==================================CMR51==================================
51.  Cognitive functioning, intelligence, IQ, memory, learning, reasoning
     abilities, etc. in patients with anorexia nervosa at low weights and/or 
     after refeeding.
1
UI  - 87123843
AU  - Lundholm JK ; Littrell JM
TI  - Desire for thinness among high school cheerleaders: relationship
      to disordered eating and weight control behaviors.
AB  - The eating disorders of anorexia nervosa and bulimia are
      increasing in frequency among adolescent females. These increases
      have been linked to the cultural ideal in American society of
      thinness. Attempting to control weight is one behavioral
      manifestation of the desire for thinness. One particular group of
      adolescents, female cheerleaders, often experience pressure to
      attain and maintain weight that is lower than other adolescents
      of the same height. This study examined cheerleaders' desire for
      thinness in relationship to disordered eating and weight control
      behaviors. A Desire for Thinness Scale and selected scales from
      three eating disorders instruments were administered to 751 high
      school cheerleaders from the Midwest. Cheerleaders who scored in
      the upper third on the Desire for Thinness Scale were compared
      with those who scored in the lower third. Cheerleaders who
      expressed a strong desire for thinness had significantly higher
      scores (p less than .0001) on 7 of 8 eating disorders scales. The
      greater the desire for thinness, the more likely the tendency to
      report disordered eating and weight control behaviors associated
      with bulimia. Implications from this study include an awareness
      of how a cultural ideal of thinness may indirectly increase
      disordered eating and weight control behaviors by making weight
      loss a salient goal. A proactive approach to modifying negative
      aspects of the cultural emphasis on thinness is proposed.
MH  - Adolescence ; Anorexia Nervosa/*PSYCHOLOGY ; Body Image ; *Body
      Weight ; Bulimia/*PSYCHOLOGY ; Female ; Gender Identity ; Human ;
      Psychological Tests ; *Sports ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ;
      Thinness/*PSYCHOLOGY
SO  - Adolescence 1986 Fall;21(83):573-9
2
UI  - 87050412
AU  - Proctor L ; Morley S
TI  - 'Demand characteristics' in body-size estimation in anorexia
      nervosa.
AB  - We asked 24 patients with anorexia nervosa and 30 normal controls
      to estimate their body-size several times, each time using
      different instructions. The degree of over-estimation was found
      to vary predictably with the wording of the instructions.
      Informing the subject that she had made an error without
      specifying the direction of the error resulted in reduced
      over-estimation on a subsequent trial, for both anorexics and
      controls. 'Internally directed' instructions were associated with
      a greater degree of over-estimation than 'external' instructions
      in both groups, but particularly in anorexic subjects. Our
      results indicate the necessity of controlling the 'demand
      characteristics' of such experiments.
MH  - Adult ; Anorexia Nervosa/*PSYCHOLOGY ; Body Height ; *Body Image
      ; Body Weight ; Female ; Human
SO  - Br J Psychiatry 1986 Jul;149:113-8
3
UI  - 87017464
AU  - Nasser M
TI  - Comparative study of the prevalence of abnormal eating attitudes
      among Arab female students of both London and Cairo universities.
AB  - Two matched samples of Arab female undergraduate students
      attending London and Cairo Universities were recruited to
      determine the relative prevalence of abnormal eating attitudes
      and the effect of exposure to Western culture upon this
      prevalence. A positive response was reported on the Eating
      Attitudes Test (EAT-40) in 22% of the students in the London
      group and 12% in the Cairo group, indicating that abnormal
      attitudes occur in this non-Western population. Six cases among
      the London sample fulfilled diagnostic criteria for bulimia
      nervosa, but no cases of either anorexia or bulimia were
      identified in the Cairo sample.
MH  - Adult ; Anorexia Nervosa/*ETHNOLOGY/PSYCHOLOGY ; Body Image ;
      Bulimia/ETHNOLOGY ; Egypt/ETHNOLOGY ; Female ; Human ; London ;
      Psychological Tests
SO  - Psychol Med 1986 Aug;16(3):621-5
4
UI  - 87015219
AU  - Strupp BJ ; Weingartner H ; Kaye W ; Gwirtsman H
TI  - Cognitive processing in anorexia nervosa. A disturbance in
      automatic information processing.
AB  - Anorexia nervosa patients were found to perform as well or better
      than control subjects on cognitive tasks that both require
      considerable cognitive effort and 'direct' the subject to the
      information that will be tested, but do more poorly than controls
      on tests that assess automatic or incidental processing of
      information. The implications of this particular pattern of
      cognitive alterations for theories concerning the etiology of
      anorexia nervosa are discussed.
MH  - Adult ; Anorexia Nervosa/COMPLICATIONS/*PSYCHOLOGY ; Cognition
      Disorders/*ETIOLOGY ; Cognition/*PHYSIOLOGY ; Exertion ; Female ;
      Human ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
SO  - Neuropsychobiology 1986;15(2):89-94
5
UI  - 86313065
AU  - Rubin RL
TI  - Assisting adolescents toward mental health.
AB  - The developmental stage of adolescence may be so turbulent as to
      require psychiatric intervention. The adaptive difficulties
      experienced by Offer's tumultuous group of adolescents were once
      considered normal problems for that age group. Now they are
      considered to be a precursor to more serious psychosocial
      problems and require entry into the mental health care system.
      The adolescent psychiatric patient may experience adaptive
      difficulties, such as delinquency, substance abuse, and sexual
      acting out, or a diagnosed psychiatric disorder. The level of
      care an adolescent requires depends upon the type and severity of
      his dysfunction. Early detection and prevention is largely
      accomplished through education. Assessment and crisis
      intervention require the structure of an acute care inpatient
      setting. Long-term treatment may be necessary to provide a
      corrective emotional experience for the severely dysfunctional
      adolescent. Research endeavors should be directed toward further
      exploration of the relationship between adaptive difficulties and
      adult psychiatric disorder. Outcome studies would be helpful in
      evaluating the success of psychiatric nursing intervention at
      multiple levels of complexity.
MH  - Adaptation, Psychological ; Adolescence ; Adult ; Affective
      Disorders/THERAPY ; Age Factors ; Anorexia Nervosa/THERAPY ;
      Attention ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/THERAPY
      ; Borderline Personality Disorder/THERAPY ; Child ; Crisis
      Intervention ; Emotions ; Female ; Human ; Male ; Mental
      Disorders/NURSING/PSYCHOLOGY/*THERAPY ; Nurse-Patient Relations ;
      Patient Education ; Schizophrenia/THERAPY
SO  - Nurs Clin North Am 1986 Sep;21(3):439-50
6
UI  - 86294984
AU  - Raboch J
TI  - Sexual development and life of psychiatric female patients.
AB  - Using a structured interview and four questionnaires we examined
      the sexual development and life in the following groups of
      psychiatric female patients: 51 with schizophrenia, 50 with
      manic-depressive psychoses, 50 with neuroses, 30 with hysterical
      psychopathic personality, and 20 with anorexia nervosa. The
      results were compared with a control group of 101 gynecological
      spa patients. The sexual development of the schizophrenic
      patients was found to be retarded, whereas that of the patients
      with anorexia nervosa accelerated in the initial stages. The
      sexual development of patients with hysterical personality was
      found to be disharmonious. No differences were found between
      patients with manic-depressive psychoses and the control group as
      far as the sex life in adulthood is concerned. However, all the
      other groups of psychiatric patients showed decreased sexual
      activity and/or reactivity. Sexual dysfunctions in the female
      psychiatric population are frequent, especially with
      schizophrenic patients, females with anorexia nervosa, and with
      hysterical personality. The etiological factors responsible for
      these sex disturbances are different in the individual groups of
      psychiatric patients.
MH  - Adult ; Anorexia Nervosa/PSYCHOLOGY ; Attitude ; Bipolar Disorder/
      PSYCHOLOGY ; Female ; Histrionic Personality Disorder/PSYCHOLOGY
      ; Human ; Mental Disorders/COMPLICATIONS/*PSYCHOLOGY ; Middle Age
      ; Neurotic Disorders/PSYCHOLOGY ; Orgasm ; *Psychosexual
      Development ; Psychosexual Dysfunctions/COMPLICATIONS ;
      Schizophrenic Psychology ; Sex Behavior
SO  - Arch Sex Behav 1986 Aug;15(4):341-53
7
UI  - 86292481
AU  - Eisele J ; Hertsgaard D ; Light HK
TI  - Factors related to eating disorders in young adolescent girls.
AB  - The objective of this study was to identify factors related to
      eating disorders in young adolescent girls. Three hundred
      eighty-five girls who were attending a career conference at a
      midwestern university completed the Eating Disorder Instrument
      (EDI) along with a biographical data sheet. The EDI is designed
      for the assessment of psychological and behavior traits common in
      eating disorders. While 81% of the young subjects were assessed
      to be within the range for ideal weight or were underweight, 78%
      preferred to weigh less. Only 14% were satisfied with their
      current weight. Findings for each of the subscales used revealed
      significant differences among the girls based on intact versus
      broken family; subjects' actual and preferred weight; whether the
      family ate meals together; average grades; age and grade in
      school; fathers' occupation; future career plans; place of
      residence; and feelings toward their mothers.
MH  - Adolescence ; Anorexia Nervosa/*DIAGNOSIS/PSYCHOLOGY ; Appetite
      Disorders/*DIAGNOSIS ; Body Image ; Body Weight ; Child ; Diet,
      Reducing/PSYCHOLOGY ; Female ; Human ; Hyperphagia/*DIAGNOSIS/
      PSYCHOLOGY ; Psychological Tests
SO  - Adolescence 1986 Summer;21(82):283-90
8
UI  - 86292480
AU  - Grant CL ; Fodor IG
TI  - Adolescent attitudes toward body image and anorexic behavior.
AB  - This study explored the relationship between anorexic behavior
      and selected dimensions of body image. Anorexic behavior was
      assessed by two scales, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT 26)
      (Garner, Olmstead, Bohr, & Garfinkel, 1982) and the Eating
      Disorders Inventory (EDI) (Garner, Olmstead, & Polivy, 1983).
      Predictor variables, selected dimensions of body image, physical
      attractiveness, self-esteem, and physical effectiveness, were
      measured by scales adapted by Lerner and Karabenick (1974) and
      Lerner, Orlos, and Knapp (1976). Multiple regression techniques
      were used to determine how much of the tendency toward anorexic
      behavior can be predicted by selected dimensions of body image.
      The major focus of the analysis was to explore the contributions
      of each of the dimensions of body image to predicting tendencies
      toward anorexic behavior in adolescents. The research sample
      consisted of 169 high school students, aged 15 to 18, who were
      enrolled in health, physical education, or psychology classes in
      the spring of 1983. Results indicated that the dimension of
      self-esteem was the major factor in the prediction of anorexic
      behaviors as measured by the Eating Disorders Inventory.
MH  - Adolescence ; Anorexia Nervosa/DIAGNOSIS/*PSYCHOLOGY ; *Attitude
      ; *Body Image ; Body Weight ; Diet, Reducing/PSYCHOLOGY ; Female
      ; Gender Identity ; Human ; Hyperphagia/PSYCHOLOGY ; Male ;
      Psychological Tests ; Psychometrics ; Self Concept
SO  - Adolescence 1986 Summer;21(82):269-81
9
UI  - 86292479
AU  - Muuss RE
TI  - Adolescent eating disorder: bulimia.
AB  - Bulimia, an eating disorder, recently has emerged as a major
      mental health problem, especially among adolescent females. The
      bulimic experiences periods of compulsive binge eating followed
      by purges to rid the body of unwanted calories. Binges are
      triggered by intense emotional experiences, such as loneliness,
      anger, rejection, or stress. Associated features of bulimia are
      secretiveness, depression, drug abuse, preoccupation with body
      image and sexual attractiveness, and an awareness that the
      behavior is abnormal. The physical side effects include dental
      problems, inflamed esophagus, EEG abnormalities, abdominal or
      urinary disturbances, and changes in blood sugar level. Cognitive
      disturbances related to binging and purging are perfectionistic,
      egocentric, and distorted thinking, misconceptions about
      nutritional requirements, unreasonable goals and expectations,
      and disturbed affect. Bulimics resist treatment; however, such
      methods as cognitive, group, family, behavior, and drug therapy,
      and hospitalization appear promising.
MH  - Adolescence ; Adult ; Anorexia Nervosa/DIAGNOSIS ; Appetite
      Disorders/*DIAGNOSIS ; Body Image ; Body Weight ; Combined
      Modality Therapy ; Diet, Reducing/PSYCHOLOGY ; Feeding Behavior ;
      Female ; Human ; Hyperphagia/*DIAGNOSIS/PSYCHOLOGY/THERAPY ; Male
      ; Personality Disorders/DIAGNOSIS ; Set (Psychology)
SO  - Adolescence 1986 Summer;21(82):257-67
10
UI  - 86280132
AU  - Tucker GJ ; Maxmen JS
TI  - "Rational: hospital psychiatry.
AB  - When, in 1974, the authors chose to describe their approach to
      hospital psychiatry as "rational:, they were departing from the
      prevailing psychiatric belief that treatment should be based on
      theories of behavior. Instead, the authors advocated that
      rational treatments should be based on empirical findings and on
      pragmatic considerations, a view which a decade later has found
      its way into mainstream American psychiatry.
MH  - Anorexia Nervosa/THERAPY ; *Hospitals, Psychiatric ; Human ;
      Logic ; Mental Disorders/PSYCHOLOGY/*THERAPY ; Psychiatry/
      *METHODS ; Psychological Theory ; Schizophrenia/DRUG THERAPY
SO  - J Med Philos 1986 May;11(2):135-41
11
UI  - 86275939
AU  - Murray JB
TI  - Psychological aspects of anorexia nervosa.
AB  - Research on anorexia nervosa (AN), its etiology and treatment,
      and the results of outcome studies are reviewed. Early studies
      focused on psychodynamic aspects of AN whereas recently the
      brain's neurotransmitters and hypothalamic area, particularly,
      having been investigated as contributing to symptoms of AN. No
      treatment is successful for all AN patients. Recovery is slow and
      is often resisted. Diet, psychotherapy, and drugs have sometimes
      alleviated symptoms for some AN patients but the root cause and
      the best treatment have eluded a century of research.
MH  - Adolescence ; Adult ; Anorexia Nervosa/DIAGNOSIS/*PSYCHOLOGY/
      THERAPY ; Body Image ; Body Weight ; Combined Modality Therapy ;
      Diet, Reducing/PSYCHOLOGY ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Human ;
      Hyperphagia/PSYCHOLOGY ; Prognosis ; Social Environment
SO  - Genet Soc Gen Psychol Monogr 1986 Feb;112(1):5-40
12
UI  - 86270760
AU  - Wheeler GD ; Wall SR ; Belcastro AN ; Conger P ; Cumming DC
TI  - Are anorexic tendencies prevalent in the habitual runner?
AB  - To investigate whether runners displayed any of the abnormalities
      characteristic of patients with anorexia nervosa, we conducted a
      cross sectional study of 31 high mileage, 18 low mileage runners
      and 18 non-running controls. Subjects completed a personal data
      questionnaire, the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI) and the
      Eating Attitudes Questionnaire (EAT), underwent a body image test
      and a blood sample was obtained for measurement of reproductive,
      thyroid and adrenal hormones. High mileage runners scored
      significantly higher infrequency scores on the JPI than sedentary
      controls but there was no evidence of psychopathology. The high
      mileage runners also significantly overestimated waist width and
      there were small but statistically significant differences in EAT
      scores between controls and the runner groups. Ten of 49 runners
      had EAT scores beyond two standard deviations above the mean of
      non-running controls. Serum total, free and non-specifically
      bound testosterone and prolactin levels were significantly lower
      in high mileage runners than controls. LH, FSH, cortisol and
      thyroid hormones were not significantly different. There were no
      significant differences in any hormone between low mileage
      runners and controls. displayed no clear abnormalities
      characteristic of patients with anorexia The results suggested
      that running may have a chronic effect on serum testosterone and
      prolactin levels in high mileage but not low mileage runners.
      Although there was no significant evidence of anorexia nervosa on
      testing the runners with EAT, the overestimation of waist size
      provided some evidence of a distortion of body image in the high
      mileage runners. Runners displayed no clear abnormalities
      characteristic of patients with anorexia nervosa.
MH  - Adolescence ; Adult ; Anorexia Nervosa/*ETIOLOGY/PSYCHOLOGY ;
      Body Image ; Cross Sectional Studies ; Eating ; Human ; Male ;
      Middle Age ; Personality Assessment ; Prolactin/BLOOD ; *Running
      ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Testosterone/BLOOD
SO  - Br J Sports Med 1986 Jun;20(2):77-81
13
UI  - 86270698
AU  - Fichter MM ; Meister I ; Koch HJ
TI  - The measurement of body image disturbances in anorexia nervosa.
      Experimental comparison of different methods.
AB  - Body image disturbances in anorexia nervosa patients have been
      assessed in an experimental study which dealt with the following
      issues: Three different procedures for the assessment of body
      image disturbances were compared in a discriminant function
      analysis: a Video Monitor Procedure, the Movable Caliper
      Procedure and the Image Marking Procedure. The Image Marking
      Procedure showed the best discrimination between groups. Anorexia
      nervosa patients showed a statistically significant
      overestimation as compared to the control group in the variables
      'waist', 'upper thigh' and the compound measure 'soft body
      parts', while they did not overestimate control variables
      (Kruskal-Wallis-Rank-Analysis of Variance). A standard liquid
      meal of 240 Kal. had no statistically significant influence on
      the estimation of body width, irrespective of the amount of
      calories consumed and instruction given. Possibilities and
      limitations of various measurement procedures are discussed.
MH  - Acute Disease ; Adolescence ; Adult ; Anorexia Nervosa/
      *PSYCHOLOGY ; *Body Image ; Chronic Disease ; Comparative Study ;
      Eating ; Female ; Hip ; Human ; Psychological Tests/*METHODS ;
      Thigh
SO  - Br J Psychiatry 1986 Apr;148:453-61
14
UI  - 86260400
AU  - Meadows GN ; Palmer RL ; Newball EU ; Kenrick JM
TI  - Eating attitudes and disorder in young women: a general practice
      based survey.
AB  - A postal survey with selected follow-up interviews was conducted
      on a complete population of females aged 18-22 registered with
      two group general practices in Leicestershire. The mailing
      included the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) and the Crown-Crisp
      Experiential Index (CCEI). There was a 70% response rate and 411
      usable questionnaires were returned. Twenty-eight respondents
      (6.8%) produced EAT scores of 30 or more. One case of anorexia
      nervosa and one of bulimia were identified. Interviews of high
      EAT scoring subjects revealed several subjects with partial
      syndromes which failed to fulfil diagnostic criteria for either
      clinical eating disorder.
MH  - Adolescence ; Adult ; Anorexia Nervosa/DIAGNOSIS ; Appetite
      Disorders/*DIAGNOSIS/PSYCHOLOGY ; *Attitude ; Body Image ; Body
      Weight ; Diet, Reducing/PSYCHOLOGY ; Family Practice ; Female ;
      Human ; Hyperphagia/DIAGNOSIS ; Psychological Tests ;
      Psychometrics
SO  - Psychol Med 1986 May;16(2):351-7
15
UI  - 86249795
AU  - Rodin GM ; Johnson LE ; Garfinkel PE ; Daneman D ; Kenshole AB
TI  - Eating disorders in female adolescents with insulin dependent
      diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Recent case reports have suggested an association between
      anorexia nervosa and/or bulimia with insulin-dependent diabetes
      mellitus (IDDM). Fifty-eight females aged fifteen to twenty-two
      with IDDM for more than one year were assessed for the presence
      of eating disorders. Patients were screened for eating and weight
      pathology using the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) and Eating
      Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26). Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) was
      measured to assess metabolic control. Subjects who scored above
      the cut-off points associated with eating and weight pathology
      were interviewed. Clinically significant eating and weight
      pathology was found in 20.7 percent of the population. Of these
      subjects, anorexia nervosa was found in 6.9 percent and the
      syndrome of bulimia, based on DSM-III criteria, was found in 6.9
      percent. In patients with bulimia, there was a strong inverse
      correlation between bulimic symptoms and metabolic control. These
      findings suggest that anorexia nervosa may be more common in
      female adolescents with IDDM than in nondiabetic populations and
      that bulimic symptoms may be a risk factor for poor metabolic
      control.
MH  - Adolescence ; Adult ; Anorexia Nervosa/COMPLICATIONS ; Appetite
      Disorders/*COMPLICATIONS ; Body Image ; Case Report ; Diabetes
      Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent/*COMPLICATIONS/PSYCHOLOGY ; Female ;
      Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated/ANALYSIS ; Human ; Hyperphagia/
      COMPLICATIONS ; Patient Compliance ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
SO  - Int J Psychiatry Med 1986-87;16(1):49-57
16
UI  - 86224673
AU  - Bell C ; Kirkpatrick SW ; Rinn RC
TI  - Body image of anorexic, obese, and normal females.
AB  - This study investigated disturbances in body image perception
      with anorexic, obese and control groups (N = 24). Each group was
      comprised of 8 female subjects matched for age. An original
      silhouette chart and chi squares were employed, and a significant
      difference was found among the groups in the perception of the
      present-self body image (chi 2 (8) = 24.19, p less than .01),
      body image at plus 10 pounds (chi 2 (6) = 27.63, p less than
      .01), and body image at minus 10 pounds (chi 2 (8) = 26.05, p
      less than .01). No differences among the groups appeared in
      perceived ideal-self body image or in their perception of the
      body image that was expected from their families. A directional
      trend was noted in anorexic overestimation and obese
      underestimation on the total concept of body image. Significant
      differences among the groups as judged via a semantic
      differential technique were found for personality descriptions of
      happy/sad, active/passive, popular/unpopular,
      effective/ineffective, competent/incompetent, smart/stupid, and
      cold/warm.
MH  - Adolescence ; Adult ; Anorexia Nervosa/*PSYCHOLOGY ; *Body Image
      ; Child ; Human ; Obesity/*PSYCHOLOGY ; Personality ; Semantic
      Differential
SO  - J Clin Psychol 1986 May;42(3):431-9
17
UI  - 86195464
AU  - Huon GF ; Brown LB
TI  - Attitude correlates of weight control among secondary school boys
      and girls.
AB  - A study of the psychological correlates of weight control, sex,
      and actual and desired weight was performed. A regression
      analysis of the attitudes of 240 Australian high school students
      showed that the girls' responses reflected a significantly
      different concern with how they look, dieting and appearance from
      the boys. The implications of these findings for identifying
      those at risk to weight-related illnesses, including anorexia
      nervosa, are explored.
MH  - Adolescence ; Adult ; Anorexia Nervosa/PSYCHOLOGY ; Attitude ;
      *Body Image ; *Body Weight ; Diet, Reducing/PSYCHOLOGY ; Female ;
      Human ; Male ; Sex Factors ; Social Conformity
SO  - J Adolesc Health Care 1986 May;7(3):178-82
18
UI  - 86184243
AU  - Hsu LK
TI  - The treatment of anorexia nervosa.
AB  - The author reviews recent advances in the treatment of anorexia
      nervosa. In addition to the usual areas of weight restoration and
      psychotherapy, he focuses on difficult issues such as how to
      engage the patient in treatment, the evaluation of the patient,
      treatment goals, outpatient treatment, and treatment of bulimic
      and chronic patients. Where expert opinions differ, the author
      attempts to give a balanced view while acknowledging the relative
      lack of research data.
MH  - Ambulatory Care ; Anorexia Nervosa/DRUG THERAPY/PSYCHOLOGY/
      *THERAPY ; Antidepressive Agents/THERAPEUTIC USE ; Behavior
      Therapy ; Body Weight ; Cognition ; Female ; Human ; Hyperphagia/
      DRUG THERAPY/THERAPY ; Lithium/THERAPEUTIC USE ; Male ;
      Psychotherapy ; Review ; Sex Factors ; Tranquilizing Agents,
      Major/THERAPEUTIC USE
SO  - Am J Psychiatry 1986 May;143(5):573-81
19
UI  - 86183006
AU  - Meermann R ; Vandereycken W ; Napierski C
TI  - Methodological problems of body image research in anorexia
      nervosa patients.
AB  - The significance of the disturbed body image as a
      psychopathological phenomenon in anorexia nervosa patients is
      quite evident to clinicians. It appears to be difficult, however,
      to assess this disturbance in a more objective way. The studies
      on body image perception discussed here make use of objective
      psychometric methods of measurement: image marking procedure,
      visual size estimation apparatus, distorting photograph
      technique, and video distortion. The following methodological
      problems are discussed: reliability, validity, experimental
      situation, and selection of subjects. Experimental data are
      presented on 52 anorectic patients as well as 210 control
      subjects, studied with three different perceptual tasks.
MH  - Anorexia Nervosa/*PSYCHOLOGY ; *Body Image ; Human ; Photography
      ; *Psychological Tests ; Psychometrics ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
      ; Television ; Visual Perception
SO  - Acta Psychiatr Belg 1986 Jan-Feb;86(1):42-51
20
UI  - 86178142
AU  - Hall A ; Leibrich J ; Walkey FH ; Welch G
TI  - Investigation of 'weight pathology' of 58 mothers of anorexia
      nervosa patients and 204 mothers of schoolgirls.
AB  - 'Weight pathology'--defined by Kalucy et al. (1977) as
      'deviations in weight, shape, eating behaviour and activity'--has
      been hypothesized to be unduly common in families with anorexia
      nervosa. It was investigated in this study by means of
      questionnaires evaluating both weight history and attitudes
      towards weight-related matters in 58 mothers of anorexia nervosa
      patients and 204 mothers of schoolgirls of similar age and
      socioeconomic status (SES). No support was found for the
      hypothesis. A family history of aberrant weight and mother's
      current weight and past weight histories showed no significant
      differences between the groups. 142 other mothers of
      schoolchildren and 446 attenders at Weight Watchers also
      completed the questionnaire on attitudes towards weight-related
      matters. Mothers of patients showed a lower concern on all scales
      than did all other groups. The findings are discussed in relation
      to earlier controlled studies of family factors in anorexia
      nervosa.
MH  - Adolescence ; Anorexia Nervosa/*FAMILIAL & GENETIC/PSYCHOLOGY ;
      Body Image ; *Body Weight ; Female ; Food Habits ; Human ;
      *Mother-Child Relations ; Physical Fitness ; Psychological Tests
      ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
SO  - Psychol Med 1986 Feb;16(1):71-6
21
UI  - 86178139
AU  - Szmukler G ; McCance C ; McCrone L ; Hunter D
TI  - Anorexia nervosa: a psychiatric case register study from
      Aberdeen.
AB  - The results of an examination of the 238 cases of anorexia
      nervosa on the Aberdeen Psychiatric Case Register for the period
      1965-82 are reported. A highly significant increase in the number
      of cases over time was found. The average annual incidence rate
      for the period 1978-82 was 4.06 per 100 000 population. The case
      notes of every second patient on the register were inspected to
      assess diagnostic reliability, to define patient characteristics
      further and to look for changes in these over time. The diagnosis
      was highly suspect in 5% of cases. A social class bias was found,
      with an over-representation of classes I and II but an
      under-representation of social class III. Few significant changes
      were noted in the patients over time. The utilization of services
      was also examined, and it was found that 24% of the patients
      remained in contact for 4 years or more.
MH  - Adolescence ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Anorexia Nervosa/*DIAGNOSIS/
      OCCURRENCE/PSYCHOLOGY ; Body Image ; Body Weight ; Cross
      Sectional Studies ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Human ; Male ;
      Registries ; Scotland ; Social Class
SO  - Psychol Med 1986 Feb;16(1):49-58
22
UI  - 86168652
AU  - Fundudis T
TI  - Anorexia nervosa in a pre-adolescent girl: a multimodal behaviour
      therapy approach.
AB  - A multimodal method of behavioural therapy was used in the case
      of a pre-adolescent girl with anorexia nervosa. This followed two
      previous admissions to a paediatric department. Three main
      conclusions emerged from pre and post therapy objective
      evaluations. Weight gain in anorexia is a necessary but
      insufficient basis for sustained improvement. Important
      interactive psychosocial factors have to be adequately addressed
      to improve the chances of effective therapy. A focused approach
      relevant to each of a number of important different, but
      overlapping, areas is likely to facilitate better potential for
      treatment effectiveness than a general ('non-specific')
      management approach.
MH  - Anorexia Nervosa/*THERAPY ; Behavior Therapy/*METHODS ; Case
      Report ; Child ; Cognition ; Combined Modality Therapy ;
      Desensitization (Psychology) ; Family Therapy ; Feeding Behavior
      ; Female ; Human
SO  - J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1986 Mar;27(2):261-73
23
UI  - 86168650
AU  - Jacobs BW ; Isaacs S
TI  - Pre-pubertal anorexia nervosa: a retrospective controlled study.
AB  - Pre-pubertal anorexia nervosa is a challenge to the explanatory
      powers of the many aetiological theories. This retrospective
      controlled study specifically compares 20 subjects with
      pre-pubertal anorexia nervosa to matched post-pubertal anorectic
      and pre-pubertal neurotic groups. The results show greater
      pre-morbid feeding problems in the index group and their
      families; both pre-pubertal groups show more behavioural problems
      before becoming ill. The illness is very similar in the two
      anorectic groups; they show comparable levels of sexual anxiety,
      and self-injury rates (35%) are equal. The implications of these
      findings for the various theories are discussed.
MH  - Age Factors ; Anorexia Nervosa/*PSYCHOLOGY ; Anxiety/PSYCHOLOGY ;
      Case Report ; Child ; Comparative Study ; Family ; Feeding
      Behavior ; Female ; Human ; Interpersonal Relations ; Male ;
      Neurotic Disorders/PSYCHOLOGY ; Peer Group ; Psychological Theory
      ; Retrospective Studies ; Self Mutilation/PSYCHOLOGY ; Sex
SO  - J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1986 Mar;27(2):237-50
24
UI  - 86165809
AU  - Dresser RS ; Boisaubin EV Jr
TI  - Psychiatric patients who refuse nourishment.
AB  - Recently publicized court cases focused attention on two
      individuals who wished to be permitted to starve themselves to
      death in health care facilities. These cases constitute one
      variation of a more common event arising in medical practice: the
      patient's refusal to take nourishment voluntarily. The authors
      discuss medical, ethical, and legal considerations relevant to
      such refusals and analyze two clinical examples of patients who
      refused nourishment. The authors suggest that physicians restrict
      coercive feeding to individuals who are incompetent or suffering
      from serious mental disorders and adamantly refuse nourishment,
      as for these individuals the benefits of involuntary nourishment
      outweigh its risks.
MH  - Adult ; Anorexia Nervosa/PSYCHOLOGY ; Case Report ; Decision
      Making ; *Enteral Feeding ; Ethics, Medical ; Female ; Human ;
      Male ; Mental Disorders/*PSYCHOLOGY ; *Parenteral
      Hyperalimentation ; Patient Advocacy/LEGISLATION & JURISPRUD. ;
      *Patient Compliance ; Schizophrenic Psychology ; United States
SO  - Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1986 Mar;8(2):101-6
25
UI  - 86160454
AU  - Clinton DN ; McKinlay WW
TI  - Attitudes to food, eating and weight in acutely ill and recovered
      anorectics.
AB  - A between-groups experimental design was used to test groups of
      acutely ill anorectics (n = 15), former anorectic patients who
      had been judged recovered at discharge (n = 14), psychiatric
      controls (n = 10) and normals (n = 24) on the Eating Attitudes
      Test (EAT). It was hypothesized that both acutely ill and
      recovered anorectics would show significantly greater distorted
      attitudes to food, eating and weight than controls, as assessed
      by the EAT. Results supported the hypothesis and suggest that
      anorectics may continue to show distorted attitudes to food,
      eating and weight after they have recovered from the gross
      physical and behavioural features of the disorder, although these
      attitudes appear to be somewhat less extreme than during the
      acute phase. It is concluded that an important aspect of anorexia
      nervosa appears to be largely unaltered by present treatment.
MH  - Adolescence ; Adult ; Anorexia Nervosa/*PSYCHOLOGY/THERAPY ;
      *Attitude ; Body Weight ; Cognition ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ;
      Food ; Human
SO  - Br J Clin Psychol 1986 Feb;25 ( Pt 1):61-7
26
UI  - 86156322
AU  - Swift WJ ; Andrews D ; Barklage NE
TI  - The relationship between affective disorder and eating disorders:
      a review of the literature.
AB  - The authors review the relationship between affective disorder
      and anorexia nervosa and bulimia across five lines of inquiry:
      clinical reports, psychometrics, family history, drug studies,
      and follow-up investigations. They conclude that affective
      disorder and eating disorders are related but that the nature of
      the relationship is unclear. After discussing possible mediating
      patterns, the authors propose an interactive, multidetermined
      understanding as the most appropriate model. They recommend that
      future research in this area attempt to identify subpopulations
      of patients with affective disorder and eating disorders by means
      of a longitudinal, multilevel strategy with serial
      determinations.
MH  - Adolescence ; Adult ; Anorexia Nervosa/*DIAGNOSIS/PSYCHOLOGY ;
      Appetite Disorders/*DIAGNOSIS ; Body Weight ; Depressive Disorder/
      *DIAGNOSIS/PSYCHOLOGY ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Human ;
      Hyperphagia/*DIAGNOSIS/PSYCHOLOGY ; Libido ; Male ; Models,
      Psychological ; Personality Inventory ; Psychiatric Status Rating
      Scales ; Review ; Self Concept ; Sleep Disorders/PSYCHOLOGY
SO  - Am J Psychiatry 1986 Mar;143(3):290-9