==================================BSR24================================== 24. Studies on levels of somatostatin (SRIF, SRIH) or growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients, normal volunteers, animal studies, especially animal studies concerning origin of these substances in CSF. Effects of cortisone or other corticosteroids (corticosterone) on somatostatin levels in brain. Effects of psychotropic drugs on somatostatin levels in brain. 1 UI - 87093057 AU - Beal MF ; Growdon JH TI - CSF neurotransmitter markers in Alzheimer's disease. AB - CSF neurotransmitter markers may reflect neurochemical alterations in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The best studied neurochemical deficit in AD is that of acetylcholine. Both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity have been reported to be reduced in some but not all studies of AD CSF. Studies of monoamine metabolites have also been controversial but most authors have found reduced concentrations of CSF HVA, lesser reductions in HIAA and no change in MHPG. CSF GABA concentrations have been found to be reduced in AD. Studies of CSF neuropeptides in AD have shown reduced concentrations of somatostatin and vasopressin, normal concentrations of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and either normal or decreased concentrations of beta-endorphin and corticotropin releasing factor. Although no individual CSF neurochemical markers are specific for AD it may be possible to develop a profile of several neurochemical markers which will have enhanced specificity. MH - Alzheimer's Disease/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Biogenic Amines/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Cholinesterases/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; GABA/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Human ; Neuropeptides/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Neuroregulators/ *CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Review ; Somatostatin/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Vasopressins/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID SO - Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1986;10(3-5):259-70 2 UI - 87044958 AU - Steardo L ; Barone P ; Hunnicutt E TI - Carbamazepine lowering effect on CSF somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in temporal lobe epileptics. AB - The effect of carbamazepine treatment on CSF-somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in patients suffering from temporal lobe epilepsy was investigated. A baseline lumbar puncture was performed on 12 patients and 10 normal volunteers. A second tap was repeated only in patients when they were on peak of carbamazepine concentration for 10 days. Levels of CSF-SLI were measured by RIA. No significant differences were found in CSF-SLI basal concentrations between epileptics and controls, whereas a significant decrease (p less than .0002 Duncan's multiple range test) of CSF peptide levels occurred in 9 of 12 patients under medication. Although the neural mechanism through which carbamazepine lowers CSF-SLI is still unknown, the results of the present study suggest that the reported effect might be part of the apparatus by which carbamazepine exerts its anticonvulsant action. MH - Adolescence ; Adult ; Carbamazepine/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID/*DRUG THERAPY ; Female ; Human ; Male ; Somatostatin/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID SO - Acta Neurol Scand 1986 Aug;74(2):140-4 3 UI - 87006404 AU - Stepie:n H ; Stawowy A ; Cie:slak D ; Brzezi:nski J ; Pawlikowski M TI - Increased CSF levels of somatostatin in patients with brain tumours and intracranial hypertension. AB - The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of somatostatin in patients with brain tumours, communicating hydrocephalus, lumbar-disc disease (treated as a control) were measured by specific radioimmunoassay. The somatostatin concentration in the patients with brain tumours and intracranial hypertension was significantly higher compared to those with brain tumours and normal CSF pressure. CSF somatostatin content in patients with communicating hydrocephalus, was similar to patients with brain tumours and normal CSF pressure, and did not show a significant difference from the control group. The authors discuss possible reasons for such results obtained in patients with brain tumours and intracranial hypertension. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Brain Neoplasms/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Comparative Study ; Female ; Human ; Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Male ; Middle Age ; Pseudotumor Cerebri/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Radioimmunoassay ; Somatostatin/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Spinal Cord Diseases/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID SO - Horm Metab Res 1986 Aug;18(8):555-7 4 UI - 86284053 AU - Gomez S ; Puymirat J ; Valade P ; Davous P ; Rondot P ; Cohen P TI - Patients with Alzheimer's disease show an increased content of 15 Kdalton somatostatin precursor and a lowered level of tetradecapeptide in their cerebrospinal fluid. AB - The relative proportions of both somatostatin-14 and its precursors somatostatin-28 and the 15 Kdalton prosomatostatin were evaluated by radioimmunoassay in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. It was observed that the patients have a lowered content in the tetradecapeptide somatostatin while they exhibit a significant increase in unprocessed 15 Kda precursor. These results indicate that these patients possess impaired processing mechanisms which may be responsible for the lowered content in mature somatostatin-14. These observations may provide a valuable test for the ante-mortem diagnosis of the disease. They are discussed in connection with others suggesting that Alzheimer's patients may be selectively altered in their somatostatinergic neurones of their cerebral cortex (Morrison et al. (1985) Nature 314, 90-92. Roberts et al. (1985) Nature 314, 92-94). MH - Aged ; Alzheimer's Disease/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Human ; Middle Age ; Protein Precursors/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Radioimmunoassay ; Somatostatin/ *CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Life Sci 1986 Aug 18;39(7):623-7 5 UI - 86256142 AU - Mair RG ; Langlais PJ ; Mazurek MF ; Beal MF ; Martin JB ; McEntee WJ TI - Reduced concentrations of arginine vasopressin and MHPG in lumbar CSF of patients with Korsakoff's psychosis. AB - The concentrations of arginine vasopressin (AVP), somatostatin (SS), and the primary brain metabolites of norepinephrine (MHPG), serotonin (5-HIAA), and dopamine (HVA) were measured in samples of lumbar CSF obtained from ten amnesics with Korsakoff's psychosis, four patients with a history of Korsakoff's psychosis who had recovered from the amnesic symptoms of this disease, and control subjects. Significant deficits were observed in the amnesic group for AVP and MHPG, but not for the other substances measured. Subjects who had recovered from the amnesic symptoms of Korsakoff's psychosis had increased concentrations of AVP and MHPG, but not of SS or the other monoamine metabolites. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Argipressin/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Brain/METABOLISM ; Dopamine/METABOLISM ; Glycols/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Homovanillic Acid/ CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Human ; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Lumbosacral Region ; Male ; Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol/ *CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Middle Age ; Norepinephrine/METABOLISM ; Psychoses, Alcoholic/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Serotonin/METABOLISM ; Somatostatin/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - Life Sci 1986 Jun 23;38(25):2301-6 6 UI - 86244765 AU - Mohr E ; Bruno G ; Foster N ; Gillespie M ; Cox C ; Hare TA ; Tamminga C ; Fedio P ; Chase TN TI - GABA-agonist therapy for Alzheimer's disease. AB - Evidence suggesting a reduction of cerebral gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons in Alzheimer's disease has been reported. To evaluate the possible contribution of GABA system dysfunction to the intellectual decline associated with this disorder, a controlled therapeutic trial of a potent and specific GABA agonist, THIP [4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(5,4,-c)pyridin-3-ol], was undertaken. Six Alzheimer patients with mild to moderately severe dementia and low spinal-fluid GABA levels received THIP at maximum individually tolerated dosage. No significant change in cognitive function could be discerned, despite attainment of dose levels that produced centrally mediated adverse effects similar to those of other GABA agonists. The results support the views that pharmacologic attempts to stimulate central GABA-mediated synaptic function may not confer therapeutic benefit to patients with Alzheimer's disease and that a GABA system deficit may not serve as a critical determinant of the dementia that characterizes this disorder. MH - Alzheimer's Disease/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID/DIAGNOSIS/*DRUG THERAPY ; Clinical Trials ; GABA/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Human ; Isoxazoles/ADVERSE EFFECTS/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Middle Age ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Oxazoles/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Somatostatin/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID SO - Clin Neuropharmacol 1986;9(3):257-63 7 UI - 86204388 AU - Rissler K ; Cramer H ; Schaudt D ; Strubel D ; Gattaz WF TI - Molecular size distribution of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with degenerative brain disease. AB - The molecular size distribution of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with brain disease was investigated by separation with a Sephadex G-25 superfine column and subsequent radioimmunoassay of the eluate. Marked heterogeneity of SLI in the CSF of control subjects as well as in demented patients, was observed. Controls and schizophrenics exhibited an SLI distribution pattern consisting mainly of two pronounced peaks: the first eluting with the void volume of the column; the second being compatible with a peptide of N-terminally extended somatostatin-14. SLI from the CSF of patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT), multi-infarct dementia (MID) and normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) showed the same two peaks found in controls and schizophrenics; and in addition, a third peak co-eluting with somatostatin-14. However, this peak was more pronounced in patients with SDAT and MID than in patients with NPH. Re-chromatography of G-25 sf void volume immunoreactivity afforded two fractions of an apparent molecular weight of about 10,000 daltons and 15,500 daltons, respectively. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Alzheimer's Disease/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Brain Diseases/ *CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Chromatography, Gel ; Dementia, Senile/ CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Human ; Hydrocephalus/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Middle Age ; Molecular Weight ; Peptides/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Protein Conformation ; Radioimmunoassay ; Schizophrenia, Paranoid/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Somatostatin/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Neurosci Res 1986 Feb;3(3):213-25 8 UI - 86159974 AU - Rubinow DR TI - Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin and psychiatric illness. AB - Somatostatin is a tetradecapeptide that is assuming increasing importance as a regulator of central nervous system activity. Originally identified as the hypothalamic growth hormone release-inhibiting factor, somatostatin has subsequently been shown to be extensively and selectively distributed throughout the central nervous system, to alter neuron excitability, to regulate and be regulated by the activity of classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, to exert a number of direct behavioral actions, and to display neuropsychiatric disorder-related alterations. In this article, a three-part study of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) somatostatin in affective illness and schizophrenia is presented. In part 1, significant reductions in CSF somatostatin were observed in 49 bipolar and unipolar depressed patients relative to 47 controls. Values during depression were also significantly lower than those observed in affective disorder during the improved state or in schizophrenia. Diurnal studies involving paired AM and PM lumbar punctures revealed that depressed patients and normal volunteers had similar somatostatin values in the evening, despite having significantly different values in the morning. In part 2, the effects of several psychopharmacological agents on CSF somatostatin were examined, particularly the tricyclic anticonvulsant carbamazepine. A significant reduction of CSF somatostatin during treatment with carbamazepine was observed. The effect of carbamazepine on somatostatin could be related to its anticonvulsant, analgesic, or psychotropic effects. Part 3 deals with somatostatin as a major regulator of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Somatostatin affects HPA activity by inhibiting, at a number of cellular levels, the stimulated release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary. A significant negative relationship between CSF somatostatin and the postdexamethasone plasma cortisol level in 22 depressed and 16 schizophrenic patients was observed. This relationship between low CSF somatostatin and escape from dexamethasone suppression was observed irrespective of diagnosis (i.e., depression or schizophrenia). Thus, there is indirect supporting evidence for a role for somatostatin dysregulation in the most consistently observed biological abnormality in depression, escape from dexamethasone suppression. Further study of somatostatin in neuropsychiatric disorders, and particularly depressive illness, offers great promise for better understanding their underlying affective, vegetative, cognitive, and physiological dysregulations. MH - Affective Disorders, Psychotic/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Antidepressive Agents/THERAPEUTIC USE ; Bipolar Disorder/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID/DRUG THERAPY/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Comparative Study ; Depressive Disorder/ CEREBROSPINAL FLUID/DRUG THERAPY/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Dexamethasone/ DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Human ; Manic Disorder/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Schizophrenia/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Somatostatin/ *CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Biol Psychiatry 1986 Apr;21(4):341-65 9 UI - 86158145 AU - Raskind MA ; Peskind ER ; Lampe TH ; Risse SC ; Taborsky GJ Jr ; Dorsa D TI - Cerebrospinal fluid vasopressin, oxytocin, somatostatin, and beta-endorphin in Alzheimer's disease. AB - As a first step toward assessing the status of brain neuropeptide systems that may be involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the neuropeptides arginine vasopressin, somatostatin, oxytocin, and beta-endorphin were measured in patients with AD, normal elderly subjects, and normal young subjects. The plasma arginine vasopressin level was also measured in the three groups. The CSF arginine vasopressin level was significantly lower in patients with AD than in either elderly or young normal subjects, but oxytocin and beta-endorphin levels did not differ between groups. The CSF osmolarity also did not differ between groups. The plasma arginine vasopressin level did not significantly differ between groups, but high plasma arginine vasopressin values were absent in the patients with AD. The CSF somatostatin level was significantly lower in patients with AD than in normal elderly persons, but it did not differ in young normal subjects. These results suggest that central vasopressinergic activity may be decreased in AD and confirm reports of low CSF somatostatin levels in AD. MH - Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Alzheimer's Disease/BLOOD/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Argipressin/BLOOD/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Endorphins/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Female ; Human ; Male ; Osmolar Concentration ; Oxytocin/ *CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Somatostatin/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Vasopressins/ *CEREBROSPINAL FLUID SO - Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986 Apr;43(4):382-8 10 UI - 86158143 AU - Doran AR ; Rubinow DR ; Roy A ; Pickar D TI - CSF somatostatin and abnormal response to dexamethasone administration in schizophrenic and depressed patients. AB - Low levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) somatostatin and abnormal response to dexamethasone are two neuroendocrine disturbances reported to appear in depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders. We measured the levels of CSF somatostatin in patients with schizophrenia (n = 44) and depression (n = 19). In view of in vitro and animal evidence of the ability of somatostatin to inhibit stimulated corticotropin secretion, we also administered the dexamethasone suppression test to a subgroup of the patients with schizophrenia (n = 16) and the total depressed group. Lower levels of CSF somatostatin were found in dexamethasone nonsuppressors regardless of diagnosis and were negatively correlated with maximum postdexamethasone cortisol level in the total and depressed patient groups. These data suggest a functional relationship between hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity and reduced CSF somatostatin level. MH - Adult ; Depressive Disorder/BLOOD/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID/*DIAGNOSIS ; Dexamethasone/*DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Human ; Hydrocortisone/BLOOD ; Male ; Middle Age ; Schizophrenia/BLOOD/ CEREBROSPINAL FLUID/*DIAGNOSIS ; Somatostatin/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID SO - Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986 Apr;43(4):365-9 11 UI - 86121392 AU - Gattaz WF ; Rissler K ; Gattaz D ; Cramer H TI - Effects of haloperidol on somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the CSF of Schizophrenic patients. AB - The levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) were determined in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 14 schizophrenic patients before and after 3 weeks on haloperidol treatment. Baseline levels of SLI correlated negatively with psychopathological items on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale related to psychotic productivity. SLI levels increased after haloperidol treatment, but this increase did not correlate with psychopathological improvement. A difference in the ratio of larger and smaller molecular forms of the peptide was found before and after treatment. The drug-free samples showed a preponderance of the larger molecular forms, resulting in a ratio of 4:1, whereas the haloperidol-treated samples showed an equal distribution of both species. MH - Adult ; Haloperidol/*PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Human ; Male ; Parasympatholytics/ PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Radioimmunoassay ; Schizophrenia, Paranoid/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID/*DRUG THERAPY ; Somatostatin/ *CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Psychiatry Res 1986 Jan;17(1):1-6 12 UI - 86119130 AU - Beal MF ; Growdon JH ; Mazurek MF ; Martin JB TI - CSF somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in dementia. AB - Concentrations of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in CSF were reduced in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multi-infarct dementia (p less than 0.01), but not in normal-pressure hydrocephalus, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. This suggests that reduced SLI content in AD cerebral cortex is reflected in CSF. Chromatographic characterization of CSF SLI showed no differences between AD and controls. Concentrations of SLI in AD patients overlapped those in both normal subjects and patients with multi-infarct dementia, so that changes in CSF SLI have no diagnostic specificity. MH - Age Factors ; Aged ; Alzheimer's Disease/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Comparative Study ; Dementia/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Human ; Huntington Chorea/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Hydrocephalus/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Middle Age ; Parkinson Disease/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Radioimmunoassay ; Somatostatin/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - Neurology 1986 Feb;36(2):294-7 13 UI - 86092684 AU - Volicer L ; Beal MF ; Direnfeld LK ; Marquis JK ; Albert ML TI - CSF cyclic nucleotides and somatostatin in Parkinson's disease. AB - Concentrations of cyclic adenosine 3',5' monophosphate (cAMP) were significantly lower in parkinsonian patients than in controls, but concentrations of guanosine 3',5' monophosphate (cGMP) were not altered. Both cAMP and cGMP levels were lower in patients with more severe symptoms on the left side of the body. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) was similar in parkinsonian patients and controls. Both cAMP and SLI were significantly related to acetylcholinesterase activity. MH - Acetylcholinesterase/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Adenosine Cyclic Monophosphate/ *CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Aged ; Guanosine Cyclic Monophosphate/ *CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Homovanillic Acid/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Parkinson Disease/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID/ENZYMOLOGY ; Radioimmunoassay ; Somatostatin/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - Neurology 1986 Jan;36(1):89-92