==================================CMR50================================== 50. Studies on abnormalities of growth hormone (aka somatotropin), somatostatin, prolactin, somatomedins in patients with schizophrenia; and abnormalities of prolactin in patients with affective disorders/ depression. 1 UI - 87118607 AU - Faraone SV ; Curran JP ; Laughren T ; Faltus F ; Johnston R ; Brown WA TI - Neuroleptic bioavailability, psychosocial factors, and clinical status: a 1-year study of schizophrenic outpatients after dose reduction. AB - Serum neuroleptic levels, prolactin levels, and clinical state were assessed for 1 year in 29 schizophrenic outpatients whose clinically determined neuroleptic dose had been reduced by 50%. Fifty-five percent of the subjects remained stable. Neuroleptic dose did not differ between relapsed and stable patients. Serum prolactin (PRL) assessed 2 weeks after dose reduction and mean PRL after reduction were significantly lower among relapsers. Serum neuroleptic levels were significantly lower for relapsers in patients on haloperidol. Among relapsers, there were no serum PRL or neuroleptic level differences between stable periods and the relapse episode. Among patients with relatively low neuroleptic bioavailability, relapsers reported lower levels of social activity and had social networks that were less enjoyable, more aversive, and less helpful than those of stable patients. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Biological Availability ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Haloperidol/BLOOD ; Human ; Middle Age ; Prolactin/BLOOD ; Prospective Studies ; Recurrence ; Schizophrenia/BLOOD/*DRUG THERAPY ; Social Adjustment ; Social Support ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Tranquilizing Agents, Major/*ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE/BLOOD SO - Psychiatry Res 1986 Dec;19(4):311-22 2 UI - 87077204 AU - Bamrah JS ; Kumar V ; Krska J ; Soni SD TI - Interactions between procyclidine and neuroleptic drugs. Some pharmacological and clinical aspects. AB - Procyclidine was administered to 25 chronic psychotic inpatients, stabilised on chlorpromazine, haloperidol or fluphenazine decanoate injection. We observed a significant reduction in mean serum levels of all three neuroleptic drugs which was reversed on stopping procyclidine and was inversely correlated with mean serum procyclidine levels. No significant alterations occurred on the BPRS scores or in serum prolactin levels throughout the study in any of the three groups. Possible mechanisms of this interaction and its clinical relevance are discussed. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Clinical Trials ; Comparative Study ; Drug Interactions ; Female ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Procyclidine/ ADVERSE EFFECTS/BLOOD/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Prolactin/BLOOD ; Pyrrolidines/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Schizophrenia/BLOOD/*DRUG THERAPY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Tranquilizing Agents, Major/BLOOD/ *THERAPEUTIC USE SO - Br J Psychiatry 1986 Dec;149:726-33 3 UI - 87074680 AU - Krska J ; Addison GM ; Soni SD TI - Determination of chlorpromazine in serum by radioreceptor assay and HPLC. AB - A radioreceptor assay for chlorpromazine in serum, which is based on binding to dopamine receptors, is described. This method has been postulated to measure all active metabolites as well as the parent drug. We have compared this method with an HPLC method for chlorpromazine. Dopamine-blocking activity, measured in serum samples from schizophrenic patients receiving chlorpromazine, was 1.85-9.1 times higher than serum chlorpromazine level measured by HPLC. The correlation between the two methods was 0.75. Dopamine-blocking activity was related more closely to dose of drug and to serum prolactin level than was serum chlorpromazine level measured by HPLC. MH - Chlorpromazine/*BLOOD ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Human ; Male ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; Prolactin/BLOOD ; Radioligand Assay ; Receptors, Dopamine/DRUG EFFECTS ; Schizophrenia/BLOOD/DRUG THERAPY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Ann Clin Biochem 1986 May;23 ( Pt 3):340-5 4 UI - 87047969 AU - Zemlan FP ; Hirschowitz J ; Garver DL TI - Relation of clinical symptoms to apomorphine-stimulated growth hormone release in mood-incongruent psychotic patients. AB - The relationship between dopamine receptor agonist (apomorphine hydrochloride)-stimulated growth hormone (GH) release and psychotic symptoms was examined in 138 schizophrenic or schizoaffective inpatients (Research Diagnostic Criteria) and ten healthy normal volunteers. Patients were divided into three groups: those demonstrating an abnormally large GH response, an average GH response (mean GH response), or an abnormally low GH response. Abnormally large GH responses were associated with higher total psychosis scores. The increased psychosis scores observed in this group were due primarily to an increased incidence of thought disorder. Further analysis revealed a strong, positive correlation between thought disorder and the GH response. The apomorphine-stimulated GH response was also significantly related to duration of illness, an effect independent of age. Consistent with this last result, patients with a diagnosis of a DSM-III schizophreniform disorder demonstrated an elevated GH response. MH - Adolescence ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Apomorphine/*PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Dopamine/PHYSIOLOGY ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Human ; Male ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Psychotic Disorders/BLOOD/ *DIAGNOSIS/PSYCHOLOGY ; Schizophrenia/BLOOD/*DIAGNOSIS/ PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Schizophrenic Psychology ; Somatotropin/*BLOOD ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986 Dec;43(12):1162-7 5 UI - 87045316 AU - Wik G ; Wiesel FA ; Eneroth P ; Sedvall G ; Astr:om G TI - Dexamethasone suppression test in schizophrenic patients before and during neuroleptic treatment. AB - The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was performed in 21 drug-free schizophrenic patients. The patients satisfied DSM-III and Research Diagnostic Criteria for schizophrenia and were in an acute phase of the disease. In 15 of the patients the DST was repeated after about 5 weeks of treatment with neuroleptics. DST compliance was checked by analysis of dexamethasone concentrations in plasma. In the acute phase 71% (at 04 p.m.) of the patients were nonsuppressors. After neuroleptic treatment the frequency of abnormal responders had decreased to 20%. The decrease in nonsuppressors was not due to alteration of the dexamethasone concentration between the two test occasions. Prolactin levels were markedly increased at the second test occasion compared with the first. There were no significant relationships between cortisol levels, cortisol suppression and prolactin levels. The high frequency of nonsuppressors among schizophrenic patients in the acute phase of the disease indicates that acute stress may be a confounding factor in the outcome of DST. MH - Adult ; Dexamethasone/*DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Female ; Human ; Hydrocortisone/*BLOOD ; Male ; Middle Age ; Prolactin/BLOOD ; Schizophrenia/BLOOD/*DRUG THERAPY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Tranquilizing Agents, Major/*THERAPEUTIC USE SO - Acta Psychiatr Scand 1986 Aug;74(2):161-7 6 UI - 86260142 AU - Fleischhacker WW ; Stupp:ack C ; Moser C ; Schubert H ; Hinterhuber H TI - Fluperlapine vs haloperidol: a comparison of their neuroendocrinological profiles and the influence on serum lipids. AB - Twelve male patients suffering from acute paranoid schizophrenia, randomly receiving fluperlapine - a new dibenzodiazepine very similar to clozapine - or haloperidol were included in a double blind study. Plasma levels of triglyceride, cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol, prolactin, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, ACTH and cortisol were determined. There was no evidence, that fluperlapine has any relevant influence on those hypothalamic-pituitary axis mediated hormones with the possible exception of plasma lipids. These findings, together with the clinical experiences, suggest that fluperlapine might have a different mode of action than conventional neuroleptics. MH - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/BLOOD ; Adult ; Comparative Study ; Dibenzazepines/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Haloperidol/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Hormones/*BLOOD ; Human ; Hydrocortisone/BLOOD ; Lipids/*BLOOD ; Male ; Prolactin/BLOOD ; Schizophrenia/BLOOD/*DRUG THERAPY ; Thyroid Hormones/BLOOD ; Tranquilizing Agents, Major/*THERAPEUTIC USE SO - Pharmacopsychiatry 1986 May;19(3):111-4 7 UI - 86320670 AU - Losonczy MF ; Song IS ; Mohs RC ; Math:e AA ; Davidson M ; Davis BM ; Davis KL TI - Correlates of lateral ventricular size in chronic schizophrenia, II: biological measures. AB - CSF homovanillic acid levels showed a significant negative correlation with ventricle-brain ratios (VBRs) in a group of drug-free chronic schizophrenic male veterans, while CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels showed a similar, nearly significant trend. The response of plasma human growth hormone to 0.75 mg of apomorphine also demonstrated a significant negative correlation with VBR in this group, but other measures of central neurotransmitter activity were unrelated to ventricular size. MH - Adult ; Apomorphine/PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Brain/*ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY ; Cerebral Ventricles/*ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY ; Chronic Disease ; Homovanillic Acid/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Human ; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Male ; Schizophrenia/*DIAGNOSIS ; Secretory Rate/DRUG EFFECTS ; Somatotropin/BLOOD/SECRETION ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. SO - Am J Psychiatry 1986 Sep;143(9):1113-8 8 UI - 86314448 AU - Banki CM ; Arato M ; Papp Z ; Rihmer Z ; Kovacs Z TI - Associations among dexamethasone non-suppression and TRH-induced hormonal responses: increased specificity for melancholia? AB - TRH-induced thyrotropin (TSH), prolactin (PRL), and growth hormone (GH) responses were investigated together with a dexamethasone suppression test in female psychiatric inpatients with major melancholic depression (n = 21), schizophrenic disorder (n = 20), alcohol dependence (n = 11), and adjustment disorder with predominantly depressed mood (n = 13), as well as in 15 healthy women. Abnormal responses for all four endocrine variables were noted most frequently in melancholia; however, a significant number of the non-depressed patients also had abnormal hormonal responses in the individual test. The association of two or three abnormalities proved to be quite specific for the melancholic group. There were no statistically significant differences in TRH-induced TSH responses among the patient subgroups. Non-suppression of cortisol after dexamethasone was associated with blunted TSH-responses only in melancholia. There was a tendency for non-suppressor schizophrenics to show more abnormal GH-responses to TRH administration. MH - Adjustment Disorders/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Adult ; Aged ; Alcoholism/ PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Comparative Study ; Depressive Disorder/ *PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Dexamethasone/*DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Female ; Human ; Hydrocortisone/BLOOD ; Mental Disorders/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Middle Age ; Prolactin/BLOOD ; Schizophrenia/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Somatotropin/BLOOD ; Thyrotropin/BLOOD ; Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone/*DIAGNOSTIC USE SO - Psychoneuroendocrinology 1986;11(2):205-11 9 UI - 86314411 AU - Zemlan FP ; Hirschowitz J ; Sautter F ; Garver DL TI - Relationship of psychotic symptom clusters in schizophrenia to neuroleptic treatment and growth hormone response to apomorphine. AB - The authors propose an alternative model for relating clinically rated psychotic symptoms to biological measures in schizophrenic patients. They suggest that clinical presentation in schizophrenic patients comprises at least four distinct psychotic symptom clusters and that at most one or two of the symptom clusters are closely associated with central dopamine (DA) activity as measured by growth hormone (GH) response to apomorphine. Factor and cluster analytic techniques both identified the same four psychotic symptom clusters, three of which were similar to the major subtypes of schizophrenia: paranoid delusions (paranoid type), thought disorder (disorganized type), and catatonia (catatonic type). The fourth psychotic symptom cluster was auditory hallucinations, a prominent clinical feature of schizophrenia. The authors compared clinical symptom cluster scores to apomorphine-induced GH response by creating a new data set containing the output of the factor analysis of each patient's symptoms and GH response, and performing regression modeling of the patient's symptom cluster scores on GH response. Patients with elevated thought disorder cluster scores also had elevated GH responses to apomorphine, suggesting an association between thought disorder and central DA receptor supersensitivity. A fixed-dose neuroleptic trial showed that thought disorder and auditory hallucinations respond rapidly to treatment with a DA receptor blocker (haloperidol), while no significant effect on other symptom cluster scores occurred during the initial 2 weeks of treatment. These data suggest that two of the identified symptom clusters, thought disorder and auditory hallucinations, may be preferentially associated with central DA hyperactivity. MH - Adolescence ; Adult ; Apomorphine/*DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Brain/ *PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Comparative Study ; Dopamine/*PHYSIOLOGY ; Human ; Middle Age ; Schizophrenia/*CLASSIFICATION/DRUG THERAPY/ PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Schizophrenia, Catatonic/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Schizophrenia, Paranoid/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Somatotropin/*SECRETION ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Tranquilizing Agents, Major/ *THERAPEUTIC USE SO - Psychiatry Res 1986 Jul;18(3):239-55 10 UI - 86260140 AU - Albus M ; Botschev C ; M:uller-Spahn F ; Naber D ; M:unch U ; Ackenheil M TI - Clinical and biochemical effects of nicergoline in chronic schizophrenic patients. AB - To investigate the potential effect of Nicergoline, an alpha-adrenolytic drug, on negative symptoms in patients suffering from chronic schizophrenia, we administered this compound to 20 male chronic schizophrenics. Patients were previously maintained on long-term neuroleptic (NL) medication. Neuroleptic treatment was discontinued for 12 days, patients were then treated with 30 mg Nicergoline per day. Under NL (A), after 12 days NL-withdrawal (B), after 15 (C) and 30 (D) days Nicergoline treatment clinical ratings (BPRS and AMDP) and stimulation with clonidine (0.002 micrograms/kg body weight) were carried out. Norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), and human growth hormone (HGH) were measured before and after application. Seventeen patients finished the study, 3 dropped out. Some ratings on the AMDP and BPRS scales showed an improvement. However, this improvement was only weak and accompanied by a worsening in other subscores. The withdrawal-induced decrease in NE serum levels continued after 15 days NIC, followed by an increase after 30 days. HGH response to clonidine stimulation was only attenuated after 30 days NIC. Epinephrine, blood pressure and heart rate showed no significant changes throughout the entire study. Our data suggest that NIC in the dosage applied shows no clear and pronounced alpha-2-adrenolytic effects and no specific clinical benefits for chronic schizophrenics. Further investigations are required to evaluate its effect on alpha-1-adrenoceptors. MH - Adult ; Chronic Disease ; Clonidine/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Epinephrine/ BLOOD ; Ergolines/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Nicergoline/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Norepinephrine/BLOOD ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Schizophrenia/DIAGNOSIS/*DRUG THERAPY ; Somatotropin/BLOOD ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Pharmacopsychiatry 1986 May;19(3):101-5 11 UI - 86216400 AU - Csernansky JG ; Prosser E ; Kaplan J ; Mahler E ; Berger PA ; Hollister LE TI - Possible associations among plasma prolactin levels, tardive dyskinesia, and paranoia in treated male schizophrenics. AB - To determine whether there is an association between prolactin (PRL) levels and psychopathology or tardive dyskinesia during neuroleptic treatment, we measured plasma prolactin levels and neuroleptic activity (NA) in 33 chronically treated male schizophrenics. Neuroleptic dose, plasma NA, and PRL were significantly intercorrelated. Plasma PRL levels were also measured in 8 male schizophrenics recently withdrawn from neuroleptics and in 18 normal male controls. In treated patients, but not in controls, PRL levels decreased with age and duration of illness, two variables that we interpreted as indirect measures of neuroleptic exposure. PRL levels in patients recently withdrawn from neuroleptics were lower than in treated patients or controls, which was suggestive of rebound hypoprolactinemia. A prolactin index, calculated as the ratio of PRL levels to NA, was inversely correlated with paranoid symptoms and tardive dyskinesia in younger treated patients. These results lead to speculation that tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic supersensitivity develops in chronically treated schizophrenics and that it is associated with nigrostriatal supersensitivity, manifested by tardive dyskinesia, and paranoid symptoms, which may reflect mesolimbic supersensitivity. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Ambulatory Care ; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/*BLOOD ; Hospitals, Psychiatric ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Prolactin/ *BLOOD ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Receptors, Dopamine/ DRUG EFFECTS ; Schizophrenia, Paranoid/BLOOD/*DRUG THERAPY/ PSYCHOLOGY ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Tranquilizing Agents, Major/*ADVERSE EFFECTS/ BLOOD SO - Biol Psychiatry 1986 Jun;21(7):632-42 12 UI - 86216395 AU - Monteleone P ; Maj M ; Iovino M ; Steardo L TI - Growth hormone response to sodium valproate in chronic schizophrenia. AB - The hypothesis of a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) involvement in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia has been recently proposed but not confirmed. As GABA has been shown to affect basal growth hormone (GH) secretion in humans, the assessment of plasma GH response to a GABAergic drug, such as sodium valproate (SV), in schizophrenic subjects might be a tool with which to investigate central GABA activity in this illness. For this purpose, we administered orally 800 mg of SV or placebo to 13 chronic schizophrenics and to 10 normal controls, and measured plasma GH levels before and after the drug administration. SV enhanced basal GH secretion in healthy male volunteers, but not in chronic schizophrenics. These results suggest a defect of the endogenous GABA system in chronic schizophrenia. Whether the reduced responsiveness observed represents a primary defect or a secondary alteration of the GABA system in schizophrenia is as yet unknown. MH - Adult ; Brain/METABOLISM ; Chronic Disease ; Double-Blind Method ; GABA/METABOLISM ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Radioimmunoassay ; Schizophrenia/BLOOD/*DIAGNOSIS ; Somatotropin/*BLOOD ; Valproate/*DIAGNOSTIC USE SO - Biol Psychiatry 1986 Jun;21(7):588-94 13 UI - 86206600 AU - Gil-Ad I ; Dickerman Z ; Amdursky S ; Laron Z TI - Diurnal rhythm of plasma beta endorphin, cortisol and growth hormone in schizophrenics as compared to control subjects. AB - The diurnal variation of plasma beta endorphin was studied in ten schizophrenics, and in age/sex matched control subjects. In the controls beta endorphin was high in the morning (21.0 +/- 3.5 pmol/l) and decreased towards evening. In the schizophrenic group the beta endorphin fluctuated randomly, ranging within 9-40 pmol/l throughout the day. Plasma cortisol showed a normal diurnal pattern in both groups. The mean plasma cortisol levels in the schizophrenics were significantly higher than in the controls throughout the day. The pattern of plasma human growth hormone (hGH) level was similar in both groups at the time tested. It is hypothesized that the instability of beta endorphin secretion may contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. MH - Adult ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Endorphins/ *BLOOD/METABOLISM ; Female ; Human ; Hydrocortisone/*BLOOD ; Male ; Schizophrenia/*BLOOD/METABOLISM ; Somatotropin/*BLOOD SO - Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1986;88(4):496-9 14 UI - 86204388 AU - Rissler K ; Cramer H ; Schaudt D ; Strubel D ; Gattaz WF TI - Molecular size distribution of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with degenerative brain disease. AB - The molecular size distribution of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with brain disease was investigated by separation with a Sephadex G-25 superfine column and subsequent radioimmunoassay of the eluate. Marked heterogeneity of SLI in the CSF of control subjects as well as in demented patients, was observed. Controls and schizophrenics exhibited an SLI distribution pattern consisting mainly of two pronounced peaks: the first eluting with the void volume of the column; the second being compatible with a peptide of N-terminally extended somatostatin-14. SLI from the CSF of patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT), multi-infarct dementia (MID) and normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) showed the same two peaks found in controls and schizophrenics; and in addition, a third peak co-eluting with somatostatin-14. However, this peak was more pronounced in patients with SDAT and MID than in patients with NPH. Re-chromatography of G-25 sf void volume immunoreactivity afforded two fractions of an apparent molecular weight of about 10,000 daltons and 15,500 daltons, respectively. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Alzheimer's Disease/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Brain Diseases/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Chromatography, Gel ; Dementia, Senile/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Human ; Hydrocephalus/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Middle Age ; Molecular Weight ; Peptides/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Protein Conformation ; Radioimmunoassay ; Schizophrenia, Paranoid/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Somatostatin/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Neurosci Res 1986 Feb;3(3):213-25 15 UI - 86188026 AU - Hirschowitz J ; Zemlan FP ; Hitzemann RJ ; Fleischmann RL ; Garver DL TI - Growth hormone response to apomorphine and diagnosis: a comparison of three diagnostic systems. AB - Our study takes a further look at the apomorphine test in the psychoses and affective disorders, with special reference to the use of different diagnostic systems. Patients meeting Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or manic disorder were included. In addition to the RDC, diagnosis was also made using the DSM-III and ICD-9. All patients underwent an evaluation of peak GH response to apomorphine administration. The results show that RDC and ICD-9 are similar, in that for both systems, a high GH response correlates with a schizoaffective disorder and distinguishes those patients significantly from manic patients. The DMS-III brings in some new dimensions, in that schizophreniform disorder (6-month cut-off) is distinguished from schizophrenia. In addition, patients with affective symptoms and mood-incongruent psychoses are more closely related to schizophreniform disorder than to classical manic disorder. MH - Adult ; Affective Disorders/BLOOD/*DIAGNOSIS ; Apomorphine/ *DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Bipolar Disorder/DIAGNOSIS ; Female ; Human ; Male ; Manic Disorder/DIAGNOSIS ; Middle Age ; Psychotic Disorders/BLOOD/*DIAGNOSIS ; Schizophrenia/DIAGNOSIS ; Somatotropin/*BLOOD SO - Biol Psychiatry 1986 May;21(5-6):445-54 16 UI - 86183018 AU - Lund Laursen A ; Gerlach J TI - Antipsychotic effect of remoxipride, a new substituted benzamide with selective antidopaminergic activity. AB - Ten of 14 schizophrenic patients completed a 6-week pilot study with a new substituted benzamide, remoxipride. The final median dose was 600 mg/day (range 300-1200) corresponding to a plasma concentration of 5.16 mumol/l (1.55-11.50). Remoxipride reduced the psychotic symptomatology, especially hallucinations and delusions. The total Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale score decreased from 33.5 to 13.0 (P less than 0.01). Few side effects occurred; four patients had weak extrapyramidal symptoms, and four were slightly sedated. No cardiovascular side effects occurred. Prolactin increased, but apparently less than during sulpiride treatment. MH - Adult ; Basal Ganglia Diseases/CHEMICALLY INDUCED ; Benzamides/ ADVERSE EFFECTS/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Clinical Trials ; Female ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Prolactin/BLOOD ; Schizophrenia/*DRUG THERAPY SO - Acta Psychiatr Scand 1986 Jan;73(1):17-21 17 UI - 86179644 AU - Prilipko LL TI - Biological studies of schizophrenia in Europe. AB - The main achievements in the field of genetics, biochemistry, and immunology of schizophrenia in the laboratories of European research centers are surveyed. Despite the rapid development of scientific research techniques and methodology, the abundant hypotheses on the pathogenesis of schizophrenia are riddled with so many contradictory facts that it is impossible to formulate any concrete model of the disease. One factor impeding the progress of biological research in schizophrenia is the inadequate development of standardized clinical descriptions. This is an obstacle to the study of clinical-biological correlates, which are among the principal criteria used to verify the importance of biological parameters chosen for study in the pathogenesis of the disease. A current strategy in the biology of schizophrenia, which may obviate some of those problems, is the discovery and study of biological markers. MH - Brain/IMMUNOLOGY ; Brain Chemistry ; Dopamine/PHYSIOLOGY ; Endorphins/PHYSIOLOGY ; Environment ; Europe ; Genetic Marker ; Human ; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; HLA Antigens/IMMUNOLOGY ; Male ; Models, Genetic ; Monoamine Oxidase/ METABOLISM ; Naloxone/THERAPEUTIC USE ; Norepinephrine/ CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Prolactin/ANALYSIS ; Psychotic Disorders/ FAMILIAL & GENETIC ; Receptors, Dopamine/PHYSIOLOGY ; Schizophrenia/*ETIOLOGY/FAMILIAL & GENETIC/IMMUNOLOGY SO - Schizophr Bull 1986;12(1):83-100 18 UI - 86177086 AU - Crow TJ ; Ferrier IN ; Johnstone EC TI - The two-syndrome concept and neuroendocrinology of schizophrenia. AB - Schizophrenia sometimes remits and sometimes responds to neuroleptic drugs but is a disease that also has a poor long-term outcome, sometimes including behavioral deterioration and intellectual decline. It is proposed that there are two components to pathology: a neurochemical component, perhaps associated with a change in D-2 DA receptors, which is potentially reversible and neuroleptic-responsive and a structural and probably irreversible component, which includes changes in structures bordering the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle and perhaps elsewhere in the brain. MH - Apomorphine/PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Brain/PATHOLOGY/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Brain Chemistry ; Cognition/PHYSIOLOGY ; Dopamine/PHYSIOLOGY ; FSH/METABOLISM ; Hormones/*PHYSIOLOGY ; Human ; LH/METABOLISM ; Prolactin/METABOLISM ; Receptors, Dopamine/PHYSIOLOGY ; Review ; Schizophrenia/DRUG THERAPY/PATHOLOGY/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Somatotropin/METABOLISM ; Tranquilizing Agents, Major/ PHARMACODYNAMICS SO - Psychiatr Clin North Am 1986 Mar;9(1):99-113 19 UI - 86159974 AU - Rubinow DR TI - Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin and psychiatric illness. AB - Somatostatin is a tetradecapeptide that is assuming increasing importance as a regulator of central nervous system activity. Originally identified as the hypothalamic growth hormone release-inhibiting factor, somatostatin has subsequently been shown to be extensively and selectively distributed throughout the central nervous system, to alter neuron excitability, to regulate and be regulated by the activity of classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, to exert a number of direct behavioral actions, and to display neuropsychiatric disorder-related alterations. In this article, a three-part study of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) somatostatin in affective illness and schizophrenia is presented. In part 1, significant reductions in CSF somatostatin were observed in 49 bipolar and unipolar depressed patients relative to 47 controls. Values during depression were also significantly lower than those observed in affective disorder during the improved state or in schizophrenia. Diurnal studies involving paired AM and PM lumbar punctures revealed that depressed patients and normal volunteers had similar somatostatin values in the evening, despite having significantly different values in the morning. In part 2, the effects of several psychopharmacological agents on CSF somatostatin were examined, particularly the tricyclic anticonvulsant carbamazepine. A significant reduction of CSF somatostatin during treatment with carbamazepine was observed. The effect of carbamazepine on somatostatin could be related to its anticonvulsant, analgesic, or psychotropic effects. Part 3 deals with somatostatin as a major regulator of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Somatostatin affects HPA activity by inhibiting, at a number of cellular levels, the stimulated release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary. A significant negative relationship between CSF somatostatin and the postdexamethasone plasma cortisol level in 22 depressed and 16 schizophrenic patients was observed. This relationship between low CSF somatostatin and escape from dexamethasone suppression was observed irrespective of diagnosis (i.e., depression or schizophrenia). Thus, there is indirect supporting evidence for a role for somatostatin dysregulation in the most consistently observed biological abnormality in depression, escape from dexamethasone suppression. Further study of somatostatin in neuropsychiatric disorders, and particularly depressive illness, offers great promise for better understanding their underlying affective, vegetative, cognitive, and physiological dysregulations. MH - Affective Disorders, Psychotic/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Antidepressive Agents/THERAPEUTIC USE ; Bipolar Disorder/ CEREBROSPINAL FLUID/DRUG THERAPY/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Comparative Study ; Depressive Disorder/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID/DRUG THERAPY/ PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Dexamethasone/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Human ; Manic Disorder/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Schizophrenia/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID/ PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Somatostatin/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Biol Psychiatry 1986 Apr;21(4):341-65 20 UI - 86158147 AU - Tamminga CA ; Gotts MD ; Thaker GK ; Alphs LD ; Foster NL TI - Dopamine agonist treatment of schizophrenia with N-propylnorapomorphine. AB - We administered N-propylnorapomorphine, a potent aporphine-family dopamine (DA) agonist, to schizophrenic patients with active psychotic symptoms. After acute administration a significant antipsychotic action of N-propylnorapomorphine, maximal at an oral dose of 19 mg, was noted. The antipsychotic action predominated in subjects with neuroleptic-responsive symptoms, not in neuroleptic-nonresponders. However, when N-propylnorapomorphine was administered on a subchronic dosage schedule, no antipsychotic effect occurred. These observations suggest a rapid-onset tolerance phenomenon of psychosis to N-propylnorapomorphine and are consistent with results from preclinical experiments. These data support the idea that the acute antipsychotic response of DA agonists is mediated by the DA autoreceptor but fail to provide evidence for the potential clinical usefulness of this treatment approach. MH - Administration, Oral ; Adult ; Antiparkinson Agents/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Apomorphine/*ANALOGS & DERIVATIVES/THERAPEUTIC USE ; Clinical Trials ; Dopamine/METABOLISM ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Double-Blind Method ; Drug Tolerance ; Human ; Placebos ; Prolactin/BLOOD ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Receptors, Dopamine/DRUG EFFECTS ; Schizophrenia/*DRUG THERAPY ; Schizophrenic Psychology ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Tranquilizing Agents, Major/THERAPEUTIC USE SO - Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986 Apr;43(4):398-402 21 UI - 86158143 AU - Doran AR ; Rubinow DR ; Roy A ; Pickar D TI - CSF somatostatin and abnormal response to dexamethasone administration in schizophrenic and depressed patients. AB - Low levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) somatostatin and abnormal response to dexamethasone are two neuroendocrine disturbances reported to appear in depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders. We measured the levels of CSF somatostatin in patients with schizophrenia (n = 44) and depression (n = 19). In view of in vitro and animal evidence of the ability of somatostatin to inhibit stimulated corticotropin secretion, we also administered the dexamethasone suppression test to a subgroup of the patients with schizophrenia (n = 16) and the total depressed group. Lower levels of CSF somatostatin were found in dexamethasone nonsuppressors regardless of diagnosis and were negatively correlated with maximum postdexamethasone cortisol level in the total and depressed patient groups. These data suggest a functional relationship between hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity and reduced CSF somatostatin level. MH - Adult ; Depressive Disorder/BLOOD/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID/*DIAGNOSIS ; Dexamethasone/*DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Human ; Hydrocortisone/BLOOD ; Male ; Middle Age ; Schizophrenia/BLOOD/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID/*DIAGNOSIS ; Somatostatin/ *CEREBROSPINAL FLUID SO - Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986 Apr;43(4):365-9 22 UI - 86150039 AU - M:uller-Spahn F ; Ackenheil M ; Albus M ; Botschev C ; Naber D ; Welter D TI - Neuroendocrine effects of clonidine in chronic schizophrenic patients under long-term neuroleptic therapy and after drug withdrawal: relations to psychopathology. AB - The sensitivity of the alpha-adrenergic hypothalamic pituitary system, as indicated by growth hormone (GH) release after clonidine (0.15 mg i.v.), was studied in nine chronic schizophrenic in-patients (study 1) under long-term neuroleptic (NL) therapy and after 5 days' drug withdrawal and in 17 chronic schizophrenic in-patients (study 2) under long-term NL therapy and after 12 days' drug withdrawal. GH response after 5- and 12-day drug-free periods did not differ significantly from that under NL treatment; however, it was significantly lower after 12 days' drug withdrawal (AUC: 319.9 +/- 445.5 ng/ml X min) compared to age- and sex-matched normal controls (579 +/- 611 ng/ml X min). The basal norepinephrine (NE) plasma levels under long-term NL therapy were significantly elevated in both studies (study 1:894 +/- 553 pg/ml; study 2:432 +/- 268 pg/ml) compared to controls (study 1:253 +/- 55 pg/ml, study 2:234 +/- 126 pg/ml), and were decreased significantly after 5 days' drug withdrawal compared to NL treatment. There was no significant correlation between age, duration of NL therapy, last daily dosage, psychopathology, and NE plasma levels and GH response. The data presented suggest hyposensitivity of alpha-adrenergic receptor function in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis after 12 days' drug withdrawal in chronic schizophrenics. The significantly elevated NE plasma levels under NL therapy indicate that there is no adaption mechanism, even after long-term treatment. MH - Adult ; Clonidine/*DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Clozapine/THERAPEUTIC USE ; Human ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Male ; Middle Age ; Norepinephrine/BLOOD ; Receptors, Adrenergic, Alpha/ *PHYSIOLOGY ; Schizophrenia/*DRUG THERAPY/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Schizophrenic Psychology ; Somatotropin/*SECRETION ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Tranquilizing Agents, Major/*THERAPEUTIC USE SO - Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1986;88(2):190-5 23 UI - 86140914 AU - Chouinard G ; Annable L ; Steinberg S TI - A controlled clinical trial of fluspirilene, a long-acting injectable neuroleptic, in schizophrenic patients with acute exacerbation. AB - A 4-week double-blind controlled clinical trial was carried out in which fluspirilene, an injectable diphenylbutylpiperidine neuroleptic given weekly, was compared to chlorpromazine in the treatment of 40 newly admitted schizophrenic patients with acute exacerbation. Similar therapeutic improvement was obtained with both drugs, but men needed a significantly higher mean dose of fluspirilene (23 mg/week) than women (13 mg/week). Fluspirilene induced more parkinsonism than chlorpromazine, but less drowsiness, dizziness, and dry mouth. The difference between the sexes in the potency of fluspirilene and its greater potential to induce parkinsonism may be related to its lesser presynaptic and D1-dopamine receptor blocking properties. The low incidence of autonomic side effects confirms the relative specificity of fluspirilene for dopamine receptors. MH - Adult ; Age Factors ; Basal Ganglia Diseases/CHEMICALLY INDUCED ; Chlorpromazine/ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE/ADVERSE EFFECTS/ THERAPEUTIC USE ; Clinical Trials ; Comparative Study ; Double-Blind Method ; Female ; Fluspirilene/ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE/ADVERSE EFFECTS/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Human ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Male ; Prolactin/BLOOD ; Random Allocation ; Schizophrenia/*DRUG THERAPY ; Sex Factors ; Spiro Compounds/ *THERAPEUTIC USE SO - J Clin Psychopharmacol 1986 Feb;6(1):21-6 24 UI - 86121392 AU - Gattaz WF ; Rissler K ; Gattaz D ; Cramer H TI - Effects of haloperidol on somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the CSF of Schizophrenic patients. AB - The levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) were determined in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 14 schizophrenic patients before and after 3 weeks on haloperidol treatment. Baseline levels of SLI correlated negatively with psychopathological items on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale related to psychotic productivity. SLI levels increased after haloperidol treatment, but this increase did not correlate with psychopathological improvement. A difference in the ratio of larger and smaller molecular forms of the peptide was found before and after treatment. The drug-free samples showed a preponderance of the larger molecular forms, resulting in a ratio of 4:1, whereas the haloperidol-treated samples showed an equal distribution of both species. MH - Adult ; Haloperidol/*PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Human ; Male ; Parasympatholytics/PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Radioimmunoassay ; Schizophrenia, Paranoid/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID/*DRUG THERAPY ; Somatostatin/*CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Psychiatry Res 1986 Jan;17(1):1-6 1 UI - 87068117 AU - Loosen PT ; Garbutt JC ; Tipermas A TI - The TRH test during dopamine receptor blockade in depressed patients. AB - In an evaluation of the possible role of dopamine on TRH test results, 21 depressed patients were given TRH before and after one week of treatment with a low dose of haloperidol. Haloperidol significantly increased serum prolactin (both basal and after TRH) and cortisol levels, decreased body temperature, and had no effect on serum TSH, growth hormone, or thyroid hormone levels. Five of six patients with initial TSH blunting were retested with TRH; in four patients the TSH response remained blunted. These data render it unlikely that dopamine exerts a major inhibitory input on TSH secretion in depression. MH - Adult ; Brain/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Depressive Disorder/DRUG THERAPY/ *PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Dopamine/*PHYSIOLOGY ; Female ; Haloperidol/ *DIAGNOSTIC USE/THERAPEUTIC USE ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Pituitary Gland, Anterior/SECRETION ; Prolactin/SECRETION ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone/ *DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Thyrotropin/SECRETION SO - Psychoneuroendocrinology 1986;11(3):327-36 2 UI - 87065581 AU - Kaneko Y ; Yamamoto Y ; Kitamura Y ; Sakai M ; Nagasaki T ; Nakajima K TI - Effect of sulpiride on plasma prolactin in healthy volunteers and depressed patients. AB - Plasma prolactin (PRL) levels were measured before and 1, 2 and 4 h after oral administration of sulpiride (SPR) (2 mg/kg) in 91 healthy individuals (56 males and 35 females) and 36 patients with mental depression (15 males and 21 females). The identical measurements were conducted during remission in 16 available patients (9 males and 7 females) for comparison of the values during the depression and remission. During remission, the PRL values (lower in males and higher in females than the normal values), were closer to those of healthy subjects than they were during depression. MH - Adult ; Depressive Disorder/*BLOOD ; Female ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Prolactin/*BLOOD ; Sex Characteristics ; Sulpiride/ *PHARMACODYNAMICS SO - Neuropsychobiology 1986;15(3-4):155-9 3 UI - 87050393 AU - Papakostas Y ; Markianos M ; Papadimitriou G ; Stefanis C TI - Prolactin response induced by ECT and TRH. AB - The prolactin response after ECT in ten female melancholic patients correlated significantly to their prolactin response to i.v. TRH. These findings may suggest an underlying common mechanism between TRH and ECT regarding their PRL releasing properties. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Depressive Disorder/BLOOD/*THERAPY ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; *Electroconvulsive Therapy ; Female ; Human ; Middle Age ; Prolactin/*BLOOD ; Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone/ *PHARMACODYNAMICS SO - Br J Psychiatry 1986 Jun;148:721-3 4 UI - 87043167 AU - Aalbers C ; Taljaard JJ ; Gagiano CA TI - Endocrine responses after thyrotrophin-releasing hormone stimulation and dexamethasone suppression tests in the major depressive syndrome. AB - The effects of dexamethasone 1 mg on plasma cortisol levels and of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) 200 micrograms on thyrotrophin (TSH), growth hormone and prolactin levels in 107 patients with a major depressive disorder (MDD) were compared with those in 87 healthy subjects. Individual hormonal responses and combinations of hormonal responses after administration of dexamethasone and TRH were evaluated as diagnostic aids for MDD by calculating sensitivity, specificity and efficiency for single and multiple hormonal abnormalities. In patients suffering from MDD, 65% of men, 74% of reproductive women and 71% of menopausal or hysterectomized (H/M) women had abnormal responses (sensitivity) to a dexamethasone suppression test (DST). When the DST and TSH responses to TRH were combined, 85% of men, 87% of reproductive women and 84% of H/M women had abnormal results. If the efficiency of the different combinations of hormone responses is calculated, a totally different picture emerges. MH - Adult ; Comparative Study ; Depressive Disorder/DIAGNOSIS/ *METABOLISM ; Dexamethasone/DIAGNOSTIC USE/*PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Female ; Human ; Hydrocortisone/BLOOD ; Male ; Middle Age ; Prolactin/BLOOD ; Somatotropin/BLOOD ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone/DIAGNOSTIC USE/*PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Time Factors SO - S Afr Med J 1986 Oct 11;70(8):464-8 5 UI - 87036616 AU - Mattox JH ; Buckman MT ; Bernstein J ; Pathak D ; Kellner R TI - Dopamine agonists for reducing depression associated with hyperprolactinemia. AB - Nine women with prolactinomas studied over 20 weeks were depressed as determined by three separate self-rating scales. The depression improved with bromocriptine or pergolide. Acute depression recurred and prolactins increased after discontinuation of the medication. MH - Analysis of Variance ; Bromocriptine/ADVERSE EFFECTS/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Comparative Study ; Depression/*DRUG THERAPY/ETIOLOGY ; Depressive Disorder/ETIOLOGY ; Drug Evaluation ; Female ; Human ; Hyperprolactinemia/*COMPLICATIONS/DRUG THERAPY/PSYCHOLOGY ; Male ; Pergolide/ADVERSE EFFECTS/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Pituitary Neoplasms/*SECRETION ; Prolactin/ANALYSIS/*SECRETION ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - J Reprod Med 1986 Aug;31(8):694-8 6 UI - 87017456 AU - Joyce PR ; Donald RA ; Nicholls MG ; Livesey JH ; Abbott RM TI - Endocrine and behavioural responses to methylphenidate in depression. AB - Twenty patients with a major depressive disorder and 20 control subjects were subjected to a 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and a challenge with intravenous (IV) methylphenidate (MP)(0.3 mg/kg). None of the controls, but 9 depressives, were DST non-suppressors. Among the depressives there were correlations between DST-cortisol and baseline (4 p.m.) levels of cortisol, growth hormone, prolactin and adrenaline. Compared with the controls the depressives had a decreased cortisol response and an enhanced adrenaline response to the MP challenge. The decreased cortisol response was not related to either DST-cortisol or baseline cortisol, but was correlated with the mood response to MP. MH - Adult ; Depressive Disorder/BLOOD/*DIAGNOSIS/PSYCHOLOGY ; Dexamethasone/*DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Epinephrine/BLOOD ; Female ; Human ; Hydrocortisone/BLOOD ; Male ; Methylphenidate/*DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Middle Age ; Norepinephrine/BLOOD ; Prolactin/BLOOD ; Somatotropin/BLOOD ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Psychol Med 1986 Aug;16(3):531-40 7 UI - 87004028 AU - Miller F ; Barasch A ; Sacks M ; Levitan J ; Ashcroft L TI - Serum prolactin correlates with depressed mood during alcohol withdrawal. AB - Alterations in central dopamine function have been identified in depression and in alcohol withdrawal. Attempts to determine the magnitude and direction of the central dopamine alteration in alcohol withdrawal have produced conflicting results. In this study serum prolactin (PRL) was used as an indicator of central dopamine activity since dopamine is the most important factor in the control of prolactin secretion from the pituitary. Increased serum PRL levels were found during alcohol withdrawal and they correlated significantly with high scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). No significant correlations were identified with The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the 'Mini-Mental State' of Folstein (MMS), The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) or The Modified Gross Alcohol Withdrawal Selective Severity Assessment Scale (GAWSSA). The authors concluded that the transient depressive symptomatology typically found in detoxifying alcoholic patients may be, in part, the result of a central hypodopaminergic state. MH - Adult ; Alcoholism/*BLOOD/COMPLICATIONS ; Depression/*BLOOD/ CHEMICALLY INDUCED ; Dopamine/METABOLISM ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Prolactin/*BLOOD ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/*BLOOD SO - Drug Alcohol Depend 1986 Jul;17(4):331-8 8 UI - 86270197 AU - Downs NS ; Britton KT ; Gibbs DM ; Koob GF ; Swerdlow NR TI - Supersensitive endocrine response to physostigmine in dopamine-depleted rats: a model of depression? AB - Depressed patients exhibit an abnormal "supersensitive: increase in the plasma concentration of several pituitary hormones following intravenous injection of the acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine (PHY). In the present study, we examined the effects of PHY treatments on the plasma concentrations of prolactin (PRL) and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in the rat. Physostigmine (0-0.6 mg/kg, s.c.) produced a dose-dependent increase in PRL and ACTH immunoreactivity in unoperated animals. Neurotoxin-induced depletion of brain dopamine (DA) or norepinephrine (NE) did not significantly alter baseline plasma PRL or ACTH values. Following depletion of brain DA, but not NE, animals exhibited a "supersensitive: increase in plasma ACTH values, which was evidenced by a sixfold left shift in the dose-response properties of PHY. These results suggest that there are intriguing parallels between the abnormal endocrine response to PHY demonstrated by depressed patients and that demonstrated by rats following depletion of central nervous system (CNS) DA levels. MH - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/BLOOD ; Animal ; *Brain Chemistry ; Comparative Study ; *Depressive Disorder ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Dopamine/*ANALYSIS ; Human ; Hydroxydopamines/ PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Male ; Norepinephrine/ANALYSIS ; Physostigmine/ *PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Prolactin/BLOOD ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - Biol Psychiatry 1986 Jul;21(8-9):775-86 9 UI - 86238538 AU - Ap:eria B TI - Hormone pattern and post-treatment attitudes in patients with major depressive disorder given electroconvulsive therapy. AB - As a follow-up study of a psychoendocrinological investigation of 33 patients with major depressive illness undergoing ECT, attitudes towards ECT were examined and hormones measured in remission. Two thirds of the group had a positive attitude towards ECT. Cortisol, prolactin and TSH levels differed significantly from the depressive state. In contrast, there was no difference in ACTH levels. MH - Adolescence ; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/BLOOD ; Adult ; Aged ; Attitude ; Depressive Disorder/BLOOD/*THERAPY ; *Electroconvulsive Therapy ; Human ; Hydrocortisone/BLOOD ; Middle Age ; Prolactin/BLOOD ; Somatotropin/BLOOD ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Thyrotropin/BLOOD SO - Acta Psychiatr Scand 1986 Mar;73(3):271-4 10 UI - 86319349 AU - Agren H ; Wide L TI - TRH tests with analyses of TSH, prolactin, and GH responses in subtypes of patients with major depressive disorders. AB - TRH tests were performed on 131 patients with RDC diagnoses of major depressive disorders to study altered endocrine control mechanisms in subtypes of depression. The TSH response to TRH was measured in all patients. In more than a third of the sample the prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) responses were also analysed. There were no differences between bipolar, primary unipolar and secondary unipolar patients in means of any endocrine variable. However, the expected positive correlation between baseline TSH and delta TSH was absent in the secondary unipolar group, indicating a dysregulation of pituitary TRH receptor sensitivity in this depressive subtype. Only delta TSH was dependent on depressive state, being lower in currently ill primary unipolar patients only. Patients with melancholic features (endogeneity scores high) had blunted TSH responses. Weight loss was connected with TSH blunting in all depressive subtypes. Among patients with blunted delta TSH (less than 5 mU/l) there was no relationship between degree of weight loss and delta TSH. Further, examination of partial correlation coefficients suggests weight loss of affect delta TSH by virtue of its being part of the melancholic syndrome. A significant correlation between blunted delta TSH and nonsuppression of cortisol in the DST was found only among primary unipolar patients, arguing for some independence of the TRH test and the DST in mirroring disturbed endocrine controls in depression. MH - Adolescence ; Adult ; Aged ; Bipolar Disorder/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Comparative Study ; Depressive Disorder/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Dexamethasone/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Female ; Human ; Hydrocortisone/ BLOOD ; Male ; Middle Age ; Pituitary Gland, Anterior/ *PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Prolactin/BLOOD ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ; Sex Factors ; Somatotropin/BLOOD ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Thyrotropin/BLOOD ; Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone/ *DIAGNOSTIC USE SO - Acta Psychiatr Scand 1986 May;73(5):549-58 11 UI - 86318915 AU - Brambilla F ; Petraglia F ; Facchinetti F ; Genazzani AR TI - Abnormal beta-endorphin and beta-lipotropin responses to TRH and LRH administration in primary and secondary affective disorders. AB - Anomalous anterior pituitary hormone responses to acute administration of TRH and LRH have previously been observed in patients with primary affective disorders (PAD), with TRH eliciting GH, FSH and LH rises, and LRH eliciting GH and Prl rises. We examined whether the same unusual responses were present also for beta-endorphin (beta-EP) and beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH) in 15 PAD patients, in 9 patients with secondary affective disorders (SAD), and in 7 controls. TRH (500 micrograms iv) elicited rises of beta-EP plasma levels in 5 PAD and 2 SAD patients, and of beta-LPH in 4 PAD and 3 SAD patients. LRH (150 micrograms iv) elicited rises of plasma beta-EP levels in 2 PAD and 2 SAD patients, and of beta-LPH in 5 PAD and 2 SAD patients. No rises of beta-EP and beta-LPH plasma levels were observed in PAD patients after saline administration, nor in the controls after TRH, LRH or saline administration. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Bipolar Disorder/*BLOOD ; Depressive Disorder/ *BLOOD ; Endorphins/*BLOOD ; Female ; FSH/BLOOD ; Human ; Lipotropin/*BLOOD ; LH/BLOOD ; LH-FSH Releasing Hormone/ *PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Middle Age ; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior/ *BLOOD ; Prolactin/BLOOD ; Somatotropin/BLOOD ; Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone/*PHARMACODYNAMICS SO - Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1986 Aug;112(4):481-6 12 UI - 86316889 AU - van Praag HM TI - Affective disorders and aggression disorders: evidence for a common biological mechanism. AB - Ever since the discovery that the classical antidepressants--tricyclics and MA oxidase inhibitors--exert an influence on central 5-HT, this neurotransmitter has been studied in depression, particularly in those forms responsive to this type of treatment. This chapter reviews the evidence in favor of a relationship between depression and central 5-HT dysfunctions. Most of the findings have been derived from patients with depression as the principal diagnosis. Some data have originated from patients suffering from a somatic illness and from depression as well. Both peripheral and central data are discussed. Although no single 5-HT-related finding in depression has so far been unequivocally established, the available evidence, in balance, justifies the tentative conclusion that disturbances in 5-HT metabolism can occur in depression. Lowered CSF 5-HIAA, the major indicator of disturbed central 5-HT metabolism in depression, has also been reported in aggression disorders, both in patients who had committed suicidal acts and in those with outward-directed aggression. The finding can not be explained by a concomitant state of depression. Rather than to discard the classical 5-HT-depression hypothesis, in favor of a 5-HT-aggression hypothesis, the hypothesis is launched that disturbances in serotonergic regulation can give rise to both mood and aggression disorders. This would provide a biological explanation for the clinical observation that those disorders frequently go hand in hand. MH - Aggression/*PHYSIOLOGY ; Blood Platelets/METABOLISM ; Celiac Disease/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Depressive Disorder/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID/ *METABOLISM ; Female ; Human ; Hydrocortisone/METABOLISM ; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Hydroxytryptophan/ THERAPEUTIC USE ; Male ; Parkinson Disease/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Prolactin/METABOLISM ; Receptors, Serotonin/PHYSIOLOGY ; Review ; Serotonin/*METABOLISM ; Suicide ; Synaptic Receptors/PHYSIOLOGY ; Tryptophan/BLOOD SO - Suicide Life Threat Behav 1986 Summer;16(2):103-32 13 UI - 86314449 AU - Garbutt JC ; Loosen PT ; Blacharsh J ; Prange AJ Jr TI - The prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in depressed patients and normal subjects. AB - The prolactin (PRL) response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was studied in depressed patients (while ill or during remission) and in normal volunteers. Depressed women were shown to have lower basal PRL and lower PRL after TRH, but similar proportional PRL responses, compared to normal women. Depressed women also had basal thyroxine levels that were higher than those of the control women. No significant changes in PRL were noted in depressed men; in fact, there was almost complete overlap of all PRL variables between depressed and normal male subjects. Examination of the responses of PRL and of thyrotropin (TSH) to TRH revealed a significant positive relationship between the two in depressed women, but no association in men. MH - Adult ; Bipolar Disorder/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Comparative Study ; Depressive Disorder/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Female ; Human ; Male ; Menopause ; Middle Age ; Prolactin/*BLOOD ; Sex Factors ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Thyroid Hormones/BLOOD ; Thyrotropin/BLOOD ; Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone/*DIAGNOSTIC USE SO - Psychoneuroendocrinology 1986;11(2):213-9 14 UI - 86239737 AU - Mayeux R ; Stern Y ; Williams JB ; Cote L ; Frantz A ; Dyrenfurth I TI - Clinical and biochemical features of depression in Parkinson's disease. AB - Among 49 consecutive patients with Parkinson's disease, 40% were depressed according to DSM-III; they had major depression or dysthymic disorder accompanied by sleep disturbance, fatigue, psychomotor retardation, loss of self-esteem, and excessive guilt. During a 10-day dopamine-free period, lumbar puncture was performed to measure the metabolites of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. Patients were given an overnight dexamethasone suppression test, and the effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and L-dopa on plasma growth hormone and prolactin were examined. Level of CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was lowest in parkinsonian patients with major depression and was related to psychomotor retardation and loss of self-esteem. MH - Aged ; Depressive Disorder/BLOOD/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID/ *COMPLICATIONS ; Dexamethasone/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Homovanillic Acid/ CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Human ; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid/ *CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Levodopa/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol/CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ; Middle Age ; Parkinson Disease/*COMPLICATIONS ; Prolactin/BLOOD ; Psychomotor Performance/PHYSIOLOGY ; Self Concept ; Somatotropin/BLOOD ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone/DIAGNOSTIC USE SO - Am J Psychiatry 1986 Jun;143(6):756-9 15 UI - 86232129 AU - Atkinson JH Jr ; Kremer EF ; Risch SC ; Janowsky DS TI - Basal and post-dexamethasone cortisol and prolactin concentrations in depressed and non-depressed patients with chronic pain syndromes. AB - To assess the behavior of two putative neuroendocrine markers of depression in chronic pain, the authors determined plasma cortisol and prolactin concentrations before and after dexamethasone in 52 hospitalized male chronic pain patients. Their psychiatric diagnoses by Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) were: major depression (N = 24; 44.2%), minor depression (N = 10; 19.2%), another RDC diagnosis (N = 7; 13.5%) and not mentally ill (N = 12; 21.6%). Failure to suppress cortisol after dexamethasone (a positive DST) occurred in 43.5% of those with major depression, 20% of those with minor depression, 42.8% of those with other psychiatric diagnoses and in 8.3% of patients without a psychiatric disorder. The frequency of non-suppression was significantly different only for patients with major depression compared to those without diagnosable psychiatric disorder. Mean basal cortisol concentrations at 08.00, 16.00 and 23.00 h did not differ among psychiatric diagnostic groups of pain patients, or between these groups and healthy volunteers. Levels of prolactin, but not cortisol, were significantly correlated with the severity of mood disturbances. These findings suggest strategies using multiple endocrine markers to distinguish pain from depression should be explored. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Chronic Disease ; Depressive Disorder/BLOOD/ *DIAGNOSIS ; Dexamethasone/*DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Human ; Hydrocortisone/*BLOOD ; Male ; Middle Age ; Pain/BLOOD/*DIAGNOSIS ; Prolactin/*BLOOD ; Psychological Tests ; Psychophysiologic Disorders/BLOOD/ *DIAGNOSIS ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - Pain 1986 Apr;25(1):23-34 16 UI - 86229621 AU - Scott AI ; Whalley LJ ; Bennie J ; Bowler G TI - Oestrogen-stimulated neurophysin and outcome after electroconvulsive therapy. AB - Plasma concentrations of oestrogen-stimulated neurophysin (ESN), prolactin, and growth hormone were measured before and after the first treatment in a course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) given to 25 psychiatric patients and during induction of anaesthesia in 9 women undergoing elective cholecystectomy. Prolactin levels rose and growth hormone levels fell during both cholecystectomy and ECT, but ESN levels rose only after ECT. The peak ESN response to ECT was significantly greater (p less than 0.005) in the 16 depressed patients who recovered than in the 9 who did not. All patients in whom plasma ESN concentration increased by more than 100% satisfactorily recovered from their depressive illness. If a 63% increase in ESN concentration is used to classify all subjects, 12% are misclassified by outcome at 2 months. The extent of the ESN response, but not the prolactin or growth hormone responses, correlated with improvement in symptoms measured by Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale. MH - Adolescence ; Adult ; Aged ; Anesthetics/PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Depressive Disorder/BLOOD/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY/*THERAPY ; *Electroconvulsive Therapy ; Estrogens/*PHYSIOLOGY ; Female ; Human ; Male ; Neurophysins/*BLOOD ; Oxytocin/BLOOD ; Prolactin/ BLOOD ; Somatotropin/BLOOD SO - Lancet 1986 Jun 21;1(8495):1411-4 17 UI - 86227226 AU - Zis AP ; Albala AA ; Haskett RF ; Carroll BJ ; Lohr NE TI - Prolactin response to TRH in depression. AB - We studied the prolactin response to TRH in 53 unmedicated psychiatric inpatients. The prolactin response of females was significantly greater than the response of male subjects. There was no significant difference in the prolactin response to TRH between depressed patients and those with other psychiatric diagnoses. There was no significant relationship between the prolactin response to TRH and the severity of depression, the TSH response to TRH or the resistance to suppression of cortisol secretion by dexamethasone. MH - Adrenal Cortex/SECRETION ; Adult ; Depressive Disorder/ *PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Dexamethasone/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Female ; Human ; Hydrocortisone/SECRETION ; Male ; Middle Age ; Pituitary Gland, Anterior/*SECRETION ; Prolactin/*SECRETION ; Sex Factors ; Thyrotropin/SECRETION ; Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone/*DIAGNOSTIC USE SO - J Psychiatr Res 1986;20(1):77-82 18 UI - 86216398 AU - Atkinson JH Jr ; Kremer EF ; Risch SC ; Dana R ; Janowsky DS TI - Neuroendocrine responses in psychiatric and pain patients with major depression. AB - Basal and postdexamethasone concentrations of cortisol and prolactin were studied in three groups of male patients: chronic pain patients with no psychiatric diagnosis (n = 12), chronic pain patients with coexisting major depression by Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) (n = 24), and pain-free psychiatric patients meeting RDC criteria for major depression (n = 28). Basal cortisol concentrations were significantly higher in pain-major depression and psychiatric-major depression patients compared to pain patients without psychiatric illness. The frequency of cortisol nonsuppression after dexamethasone was significantly greater in pain patients with major depression (41.7%) compared to pain patients without psychiatric disorder (8.3%), and was comparable to that of psychiatric patients (21.4%). Prolactin concentrations, but not cortisol levels, were significantly correlated with observer-rated severity of depression in pain patients. These findings suggest that cortisol and prolactin abnormalities in chronic pain may be related to psychiatric disorder rather than to pain per se, at least in male patients, and may indicate a role for cholinergic mechanisms in the interface of pain and depression. MH - Adult ; Chronic Disease ; Circadian Rhythm ; Depressive Disorder/ BLOOD/*DIAGNOSIS ; Dexamethasone/*DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Human ; Hydrocortisone/*BLOOD ; Male ; Middle Age ; Pain/BLOOD/*DIAGNOSIS ; Prolactin/BLOOD ; Psychophysiologic Disorders/BLOOD/*DIAGNOSIS ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - Biol Psychiatry 1986 Jun;21(7):612-20 19 UI - 86180306 AU - Aalbers C ; Gagiano CA ; Taljaard JJ TI - Genetic differences in the endocrine responses to the thyrotrophin-releasing hormone stimulation test in patients with a major depressive episode. AB - The thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test is becoming useful in the diagnosis of depression, but the optimum concentration of TRH required remains uncertain. The test was performed on a carefully selected group of patients with primary unipolar major depressive episodes with melancholia, who were severely depressed, using TRH 200 micrograms and 500 micrograms (groups 1 and 2). The thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) levels were measured in response to TRH. Responses obtained were compared with respect to hormonal and genetic subgroups. Comparing groups 1 and 2 revealed significant differences in the GH responses (P = 0,0059). A similar significant difference was found in the GH response (P = 0,0102) elicited by the women in each group. Comparison of the genetic subgroups of groups 1 and 2 revealed a significant difference in the PRL response of both the genetic spectrum (P = 0,0258) and the group without a genetic history (P = 0,0259) of alcoholism or depression. The TSH response in the genetic spectrum group was also significantly higher (P = 0,0008) in group 2. Further investigations of the responses elicited in the different genetic subgroups may reveal important variables for the investigation of the pathogenesis of depression. MH - Alcoholism/FAMILIAL & GENETIC ; Comparative Study ; Depression/ DIAGNOSIS/*FAMILIAL & GENETIC ; Female ; Human ; Male ; Prolactin/ BLOOD ; Somatotropin/BLOOD ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Thyrotropin/BLOOD ; Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone/*DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Time Factors SO - S Afr Med J 1986 Apr 12;69(8):508-9 20 UI - 86164175 AU - Joffe RT ; Post RM ; Ballenger JC ; Rebar R ; Gold PW TI - Neuroendocrine effects of carbamazepine in patients with affective illness. AB - Carbamazepine, a drug that is clinically effective in paroxysmal pain syndromes and in epilepsy, also appears to be effective in the treatment of manic-depressive illness. The mechanisms of action of carbamazepine and its endocrine effects remain unclear. Therefore, the hormone responses to sequential stimuli--namely, arginine, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone--were studied in six patients with major depressive disorder before and during treatment with carbamazepine. The drug was found to blunt the thyrotropin-stimulating hormone response to TRH and to augment the prolactin response to arginine. The advantages of the experimental design and the implications of the findings for carbamazepine's mechanism of action in affective illness are discussed. MH - Adult ; Affective Disorders/*BLOOD/DRUG THERAPY/METABOLISM ; Arginine/PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Carbamazepine/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Female ; FSH/BLOOD ; Human ; LH/BLOOD ; LH-FSH Releasing Hormone/ PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Male ; Middle Age ; Prolactin/BLOOD ; Somatotropin/BLOOD ; Thyrotropin/BLOOD SO - Epilepsia 1986 Mar-Apr;27(2):156-60 21 UI - 86156370 AU - Roy-Byrne PP ; Uhde TW ; Rubinow DR ; Post RM TI - Reduced TSH and prolactin responses to TRH in patients with panic disorder. AB - The authors studied the TSH and prolactin responses to a standard 500-micrograms thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test in 12 patients with panic disorder and 10 control subjects. As a group, panic disorder patients had lower mean TSH and prolactin responses, and female patients accounted for the lower prolactin response. The clinical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed. MH - Adult ; Anxiety Disorders/BLOOD/*DIAGNOSIS ; Depressive Disorder/ BLOOD/DIAGNOSIS ; *Fear ; Female ; Human ; Male ; *Panic ; Prolactin/*BLOOD ; Sex Factors ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Thyrotropin/*BLOOD ; Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone/*DIAGNOSTIC USE SO - Am J Psychiatry 1986 Apr;143(4):503-7