceeds the maximum labeled rates. \b\v \h 2 'Wireworm Control' \v \v \v Wireworms: Broadcast Treatments for Wireworms: Broadcast applications are suggested for those growers who have fields which are heavily infested with wireworms every year. Unless otherwise specified, the insecticide should be broadcast evenly over the soil surface at least 3-5 weeks before planting. It should be cross disked into the soil to a depth of 4-6 inches immediately after application. The treated soil should not be bedded or otherwise disturbed for at least 3 weeks so the insecticide will kill the wireworms. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Material Amount/Acre Remarks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14% diazinon G 14-21 lbs. Broadcast Furadan at least 7-10 days 10% parathion G 20 lbs. prior to transplanting. Disc incorporate 15% Dasanit G 13.3 lbs. in two directions to a depth of 4-6 10% Dyfonate G 20 lbs. inches. Where Furadan is used it may be 10% Mocap G 20 lbs necessary to treat for foliage insects 15% Furadan G* 40 lbs. during the last 4 weeks of the growing season. 15% Lorsban G 20 lb 4E Lorsban 3 qt ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *CAUTION - You may not have noticed but a ground water advisory or environmental hazards statement was added to several pesticide labels just recently. The labels include carbofuran (Furadan). There may be others that already include the statement and we expect it on numerous other pesticide labels shortly. This statement is now a part of the Furadan label. Carbofuran is a chemical which can travel (seep or leach) through soil and can contaminate ground water which may be used as drinking water. Carbofuran has been found in ground water as a result of agricultural use. Users are advised not to apply carbofuran where the water table (ground water) is close to the surface and where the soils are very permeable, i.e., well-drained soils such as loamy sands. Your local agricultural agencies can provide further information on the type of soil in your area and the location of ground water. Transplant Water Treatment for Wireworms: CAUTION!! The following treatment is intended for added control ONLY. DO NOT depend on this treatment as the only means to control wireworms. Transplant water treatments can be used for aid in the control of wireworms. These treatments ARE NOT AS EFFECTIVE as a thorough broadcast application however, when properly used, they will give fairly good control even where the wireworm population is high. The quantity of insecticides used for a given amount of water will depend upon the equipment used in setting the plants. A higher concentration of the insecticide will be needed for mechanical transplanters than for hand transplanters. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Material Amount/Acre Remarks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50% diazinon WP 1 1/2 oz. in 50 gals. Apply 200-250 gals. per acre water (hand); for hand transplanters and 3 ozs. in 50 gals. about 300 gals. for mechanical. water (mechanical) Keep mixture well stirred. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \b\v \h 1 'Systemic Insecticide Treatment' \v \v \v Systemic Insecticide Treatment A systemic insecticide is one that is absorbed by the plant, circulated throughout the plant, and renders the plant toxic to the feeding insect. Several of the newer insecticides have systemic action. Di-Syston (Systemic Insecticide): For early season control of aphids and flea beetles on flue-cured tobacco. PLANT BED APPLICATION: For protection against aphids and flea beetles in the plant beds, apply 15% Di-Syston granules at the rate of 6 2/3 lbs. per 1000 square yards and mix with the top two to four inches of soil just before seeding. Treatment may also be made after plants emerge. Broadcast the granules evenly and water thoroughly. FIELD APPLICATION: Apply 13.3 - 26.7 lbs. of 15% Di-Syston granules in a 6 to 12 inch band on the top of the row and mix with the top two to four inches of soil, one to two weeks prior to transplanting. Furadan (Systemic Insecticide): For extended control of flea beetles, hornworms, wireworms and aid in the control of budworms on flue-cured tobacco. FIELD APPLICATION: Before forming field beds, broadcast 40 lbs of 15% Furadan* granules and disc incorporate to a depth of 4 to 6 inches. *CAUTION!! Furadan may cause some minor flecking of the leaves on the lower portion of the plant and is generally confined to those leaves comprising the first priming. Seldom has this injury resulted in grade or yield loss. \h 1 'Insect Management Approaches - Reducing Crop Residue' \h 2 'Crop Residue Control' Reducing Crop Residue - Insect Management Approaches Crop Residue Control: IMPORTANT!! Since hornworms, budworms and flea beetles continue to feed on tobacco after harvest, destruction of the stalks will remove their food source and breeding sites. Most of the hornworms that live through the winter are produced late in the summer. Stalk destruction has been shown to reduce hornworm numbers considerably when combined with growing season sucker control and insecticides. Budworm pupae overwinter in the top 2 to 3 inches of soil. Turning the stubble reduces the number of moths which emerge in the spring. \b\v \h 2 'Residue Reduction by Insect Management' \v \v \v Residue Reduction by Insect Management: Pesticide residues on tobacco have become a major concern since more stringent residue restrictions have been placed on tobacco leaf and tobacco products exported to European markets. With these and further restrictions probable, producers exporting tobacco will have to insure that their tobacco meets residue requirements. With recent advancements in pest management techniques, pesticide residues on tobacco can be reduced without jeopardizing required insect control. If the grower plans to transplant the crop on or about March 25, he should broadcast diazinon, 14% granules on the soil surface and incorporate the material to a depth of 4 to 6 inches about March 4 for wireworm control. As soon as the diazinon has been applied, an application of Dylox 5% bait should be broadcast on the soil surface and left undisturbed for about 2 weeks before transplanting for cutworm control. The day before or the same day as transplanting, an application of Di-Syston 15% granules should be broadcast on the soil surface and incorporated to a depth of 2 to 4 inches for aphid and flea beetle control. The Di-Syston treatment will give protection to the tobacco foliage against aphids and flea beetles for about 6 weeks after transplanting. No other applications of an aphicide should be needed during that period of time. Approximately 2 to 3 weeks after transplanting, foliage applications of Bacillus thuringiensis should begin and continue on a 2-week schedule for the remainder of the growing season to control budworms, cabbage loopers and hornworms. (If any of the worm pests or aphids become a problem later in the season, the grower could use an application of Thiodan, methomyl (Lannate, Nudrin) or Orthene as a spot-treatment to effect needed control; however, they should be used only in an emergency). The Bacillus thuringiensis treatments will leave no chemical residue on the leaf. If Thiodan or methomyl applications are needed, it would be advisable to limit the number of applications of either material to two each. In a season of moderate insect infestations, late applications of Thiodan, methomyl or Orthene may not be needed. The grower must remember that if this program is to be effective the 2-week schedule of Bacillus thuringiensis must be adhered to strictly. \b\v \h 2 'Program of Pesticide Reduction' \v \v \v Program of Pesticide Residue Reduction: A program of reducing pesticide residues on flue-cured tobacco in Florida is outlined in the following table. B = bait; D = dust; G = granules; ASC = aqueous suspension concentrate; WP = wettable powder; EC = emulsifiable concentrate; SP = soluble powder; L = liquid. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Rate of Insect Pesticide Application Formulation/Acre ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wireworms diazinon to soil pre-plant 14% G, 14-21 lbs. 21 days Cutworms Dylox to soil pre-plant 5% B, 20 lbs. 14 days Aphids and Di-Syston to soil pre-plant 15% G, 13.3-26.7 lbs. flea beetles 1 day Budworms, Bacillus spray foliage ASC 1-2 qts. cabbage loopers, thuringiensis biweekly beginning WP 1-3 lbs. hornworms 14-21 days after D 20-30 lbs. transplanting Aphids, Thiodan* spray or dust 50% WP, 1-2 lbs. budworms, foliage for 25% (2EC) 2-3 pts. cabbage loopers, clean-up only hornworms as needed methomyl* spray foliage 90% SP 1/3-1/2 lbs. (Lannate, for clean-up only 2% D 20-30 lbs. Nudrin) as needed 1.8L 1 1/2-2 pts. Orthene* spray for clean-up 75% SP 2/3 - 1 lb. only as needed ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *These materials applied only when needed for clean-up of aphids and flea beetles. Bacillus applications are not necessary when these materials are applied.