==================================BSR05================================== 5. Biodegradation, crude oil, spills of hydrocarbons, oil sludge, effects on land forming, biomedical use of oil digesting/hydrocarbon digesting microorganisms, Pseudomonas sp., Rhodotorula rubra, hydrocarbon waste disposal. Use of biodegrading bacteria in dissolution of surgical sutures. 1 UI - 87120276 AU - Kangas J ; Nevalainen A ; Manninen A ; Savolainen H TI - Ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and methyl mercaptides in Finnish municipal sewage plants and pumping stations. AB - Ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulphide and methyl mercaptides were analyzed in the atmospheres of 16 Finnish municipal waste water treatment plants and in 18 pumping stations. The sulphides were analyzed on site as it was found that, with the standard 0.5-l laminated plastic bags, significant amounts of the vapours were lost from the gas phase. The relative humidity of the sampled air was the most likely cause. Under normal operating conditions, sulphides varied from less than 0.07 to 53 micrograms l-1, with highest concentrations found at the sludge presses. Pumping stations had sulphide vapours from 0.07 to 0.5 microgram l-1. The presence of ammonia (0.007-3.5 micrograms l-1) and methane (0.7-18 micrograms l-1) confirmed the hypothesis of the anaerobic origin of the offensive gases. Although more effective ventilation without scrubbing the emission gases would reduce the health hazard in the plants it would burden the environment. MH - Ammonia/*ANALYSIS ; Environmental Monitoring ; Finland ; Gases/ANALYSIS ; Hydrogen Sulfide/*ANALYSIS ; Methane/ANALYSIS ; Sewage/*ANALYSIS ; Sulfhydryl Compounds/*ANALYSIS ; Sulfides/ANALYSIS SO - Sci Total Environ 1986 Dec 1;57:49-55 2 UI - 87120268 AU - Struijs J ; Stoltenkamp J TI - Ultimate biodegradation of 2-, 3- and 4-nitrotoluene. AB - The biodegradation of 2-, 3- and 4-nitrotoluene was investigated in a simple laboratory test. All three isomers are shown to be biodegradable in a die-away test after adaptation of the inoculum, though different results were obtained with different types of activated sludges used as inoculum in the static test. The adaptation procedure, employed in this study, was a modification of a test method described by Pitter in 1976. It appeared that adaptation in a semi-continuous activated sludge system was most successful when a composite sludge was used consisting of activated sludge from a communal sewage plant and an extract of river mud. meta-Nitrotoluene was more resistant to attack by a mixed population of aquatic micro-organisms than the other isomers. The procedure used in this study is proposed as an attractive alternative for those methods which are recommended by the OECD and the EEC, to test the so-called 'inherent biodegradability'. MH - Bacteria/METABOLISM ; Biodegradation ; Isomerism ; Sewage ; Toluene/ *ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/METABOLISM SO - Sci Total Environ 1986 Dec 1;57:161-70 3 UI - 87086274 AU - Marienfeld CJ ; Collins M ; Wright H ; Reddy R ; Shoop G ; Rust P TI - Cancer mortality and the method of chlorination of public drinking water: St. Louis City and St. Louis County, Missouri. AB - St. Louis City and St. Louis County, Missouri share the same public drinking water source, namely the Missouri River. The 'all cancer' and most organ specific cancer mortality rates have been consistently and considerably higher for St. Louis City than for St. Louis County for the period 1960 through 1972. A change in the St. Louis County water treatment process, which included increasing the chlorine dosage and delaying the addition of ammonia to form chloramines until just prior to distribution, was instituted in 1955. St. Louis City has, by contrast, continued the lower chlorine level and early ammoniation. Trend analysis using the period 1960-67 and 1972-76 showed higher percentage as well as net cancer mortality rate per million increases for large bowel, liver and bladder cancers for St. Louis County. An apparent association between a probable increase in trihalomethane production in the St. Louis County water since 1955 and an increase in these specific cancer rates which exceed the increases in the St. Louis City rates appears to have been shown. This does not imply causality but is in general agreement with other studies which have examined water chlorination and cancer mortality. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Ammonia ; Chloramines ; *Chlorine ; Epidemiologic Methods ; Female ; Freons ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Missouri ; Neoplasms/ ETIOLOGY/MORTALITY ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; *Water Supply SO - J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 1986 Sep-Dec;7(1-2):141-57 4 UI - 87085435 AU - McClure NC ; Venables WA TI - Adaptation of Pseudomonas putida mt-2 to growth on aromatic amines. AB - Pseudomonas putida mt-2 (ATCC 33015) carrying the TOL plasmid pWW0 could adapt to growth on the aromatic amines aniline and m- and p-toluidine. In strain UCC2, a derivative adapted to rapid growth on these compounds, they were oxidatively deaminated to catechol or 4-methylcatechol, which in turn were dissimilated by a meta-cleavage pathway. The aniline/toluidine oxygenase and the meta-cleavage pathway enzymes were inducible by aromatic amines. Evidence is presented that in strain UCC2, plasmid pWW0 has undergone deletion of its catabolic genes, and that it is a novel plasmid, pTDN1, which is involved in the catabolism of aniline and m- and p-toluidine. The meta-cleavage pathway genes which are carried by pTDN1 were shown not to have originated in pWW0. MH - *Adaptation, Physiological ; Amines/*METABOLISM ; Biodegradation ; Plasmids ; Pseudomonas/*GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT ; Substrate Specificity ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Toluene/METABOLISM ; Toluidines/METABOLISM SO - J Gen Microbiol 1986 Aug;132 ( Pt 8):2209-18 5 UI - 87080112 AU - Gard-Terech A ; Palla JC TI - Comparative kinetics study of the evolution of freshwater aquatic toxicity and biodegradability of linear and branched alkylbenzene sulfonates. AB - Evolution of both primary biodegradability and acute toxicity to daphnia and zebra fish of a linear alkylbenzene sodium sulfonate (LAS) and a branched alkylbenzene sodium sulfonate (BAS) have been measured simultaneously. In six of eight experiments, LAS was biodegraded to 90% in 7 days and BAS to 70% in 7 days. In the two other experiments, both LAS and BAS have shown the same biodegradation speed and reached the same biodegradation level in 7 days: 45% in one experiment and 55% in the other. The composition of bacteria population and the level of cellular ATP of the inoculum play a decisive role in the biodegradation. These results confirm that it is essential to know the composition of bacteria population present in the inoculum as well as their biochemical characteristics to accurately interpret results of biodegradation tests. In the case of a rapid primary biodegradation of LAS and BAS, the acute toxicity of LAS remains three times as high as that of BAS for at least 24 hr toward daphnia and 48 hr toward zebra fish. Their acute toxicity to daphnia and zebra fish become equivalent only after 72 hr. When primary biodegradation of both products is slower, the acute toxicity of LAS remains higher than that of BAS for more than 7 days. MH - Alkyl Sulfonates/ANALYSIS/*TOXICITY ; Animal ; Bacteria/METABOLISM ; Biodegradation ; Comparative Study ; Daphnia ; Fishes/*PHYSIOLOGY ; Fresh Water ; Kinetics ; Sewage ; Surface-Active Agents/ANALYSIS/*TOXICITY ; Water Microbiology ; Water Pollutants/*TOXICITY ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/ANALYSIS/*TOXICITY ; Zebrafish SO - Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 1986 Oct;12(2):127-40 6 UI - 87076433 AU - Norell S ; Ahlbom A ; Olin R ; Erwald R ; Jacobson G ; Lindberg-Navier I ; Wiechel KL TI - Occupational factors and pancreatic cancer. AB - The relation between occupational factors and pancreatic cancer has been studied by two different approaches: a population based case-control study with two series of controls and a retrospective cohort study based on register data. With both approaches, some support was found for an association with occupational exposure to petroleum products. Associations were also indicated with exposure to paint thinner (case-control study) and work in painting and in paint and varnish factories (cohort study), for exposure to detergents, floor cleaning agents, or polish (case-control study) and with floor polishing or window cleaning (cohort study), and for exposure to refuse (case-control study) and work in refuse disposal plants (cohort study). MH - Adult ; Aged ; Human ; Male ; Metallurgy ; Middle Age ; Occupational Diseases/*ETIOLOGY ; Paint/ADVERSE EFFECTS ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/ *ETIOLOGY ; Paper ; Petroleum/ADVERSE EFFECTS ; Refuse Disposal ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Sweden ; Wood SO - Br J Ind Med 1986 Nov;43(11):775-8 7 UI - 87074867 AU - Schraa G ; Boone ML ; Jetten MS ; van Neerven AR ; Colberg PJ ; Zehnder AJ TI - Degradation of 1,4-dichlorobenzene by Alcaligenes sp. strain A175. AB - An organism, identified as an Alcaligenes sp., was isolated from an enrichment culture in which 1,4-dichlorobenzene served as the sole carbon and energy source. During growth with 1,4-dichlorobenzene in pure culture, stoichiometric amounts of chloride were released. Growth experiments and oxygen uptake rates with other chlorinated aromatic compounds revealed a high degree of specificity of the initial dioxygenase. cis-1,2-Dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene oxidoreductase and 1,2-pyrocatechase, but not 2,3-pyrocatechase, were found in cell extracts, while 3,6-dichlorocatechol and (2,5-dichloro)muconic acid could be detected as intermediates during degradation of 1,4-dichlorobenzene. It is proposed that dioxygenases are involved in the initial steps of 1,4-dichlorobenzene degradation, while ring opening proceeds via ortho cleavage. MH - Alcaligenes/GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT/ISOLATION & PURIFICATION/*METABOLISM ; Biodegradation ; Chlorobenzenes/*METABOLISM ; Oxygen Consumption ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Appl Environ Microbiol 1986 Dec;52(6):1374-81 8 UI - 87047586 AU - Mikesell MD ; Boyd SA TI - Complete reductive dechlorination and mineralization of pentachlorophenol by anaerobic microorganisms. AB - Anaerobically digested municipal sewage sludge which had been acclimated to monochlorophenol degradation for more than 2 years was shown to degrade pentachlorophenol (PCP). Di-, tri-, and tetrachlorophenols accumulated when PCP was added to the individual acclimated sludges. When the 2-chlorophenol- (2-CP), 3-CP-, and 4-CP-acclimated sludges were mixed in equal volumes, PCP was completely dechlorinated. The same results were obtained in sludge acclimated to the three monochlorophenol isomers simultaneously. With repeated PCP additions, 3,4,5,-trichlorophenol, 3,5-dichlorophenol, and 3-CP accumulated in less than stoichiometric amounts. All chlorinated compounds disappeared after PCP additions were stopped. All chlorinated compounds disappeared after PCP additions were stopped. Incubations with [14C]PCP resulted in 66% of the added 14C being mineralized to 14CO2 and 14CH4. Technical-grade PCP was found to be degraded initially at a rate very similar to that of reagent-grade PCP, but after repeated additions, the technical PCP was degraded more slowly. Pentabromophenol was also rapidly degraded by the mixture of acclimated sludges. These results clearly show the complete reductive dechlorination of PCP by the combined activities of three chlorophenol-degrading populations. MH - Bacteria, Anaerobic/*METABOLISM ; Biodegradation ; Chlorophenols/ *METABOLISM ; Pentachlorophenol/*METABOLISM ; *Sewage ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. SO - Appl Environ Microbiol 1986 Oct;52(4):861-5 9 UI - 87047569 AU - Gibson SA ; Suflita JM TI - Extrapolation of biodegradation results to groundwater aquifers: reductive dehalogenation of aromatic compounds. AB - The reductive biodegradation of a variety of haloaromatic substrates was monitored in samples from two sites within a shallow anoxic aquifer and was compared with freshwater sediment and sewage sludge. The metabolic capacity existing in methane-producing aquifer material was very similar to that in sediment in that three of four chlorobenzoates, five of seven chlorophenols, and one of two chlorophenoxyacetate herbicides were reductively dehalogenated in both types of incubations. The 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate was first converted to a dichlorophenol before dehalogenation occurred. Sewage sludge microorganisms dehalogenated four of seven chlorophenols tested and degraded both phenoxyacetate herbicides by first converting them to the corresponding chlorophenols, but the microorganisms did not transform the chlorobenzoates. In general, the same suite of initial metabolites were produced from a test substrate in all types of samples, as confirmed by cochromatography of the intermediates with authentic material. Aquifer microbiota from a sulfate-reducing site was unable to significantly degrade any of the haloaromatic substrates tested. Biological removal of the sulfate in samples from this site permitted dehalogenation of a model substrate, while stimulation of methanogenesis without removal of sulfate did not. These results demonstrate that dehalogenating microorganisms were present at this site but that their activity was at least partially inhibited by the high sulfate levels. MH - Anaerobiosis ; Benzoates/*METABOLISM ; Biodegradation ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Comparative Study ; Glycolates/*METABOLISM ; Hydrocarbons, Halogenated/*METABOLISM ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phenols/ *METABOLISM ; Phenoxyacetates/*METABOLISM ; Sewage ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; *Water Microbiology SO - Appl Environ Microbiol 1986 Oct;52(4):681-8 10 UI - 87047568 AU - de Bont JA ; Vorage MJ ; Hartmans S ; van den Tweel WJ TI - Microbial degradation of 1,3-dichlorobenzene. AB - A gram-negative, peritrichously flagellated rod, tentatively identified as an Alcaligenes sp., was isolated from a mixture of soil and water samples by using 1,3-dichlorobenzene as the sole carbon and energy source. During growth on 1,3-dichlorobenzene, almost stoichiometric amounts of chloride were released. Simultaneous adaptation studies, as well as enzyme studies, indicated that 1,3-dichlorobenzene was metabolized via 3,5-dichloro-cis-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene to 3,5-dichlorocatechol. Subsequently, the latter product was cleaved, yielding 2,4-dichloromuconate. No initial hydrolytic step yielding 3-chlorophenol was detected in this species. MH - Alcaligenes/GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT/ISOLATION & PURIFICATION/*METABOLISM ; Biodegradation ; Chlorobenzenes/*METABOLISM ; Culture Media ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Soil Microbiology ; *Water Microbiology SO - Appl Environ Microbiol 1986 Oct;52(4):677-80 11 UI - 87032610 AU - De Henau H ; Mathijs E ; Hopping WD TI - Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) in sewage sludges, soils and sediments: analytical determination and environmental safety considerations. AB - Linear Alkylbenzenesulphonates (LAS), a major anionic surfactant used in laundry products, can be measured specifically in the environment by instrumental analysis. In addition to a desulphonation-gas chromatography approach, a method based on high performance liquid chromatography has been developed. The main features of the methods are outlined, and LAS concentrations measured in sewage sludge, sediments and sludge amended soils are reported. Knowledge of usage volumes, sewage treatment practices and environmental transport and transformation mechanisms has been used to predict concentrations of LAS. These calculated concentrations were found to agree well with those actually measured in the environment. Both measured and calculated ambient concentrations of LAS are below those which could produce potentially adverse effects in representative surface water, benthic and terrestrial organisms. MH - Alkanes/ANALYSIS/TOXICITY ; Animal ; Benzenesulfonates/*ANALYSIS/TOXICITY ; Biodegradation ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Human ; Review ; Sewage/*ANALYSIS ; Soil Pollutants/*ANALYSIS/TOXICITY ; Soil/*ANALYSIS ; Water Microbiology ; Water Pollutants/*ANALYSIS ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*ANALYSIS/TOXICITY SO - Int J Environ Anal Chem 1986;26(3-4):279-93 12 UI - 87032608 AU - Eganhouse RP TI - Long-chain alkylbenzenes: their analytical chemistry, environmental occurrence and fate. AB - Since ca. 1950 long-chain alkylbenzenes have been produced industrially for the synthesis of alkylbenzenesulfonates, the anionic surfactants most commonly used in commercial detergents. Prior to 1965 the alkylbenzenes were generated by Frieldel-Crafts alkylation of benzene with tetrapropylene. This reaction produces a complex assemblage of phenylalkanes (TABs) having highly branched side chains. Due to their stability, the TABs proved to be environmentally troublesome and were ultimately replaced (during the mid-1960s) by the linear alkylbenzenes (LABs). The LABs consist of a mixture of secondary phenylalkanes with linear alkyl side chains ranging in length from C10 to C14. Because of their unique structures and composition, these compounds are easily identified and measured in complex environmental samples. The linear alkylbenzenes are also found in municipal wastewaters where their presence is thought to result from the use of domestic and industrial detergents. Because they are synthetic and unlikely to occur in other significant inputs to coastal marine waters, long-chain alkylbenzenes have obvious potential as waste-specific molecular tracers. The presence of long-chain alkylbenzenes in sediment trap particulates and marine sediments collected near a major waste outfall system in southern California indicates that these hydrocarbons can survive exposure to an oxygenated water column during sedimentation. Whereas changes in the isomer composition of the LABs with depth in the sediments are suggestive of microbial alteration, the vertical distribution of the TABs and LABs can be used as a geochronological tool to reconstruct waste depositional histories. MH - Benzene Derivatives/*ANALYSIS ; Biodegradation ; Detergents/ANALYSIS ; Environmental Pollutants/*ANALYSIS ; Hydrocarbons/ANALYSIS ; Mass Fragmentography ; Sewage/ANALYSIS ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/ANALYSIS SO - Int J Environ Anal Chem 1986;26(3-4):241-63 13 UI - 87024713 AU - Stehr-Green PA ; Ross D ; Liddle J ; Welty E ; Steele G TI - A pilot study of serum polychlorinated biphenyl levels in persons at high risk of exposure in residential and occupational environments. AB - A pilot study was conducted to determine whether persons at high risk of exposure to three waste sites in the area of Bloomington, Indiana, have abnormally elevated serum polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels. In addition, we attempted to determine which environmental pathways might have contributed most to these exposures. First, a screening questionnaire survey of 995 individuals was conducted; on the basis of these data, 114 of the persons who had the greatest potential for exposure were selected for inclusion in this pilot exposure assessment study. People near these waste sites have higher average serum PCB levels, and a greater percentage have abnormally elevated serum PCB levels, compared with previously characterized populations in the United States. However, we could not distinguish specific pathways of exposure and uptake, with the exception of persons with occupational exposures and, possibly, among persons who reportedly salvaged metal from discarded electrical equipment. Exposures in this community require further evaluation. MH - Adult ; Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Human ; Indiana ; Male ; *Occupations ; Pilot Projects ; Polychlorobiphenyl Compounds/*BLOOD ; Refuse Disposal ; Risk SO - Arch Environ Health 1986 Jul-Aug;41(4):240-4 14 UI - 86321973 AU - Thomas JM ; Yordy JR ; Amador JA ; Alexander M TI - Rates of dissolution and biodegradation of water-insoluble organic compounds. AB - We conducted a study of the relationship between the dissolution rates of organic compounds that are sparingly soluble in water and the biodegradation of these compounds by mixed cultures of bacteria. The rates of dissolution of naphthalene and 4-chlorobiphenyl were directly related to their surface areas. The bacteria caused a decline in the concentration of the soluble substrate. The rate of bacterial growth fell abruptly when 4-chlorobiphenyl or naphthalene was no longer detectable in solution. The population continued to increase in media with different surface areas of insoluble 4-chlorobiphenyl, but the final counts were higher in media in which the surface areas of the substrate were larger. The rates of dissolution of palmitic acid, octadecane, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and 1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate were determined in the absence of microorganisms. A mixed culture of microorganisms mineralized palmitic acid, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and Sevin (1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate) at a logarithmic rate, but octadecane mineralization was linear. The rates of mineralization at the end of the active phase of the biodegradation were lower than the rate of dissolution of palmitic acid but higher than the rate of dissolution of octadecane in the uninoculated medium. We suggest that spontaneous dissolution rates are only one of the factors that govern the rates of biodegradation. MH - Alkanes/METABOLISM ; Bacteria/*METABOLISM ; *Biodegradation ; Biphenyl Compounds/METABOLISM ; Diethylhexyl Phthalate/METABOLISM ; Kinetics ; Naphthalenes/METABOLISM ; Palmitic Acids/METABOLISM ; Sevin/METABOLISM ; Solubility ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Water SO - Appl Environ Microbiol 1986 Aug;52(2):290-6 15 UI - 86305481 AU - Sowers MR ; Wallace RB TI - Contribution of water and diet supplements to nutrient intake. AB - Information about food consumption, water consumption, and diet supplement use was collected in a survey of 410 women in the age groups 20 to 35 and 55 to 80 years in two rural communities. The investigators found that one-third of the women supplemented their diets with commercial nutritional preparations, a level that is half the amount reported in some other studies. However, even at that lower supplementation level, failure to include the contribution of supplements and water intake as a source of some nutrients leads to significant underestimation of the group's mean intake of particular nutrients. Underestimation of mean population intake could range from a 20% underestimation for calcium to more than a 65% underestimation for vitamin D. The contribution of diet supplements and water as a source of some nutrients is sufficiently great and the practice of supplement use sufficiently extensive that investigators may want to characterize separately the mean nutrient intakes of subpopulations such as supplement users and nonusers. Failure to address issues related to those multiple nutrient sources may potentially obscure relationships, either positive or negative, between diet and health status. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Ascorbic Acid/ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE ; Calcium/ ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE/ANALYSIS ; Diet Surveys ; Female ; *Food, Formulated ; Human ; Middle Age ; Rural Population ; Vitamin A/ ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE ; Vitamin D/ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE ; *Water ; Water Supply/ANALYSIS SO - J Am Diet Assoc 1986 Sep;86(9):1192-5 16 UI - 86275709 AU - Hayes JR ; Condie LW Jr ; Borzelleca JF TI - The subchronic toxicity of tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene) administered in the drinking water of rats. AB - This study provides data on the effects of tetrachloroethylene in drinking solutions. The acute oral LD50 in male and female Charles River rats was found to be 3835 mg/kg for males and 3005 mg/kg for females. Male and female rats received theoretical daily doses of 14,400, and 1400 mg tetrachloroethylene/kg body wt/day for 90 consecutive days. There were no compound-related deaths. Body weights were significantly lower in male and female rats at the higher doses. There were no consistent dose-related effects on any of the hematological, clinical chemistry, or urinalysis parameters. 5'-Nucleotidase activity was increased in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting possible hepatotoxicity; however, other serum indicators of hepatic function were unaffected by the treatment. There were no gross pathological effects observed. Liver and kidney body weight ratios, but not brain weight ratios, were elevated at the higher doses. There was no other evidence of compound-related toxicity. These data suggest that exposure of humans to reported levels of tetrachloroethylene in drinking water (approximately 1 microgram/liter) does not constitute a serious health hazard. MH - Animal ; Blood Chemical Analysis ; Body Weight/DRUG EFFECTS ; Drinking/ DRUG EFFECTS ; Female ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Male ; Organ Weight/DRUG EFFECTS ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Tetrachloroethylene/*TOXICITY ; Time Factors ; Water Pollutants/*TOXICITY ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*TOXICITY ; Water Supply SO - Fundam Appl Toxicol 1986 Jul;7(1):119-25 17 UI - 86267744 AU - Brown EJ ; Pignatello JJ ; Martinson MM ; Crawford RL TI - Pentachlorophenol degradation: a pure bacterial culture and an epilithic microbial consortium. AB - The steady-state growth of a Flavobacterium strain known to utilize pentachlorophenol (PCP) was examined when cellobiose and PCP simultaneously limited its growth rate in continuous culture. A concentration of 600 mg of PCP per liter in influent medium could be continuously degraded without affecting steady-state growth. We measured specific rates of PCP carbon degradation as high as 0.15 +/- 0.01 g (dry weight) of C per h at a growth rate of 0.045 h-1. Comparable specific rates of PCP degradation were obtained and maintained by PCP-adapted, natural consortia of epilithic microorganisms. The consortium results suggest that a fixed-film bioreactor containing a PCP-adapted natural microbial population could be used to treat PCP-contaminated water. MH - Biodegradation ; Cellobiose/METABOLISM ; Chlorophenols/*METABOLISM ; Flavobacterium/GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT/*METABOLISM ; Fresh Water ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Pentachlorophenol/*METABOLISM ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; *Water Microbiology ; Water Pollutants/*METABOLISM ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*METABOLISM SO - Appl Environ Microbiol 1986 Jul;52(1):92-7 18 UI - 86267687 AU - Scow KM ; Simkins S ; Alexander M TI - Kinetics of mineralization of organic compounds at low concentrations in soil. AB - The kinetics of mineralization of 14C-labeled phenol and aniline were measured at initial concentrations ranging from 0.32 to 5,000 ng and 0.30 ng to 500 micrograms/g of soil, respectively. Mineralization of phenol at concentrations less than or equal to 32 ng/g of soil and of aniline at all concentrations began immediately, and the curves for the evolution of labeled CO2 were biphasic. The patterns of mineralization of 4.0 ng of 2,4-dichlorophenol per g of soil and 20 ng of nitrilotriacetic acid per g of soil were similar to the patterns for phenol and aniline. The patterns of mineralization of 1.0 to 100 ng of p-nitrophenol and 6.0 ng of benzylamine per g of soil were also biphasic but after a short apparent lag period. The curves of CO2 evolution from higher concentrations of phenol and p-nitrophenol had increasing apparent lag phases and were S-shaped or linear. Cumulative plots of the percentage of substrate converted to CO2 were fit by nonlinear regression to first-order, integrated Monod, logistic, logarithmic, zero-order, three-half-order, and two-compartment models. None of the models of the Monod family provided the curve of best fit to any of the patterns of mineralization. The linear growth form of the three-half-order model provided the best fit for the mineralization of p-nitrophenol, with the exception of the lowest concentrations, and of benzylamine. The two-compartment model provided the best fit for the mineralization of concentrations of phenol below 100 ng/g, of several concentrations of aniline, and of nitrilotriacetic acid. It is concluded that models derived from the Monod equation, including the first-order model, do not adequately describe the kinetics of mineralization of low concentrations of chemicals added to soil. MH - Aniline Compounds/*METABOLISM ; Benzylamines/METABOLISM ; Biodegradation ; Chlorophenols/METABOLISM ; Models, Biological ; Nitrilotriacetic Acid/ METABOLISM ; Nitrophenols/*METABOLISM ; Phenols/*METABOLISM ; Regression Analysis ; *Soil Microbiology ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - Appl Environ Microbiol 1986 May;51(5):1028-35 19 UI - 86250538 AU - Sithole BB ; Williams DT ; Lastoria C ; Robertson JL TI - Determination of halogenated phenols in raw and potable water by selected ion gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. AB - Pentafluorobenzylation and in situ acetylation are compared in the determination of phenol and halogenated phenols in water samples. The latter technique is considered superior to the former for determining phenols at the ng/L level because of less background interference and better recoveries (80% or better except for pentachlorophenol and trichloroguaiacol which had recoveries of about 60%). Further evaluation of the in situ technique by electron capture gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry shows that the latter, in the selected ion monitoring mode, is more suitable because, unlike GC-ECD, it can confirm and quantitate all phenols. In particular, GC-ECD could not detect even high levels of phenol and the monohalogenated phenols. Phenols at 5-473 ng/L were detected in some Canadian drinking water supplies by the in situ acetylation technique combined with GC-MS. MH - Hydrocarbons, Halogenated/*ANALYSIS ; Mass Fragmentography ; Phenols/ *ANALYSIS ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Water Pollutants/*ANALYSIS ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*ANALYSIS ; Water Supply/*ANALYSIS SO - J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1986 May-Jun;69(3):466-73 20 UI - 86250291 AU - Olson LD TI - Tiamulin in drinking water for treatment and development of immunity to swine dysentery. AB - The diarrhea of swine dysentery receded in swine treated with 60 or 45 mg of tiamulin/L of drinking water (60 or 45 ppm). However, within 2 to 10 days (average 4.1 days) after drug withdrawal, diarrhea recurred. Tiamulin (22.5 mg/L in drinking water) did not markedly reduce the diarrhea during medication, and tylosin (66 mg/L in the drinking water) was not effective. In swine treated with 120 mg of dimetridazole/L of drinking water, there was no recurrence of diarrhea. After the recurrence of diarrhea in swine, repeated medication with tiamulin in drinking water reduced the severity of diarrhea and prevented deaths. After 1 to 3 retreatments, swine were immune to exposure with swine dysentery inoculum, and there was a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in their serum anti-Treponema hyodysenteriae antibodies. Seemingly, drug withdrawal permitted the occurrence and recurrence of diarrhea that was necessary to stimulate immunity. MH - Animal ; Antibiotics/ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE/IMMUNOLOGY/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Comparative Study ; Diterpenes/ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE/IMMUNOLOGY/ THERAPEUTIC USE ; Dysentery/DRUG THERAPY/IMMUNOLOGY/MICROBIOLOGY/ *VETERINARY ; Leucomycins/ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE/IMMUNOLOGY/THERAPEUTIC USE ; Recurrence ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/*DRUG THERAPY/IMMUNOLOGY ; Treponemal Infections/DRUG THERAPY/IMMUNOLOGY/ *VETERINARY ; Water Supply SO - J Am Vet Med Assoc 1986 May 15;188(10):1165-70 21 UI - 86222892 AU - Rivera J ; Caixach J ; De Torres M ; Ventura F TI - Fate of atrazine and trifluralin from an industrial waste dumping at the Llobregat River. Presence in fish, raw and finished water. AB - Analysis carried out after fish mortality in an industrial area in the neighbourhood of the Llobregat River, water supplier for Barcelona and its area, led us to identify two herbicides (atrazine and trifluralin) in the wastewaters from an industrial sewage where, among other factories one at least, is devoted to pesticide manufacturing. The fate of these herbicides is followed in fish (dorsal muscle), raw water entering the water works plant and tap water. Analyses by GC, GC/MS/DS and mass fragmentography were routinely employed. MH - Animal ; Atrazine/*ANALYSIS ; Chromatography, Gas/METHODS ; *Fishes ; *Industrial Waste ; Spain ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Toluidines/ *ANALYSIS ; Trifluralin/*ANALYSIS ; Water/*ANALYSIS ; Water Pollutants/ *ANALYSIS ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*ANALYSIS SO - Int J Environ Anal Chem 1986;24(3):183-91 22 UI - 86222890 AU - Eiceman GA ; McConnon JT ; Zaman M ; Shuey C ; Earp D TI - Hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater surrounding an earthen waste disposal pit for produced water in the Duncan oil field of New Mexico. AB - Samples of groundwater and soil were collected from test pits placed 25 m intervals on five axes extending from an earthen waste disposal pit for produced water near the San Juan River of northwest New Mexico. Samples were obtained at depths of 1.2 to 1.5 m and were analyzed using GC and GC/MS techniques for purgable hydrocarbons, including benzenes, and for solvent extractable organic compounds. Water samples from test pits down-gradient from the disposal pit contained purgable and extractable hydrocarbons that were similar to contents of the waste disposal pit. In contrast, water samples obtained from test pits up-gradient from the waste pit were free of detectable organic components. Major purgable components in the waste pit and in surrounding groundwater included saturated/unsaturated hydrocarbons and aromatic/alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons. Samples collected 25 m from the waste pit contained concentrations of all compounds greater than in samples taken at 50 m in distance on the same exis. Total concentration of purgable aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater from test plots ranged from a high of 200 ppb at 25 m, to a low of 12 ppb at 50 m on an axis through the plume center. MH - *Fuel Oils ; Hydrocarbons/*ANALYSIS ; *Industrial Waste ; New Mexico ; *Petroleum ; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons/ANALYSIS ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; Water/*ANALYSIS ; Water Pollutants/*ANALYSIS ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*ANALYSIS SO - Int J Environ Anal Chem 1986;24(2):143-62 23 UI - 86214016 AU - Bedard DL ; Unterman R ; Bopp LH ; Brennan MJ ; Haberl ML ; Johnson C TI - Rapid assay for screening and characterizing microorganisms for the ability to degrade polychlorinated biphenyls. AB - We designed a rapid assay that assesses the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-degradative competence and congener specificity of aerobic microorganisms, identifies strains capable of degrading highly chlorinated biphenyls, and distinguishes among those that degrade PCBs by alternative pathways. Prior attempts to assay PCB-degradative competence by measuring disappearance of Aroclors (commercial PCB mixtures) have frequently produced false-positive findings because of volatilization, adsorption, or absorption losses. Furthermore, these assays have generally left the chemical nature of the competence obscure because of incomplete gas chromatographic resolution and uncertain identification of Aroclor peaks. We avoided these problems by using defined mixtures of PCB congeners and by adopting incubation and extraction methods that prevent physical loss of PCBs. Our assay mixtures include PCB congeners ranging from dichloro- to hexachlorobiphenyls and representing various structural classes, e.g., congeners chlorinated on a single ring (2,3-dichlorobiphenyl), blocked at 2,3 sites (2,5,2'5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl), blocked at 3,4 sites (4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl), and lacking adjacent unchlorinated sites (2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl). The PCB-degrative ability of microorganisms is assessed by packed-column gas chromatographic analysis of these defined congener mixtures following 24-h incubation with resting cells. When tested with 25 environmental isolates, this assay revealed a broad range of PCB-degradative competence, highlighted differences in congener specificity and in the extent of degradation of individual congeners, predicted degradative competence on commercial PCBs, and (iv) identified strains with superior PCB-degradative ability. MH - Alcaligenes/*METABOLISM ; Aroclors/ANALYSIS ; Biodegradation ; Chromatography, Gas ; Corynebacterium/*METABOLISM ; Polychlorobiphenyl Compounds/*METABOLISM ; Pseudomonas/*METABOLISM SO - Appl Environ Microbiol 1986 Apr;51(4):761-8 24 UI - 86214012 AU - Fogel MM ; Taddeo AR ; Fogel S TI - Biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes by a methane-utilizing mixed culture. AB - Chlorinated ethenes are toxic substances which are widely distributed groundwater contaminants and are persistent in the subsurface environment. Reports on the biodegradation of these compounds under anaerobic conditions which might occur naturally in groundwater show that these substances degrade very slowly, if at all. Previous attempts to degrade chlorinated ethenes aerobically have produced conflicting results. A mixed culture containing methane-utilizing bacteria was obtained by methane enrichment of a sediment sample. Biodegradation experiments carried out in sealed culture bottles with radioactively labeled trichloroethylene (TCE) showed that approximately half of the radioactive carbon had been converted to 14CO2 and bacterial biomass. In addition to TCE, vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride could be degraded to products which are not volatile chlorinated substances and are therefore likely to be further degraded to CO2. Two other chlorinated ethenes, cis and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, were shown to degrade to chlorinated products, which appeared to degrade further. A sixth chlorinated ethene, tetrachloroethylene, was not degraded by the methane-utilizing culture under these conditions. The biodegradation of TCE was inhibited by acetylene, a specific inhibitor of methane oxidation by methanotrophs. This observation supported the hypothesis that a methanotroph is responsible for the observed biodegradations. MH - Acetylene/PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Aerobiosis ; Alcohol, Methyl/ PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Alcohol, Propyl/PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Bacteria/ *METABOLISM ; Biodegradation ; Carbon Dioxide/ANALYSIS/METABOLISM ; Dichloroethylenes/METABOLISM ; Mass Fragmentography ; Methane/METABOLISM ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Tetrachloroethylene/METABOLISM ; Trichloroethylene/*METABOLISM ; Vinyl Chloride/METABOLISM SO - Appl Environ Microbiol 1986 Apr;51(4):720-4 25 UI - 86209889 AU - Pancorbo OC ; Varney TC TI - Fate of synthetic organic chemicals in soil-groundwater systems. AB - Land disposal of municipal, industrial and agricultural wastes often leads to soil and groundwater contamination with synthetic organic chemicals. In this review, the fate of such organics in soils and the subsurface environment is discussed. In particular, the biodegradation of organic compounds in soils and the subsurface region, as well as the sorption of these compounds to soils is emphasized. Due to the disastrous impact of groundwater contamination on a community and the great cost of restoring a contaminated aquifer, a case is made for concentrating future efforts on isolating potential sources of groundwater contamination and instituting appropriate control measures. MH - Adsorption ; Biodegradation ; Chemistry ; Herbicides/ANALYSIS ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Industrial Waste/ANALYSIS ; Oxygen/ANALYSIS ; Pesticides/ANALYSIS ; Petroleum ; Review ; Sewage ; Soil Pollutants/ *ANALYSIS ; Temperature ; Water Pollutants/*ANALYSIS ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*ANALYSIS SO - Vet Hum Toxicol 1986 Apr;28(2):127-43 26 UI - 86193287 AU - Daniel FB ; Schenck KM ; Mattox JK ; Lin EL ; Haas DL ; Pereira MA TI - Genotoxic properties of haloacetonitriles: drinking water by-products of chlorine disinfection. AB - Chlorinated and brominated haloacetonitriles (HAN), known drinking water contaminants which form during chlorine disinfection, were investigated for genotoxic activity. The HAN produced DNA strand breaks in cultured human lymphoblastic (CCRF-CEM) cells, bound to the nucleophilic trapping agent 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine and formed a covalent bond to polyadenylic acid in a cell-free reaction system. Thus, we have demonstrated that these chemicals are genotoxic, which would indicate a potential for carcinogenic activity and for human health hazard. MH - Acetonitriles/METABOLISM/*TOXICITY ; Alkylation ; Animal ; Bromine/ *TOXICITY ; Cell Survival/DRUG EFFECTS ; Cells, Cultured ; Chlorine/ *TOXICITY ; *Disinfection ; DNA/METABOLISM ; Human ; Lymphocytes/DRUG EFFECTS ; Methyl Methanesulfonate/TOXICITY ; Methylnitrosourea/TOXICITY ; Mice ; *Mutagens ; Pyridines/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Skin Neoplasms/CHEMICALLY INDUCED ; *Sterilization ; Sulfuric Acid Esters/TOXICITY ; Water Pollutants/*TOXICITY ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*TOXICITY ; Water Supply/*ANALYSIS SO - Fundam Appl Toxicol 1986 Apr;6(3):447-53 27 UI - 86189265 AU - Pignatello JJ ; Johnson LK ; Martinson MM ; Carlson RE ; Crawford RL TI - Response of the microflora in outdoor experimental streams to pentachlorophenol: environmental factors. AB - The 2nd year of a 2-year study of the fate of pentachlorophenol in outdoor artificial streams focused on details of microbial degradation by a combination of in situ and laboratory measurements. Replicate streams were dosed continuously at pentachlorophenol concentrations of 0, 48, and 144 micrograms/L, respectively, for an 88-d period during the summer of 1983. Pentachlorophenol was degraded both aerobically and anaerobically. Aerobic degradation was more rapid than anaerobic degradation. Mineralization of pentachlorophenol was concommitant with pentachlorophenol disappearance under aerobic conditions, but lagged behind loss of the parent molecule under anaerobic conditions. Biodegradation in the streams, or in specific stream compartments such as the sediment or water column, was characterized by an adaptation period (3-5 weeks for the stream as a whole, and reproducible from the previous year), which was inversely dependent on the concentration of pentachlorophenol and microbial biomass. The adaptation in the streams could be attributed to the time necessary for selective enrichment of an initially low population of pentachlorophenol degraders on surface compartments. The extent of biodegradation in the streams (percent loss of initial concentration of pentachlorophenol) increased with increasing pentachlorophenol input, which was explicable by an increase in the pentachlorophenol degrader population with increasing pentachlorophenol concentration. The sediment zone most significant to overall pentachlorophenol biodegradation was the top 0.5- to 1-cm layer as shown by pentachlorophenol migration rates and depth profiles of degrader density within the sediment. Pentachlorophenol profiles in sediment cores taken during and after the adaptation period for degradation showed that diffusion of pentachlorophenol into the sediment was rate limiting to degradation in this compartment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) MH - Aerobiosis ; Anaerobiosis ; Bacteria, Aerobic/*METABOLISM ; Bacteria, Anaerobic/*METABOLISM ; Biodegradation ; Chlorophenols/*METABOLISM ; Pentachlorophenol/*METABOLISM ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Temperature ; *Water Microbiology ; *Water Pollutants ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical SO - Can J Microbiol 1986 Jan;32(1):38-46 28 UI - 86163941 AU - Jori A ; Calamari D ; Di Domenico A ; Galli CL ; Galli E ; Marinovich M ; Silano V TI - Ecotoxicological profile of xylenes. Working Party on Ecotoxicological Profiles of Chemicals. AB - The xylenes (o, m, p), which are produced in large amounts and widely used, must be considered as environmental contaminants, as they have been identified in the atmosphere of many countries. Their acute and chronic toxicity in mammals is moderate. Mutagenic and teratogenic properties can be excluded. Carcinogenic potential has been at present inadequately studied. In man some disturbances are evident at the concentration of 45 ppm. Hepatic metabolism is a valid process of detoxification and its high rate limits the risk of accumulation of the xylenes in adipose tissue. Ecotoxicological data refer almost exclusively to water. No long-term tests have been made. However, the high volatility, elevated elimination, and the low factor of accumulation suggest the impact on aquatic environment should be limited. Xylenes are easily biodegraded by many microorganisms. Photoxydation is one of the main degradation processes, responsible for the disappearance of the xylenes from the atmosphere. MH - Animal ; Biodegradation ; Biotransformation ; Carcinogens ; Chemical Industry ; Chemistry ; Environmental Pollutants/ANALYSIS/*TOXICITY ; Human ; Intestinal Absorption ; Kinetics ; Mutagens ; Odors ; Photochemistry ; Teratogens ; Thermodynamics ; Tissue Distribution ; Xylenes/ANALYSIS/METABOLISM/*TOXICITY SO - Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 1986 Feb;11(1):44-80 1 UI - 87099171 AU - Kawai F ; Yamanaka H TI - Biodegradation of polyethylene glycol by symbiotic mixed culture (obligate mutualism). AB - Neither Flavobacterium sp. nor Pseudomonas sp. grew on a polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 medium containing the culture filtrate of their mixed culture on PEG 6000. The two bacteria did not grow with a dialysis culture on a PEG 6000 medium. Flavobacterium sp. grew well on a dialysis culture containing a tetraethylene glycol medium supplemented with a small amount of PEG 6000 as an inducer, while poor growth of Pseudomonas sp. was observed. Three enzymes involved in the metabolism of PEG, PEG dehydrogenase, PEG-aldehyde dehydrogenase and PEG-carboxylate dehydrogenase (ether-cleaving) were present in the cells of Flavobacterium sp. The first two enzymes were not found in the cells of Pseudomonas sp. PEG 6000 was degraded neither by intact cells of Flavobacterium sp. nor by those of Pseudomonas sp., but it was degraded by their mixture. Glyoxylate, a metabolite liberated by the ether-cleaving enzyme, inhibited the growth of the mixed culture. The ether-cleaving enzyme was remarkably inhibited by glyoxylate. Glyoxylate was metabolized faster by Pseudomonas sp. than by Flavobacterium sp., and seemed to be a key material for the symbiosis. MH - Aldehyde Dehydrogenase/METABOLISM ; Biodegradation ; Flavobacterium/ ENZYMOLOGY/GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT/*METABOLISM ; Glyoxylates/METABOLISM ; Oxidoreductases/METABOLISM ; Polyethylene Glycols/*METABOLISM ; Pseudomonas/ENZYMOLOGY/GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT/*METABOLISM ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; *Symbiosis SO - Arch Microbiol 1986 Nov;146(2):125-9 2 UI - 87074851 AU - N:ortemann B ; Baumgarten J ; Rast HG ; Knackmuss HJ TI - Bacterial communities degrading amino- and hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonates. AB - A 6-aminonaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid (6A2NS)-degrading mixed bacterial community was isolated from a sample of river Elbe water. The complete degradation of this xenobiotic compound may be described by a mutualistic interaction of two Pseudomonas strains isolated from this culture. One strain, BN6, could also grow on 6A2NS in monoculture, however, with accumulation of black polymers. This organism effected the initial conversion of 6A2NS into 5-aminosalicylate (5AS) through regioselective attack of the naphthalene skeleton in the 1,2-position. 5AS was totally degraded by another member of the community, strain BN9. After prolonged adaptation of strain BN6 to growth on 6A2NS, this organism readily converted all naphthalene-2-sulfonates with OH- or NH2-substituents in the 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-position. The corresponding hydroxy- or aminosalicylates were excreted in stoichiometric amounts, with the exception that the metabolite from 5A2NS oxidation was not identical with 6AS. MH - Aminosalicylic Acids/METABOLISM ; Biodegradation ; Culture Media ; Fresh Water ; Naphthalenesulfonates/*METABOLISM ; Naphthols/*METABOLISM ; Pseudomonas/GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT/ISOLATION & PURIFICATION/*METABOLISM ; Salicylates/METABOLISM ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; *Water Microbiology SO - Appl Environ Microbiol 1986 Nov;52(5):1195-202 3 UI - 87047591 AU - Andreoni V ; Bestetti G TI - Comparative analysis of different Pseudomonas strains that degrade cinnamic acid. AB - Strains of Pseudomonas stutzeri (CINNS) and Pseudomonas putida (CINNP and CINNW) isolated from soil with cinnamic acid as the sole carbon source were found to be simultaneously adapted to grow on phenylpropionic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids. In cinnamic acid-grown cultures, phenylpropionic acid was isolated. A catabolic plasmid of approximately equal to 75 kilobase pairs encoding the metabolism of cinnamic acid was found in strains CINNP and CINNS. MH - Biodegradation ; Cinnamates/*METABOLISM ; Comparative Study ; Conjugation, Genetic ; DNA, Bacterial/ANALYSIS ; Oxygen Consumption ; Plasmids ; Pseudomonas/GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT/GENETICS/*METABOLISM ; *Soil Microbiology ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Appl Environ Microbiol 1986 Oct;52(4):930-4 4 UI - 87024951 AU - Rubio MA ; Engesser KH ; Knackmuss HJ TI - Microbial metabolism of chlorosalicylates: effect of prolonged subcultivation on constructed strains. AB - The hybrid strain Pseudomonas sp. WR4016 was subcultivated with increasing concentrations of 5-chlorosalicylate (5----10 mM) as sole carbon source over a period of 9 months. At intervals of approximately 3 months derivative strains WR4017, WR4018 and WR4019 were isolated which exhibited higher growth rates and increased substrate tolerance. Comparative analysis of the turnover rates of the key enzymes in chlorosalicylate degradation showed that the adaptation process did not result from structural modifications of these proteins. Instead, balanced overproduction of the salicylate hydroxylase and catechol 1,2-dioxygenase prevented the accumulation of toxic chlorocatechols and accounted for the reduction of the doubling times with 4- or 5-chlorosalicylate. A comparative analysis of a genetically engineered chlorosalicylate degrader PL300-1 showed similar regulatory patterns as the most advanced isolate WR4019 from the adaptation series. MH - Biodegradation ; Chlorine/METABOLISM ; Comparative Study ; Hydroxylases/ METABOLISM ; Oxygenases/METABOLISM ; Phenotype ; Pseudomonas/ENZYMOLOGY/ GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT/GENETICS/*METABOLISM ; Salicylates/*METABOLISM ; Salicylic Acids/*METABOLISM ; Substrate Specificity ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Arch Microbiol 1986 Jul;145(2):123-5 5 UI - 87024950 AU - Rubio MA ; Engesser KH ; Knackmuss HJ TI - Microbial metabolism of chlorosalicylates: accelerated evolution by natural genetic exchange. AB - Methylsalicylate-grown cells of Pseudomonas sp. WR401 cometabolized 3-, 4- and 5-substituted halosalicylates to the corresponding halocatechols. Further degradation was unproductive due to the presence of high levels of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase. This strain acquired the ability to utilize 3-chlorobenzoate following acquisition of genes from Pseudomonas sp. B13 which are necessary for the assimilation of chlorocatechols. This derivative (WR4011) was unable to use 4- or 5-chlorosalicylates. Derivatives able to use these compounds were obtained by plating WR4011 on 5-chlorosalicylate minimal medium; one such derivative was designated WR4016. The acquisition of this property was accompanied by concomitant loss of the methylsalicylate phenotype. During growth on 4- or 5-chlorosalicylate the typical enzymes of chlorocatechol assimilation were detected in cell free extracts, whereas catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity was not induced. Repeated subcultivation of WR4016 in the presence of 3-chlorosalicylate produced variants (WR4016-1) which grew on all three isomers. MH - Biodegradation ; Catechols/METABOLISM ; Chlorine/METABOLISM ; Chlorobenzoates/METABOLISM ; *Conjugation, Genetic ; *Genes, Bacterial ; Genetic Code ; Oxygen Consumption ; Oxygenases/METABOLISM ; Phenotype ; Pseudomonas/ENZYMOLOGY/GENETICS/*METABOLISM ; Salicylates/*METABOLISM ; Salicylic Acids/METABOLISM ; Substrate Specificity ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Arch Microbiol 1986 Jul;145(2):116-22 6 UI - 87021667 AU - Barbour EK ; Nabbut NH ; Al-Nakhli HM ; Haile HT TI - O-serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from animal and inanimate sources in Saudi Arabia. AB - A total of 1012 samples were examined for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 257 (25.4%) were positive. The incidence of Ps. aeruginosa in samples collected from animal sources (N = 730) was significantly higher (28.7%) than that in 282 samples of inanimate sources (16.7%). The percentage of samples infected with these organisms was lowest in poultry feed (2.8%) and highest in sewage effluent (57.1%). Nine serotypes were defined from all sources. P5 was the common predominant individual O type in infected chicken navels and in the nasal cavities of Najdi sheep (a Saudi Arabian sheep breed), while P3 and P6 were predominate in the nasal cavities of Somali sheep (a breed imported from Somalia). No Ps. aeruginosa serotype was predominant in sheep faeces. In inanimate sources, P4 was predominant in water and sewage effluent. The isolate from the animal feed was untypeable. In using the slide agglutination technique for serotyping, most of the unusual agglutination reaction types of Ps. aeruginosa (70%) were of strains isolated from Somali sheep. MH - Agglutination Tests ; Animal Feed ; Animal ; Chickens/MICROBIOLOGY ; Feces/MICROBIOLOGY ; *Food Microbiology ; Nasal Cavity/MICROBIOLOGY ; Poultry Diseases/MICROBIOLOGY ; Poultry ; Pseudomonas Aeruginosa/ *CLASSIFICATION/ISOLATION & PURIFICATION ; Pseudomonas Infections/ MICROBIOLOGY/*VETERINARY ; Saudi Arabia ; Serotyping ; Sewage ; Sheep Diseases/MICROBIOLOGY ; Sheep/MICROBIOLOGY ; *Water Microbiology SO - Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1986 Jul;261(4):400-6 7 UI - 87010544 AU - Griffiths ET ; Hales SG ; Russell NJ ; Watson GK ; White GF TI - Metabolite production during the biodegradation of the surfactant sodium dodecyltriethoxy sulphate under mixed-culture die-away conditions. AB - Sodium dodecyltriethoxy sulphate (SDTES), either pure or as a component of commercial surfactant mixtures, underwent rapid primary biodegradation by mixed bacterial cultures in OECD screen and river-water die-away tests. Inoculation of [35S]SDTES-containing solutions with OECD screen test media acclimatized to surfactants or their degradation products led to production of various 35S-labelled glycol sulphates and their oxidation products, all known to occur during degradation of [35S]SDTES by pure bacterial isolates. Triethylene glycol monosulphate was the major catabolite together with smaller amounts of di- and monoethylene glycol monosulphates implying, by analogy with pure cultures, that ether-cleavage was the major primary biodegradation step. The oxidation product (carboxylate derivative) of each glycol sulphate was also detected together with metabolites tentatively identified as omega-/beta-oxidation products of the dodecyl chain. Relatively little SO2-4 was liberated directly from SDTES but mixed cultures derived from sewage could metabolize the sulphated glycols to SO2-4. The environmental relevance of these degradation routes was established by following metabolite production from [35S]SDTES in full-scale river-water die-away tests. Triethylene glycol sulphate was formed first, then rapidly oxidized to acetic acid 2-(diethoxy sulphate) which persisted as the major metabolite for 2-3 weeks. Small amounts of sulphated derivatives of di- and monoethylene glycols were also detected during the same period. Very little SO2-4 was formed directly from SDTES but large amounts accompanied the eventual disappearance of glycol sulphate derivatives. None of the 35S-labelled organic metabolites was persistent and, whenever [35S]SDTES was a component of a commercial mixture, all ester sulphate was completely mineralized to 35SO4(2-) within 28 d. MH - Biodegradation ; Culture Media ; Pseudomonas/METABOLISM ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate/*ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/METABOLISM ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Surface-Active Agents/*METABOLISM ; Water Microbiology SO - J Gen Microbiol 1986 Apr;132 ( Pt 4):963-72 8 UI - 87010543 AU - Hales SG ; Watson GK ; Dodgson KS ; White GF TI - A comparative study of the biodegradation of the surfactant sodium dodecyltriethoxy sulphate by four detergent-degrading bacteria. AB - The 35S-labelled metabolites produced during biodegradation of sodium dodecyltriethoxy [35S]sulphate (SDTES) by four bacterial isolates were identified and quantified. All four isolates used ether-cleavage as the predominant primary degradation pathway. In two of the organisms, the etherase system (responsible for approx. 60-70% of primary biodegradation) liberated mono-, di- and triethylene glycol monosulphates in substantial proportions, the last two esters undergoing some further oxidation to acetic acid 2-(ethoxy sulphate) and acetic acid 2-(diethoxy sulphate), respectively. For these isolates, liberation of SO4(2-) directly from SDTES was also significant (30-40%) and the organisms were shown to contain alkyl sulphatases active towards SDTES. For the remaining two isolates, etherase action was even more important (responsible for greater than 80% of primary biodegradation) and was restricted almost totally to the alkyl-ether bond to generate mainly triethylene glycol sulphate, some of which was further oxidized. Very small amounts of diethylene glycol monosulphate were also produced, but its mono-homologue, and the oxidation products of both these esters, were absent. Small amounts of inorganic sulphate (approx. 10%) were liberated by these isolates and one of them also produced compounds tentatively identified as intermediates of omega-/beta-oxidation. MH - Biodegradation ; Chromatography, Thin Layer ; Comparative Study ; Pseudomonas/*METABOLISM ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate/*ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/ METABOLISM ; Sulfatases/METABOLISM ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - J Gen Microbiol 1986 Apr;132 ( Pt 4):953-61 9 UI - 87008433 AU - Savard P ; P:eloquin L ; Sylvestre M TI - Cloning of Pseudomonas sp. strain CBS3 genes specifying dehalogenation of 4-chlorobenzoate. AB - The degradation of 4-chlorobenzoate (4-CBA) by Pseudomonas sp. strain CBS3 is thought to proceed first by the dehalogenation of 4-CBA to 4-hydroxybenzoate (4-HBA), which is then metabolized following the protocatechuate branch of the beta-ketoadipate pathway. The cloning of the 4-CBA dehalogenation system was carried out by constructing a gene bank of Pseudomonas sp. strain CBS3 in Pseudomonas putida. Hybrid plasmid pPSA843 contains a 9.5-kilobase-pair fragment derived from the chromosome of Pseudomonas sp. strain CBS3. This plasmid confers on P. putida the ability to dehalogenate 4-CBA and grow on 4-CBA as the only source of carbon. However, pPSA843 did not complement mutants of P. putida unable to grow on 4-HBA (POB-), showing that the genes involved in the metabolism of 4-HBA were not cloned. Subcloning of Pseudomonas sp. strain CBS3 genes revealed that most of the insert is required for the dehalogenation of 4-CBA, suggesting that more than one gene product is involved in this dehalogenation. MH - Biodegradation ; Chlorobenzoates/*METABOLISM ; *Cloning, Molecular ; *Genes, Bacterial ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Pseudomonas/ENZYMOLOGY/*GENETICS/METABOLISM ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - J Bacteriol 1986 Oct;168(1):81-5 10 UI - 86271430 AU - Havelaar AH ; During M TI - C-390 as sole selective agent for isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from hospital waste water. AB - Pseudomonas aeruginosa was recovered (in numbers ranging from 10(2) to 10(5) colony-forming units per millilitre) from heavily contaminated hospital waste water when grown at 41.5 degrees C on a differential medium agar containing 9-chloro-9-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-10-phenylacridan (C-390) at a final concentration of 30 micrograms/mL. The medium appeared to be highly selective for P. aeruginosa with 95-100% of all colonies isolated from four different hospital waste waters being identified as P. aeruginosa. Many strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from hospital waste waters failed to hydrolyse casein when grown on skim milk agar and this medium appeared to restrict pigment production to only pyoverdin (detectable only under ultraviolet light). However, most strains were capable of casein hydrolysis when grown on a modified skim milk medium. MH - Acridines/*PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Animal ; Caseins/METABOLISM ; Culture Media ; Hospitals ; Milk/METABOLISM ; Pseudomonas Aeruginosa/GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT/*ISOLATION & PURIFICATION ; Sewage ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Temperature ; *Water Microbiology SO - Can J Microbiol 1986 Jun;32(6):513-5 11 UI - 86267702 AU - Mulbry WW ; Karns JS ; Kearney PC ; Nelson JO ; McDaniel CS ; Wild JR TI - Identification of a plasmid-borne parathion hydrolase gene from Flavobacterium sp. by southern hybridization with opd from Pseudomonas diminuta. AB - Parathion hydrolases have been previously described for an American isolate of Pseudomonas diminuta and a Philippine isolate of Flavobacterium sp. (ATCC 27551). The gene which encodes the broad-spectrum organophosphate phosphotriesterase in P. diminuta has been shown by other investigators to be located on a 66-kilobase (kb) plasmid. The intact gene (opd, organophosphate-degrading gene) from this degradative plasmid was cloned into M13mp10 and found to express parathion hydrolase under control of the lac promoter in Escherichia coli. In Flavobacterium sp. strain ATCC 27551, a 43-kb plasmid was associated with the production of parathion hydrolase by curing experiments. The M13mp10-cloned fragment of the opd gene from P. diminuta was used to identify a homologous genetic region from Flavobacterium sp. strain ATCC 27551. Southern hybridization experiments demonstrated that a genetic region from the 43-kb Flavobacterium sp. plasmid possessed significant homology to the opd sequence. Similar hybridization did not occur with three other native Flavobacterium sp. plasmids (approximately 23, 27, and 51 kb) present within this strain or with genomic DNA from cured strains. Restriction mapping of various recombinant DNA molecules containing subcloned fragments of both opd plasmids revealed that the restriction maps of the two opd regions were similar, if not identical, for all restriction endonucleases tested thus far. In contrast, the restriction maps of the cloned plasmid sequences outside the opd regions were not similar. Thus, it appears that the two discrete bacterial plasmids from parathion-hydrolyzing soil bacteria possess a common but limited region of sequence homology within potentially nonhomologous plasmid structures. MH - Biodegradation ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Bacterial/GENETICS/ISOLATION & PURIFICATION ; Escherichia Coli/GENETICS ; Flavobacterium/*ENZYMOLOGY/ GENETICS ; Genes, Bacterial ; Lac Operon ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Parathion/*METABOLISM ; Phosphomonoesterases/*GENETICS/METABOLISM ; *Plasmids ; Pseudomonas/ENZYMOLOGY/*GENETICS ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. SO - Appl Environ Microbiol 1986 May;51(5):926-30 12 UI - 86250403 AU - Jones JG ; Gardener S ; Simon BM ; Pickup RW TI - Factors affecting the measurement of antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from lake water. AB - It is more difficult to obtain a reliable assessment of antibiotic resistance in populations of aquatic bacteria than in those populations which are well characterized (e.g. bacteria of medical and veterinary significance). Factors which influence the results include the bacterial taxa involved, their site of origin and the methods and media used to isolate and subculture the bacteria, and to perform the sensitivity tests. Examples of these effects are provided. The resistance profiles obtained with populations of aquatic pseudomonads depend on the species composition of the population. Resistance patterns in aquatic bacteria varied with the site from which they were isolated; a higher incidence of resistance was recorded along shorelines and in sheltered bays than in the open water. The inclusion of antibiotics in the media employed for primary isolation increased the number of individual and multiple resistances recorded. A similar effect was observed with increased inoculum size in the sensitivity disc method but this could be reversed by raising the incubation temperature. The medium used to conduct the test also affected the results and many aquatic bacteria failed to grow on media such as Iso-Sensitest Agar. It is recommended that the sensitivity disc method is adopted for aquatic bacteria because it permits interpretation of a wider range of response. Comparison of the incidence of antibiotic resistance in different habitats will remain meaningless, however, until comprehensive methods for the identification of bacteria are developed and the techniques used for sensitivity testing are standardized. MH - Ampicillin/PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Antibiotics/*PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Bacteria/ *DRUG EFFECTS/ISOLATION & PURIFICATION ; Culture Media ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Fresh Water ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Pseudomonas/DRUG EFFECTS ; Sewage ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Temperature ; *Water Microbiology SO - J Appl Bacteriol 1986 May;60(5):455-62 13 UI - 86230160 AU - Temple GS ; Ayling PD ; Wilkinson SG TI - Isolation and characterization of a lipopolysaccharide-specific bacteriophage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. AB - Phage H22 was isolated from sewage using Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 8505 (serotype 0:3) as the host. Although not O-specific, this phage was found to have lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a receptor. The broad host-range and lack of O-specificity of the phage suggested that its receptor site was in the core region of the LPS. Phage H22 had a Bradley type A structure. It was unaffected by chloroform and diethyl ether, and was stable between pH 5 and 8 and in the temperature range 0 to 60 degrees C. The adsorption rate constant was 14.6 X 10(-9) ml min-1. The phage had a latent period of 43 min, with a rise time of 18 min and a burst size of 6. The adsorption of phage to whole cells and LPS occurred over a broad pH range. Maximum adsorption occurred at 50 degrees C and pH 7.5 in the presence of 0.001 M Ca2+. MH - Adsorption ; Bacteriophages/*CLASSIFICATION/GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT/ ISOLATION & PURIFICATION/METABOLISM/ULTRASTRUCTURE ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Lipopolysaccharides/*METABOLISM ; Microscopy, Electron ; Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ; Receptors, Virus/*METABOLISM ; Sewage ; Species Specificity ; Temperature SO - Microbios 1986;45(183):81-91 14 UI - 86214021 AU - de Vicente A ; Borrego JJ ; Arrabal F ; Romero P TI - Comparative study of selective media for enumeration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from water by membrane filtration. AB - In the present study, mPA-D and mPA-E agar, modifications of mPA-C agar that reduce background fecal streptococci that interfere with the differentiation and enumeration of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonies grown in other mPA media, are proposed for use in analyzing natural water samples. In addition, the efficiencies of several culture media for the recovery of P. aeruginosa in water after membrane filtration and multiple-tube techniques are compared. The degree of selectivity, precision, efficiency, and sensitivity achieved with the proposed media exceeded that achieved by current methods. Furthermore, they yielded equal rates of accuracy and specificity. Incubation at 36 degrees C resulted in an improved recovery of stressed P. aeruginosa. In conclusion, we propose the use of mPA-D and mPA-E agar, both incubated at 36 degrees C for 24 to 48 h, for analyzing river water and seawater, respectively. MH - Comparative Study ; *Culture Media ; Filtration ; Fresh Water ; Pseudomonas Aeruginosa/*GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT/ISOLATION & PURIFICATION ; Seawater ; Sewage ; Streptococcus/GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT/ISOLATION & PURIFICATION ; Streptococcus Faecalis/GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT/ISOLATION & PURIFICATION ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Temperature ; *Water Microbiology SO - Appl Environ Microbiol 1986 Apr;51(4):832-40 1 UI - 86167256 AU - Fishman M TI - Microbial adherence and infection--clinical relevance. AB - Adherence mechanisms have been described for some microbes, often in direct association with onset of infection. In other cases, the evidence is vague. This article will summarize modes of attachment, and will focus on each anatomical tract in an effort to outline the relationship between microbial adherence, host cells, foreign bodies, and infection. MH - *Adhesiveness ; Bacteria/CYTOLOGY/*PHYSIOLOGY ; Bacterial Infections/ *MICROBIOLOGY ; Catheterization ; Digestive System/MICROBIOLOGY ; Endoscopy ; Human ; Nutrition ; Pacemaker, Artificial ; Respiratory System/MICROBIOLOGY ; Surgical Wound Infection/MICROBIOLOGY ; Sutures ; Urinary Tract/MICROBIOLOGY ; Urinary Tract Infections/MICROBIOLOGY SO - Infect Control 1986 Mar;7(3):181-4