==================================BSR09================================== 9. Positron emission tomography of brain, or positron emission computed tomography of brain, including tomographic measurement of cerebral metabolism, cerebral blood flow, using F18 glucose or O15 water techniques. Brain studies only. 1 UI - 87121280 AU - Yamaguchi T ; Kanno I ; Uemura K ; Shishido F ; Inugami A ; Ogawa T ; Murakami M ; Suzuki K TI - Reduction in regional cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen during human aging. AB - To investigate changes in cerebral circulation and oxygen metabolism during aging, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), regional oxygen extraction fraction (rOEF), regional cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (rCMRO2) and regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) were measured using the 15O labelled gas inhalation technique and a multi-slice positron emission tomograph (PET) in 22 healthy volunteers, aged from 26 to 64 years old. The measurements were performed with subjects at rest, without sensory deprivation. The values of rCBF, rOEF, rCMRO2 and rCBV in more than 40 anatomical structures of the brain were evaluated by studying a large series of scans in each region of interest after the functional PET image had been anatomically identified using x-ray computed tomographic images corresponding to the PET. In mean gray values, only CMRO2 showed significant reduction with age. rCMRO2 significantly decreased with age only in the supratentrium, and much more in the left hemisphere. Especially remarkable was rCMRO2 reduction in the left caudate region. Both CBF and OEF were variable and less age-dependent. It was concluded that CMRO2 could be reflecting healthy brain aging most properly. MH - Adult ; Aging/*METABOLISM ; Brain/*METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Female ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; *Oxygen Consumption ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Tomography, Emission Computed SO - Stroke 1986 Nov-Dec;17(6):1220-8 2 UI - 87093064 AU - Gauthier S ; Robitaille Y ; Quirion R ; Leblanc R TI - Antemortem laboratory diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. AB - The accuracy of diagnosis for AD by conventional clinical and laboratory means is in the order of 80%. Neurophysiological techniques (EEG, evoked potentials) show abnormalities in AD that could prove to be useful for diagnosis after pharmacological challenges. CSF analysis show a reduction of the concentration of various neuropeptides, reduction shared by other types of dementias. Among the existing imaging techniques PET using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose is the most diagnostic in AD because of the early and often asymmetrical decrease in parietotemporal metabolic activity. Cortical biopsy with histological and biochemical analysis can provide an accurate in vivo diagnosis of AD. MH - Alzheimer's Disease/*DIAGNOSIS/METABOLISM/PATHOLOGY ; Cerebral Cortex/ PATHOLOGY ; Choline Acetyltransferase/ANALYSIS ; Electroencephalography ; Human ; Neuropeptides/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ; Review ; Tomography, Emission Computed ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed SO - Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1986;10(3-5):391-403 3 UI - 87093061 AU - Cutler NR TI - Cerebral metabolism as measured with positron emission tomography (PET) and [18F] 2-deoxy-D-glucose: healthy aging, Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome. AB - Brain metabolism has been measured with positron emission tomography and 18[F] fluoro-2-deoxyglucose. Brain metabolic function remains age invariant in healthy aged subjects 21 to 83 years. Brain metabolism remains unchanged in the mild-moderate severity Alzheimer's disease group and significantly reduced throughout the brain in the late-severe form. Serial assessments over 2 1/2 years of brain metabolic function in an Alzheimer's disease subject with positron emission tomography and 18[F]-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose revealed initial reductions in the parietal lobe and regions prior to neuropsychological changes. Marked elevations in brain metabolism were found in young adult Down syndrome subjects while age-related declines were found in the middle aged (non-demented) Down syndrome subjects and further reductions in the demented Down syndrome individuals. MH - *Aging ; Alzheimer's Disease/*METABOLISM/PSYCHOLOGY ; Brain/*METABOLISM ; Deoxyglucose/ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Down's Syndrome/ *METABOLISM ; Glucose/*METABOLISM ; Human ; Memory ; Oxygen Consumption ; Radioisotopes/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; *Tomography, Emission Computed SO - Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1986;10(3-5):309-21 4 UI - 87083625 AU - Evans AC ; Diksic M ; Yamamoto YL ; Kato A ; Dagher A ; Redies C ; Hakim A TI - Effect of vascular activity in the determination of rate constants for the uptake of 18F-labeled 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: error analysis and normal values in older subjects. AB - Regional cerebral blood volume (CBV) can be calculated using data obtained during the kinetic analysis of 18F-labeled 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) uptake measured by positron emission tomography (PET). As a result the influence of vascular activity upon the determination of FDG rate constants can be minimized. The method is investigated by simulation experiments and by analysis of PET studies on seven older, healthy human volunteers aged 52-70 years. The accuracy of measured FDG rate constants k1, k2, and k3, obtained either by omitting the early portion of the uptake curve or by explicit inclusion of CBV as a fit parameter, is compared. The root mean square error in measured rate constant for the latter method is equivalent to that obtained by omitting the first 2.5-3 min of tissue data and neglecting the CBV term. Hence, added information about the physiological state of the tissue is obtained without compromising the accuracy of the (FDG) rate constant measurement. In hyperemic tissue the explicit determination of the vascular fraction results in more accurate estimates of the FDG rate constants. The ratio of CBV determined by this method to CBV obtained using C15O in six subjects with CBV in the normal range was 0.92 +/- 0.32. A comparison of the CBV image obtained by this method with that obtained using C15O in an arteriovenous malformation case demonstrates the accuracy of the approach over a wide range of CBV values. The mean value for CBV fraction in gray matter obtained by this method in the older control group was 0.040 +/- 0.014. Average gray matter rate constants obtained were k1 = 0.084 +/- 0.012, k2 = 0.150 +/- 0.071, and k3 = 0.099 +/- 0.045 min-1. MH - *Aging ; Blood Vessels/PHYSIOLOGY ; Blood Volume ; Brain/*METABOLISM/ RADIOGRAPHY ; *Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Comparative Study ; Deoxy Sugars/*METABOLISM ; Deoxyglucose/ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/*METABOLISM ; Fluorine/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Human ; *Models, Cardiovascular ; Radioisotopes/ DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Reference Values ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Tomography, Emission Computed SO - J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1986 Dec;6(6):724-38 5 UI - 87077678 AU - McGeer EG ; McGeer PL ; Kamo H ; Tago H ; Harrop R TI - Cortical metabolism, acetylcholinesterase staining and pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease. AB - The local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (LCMRgl) was determined by positron emission tomography (PET) using the 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose method in a series of Alzheimer patients and normal controls. The LCMRgl declined in the cerebral cortex with age, but the decrement was significantly greater in the clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's cases. Comparison of PET and psychological data indicated that, as the disease progressed clinically, the reduction in cortical LCMRgl and the number of cortical regions involved also increased. Variable regions of cortex were involved in the early stages but the temporal, parietal and frontal regions were most typically affected. One case coming to autopsy showed that the severity of the LCMRgl decline paralleled loss of neurons in the cortex and their replacement with astroglia. A case of Pick's disease coming to autopsy had shown a different and highly characteristic pattern of cortical metabolic defect. In this case also a poor metabolic rate was associated with extensive gliosis. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining of the cerebral cortex in elderly normals and Alzheimer's disease cases with a new, highly sensitive method showed that in Alzheimer's disease there was an extensive loss of AChE-positive fibers with senile plaques frequently incorporating AChE-positive fiber debris. AChE staining of the substantia innominata area, where the cells giving rise to these neocortical fibers are presumably located, also showed evidence of degenerating cells and fibers. MH - Acetylcholinesterase/*METABOLISM ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer's Disease/*METABOLISM/PATHOLOGY/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Cerebral Cortex/ ENZYMOLOGY/*METABOLISM ; Dementia, Presenile/METABOLISM/PATHOLOGY ; Human ; Male ; Stains and Staining ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Tomography, Emission Computed SO - Can J Neurol Sci 1986 Nov;13(4 Suppl):511-6 6 UI - 87060086 AU - Arnett CD ; Wolf AP ; Shiue CY ; Fowler JS ; MacGregor RR ; Christman DR ; Smith MR TI - Improved delineation of human dopamine receptors using [18F]-N-methylspiroperidol and PET. AB - The brain uptake of [18F]-N-methylspiroperidol, a butyrophenone neuroleptic with high selectivity for the dopamine receptor, has been measured in three normal human volunteers using positron emission tomography for times up to 12 hr postinjection. These studies demonstrated two unique findings concerning the in vivo distribution of this neuroleptic: (a) it is tightly bound to dopamine D-2 receptors in the caudate-putamen brain regions, and (b) these regions are the only large brain structures which exhibit appreciable long-term retention. In addition, radioactivity clears rapidly from plasma, and the percentage of unchanged [18F]-N-methylspiroperidol in plasma declines rapidly. These results suggest that this compound binds irreversibly to dopamine D-2 receptors, and that there are few if any dopamine D-2 receptors in the human frontal cortex. These studies emphasize not only the importance of characterizing neurotransmitter receptors in living human brain using a ligand labeled with a positron emitting nuclide of sufficiently long half-life to allow monitoring of brain radioactivity distribution for several hours after the injection of radioligand, but also of accurately determining the amount of unchanged tracer in plasma for tracer kinetic modeling. MH - Adult ; Brain/METABOLISM/*RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Caudate Nucleus/ METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Fluorine/*DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Frontal Lobe/ METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Half-Life ; Human ; Kinetics ; Male ; Putamen/METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Radioisotopes/*DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Radioligand Assay ; Receptors, Dopamine/*METABOLISM ; Spiperone/*ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/BLOOD/DIAGNOSTIC USE/METABOLISM ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; *Tomography, Emission Computed SO - J Nucl Med 1986 Dec;27(12):1878-82 7 UI - 87054073 AU - Stone-Elander S ; Roland P ; Eriksson L ; Litton JE ; Johnstr:om P ; Wid:en L TI - The preparation of 11C-labelled fluoromethane for the study of regional cerebral blood flow using positron emission tomography. AB - Fluoromethane, previously labelled with 18F and used as a tracer in the measurement of regional cerebral blood flow, was 11C-labelled by the reaction of 11C-methyl iodide with tetraethylammonium fluoride. Sufficient quantities of radiotracer were prepared with a minimum amount of handling from 15 min target irradiations in the 14N(p, alpha)11C reaction. Total synthesis time was 25 min from end-of-bombardment, allowing serial blood flow measurements 30 min apart. The use of 11C-fluoromethane as a cerebral blood flow tracer in positron emission tomography is discussed. MH - Adult ; Brain/METABOLISM/*RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Carbon Radioisotopes/ *DIAGNOSTIC USE ; *Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Human ; Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated/*DIAGNOSTIC USE/METABOLISM ; Microcomputers ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; *Tomography, Emission Computed SO - Eur J Nucl Med 1986;12(5-6):236-9 8 UI - 87039638 AU - Mineura K ; Yasuda T ; Kowada M ; Shishido F ; Ogawa T ; Uemura K TI - Positron emission tomographic evaluation of histological malignancy in gliomas using oxygen-15 and fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose. AB - HEADTOME III, a high resolution PET, has been employed using 15O and 18F labelled pharmaceuticals to evaluate histological malignancy of gliomas preoperatively. PET study was applied on eighteen preoperative gliomas including two recurrent cases. Haemocirculatory and metabolic indices of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), cerebral blood volume (rCBV), oxygen extraction fraction (rOEF), cerebral metabolic rates for oxygen (rCMRO2) and glucose (rCMRGI) were measured in the viable portion of the tumour, and the contralateral grey and white matter. In the tumour region, rCBF and rCBV were variable and unrelated to grades of tumour malignancy. rCMRO2 and rOEF values reduced significantly (p less than 0.01) relative to the contralateral brain tissue. The average rCMRGI values was 3.00 +/- 1.06 mg 100 ml-1 min-1 (mean +/- SD) for 7 low grade gliomas (grade II), and 5.91 +/- 3.61 mg 100 ml-1 min-1 for 11 high grade gliomas (grade III and IV). These results would support that anaerobic glycolysis increased in the metabolism of gliomas with malignancy. In comparison with normal volunteers, rCBF, rCMRO2, and rCMRGI values in the contralateral grey matter of gliomas were markedly reduced (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.05, p less than 0.01, respectively) possibly due in part to raised intracranial pressure and depressed cerebral functional activity, so that rOEF was increased to a level of approximately 0.5.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) MH - Adolescence ; Adult ; Aged ; Astrocytoma/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Brain Neoplasms/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Child ; Ependymoma/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Female ; Fluorine/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Glioma/ *PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Glucose/METABOLISM ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Oligodendroglioma/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Oxygen Consumption ; Oxygen Radioisotopes/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Radioisotopes/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; *Tomography, Emission Computed SO - Neurol Res 1986 Sep;8(3):164-8 9 UI - 87032983 AU - Mathis CA ; Shulgin Y ; Yano Y ; Sargent T 3d TI - 18F-labelled N,N-dimethylamphetamine analogues for brain imaging studies. AB - The radiochemical yields of nine N,N-dimethyl-2-(substituted phenyl)-isopropylamines (amphetamine analogues) were determined following reaction with [18F]acetyl hypofluorite in a 0.1 M HCl solution at room temperature. The meta-dimethoxy substituted amphetamines gave the highest radiofluorination yields (24-32% at EOB). Purification of the 18F-labelled amphetamines was achieved in 10-20 min. 5-18F-2,4-Dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylamphetamine (5-18F-2,4-DNNA) was utilized to determine brain and lung uptake in rates. Positron emission tomography studies were conducted in a dog to determine the dynamic brain uptake and retention of this agent. The 5-18F-2,4-DNNA exhibited decreased initial uptake and more rapid loss of radioactivity in cerebral tissue compared to the iodinated homologue. MH - Animal ; Brain/*RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Dogs ; *Fluorine ; Lung/METABOLISM/ RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Methamphetamine/*ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES ; *Radioisotopes ; Rats ; *Tomography, Emission Computed SO - Int J Rad Appl Instrum [A] 1986;37(8):865-72 10 UI - 87032967 AU - Firnau G ; Garnett ES ; Chirakal R ; Sood S ; Nahmias C ; Schrobilgen G TI - [18F]fluoro-L-dopa for the in vivo study of intracerebral dopamine. AB - 6-[18F]Fluoro-L-dopa was designed to trace the dopamine metabolism in the brain with positron tomography. 6-[18F]Fluoro-L-dopa resembles natural L-dopa biochemically, it crosses the blood-brain barrier with the similar kinetics, it is decarboxylated by dopa decarboxylase and is stored intraneuronally in vesicles. In addition the rate of O-methylation of 6-[18F]fluoro-L-dopa by catechol-O-methyl transferase is only 1/4 of that of natural L-dopa. The low rate of O-methylation, especially in the periphery, is particularly beneficial for PT investigations of the brain. The radiotracer has been synthesized using a variety of electrophilic fluorinating agents. MH - Animal ; Brain/*METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Dopa/*ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/CHEM SYNTHESIS/DIAGNOSTIC USE/METABOLISM ; Dopamine/ *METABOLISM ; Human ; Methylation ; Radiochemistry ; Radioisotopes ; Safety ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Tomography, Emission Computed SO - Int J Rad Appl Instrum [A] 1986;37(8):669-75 11 UI - 87024405 AU - Young AB ; Penney JB ; Starosta-Rubinstein S ; Markel DS ; Berent S ; Giordani B ; Ehrenkaufer R ; Jewett D ; Hichwa R TI - PET scan investigations of Huntington's disease: cerebral metabolic correlates of neurological features and functional decline. AB - Fifteen drug-free patients with early to midstage Huntington's disease were evaluated with quantitative neurological examinations, scales for functional capacity, computed tomographic (CT) scans, and positron emission tomographic (PET) scans of 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake. All patients had abnormal indices of caudate metabolism on PET scanning, whereas in patients with early disease indices of putamen metabolism and CT measures of caudate atrophy were normal. Indices of caudate metabolism correlated highly with the patients' overall functional capacity (r = 0.906; p less than 0.001) and bradykinesia/rigidity (r = -0.692; p less than 0.01). Indices of putamen metabolism correlated highly with motor functions: chorea (r = -0.841; p less than 0.01), oculomotor abnormalities (r = -0.849; p less than 0.01), and fine motor coordination (r = -0.866; p less than 0.01). Indices of thalamic metabolism correlated positively with dystonia (r = 0.559; p less than 0.05). The data suggest that PET scanning with 18F-FDG is a sensitive measure of brain dysfunction in Huntington's disease and that basal ganglia metabolism is highly correlated with the overall functional capacity of individual patients and with the degree of their motor abnormalities. MH - Activities of Daily Living ; Adult ; Aged ; Brain/*METABOLISM/RADIOGRAPHY ; Caudate Nucleus/METABOLISM ; Glucose/DIAGNOSTIC USE/METABOLISM ; Human ; Huntington Chorea/*METABOLISM/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY/RADIOGRAPHY ; Middle Age ; Putamen/METABOLISM ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Thalamus/METABOLISM ; *Tomography, Emission Computed ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed SO - Ann Neurol 1986 Sep;20(3):296-303 12 UI - 87004431 AU - Theodore WH ; Holmes MD ; Dorwart RH ; Porter RJ ; Di Chiro G ; Sato S ; Rose D TI - Complex partial seizures: cerebral structure and cerebral function. AB - We studied the relationships between cerebral structure and function in 10 patients with complex partial seizures who had major cerebral lesions, including porencephalic cysts, tuberose sclerosis, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and cerebral hemiatrophy. Evaluation included computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning, EEG, and positron emission tomography (PET) using [18F]-2-deoxyglucose. Surface EEG usually showed widespread, bilateral epileptiform discharges even if pathology was clearly restricted to one hemisphere. In several cases, interictal PET hypometabolism was more widespread than structural changes seen on CT and MRI, extending to involve the ipsilateral temporal lobe in patients with extratemporal lesions. This study shows that patterns of metabolic and electrophysiologic dysfunction may not be predicted by structural lesions in patients with partial seizure disorders. MH - Brain/*PATHOLOGY/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Corpus Callosum/ABNORMALITIES ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/METABOLISM/*PATHOLOGY/ PHYSIOPATHOLOGY/RADIOGRAPHY ; Human ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ; Tomography, Emission Computed ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Tuberous Sclerosis/METABOLISM/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY/RADIOGRAPHY SO - Epilepsia 1986 Sep-Oct;27(5):576-82 13 UI - 86321859 AU - Leenders KL ; Poewe WH ; Palmer AJ ; Brenton DP ; Frackowiak RS TI - Inhibition of L-[18F]fluorodopa uptake into human brain by amino acids demonstrated by positron emission tomography. AB - The brain uptake of L-[18F]fluorodopa was measured by positron emission tomography in a healthy male volunteer both under fasting conditions and during intravenous amino acid loading. A significant reduction of tracer uptake into the brain was demonstrated with amino acid loading. This finding represents the first direct evidence for competition between L-dopa and other amino acids for uptake across the blood-brain barrier obtained in vivo in a human subject. It underlines the possible importance of interference by dietary amino acids with the therapeutic actions of L-dopa in Parkinson's disease. MH - Adult ; Amino Acids/*PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Brain/ *METABOLISM ; Corpus Striatum/METABOLISM ; Depression, Chemical ; Dopa/ ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/*METABOLISM ; Human ; Male ; Tomography, Emission Computed SO - Ann Neurol 1986 Aug;20(2):258-62 14 UI - 86311786 AU - Metter EJ ; Jackson C ; Kempler D ; Riege WH ; Hanson WR ; Mazziotta JC ; Phelps ME TI - Left hemisphere intracerebral hemorrhages studied by ( (F-18)-fluorodeoxyglucose PET. AB - We used PET to study patients with intracerebral hemorrhages in the left hemisphere. Three anatomic and physiologic patterns were observed. Patients 1 and 2 had midputamen hemorrhages with diffuse left less than right hemispheric metabolic asymmetry most prominent in temporal and parietal regions. Patients 3 and 4 had posterior putamen-insula-temporal hemorrhages with left less than right metabolic asymmetry in temporoparietal cortex and thalamus. Patients 5, 6, and 7 had smaller posterior hemorrhages. Left cortical metabolism was little affected in these three cases. Persistent aphasia was associated with severe metabolic left less than right asymmetry in posterior middle temporal regions. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Aphasia/METABOLISM ; Case Report ; Cerebral Hemorrhage/ *METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Deoxyglucose/ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/ METABOLISM ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Putamen ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Tomography, Emission Computed SO - Neurology 1986 Sep;36(9):1155-62 15 UI - 86306844 AU - Leenders KL ; Palmer AJ ; Quinn N ; Clark JC ; Firnau G ; Garnett ES ; Nahmias C ; Jones T ; Marsden CD TI - Brain dopamine metabolism in patients with Parkinson's disease measured with positron emission tomography. AB - L-[18F] fluorodopa was administered in trace amounts intravenously to healthy control subjects and to patients with Parkinson's disease. Striatal uptake of radioactivity was measured using positron emission tomography. The capacity of the striatum to retain tracer was severely impaired in patients compared to controls. This may reflect a reduction of striatal dopamine storage in Parkinson's disease. Patients showing the "on/off: phenomenon had an even greater decrease of striatal storage capacity. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Brain/*METABOLISM ; Corpus Striatum/METABOLISM ; Dopa/ ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/METABOLISM ; Dopamine/*METABOLISM ; Female ; Human ; Levodopa/THERAPEUTIC USE ; Male ; Middle Age ; Parkinson Disease/DRUG THERAPY/*METABOLISM ; Tomography, Emission Computed SO - J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986 Aug;49(8):853-60 16 UI - 86278493 AU - Sasaki H ; Kanno I ; Murakami M ; Shishido F ; Uemura K TI - Tomographic mapping of kinetic rate constants in the fluorodeoxyglucose model using dynamic positron emission tomography. AB - A quick computing algorithm to calculate the rate constants (k*1, k*2, k*3) in the [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) model was developed. The algorithm solved for the rate constants pixel by pixel using a conventional least-squares method and two tables consisting of a set of various rate constants, to shorten the computing time. Five planes of rate constant images were obtained. A combined study using the dynamic FDG method and the 15O-labeled gas continuous inhalation method was performed on seven healthy male volunteers aged 26-35 years. Results indicated an apparent discrepancy between CMRglu and CMRO2 in the cerebellum, where the low glucose utilization was correlated with a low FDG phosphorylation rate (k*3) despite a sufficient FDG transportation rate (k*1) from plasma to tissue. MH - Autoradiography/*METHODS ; Brain/*METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Cerebellum/METABOLISM ; Deoxy Sugars/*METABOLISM ; Deoxyglucose/ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/*METABOLISM ; Glucose/METABOLISM ; Human ; Kinetics ; Male ; *Models, Neurological ; Oxygen Consumption ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; *Tomography, Emission Computed SO - J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1986 Aug;6(4):447-54 17 UI - 86276029 AU - Rapoport SI TI - Positron emission tomography in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. AB - Age differences are not found for the regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMR glc) measured with positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-2-deoxy-D-glucose, in healthy subjects at rest and with reduced sensory stimulation. Furthermore, measures of cognitive function are not correlated with resting rCMR glc in healthy subjects. In patients with presumptive Alzheimer's disease (AD), regional cerebral blood flow is reduced throughout the brain in relation to the severity of dementia, whereas regional reductions in rCMR glc are correlated with neuropsychometric deficits subserved by those regions. Right-left asymmetries in rCMR glc appear early in AD and are correlated with appropriate right-left asymmetries in language as compared to visuo-constructive abilities. Thus, PET, when combined with neuropsychological measures, can be used to examine specific cerebral function changes during the course of AD. MH - Adult ; Aged ; *Aging ; Alzheimer's Disease/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Brain/ BLOOD SUPPLY/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Cerebral Cortex/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Cognition/PHYSIOLOGY ; Comparative Study ; Glucose/METABOLISM ; Human ; Middle Age ; Oxygen Consumption ; Regional Blood Flow ; Tomography, Emission Computed SO - Gerontology 1986;32 Suppl 1:6-13 18 UI - 86271042 AU - Pantano P ; Baron JC ; Samson Y ; Bousser MG ; Derouesne C ; Comar D TI - Crossed cerebellar diaschisis. Further studies. AB - To investigate further the topographical, clinical and temporal correlates of crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD) after supratentorial stroke, 55 patients suffering from a single unilateral ischaemic stroke in the carotid artery territory were studied with the quantitative oxygen-15 steady-state technique and positron tomography. Fourteen patients had one or more follow-up studies, contributing a total of 72 studies. The phenomenon of CCD, defined by depressed oxygen consumption in the contralateral cerebellum, was statistically significant in 58% of the studies. It was more prominent when the supratentorial infarct involved the internal capsule or the cortical mantle extensively, consistent with the hypothesis that it results from destruction of the corticopontocerebellar fibres. Although CCD was associated with the presence of hemiparesis, it also occurred in patients without hemiparesis and was not seen in all those with hemiparesis, suggesting that destruction of the pyramidal tract is neither necessary nor sufficient to induce CCD. Finally, CCD tended to persist over long periods of time after a stroke, pointing towards a transneuronal degeneration possibly akin to crossed cerebellar atrophy as a likely explanation for CCD. Nevertheless, CCD could be seen within hours of a stroke and sometimes disappeared within a few days, suggesting a temporal continuum between early, potentially reversible functional hypometabolism (diaschisis) and irreversible degeneration. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Cerebellum/*BLOOD SUPPLY/METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Female ; Human ; Infarction/*METABOLISM/ RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Male ; Middle Age ; Oxygen/METABOLISM ; Tomography, Emission Computed SO - Brain 1986 Aug;109 ( Pt 4):677-94 19 UI - 86251807 AU - Buchsbaum MS ; Wu J ; DeLisi LE ; Holcomb H ; Kessler R ; Johnson J ; King AC ; Hazlett E ; Langston K ; Post RM TI - Frontal cortex and basal ganglia metabolic rates assessed by positron emission tomography with [18F]2-deoxyglucose in affective illness. AB - Twenty affective disorder patients (16 bipolar and 4 unipolar) and 24 normal controls received scans with positron emission tomography (PET) using [18F]2-deoxyglucose (FDG) as a tracer. Subjects received a series of brief electrical stimuli to their right arms during FDG uptake. Patients with bipolar affective illness had significantly lower frontal to occipital glucose metabolic rate ratios (relative hypofrontality) and significantly lower metabolic rates in their basal ganglia in comparison to whole slice metabolism than normal controls. Patients with unipolar illness showed significantly higher frontal to occipital ratios, and also showed relatively decreased metabolism in the basal ganglia. All results in unipolar patients should be considered exploratory due to the small number of patients. Clinical depression ratings correlated negatively with whole slice metabolic rate. MH - Adult ; Basal Ganglia/*METABOLISM ; Bipolar Disorder/*METABOLISM ; Blood Glucose/*METABOLISM ; Caudate Nucleus/METABOLISM ; Cerebral Ventricles/ METABOLISM ; Deoxyglucose/ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/METABOLISM ; Depressive Disorder/*METABOLISM ; Dominance, Cerebral/PHYSIOLOGY ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/*METABOLISM ; Globus Pallidus/METABOLISM ; Human ; Male ; Occipital Lobe/METABOLISM ; Putamen/METABOLISM ; Thalamus/METABOLISM ; *Tomography, Emission Computed SO - J Affective Disord 1986 Mar-Apr;10(2):137-52 20 UI - 86231458 AU - Duara R ; Grady C ; Haxby J ; Sundaram M ; Cutler NR ; Heston L ; Moore A ; Schlageter N ; Larson S ; Rapoport SI TI - Positron emission tomography in Alzheimer's disease. AB - Twenty-one patients with a clinical diagnosis of dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) and 29 healthy, age-matched controls were studied using positron emission tomography (PET) and [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose to measure regional cerebral glucose consumption in the resting state. Reductions in ratio measures of relative metabolism in some parietal, temporal, and frontal regions were found in mild, moderate, and severe DAT groups. A significant increase in right/left metabolic asymmetry, particularly in parietal regions, also was seen in mild and moderate groups. Only in the severely demented patients was the absolute cerebral metabolic rate reduced significantly from control values. Fourteen patients had repeated PET studies, but only those patients with moderate to severe dementia showed a decline in IQ over 6 to 15 months. There were no significant changes in metabolic measures over time. PET is useful in quantifying regional cerebral dysfunction in DAT, even in the early stages of the disease. MH - Aged ; Alzheimer's Disease/METABOLISM/PATHOLOGY/RADIOGRAPHY/*RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Atrophy ; Dementia/METABOLISM/PATHOLOGY ; Deoxyglucose/ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/METABOLISM ; Electroencephalography ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/ METABOLISM/PATHOLOGY/RADIOGRAPHY/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Glucose/ METABOLISM ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Occipital Lobe/METABOLISM/ PATHOLOGY/RADIOGRAPHY/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Parietal Lobe/METABOLISM/ PATHOLOGY/RADIOGRAPHY/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Psychological Tests ; Rest ; Temporal Lobe/METABOLISM/PATHOLOGY/ RADIOGRAPHY/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; *Tomography, Emission Computed ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed SO - Neurology 1986 Jul;36(7):879-87 21 UI - 86226674 AU - Berridge MS ; Franceschini MP ; Tewson TJ ; Gould KL TI - Preparation of oxygen-15 butanol for positron tomography. AB - Butanol was labeled with 15O using the reaction of tri-n-butyl borane with oxygen gas. The carrier-added synthesis and purification was accomplished in 4 min from the end of bombardment. The efficiency of radiolabel incorporation was 50%. The procedure described will produce [15O]butanol in an amount and quality sufficient for positron tomographic use. This compound is immediately useful for blood flow measurement based upon previous validation of butanol labeled with other radionuclides for that purpose. MH - *Alcohols, Butyl/CHEM SYNTHESIS/ISOLATION & PURIFICATION ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Human ; Isotope Labeling/*METHODS ; Oxygen Radioisotopes/*DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; *Tomography, Emission Computed SO - J Nucl Med 1986 Jun;27(6):834-7 22 UI - 86224224 AU - Theodore WH ; Bairamian D ; Newmark ME ; DiChiro G ; Porter RJ ; Larson S ; Fishbein D TI - Effect of phenytoin on human cerebral glucose metabolism. AB - We used serial positron emission tomography scans with [18F]2-deoxyglucose to study the effect of phenytoin on human cerebral glucose metabolism in 10 patients with seizure disorders. Local CMRglu for each patient was measured in 10 regions of interest. EEGs were performed during each procedure to match scans for state of consciousness and exclude data from scans with ictal activity. Serial scans without a drug change were performed in six control patients. Metabolic rates were significantly lower in two cortical regions while patients were taking phenytoin. No significant changes on repeat scan were seen in the control population. Measured across all regions of interest, metabolic rates were 13% higher when patients were off phenytoin (p less than 0.02). MH - Adult ; Anticonvulsants/THERAPEUTIC USE ; Brain/DRUG EFFECTS/*METABOLISM ; Deoxy Sugars/*METABOLISM ; Deoxyglucose/*METABOLISM ; Human ; Kinetics ; Phenytoin/*PHARMACODYNAMICS/THERAPEUTIC USE ; Seizures/*DRUG THERAPY/ METABOLISM ; Tomography, Emission Computed SO - J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1986 Jun;6(3):315-20 23 UI - 86211626 AU - Franck G ; Sadzot B ; Salmon E ; Depresseux JC ; Grisar T ; Peters JM ; Guillaume M ; Quaglia L ; Delfiore G ; Lamotte D TI - Regional cerebral blood flow and metabolic rates in human focal epilepsy and status epilepticus. AB - Positron emission tomography with the oxygen-15 steady state or bolus inhalation technique was used to provide quantitative values of regional cerebral blood flow (CBF), oxygen extraction ratio (OER) and oxygen consumption (CMRO2) in 25 patients with partial complex seizures during the interictal state and in 5 patients during status epilepticus. Glucose utilization (CMRglu) was also studied in one case of status epilepticus with the 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose technique (18FDG). Interictal scans showed zone(s) of hypoperfusion and hypometabolism without significant variation of the OER in approximately 80% of patients. In 62%, there was a strong correlation between the overall EEG localization and the area(s) of hypoperfusion and hypometabolism. In all cases, ictal scans revealed a focal or multifocal increase in CBF and CMRO2. The localization of the most affected regions correlated well with the spatial distribution of the electroencephalograph (EEG) abnormalities. Comparison of the different values of CBF, CMRO2, and OER showed that the increase in perfusion always exceeded that of oxygen consumption and hence was accompanied by a significant decrease of OER; the latter was always the most prominent in the region of the epilepticus focus determined by serial EEG recordings. These results showed that the supply of oxygen by blood flow is large enough to meet metabolic demand. When comparing these values with CMRglu, it appeared that the relative changes in CMRglu and CBF were very similar, indicating that the increase in blood flow correlated with the enhancement in glucose utilization. The observed imbalance between blood flow, glucose utilization, and oxygen consumption could suggest that an impairment of oxygen utilization by the mitochondria could occur in the epileptic focus during prolonged status epilepticus. MH - *Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Epilepsy, Focal/METABOLISM/ *PHYSIOPATHOLOGY/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Glucose/METABOLISM ; Human ; Oxygen Consumption ; Status Epilepticus/METABOLISM/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY/ RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Tomography, Emission Computed SO - Adv Neurol 1986;44:935-48 24 UI - 86211625 AU - Ackermann RF ; Engel J Jr ; Phelps ME TI - Identification of seizure-mediating brain structures with the deoxyglucose method: studies of human epilepsy with positron emission tomography, and animal seizure models with contact autoradiography. AB - This chapter describes tomographic and autoradiographic studies of human and animal seizure syndromes employing Sokoloff's deoxyglucose method. The method's rationale rests on two principal facts: that adult brains normally utilize glucose almost exclusively as their exogenous energy source, and that deoxyglucose, a glucose analog, accumulates in brain cells in proportion to their activity level. Thus, computed tomography or contact autoradiography allows visualization and indirect measurement of changes in the activity of different brain structures under specified conditions, such as between, during, or immediately following seizures. In humans, partial seizures have been the most extensively studied, with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography. Interictally, the brains of patients with partial seizures are characterized by hypometabolism that is particularly severe in the vicinity of seizure foci. In many cases, these focal hypometabolic zones become hypermetabolic ictally. Other brain areas may also become hypermetabolic ictally, or they may instead become hypometabolic. Often the physical extent of interictal hypometabolic zones is substantially greater than the extent of overt pathology. This indicates that hypometabolism can result from subtle, presently undescribed, structural or functional derangements, as well as from frank neuronal loss. A variety of animal seizure "models: have also been studied, with 14C-2-deoxyglucose and contact autoradiography. Each model has produced a unique deoxyglucose and contact autoradiography. Each model has produced a unique deoxyglucose utilization pattern, but thus far none that closely resembles any of the human seizure patterns. This probably reflects true differences between the mechanisms mediating different types of animal seizures and those mediating human seizures. Although in widespread use for only a few years, the Sokoloff method has already demonstrated its ability to distinguish among a variety of seizure types in both humans and animals, and to correctly identify those structures most involved in focal seizures. Thus, the method can be of great aid in narrowing the search for seizure-mediating mechanisms. MH - Animal ; Autoradiography/METHODS ; Brain/METABOLISM/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Deoxy Sugars/*DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Deoxyglucose/ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/ *DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Epilepsy/METABOLISM/*RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/METABOLISM ; Homeostasis ; Human ; Rats ; Review ; Seizures/ METABOLISM/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; *Tomography, Emission Computed SO - Adv Neurol 1986;44:921-34 25 UI - 86204055 AU - Heiss WD ; Herholz K ; Pawlik G ; Wagner R ; Wienhard K TI - Positron emission tomography in neuropsychology. AB - By positron emission tomography (PET) of 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (LCMRGl) can be measured in man. Normal values in cerebral cortex and basal ganglia range from 35 to 50 mumol/100 g/min, the values in gray matter structures of the posterior fossa were 25-30 mumol/100 g/min, the lowest LCMRGl was found in the white matter (15-20 mumol/100 g/min). During sensory stimulation by various modalities functional activation increases LCMRGl in the respective special areas, while sleep decreases metabolic rate in all cortical and basal gray matter structures. In many neurological disorders CMRGl is altered in a disease-specific pattern. In dementia of the Alzheimer type CMRGl is impaired even in early stages with accentuation in the parieto-temporal cortex, while in multi-infarct dementia glucose uptake is mainly reduced in the multifocal small infarcts. In Huntington's chorea the most conspicuous changes are found in the caudate nucleus and putamen. In cases of focal lesions (e.g. ischemic infarcts) metabolic disturbances extend far beyond the site of the primary lesion and inactivation of metabolism is found in intact brain structures far away from the anatomical lesion. Additional applications of PET include determination of the metabolism of various substrates, of protein synthesis, of function and distribution of receptors, of tumor growth and of the distribution of drugs as well as the measurement of oxygen consumption, blood flow and blood volume. MH - Brain/*METABOLISM ; Deoxyglucose/ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Glucose/*METABOLISM ; Human ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Nervous System Diseases/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Neuropsychology/*METHODS ; Perception/ PHYSIOLOGY ; Reference Values ; *Tomography, Emission Computed SO - Neuropsychologia 1986;24(1):141-9 26 UI - 86185349 AU - Foster NL ; Chase TN ; Patronas NJ ; Gillespie MM ; Fedio P TI - Cerebral mapping of apraxia in Alzheimer's disease by positron emission tomography. AB - The ability to mimic skilled movements or to pantomime them in response to spoken command was compared with psychometric performance and with regional glucose utilization as estimated by [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in 17 right-handed patients with Alzheimer's disease and 6 age-matched normal subjects. Apraxia scores, both on tests to command and to imitation, were significantly lower in the Alzheimer patients. Imitation scores correlated best with performance on tests of visual--spatial ability and with cortical metabolism in the right parietal lobe; command scores related most closely with the results of tests reflecting verbal proficiency and with cortical metabolism in the left inferior hemisphere, especially frontally. Apraxia to command and imitation may thus reflect neuronal dysfunction in distinct cerebral regions in patients with Alzheimer's disease. MH - Aged ; Alzheimer's Disease/*COMPLICATIONS ; Apraxia/*METABOLISM ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/*METABOLISM ; Deoxyglucose/ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/METABOLISM ; Female ; Glucose/*METABOLISM ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Neural Pathways/METABOLISM ; Psychomotor Performance/ *PHYSIOLOGY ; Tomography, Emission Computed SO - Ann Neurol 1986 Feb;19(2):139-43 27 UI - 86168591 AU - Brooks DJ ; Beaney RP ; Lammertsma AA ; Herold S ; Turton DR ; Luthra SK ; Frackowiak RS ; Thomas DG ; Marshall J ; Jones T TI - Glucose transport across the blood-brain barrier in normal human subjects and patients with cerebral tumours studied using [11C]3-O-methyl-D-glucose and positron emission tomography. AB - The kinetics of the regional cerebral uptake of [11C]3-O-methyl-D-glucose ([11C]MeG), a competitive inhibitor of D-glucose transport, have been studied in normal human subjects and patients with cerebral tumours using positron emission tomography (PET). Concomitant measurement of regional cerebral blood volume and blood flow enabled corrections for the contribution of intravascular tracer signal in PET scans to be carried out and regional unidirectional cerebral [11C]MeG extractions to be determined. A three-compartment model containing an arterial plasma and two cerebral compartments was required to produce satisfactory fits to experimental regional cerebral [11C]MeG uptake data. Under fasting, resting conditions, normal controls had mean unidirectional whole-brain, cortical, and white matter [11C]MeG extractions of 14, 13, and 17%, respectively. Mean values of k1 and k2, first-order rate constants describing forward and back transport, respectively, of tracer into the first cerebral compartment, were similar for [11C]MeG and [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18FDG), a second competitive inhibitor of D-glucose transport. k3, a rate constant describing FDG phosphorylation, was 20 times higher for cortical FDG uptake than the k3 fitted for [11C]MeG cortical uptake. Glioma [11C]MeG extractions ranged from normal levels of 12% to raised levels of 30%. Transport of [11C]MeG in and out of contralateral cortical tissue was significantly depressed in patients with gliomas. It is concluded that under fasting, resting conditions, regional cerebral glucose extraction remains relatively uniform throughout normal brain tissue. Gliomas, however, may have raised levels of glucose extraction. The nature of the second cerebral compartment required to describe [11C]MeG uptake is unclear, but it could represent either a useless phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle or nonspecific tracer uptake by a cerebral subcompartment. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Biological Transport ; *Blood-Brain Barrier ; Brain/ METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Brain Neoplasms/*METABOLISM/ RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Female ; Glioblastoma Multiforme/METABOLISM/ RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Glioma/METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Glucose/ *METABOLISM ; Human ; Kinetics ; Male ; Methylglucosides/*DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Methylglycosides/*DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Middle Age ; Oligodendroglioma/ METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; *Tomography, Emission Computed SO - J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1986 Apr;6(2):230-9 28 UI - 86168585 AU - Hawkins RA ; Phelps ME ; Huang SC TI - Effects of temporal sampling, glucose metabolic rates, and disruptions of the blood-brain barrier on the FDG model with and without a vascular compartment: studies in human brain tumors with PET. AB - The addition of a cerebral blood volume (CBV) compartment in the [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) model produces estimates of local CBV simultaneously with glucose metabolic rates when kinetic FDG studies are performed. We investigated the influence of this term upon CMRglc values in a series of brain tumor patients and found that significant overestimations of CMRglc are possible if the effect of CBV upon the model is ignored. The magnitude of this potential overestimation is directly related to the absolute value of CBV locally and inversely related to the CMRglc value. The kinetic estimates also permitted an evaluation of the FDG model in an environment with a variable disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Incorporating the vascular compartment in the FDG model also frequently improved the statistical accuracy of model fits to tissue kinetic data. The sampling requirements for this model configuration were also investigated in a series of computer simulations. MH - Blood Glucose/*METABOLISM ; *Blood-Brain Barrier ; Brain Neoplasms/ METABOLISM/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; *Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Deoxyglucose/ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Human ; Kinetics ; Metabolic Clearance Rate ; Models, Cardiovascular ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; *Tomography, Emission Computed SO - J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1986 Apr;6(2):170-83 29 UI - 86168584 AU - Perlmutter JS ; Larson KB ; Raichle ME ; Markham J ; Mintun MA ; Kilbourn MR ; Welch MJ TI - Strategies for in vivo measurement of receptor binding using positron emission tomography. AB - Dopaminergic ligands labeled with positron-emitting radionuclides have been synthesized for quantitative evaluation of dopaminergic binding in vivo. Two different methods, the explicit method and an operationally simplified ratio method, have been proposed for analysis of these positron emission tomographic (PET) data. The basis for both methods is the same three-compartment model. The two methods differ in the assumptions necessary for practical implementation. We have compared these two approaches using PET data obtained in our laboratory. Sequential scans and serial arterial blood samples from a baboon following intravenous injection of [18F]spiroperidol were collected. Application of the two methods to the same data yielded different values for corresponding parameters. Values calculated by the ratio method for the specific rate constant describing receptor binding varied depending upon the time after tracer injection, thus demonstrating an internal inconsistency in this approach. Tracer metabolism markedly affected the binding measurements calculated with either method and thus cannot be ignored. Our results indicate that the adoption of simplifying assumptions for operational convenience can lead to substantial errors and must be done with caution. Alternatively, we present simple new analytical solutions of the tracer conservation equations describing the complete, unsimplified three-compartment model that vastly reduce the computations necessary to implement the explicit method. MH - Animal ; Binding Sites ; Brain/*METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Female ; Fluorine/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Kinetics ; Models, Biological ; Papio ; Radioisotopes/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Receptors, Dopamine/*METABOLISM ; Spiperone/BLOOD/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; *Tomography, Emission Computed SO - J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1986 Apr;6(2):154-69 30 UI - 86156039 AU - Kiyosawa M ; Mizuno K ; Hatazawa J ; Fukuda H ; Yamada K ; Ito M ; Matsuzawa T ; Watanuki S ; Ido T TI - Metabolic imaging in hemianopsia using positron emission tomography with 18F-deoxyfluoroglucose. AB - To evaluate the usefulness of metabolic mapping by positron emission tomography using 18F-deoxyfluoroglucose as a tracer in the diagnosis of hemianopsia, we examined eight patients who had had cerebrovascular accident, and four controls. Neuro-ophthalmologic examination disclosed hemianopsia in five and incomplete hemianopsia in three patients; computed tomography showed low-density areas in four patients; and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a prolonged T2 area in five patients. The cerebral metabolic rate for glucose without visual stimulation in the visual cortex was 7.4 +/- 1.0 mg/min/100 g of brain without interhemispheric asymmetry. Light stimulation increased cerebral metabolic rate for glucose in the visual cortex of the nonaffected hemisphere and decreased it in the affected hemisphere. Asymmetry in the metabolic rate in the posterior medial occipital cortex in complete hemianopsia was 22% 12% (P less than .01). MH - Adult ; Aged ; Brain/METABOLISM ; Case Report ; Cerebral Ischemia/ PATHOLOGY/RADIOGRAPHY/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Comparative Study ; Deoxy Sugars/*DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Deoxyglucose/ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/*DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Female ; Fluorine/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Glucose/METABOLISM ; Hemianopsia/ *METABOLISM/PATHOLOGY/RADIOGRAPHY/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ; Radioisotopes/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; *Tomography, Emission Computed ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed SO - Am J Ophthalmol 1986 Mar 15;101(3):310-9 31 UI - 86149231 AU - Fox PT ; Raichle ME TI - Focal physiological uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism during somatosensory stimulation in human subjects. AB - Coupling between cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) was studied using multiple sequential administrations of 15O-labeled radiotracers (half-life, 123 sec) and positron emission tomography. In the resting state an excellent correlation (mean r, 0.87) between CBF and CMRO2 was found when paired measurements of CBF and CMRO2 from multiple (30-48) brain regions were tested in each of 33 normal subjects. Regional uncoupling of CBF and CMRO2 was found, however, during neuronal activation induced by somatosensory stimulation. Stimulus-induced focal augmentation of cerebral blood flow (29% mean) far exceeded the concomitant local increase in tissue metabolic rate (mean, 5%), when resting-state and stimulated-state measurements were obtained in each of 9 subjects. Stimulus duration had no significant effect on response magnitude or on the degree of CBF-CMRO2 uncoupling observed. Dynamic, physiological regulation of CBF by a mechanism (neuronal or biochemical) dependent on neuronal firing per se, but independent of the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen, is hypothesized. MH - Adult ; Brain/*METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; *Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Dominance, Cerebral ; Human ; Microcirculation ; Oxygen Consumption ; *Physical Stimulation ; Somatosensory Cortex/METABOLISM/ RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Tomography, Emission Computed ; Vibration SO - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986 Feb;83(4):1140-4 32 UI - 86133026 AU - McGeer PL ; Kamo H ; Harrop R ; Li DK ; Tuokko H ; McGeer EG ; Adam MJ ; Ammann W ; Beattie BL ; Calne DB ; et al TI - Positron emission tomography in patients with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease. AB - Fourteen patients who had clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease with mild to severe dementia (mean age 69.1 years) were evaluated by calculation of local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (LCMR-gl) based on uptake of 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) detected with positron emission tomography (PET). PET scanning showed that the patients had significantly lower LCMR-gl values than 11 age-matched neurologically normal volunteers (mean age 66.3 years). The differences were most marked in the temporal cortex, followed by the frontal, parietal and occipital cortex. In each case the LCMR-gl value was below the lowest control value in at least one cortical area and usually in several; the reduction in LCMR-gl and the number of regions involved in the patients increased with the severity of the dementia. Deficits noted in neuropsychologic testing generally correlated with those predicted from loss of regional cortical metabolism. The patients with Alzheimer's disease were also examined with magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography or both; the degree of atrophy found showed only a poor correlation with the neuropsychologic deficit. Significant atrophy was also noted in some of the controls. A detailed analysis of LCMR-gl values in selected cerebral regions of various sizes refuted the hypothesis that the reduction in cortical glucose metabolism in Alzheimer's disease is due to the filling by metabolically inert cerebrospinal fluid of space created by tissue atrophy. MH - Aged ; Alzheimer's Disease/*METABOLISM/PATHOLOGY/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Atrophy ; Cerebellar Cortex/METABOLISM/PATHOLOGY/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Cerebral Cortex/*METABOLISM/PATHOLOGY/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Comparative Study ; Deoxyglucose/ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Female ; Glucose/*METABOLISM ; Human ; Levodopa/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Male ; Middle Age ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ; Oxygen/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Psychological Tests ; Radioisotopes/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Review ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; *Tomography, Emission Computed/METHODS ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Water/DIAGNOSTIC USE SO - Can Med Assoc J 1986 Mar 15;134(6):597-607 33 UI - 86129137 AU - Horwitz B ; Duara R ; Rapoport SI TI - Age differences in intercorrelations between regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose. AB - Patterns of cerebral metabolic intercorrelations were compared in the resting state in 15 healthy young men (ages 20 to 32 years) and 15 healthy elderly men (ages 64 to 83 years). Controlling for whole-brain glucose metabolism, partial correlation coefficients were determined between pairs of regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose determined by positron emission tomography using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose and obtained in 59 brain regions. Compared with the young men, the elderly men had fewer statistically significant correlations, with the most notable reductions observed between the parietal lobe regions, and between the parietal and frontal lobe regions. These results suggest that cerebral functional interactions are reduced in healthy elderly men. MH - Adult ; Aged ; *Aging ; Brain/*METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Comparative Study ; Deoxyglucose/ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Fluorine/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Glucose/*METABOLISM ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Radioisotopes/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Statistics ; Tissue Distribution ; Tomography, Emission Computed SO - Ann Neurol 1986 Jan;19(1):60-7 34 UI - 86122943 AU - Alavi A ; Dann R ; Chawluk J ; Alavi J ; Kushner M ; Reivich M TI - Positron emission tomography imaging of regional cerebral glucose metabolism. AB - The (F-18) fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) technique to measure local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (LCMRglu) is well accepted and widely used by many institutions around the world. A large number of studies has been carried out in normal volunteers and patients with a variety of CNS disorders. Several investigators have noted that no significant age-related changes in cerebral glucose use occur with normal aging. Some important and interesting findings have been revealed following sensory, motor, visual, and auditory stimulations. Functional imaging with FDG in certain neurologic disorders has dramatically improved our understanding of their underlying pathophysiologic phenomena. Some abnormalities detected on the positron emission tomography (PET) images have no corresponding changes on either x-ray computed tomograms (XCT) or magnetic resonance images (MRI). In patients with Alzheimer's disease, primary sensorimotor, visual, and cerebellar metabolic activity appears relatively preserved. In contrast, parietal, temporal, and to some degree, frontal glucose metabolism is significantly diminished even in the early stages of the disease. Patients with Huntington's disease and those at risk of developing this disorder have a typical pattern of diminished CMRglu in the caudate nuclei and putamen. In patients with stroke, PET images with FDG have demonstrated abnormal findings earlier than either XCT or MRI and with a wider topographic distribution. FDG scans have revealed interictal zones of decreased LCMRglu in approximately 70% of patients with partial epilepsy. The location of the area of hypometabolism corresponds to the site of the epileptic focus as determined by electroencephalography and microscopic examination of the resected tissue. Ictal scans during partial seizures demonstrate areas of hypermetabolism corresponding to the sites of seizure onset and spread. Several investigators have reported relative hypofrontal CMRglu in patients with schizophrenia. In our center, FDG scans from patients with schizophrenia were successfully differentiated from those obtained in normal controls. Finally, our preliminary data (using PET, XCT, and MRI) in patients with CNS disorders indicate that MRI provides excellent delineation of the structural abnormalities. It may prove to be superior to XCT in the evaluation of certain diseases such as cerebral ischemia and infarcts, head injury, tumors, and white matter lesions. Metabolic imaging with FDG provides functional information not obtainable with either MRI or NMR spectroscopy. Therefore, PET studies will play a complementary role to the anatomic imaging in the management of patients with CNS disorders. MH - Aging ; Brain/*METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Brain Diseases/ METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Brain Neoplasms/METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Central Nervous System Diseases/DIAGNOSIS/RADIOGRAPHY/ RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Cerebrovascular Disorders/METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Dementia/METABOLISM ; Deoxyglucose/ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/ METABOLISM ; Epilepsy/METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Glucose/ *METABOLISM ; Human ; Huntington Chorea/METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Parkinson Disease/METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Review ; Schizophrenia/METABOLISM ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Tissue Distribution ; *Tomography, Emission Computed SO - Semin Nucl Med 1986 Jan;16(1):2-34 35 UI - 86112162 AU - Huang SC ; Feng DG ; Phelps ME TI - Model dependency and estimation reliability in measurement of cerebral oxygen utilization rate with oxygen-15 and dynamic positron emission tomography. AB - The use of oxygen-15 and dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) for the measurement of CMRO was investigated in terms of the achievable accuracy of CMRO and its sensitivity to model configuration assumed in the estimation. Three models of different descriptions for the vascular radioactivity in tissue were examined by computer simulation. By simulating the tracer kinetics with one model and curve fitting them with another, it was found that the CMRO measurement was very sensitive to the model configuration used and it needed kinetic data of low noise level to determine the correct model to use. The approach of sensitivity functions and covariance matrices was used to examine the estimation reliability and error propagation of the model parameters. It was found that for all three model configurations examined the reliability of the CMRO estimate was dependent on the blood flow and oxygen extraction fraction in tissue (approximately 2% in tissues of high blood flow and normal extraction and 10% in tissues of low blood flow and low extraction fraction, in a study of 1 X 10(6) counts/brain slice in 3 min). The estimation reliability is drastically decreased if the total data collection time is reduced to 1 min but is not critically sensitive to the scan sampling interval used. Estimating blood flow or vascular volume simultaneously with CMRO will reduce the reliability of the CMRO estimate by approximately 50%. Propagation of parameter error from blood flow or vascular volume to CMRO is dependent on the model configuration as well as the scanning schedule and estimation procedure used. Results from the study provide useful information for improving the study procedure of CMRO measurements. The present study also illustrates a general representation of PET measurements and an approach that can be applied to other tracer techniques in PET for selecting appropriate model configurations and for designing proper experimental procedures. MH - Brain/*METABOLISM/PHYSIOLOGY/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Computers ; Human ; Mathematics ; Models, Theoretical ; Oxygen/*METABOLISM ; Oxygen Radioisotopes ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; *Tomography, Emission Computed SO - J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1986 Feb;6(1):105-19