==================================CMR31================================== 31. Hepatitis B Virus Including: vaginal smear or cytology or ultrastructure. 1 UI - 87109951 AU - Sherertz EF ; Davis GL ; Rice RW ; Harris BA ; Franzini DA TI - Transfer of hepatitis B virus by contaminated reusable needle electrodes after electrodesiccation in simulated use. AB - Reusable needle electrodes have been standard for electrodesiccation procedures commonly done by dermatologists. This study investigates the risk of transmission of hepatitis B virus by such electrodes during simulated use with electrodesiccation. Sterile needle electrodes were inoculated with either purified hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg+) concentrate or serum positive for both HBsAg and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase activity (a measure of infectious and replicating hepatitis B virus), followed by simulated use for electrodesiccation at various settings and rinsing of the tip with negative serum. The rinse serum was then assayed for HBsAg, DNA polymerase activity, and the presence of viral particles by electron microscopy. HBsAg could be transferred through the electrodesiccation procedure at all settings used. Although DNA polymerase activity was negative in the rinse serum, electron microscopy demonstrated transfer of HBsAg forms and complete virus. These results suggest a potential risk of spread of hepatitis B virus by reusable needle electrodes for electrodesiccation. MH - Electrocoagulation/*INSTRUMENTATION ; Electrodes ; Hepatitis B Core Antigens/ANALYSIS ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/ANALYSIS ; Hepatitis B Virus/ULTRASTRUCTURE ; Hepatitis B/*TRANSMISSION ; Human ; Microscopy, Electron SO - J Am Acad Dermatol 1986 Dec;15(6):1242-6 2 UI - 87092248 AU - Standring DN ; Ou JH ; Rutter WJ TI - Assembly of viral particles in Xenopus oocytes: pre-surface-antigens regulate secretion of the hepatitis B viral surface envelope particle. AB - Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is associated with the production of a viral envelope particle that contains membrane lipids, surface antigen (S), and two presurface-antigens (pre-S) comprised of the entire S moiety with approximately 55 (pre-S2) and 174 (pre-S1) additional NH2-terminal amino acids. We show here that Xenopus oocytes injected with synthetic S mRNA assemble and secrete characteristic 22-nm viral envelope particles. In contrast, pre-S1 and pre-S2 antigens are synthesized but not secreted. By coinjecting mRNAs, we found that synthesis of high levels of pre-S proteins specifically inhibits S antigen secretion. On the other hand, high levels of S synthesis can drive the secretion of small amounts of either pre-S antigen. These observations are consistent with a model for viral envelope assembly in which both S and pre-S proteins are incorporated into a multimeric particle, presumably via interactions between the S protein domains, while the pre-S amino-terminal moieties regulate the secretion of this structure. Our results indicate that Xenopus oocytes will provide a powerful system for studying the morphogenesis of simple structures of viral or cellular origin. MH - Animal ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/*PHYSIOLOGY ; Hepatitis B Virus/*GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT/GENETICS/ULTRASTRUCTURE ; Molecular Weight ; Morphogenesis ; Protein Precursors/GENETICS ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Viral Envelope Proteins/*PHYSIOLOGY ; Xenopus laevis/GENETICS SO - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986 Dec;83(24):9338-42 3 UI - 87044107 AU - Uy A ; Bruss V ; Gerlich WH ; K:ochel HG ; Thomssen R TI - Precore sequence of hepatitis B virus inducing e antigen and membrane association of the viral core protein. AB - Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA contains a precore (pre-c) sequence of 29 codons with unknown function upstream of its gene for the major core protein. Its significance was studied by expression of core proteins with and without pre-c in Escherichia coli. Core protein without pre-c, P22c, assembled spontaneously to core particles and formed core antigen. It had the same size and antigenicity as core particles from infected liver. Core protein with pre-c, P25e, instead formed membrane-associated e antigen (HBeAg). The data suggest that pre-c functions as a signal peptide for the attachment of core protein P25e to cellular membranes. This hypothesis can explain the not yet understood relation between viremia and HbeAg and the protective role of anti-HBe antibody. MH - Amino Acid Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; Escherichia Coli/ GENETICS ; Hepatitis B e Antigens/GENETICS/*IMMUNOLOGY ; Hepatitis B Virus/*IMMUNOLOGY/ULTRASTRUCTURE ; Membrane Proteins/ GENETICS/IMMUNOLOGY ; Molecular Weight ; Signal Peptides/GENETICS/ IMMUNOLOGY ; Viral Core Proteins/GENETICS/*IMMUNOLOGY SO - Virology 1986 Nov;155(1):89-96 4 UI - 86227711 AU - Miyanohara A ; Imamura T ; Araki M ; Sugawara K ; Ohtomo N ; Matsubara K TI - Expression of hepatitis B virus core antigen gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: synthesis of two polypeptides translated from different initiation codons. AB - Two recombinant plasmids were constructed that allow expression of the hepatitis B core (HBc) antigen gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of the repressible acid phosphatase promoter. One plasmid was designed to produce polypeptide I, which consists of 183 amino acids, and the other plasmid was designed to produce polypeptide II, which has an additional 29-amino-acid sequence at the amino terminus of polypeptide I. The viral genome may code for either one or both of these two polypeptides, depending upon the selection of initiation codons. Both polypeptides produced in yeast cells reacted with anti-HBc antibody and were assembled into spherical particles approximately 27 nm in diameter. Particles made of polypeptide I were stable, whereas those made of polypeptide II readily dissociated when exposed to high salt levels. The antigenicity of the HBc (as defined by its reactivity to anti-HBc antibody in the reversed passive hemagglutination assay) disappeared as the particle dissociated, leaving materials that sedimented slowly and that reacted to anti-hepatitis B e antibody. These observations strongly suggest that native viral cores are mostly (if not all) made of polypeptide I, because it is reasonably stable, and that the N-terminal portion of this polypeptide has some, but not a profound, influence on the assembly of polypeptides into particles. MH - Capsid/GENETICS ; Cloning, Molecular ; Codon ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Viral ; Hepatitis B Antibodies/IMMUNOLOGY ; Hepatitis B Core Antigens/*GENETICS ; Hepatitis B Virus/*GENETICS/ IMMUNOLOGY/ULTRASTRUCTURE ; Microscopy, Electron ; Molecular Weight ; Morphogenesis ; Saccharomyces Cerevisiae/GENETICS ; Translation, Genetic ; Viral Core Proteins/GENETICS ; Viral Proteins/*GENETICS SO - J Virol 1986 Jul;59(1):176-80 5 UI - 86222186 AU - Budkowska A ; Dubreuil P ; Capel F ; Pillot J TI - Hepatitis B virus pre-S gene-encoded antigenic specificity and anti-pre-S antibody: relationship between anti-pre-S response and recovery. AB - A solid-phase radioimmunoassay involving specific antibody was developed for determination of the pre-S gene-encoded epitopes of hepatitis B virus and anti-pre-S antibody in sera of hepatitis B patients. The reaction for pre-S determinants associated with HBsAg was quantitatively inhibited by soluble, polymerized human serum albumin, and the lower limit of the assay was about 1.6 ng of HBsAg per ml. Continuous expression of pre-S-coded antigenic sites on HBsAg particles in chronic hepatitis B patients seropositive for HBeAg or anti-HBe shows that these determinants may be considered as a marker of chronicity during hepatitis B virus infection. The anti-pre-S antibody was determined by inhibition of the reaction for pre-S determinants. This antibody, different from anti-HBs, was detected during HBsAg antigenemia in patients recovering from acute type B hepatitis, before anti-HBs response. Kinetics of synthesis of anti-pre-S antibody in the course of acute type B hepatitis, followed by elimination of HBsAg and recovery, suggest the possible role of this antibody in the immunological clearance of infective hepatitis B virus particles. MH - Antigenic Determinants/*GENETICS ; Chronic Disease ; Hepatitis B e Antigens/IMMUNOLOGY ; Hepatitis B Antibodies/IMMUNOLOGY ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/IMMUNOLOGY ; Hepatitis B Virus/ *GENETICS/IMMUNOLOGY/ULTRASTRUCTURE ; Human ; Microscopy, Electron ; Radioimmunoassay ; Serum Albumin/IMMUNOLOGY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Viral Envelope Proteins/GENETICS SO - Hepatology 1986 May-Jun;6(3):360-8 6 UI - 86195161 AU - Gust ID ; Burrell CJ ; Coulepis AG ; Robinson WS ; Zuckerman AJ TI - Taxonomic classification of human hepatitis B virus. AB - Sufficient data have accumulated to permit the ICTV Study Group on the Nomenclature of Hepatitis Viruses to recognize human hepatitis B virus as a member of a unique group of viruses and to classify it, together with a number of related animal viruses, into a new family called the Hepadnaviridae. Over the past decade, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has been active in the development of a classification system for viruses. The majority of viruses infecting vertebrate hosts have been classified into families and genera on the recommendations of the Vertebrate Virus Subcommittee (VVSC). In June 1980, the VVSC authorized the formation of an ad hoc Study Group on the Nomenclature of Hepatitis Viruses under the Chairmanship of Dr. Ian D. Gust. This paper represents the first report of the Study Group on the Taxonomic Classification of Human Hepatitis B Virus. MH - Animal ; Chimpansee troglodytes ; DNA, Viral/GENETICS ; Hepatitis B Virus/*CLASSIFICATION/PATHOGENICITY/ULTRASTRUCTURE ; Human ; Molecular Weight ; Review ; Species Specificity ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Viral Proteins/ANALYSIS SO - Intervirology 1986;25(1):14-29 7 UI - 86142638 AU - Cova L ; Lambert V ; Chevallier A ; Hantz O ; Fourel I ; Jacquet C ; Pichoud C ; Boulay J ; Chomel B ; Vitvitski L ; et al TI - Evidence for the presence of duck hepatitis B virus in wild migrating ducks. AB - A virus closely related to duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) was isolated from serum and liver samples of wild migratory ducks (mallards) caught in two separate wildlife reserve parks in France. In the first one (Dombes region) 12% of wild mallards were positive for DHBV, and in the second (River Somme) 3% of mallards were found positive. The DHBV isolated from the serum of wild mallards was also associated with an endogenous DNA polymerase activity capable in vitro of completing a partially double-stranded viral DNA into a fully double-stranded DNA of 3 kb. The various replicative DNA forms reported for DHBV were also detected in the liver of wild viraemic mallards. The DNA restriction enzyme pattern of the wild mallard strain differed from that of American and French strains of DHBV. The wild mallard strain DHBV was experimentally transmitted to mallard and Pekin ducklings and induced a chronic viraemia in both varieties of infected birds. This strain might be the common ancestor of all DHBV strains isolated from domestic ducks world-wide. The discovery of a DHBV-related virus in the natural wild population might be an important clue in the study of the different roles of environmental, host and viral factors in the pathogenesis of DHBV infection, and their possible oncogenic action in ducks. MH - Animal ; Animals/*MICROBIOLOGY ; Animals, Wild/*MICROBIOLOGY ; Chromosome Mapping ; Ducks/*MICROBIOLOGY ; DNA Polymerases/ METABOLISM ; DNA Restriction Enzymes/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; DNA, Viral/ GENETICS ; Hepatitis B Virus/*ISOLATION & PURIFICATION/ ULTRASTRUCTURE ; Hepatitis, Animal/*MICROBIOLOGY/TRANSMISSION ; Microscopy, Electron ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - J Gen Virol 1986 Mar;67 ( Pt 3):537-47 1 UI - 87002491 AU - Sureau C ; Romet-Lemonne JL ; Mullins JI ; Essex M TI - Production of hepatitis B virus by a differentiated human hepatoma cell line after transfection with cloned circular HBV DNA. AB - Closed-circular HBV DNA was introduced into cells of the established human hepatoma culture HepG2. The culture medium of one of 40 single-cell clones contained HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), core-related antigens (HBc/eAg), and HBV DNA sequences. HBV DNA and DNA polymerase activity were detected in particles resembling both nucleocapsids and complete virions (Dane particles). Intracellular integrated and extrachromosomal HBV DNA sequences were detected. Relaxed-circular and single-stranded forms of viral DNA were identified as likely replicative intermediates of the HBV genome. In conclusion, in vitro production of Dane-like particles by transformed human hepatocytes has been achieved. This model should be valuable as a cell culture system for studying virus replication and virus-host cell interactions. MH - Cell Line ; DNA Polymerases/ANALYSIS ; DNA, Circular/GENETICS ; DNA, Recombinant ; DNA, Viral/*GENETICS/ISOLATION & PURIFICATION ; Extrachromosomal Inheritance ; Hepatitis B Antigens/GENETICS ; Hepatitis B Virus/GENETICS/*ISOLATION & PURIFICATION ; Hepatoma/ FAMILIAL & GENETIC/*MICROBIOLOGY ; Human ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Transfection ; Viral Proteins/ANALYSIS SO - Cell 1986 Oct 10;47(1):37-47 2 UI - 86313627 AU - Wands JR ; Fujita YK ; Isselbacher KJ ; Degott C ; Schellekens H ; Dazza MC ; Thiers V ; Tiollais P ; Brechot C TI - Identification and transmission of hepatitis B virus-related variants. AB - We have identified long-incubation viral agents that share epitopes with hepatitis B virus (HBV). During chimpanzee infectivity studies, these agents may be recognized in the liver since they possess complementary nucleic acid sequences with HBV DNA; the genomic size was found to be 3.2 kilobases, identical to that of HBV. Liver injury was produced and there was antigen expression in hepatocytes. Chimpanzees were not protected by prior immunization with hepatitis B surface antigen; conversely, they were still susceptible to HBV after recovery from infection with such agents. These findings suggest that these hepatitis B virus-related variants appear to be immunologically distinct from HBV. MH - Animal ; Chimpansee troglodytes ; DNA, Viral/*ANALYSIS ; Hepatitis B/*IMMUNOLOGY/MICROBIOLOGY ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/IMMUNOLOGY ; Hepatitis B Virus/GENETICS/IMMUNOLOGY/ *ISOLATION & PURIFICATION ; Human ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Time Factors ; Vaccination SO - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986 Sep;83(17):6608-12 3 UI - 86239826 AU - Lohiya S ; Lohiya G ; Caires S TI - Epidemiology of hepatitis B infection in institutionalized mentally retarded clients. AB - In 1,149 clients of an institution for the mentally retarded, the prevalences of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B virus markers were 12 per cent and 66 per cent, respectively. HBsAg prevalence was higher in males, Down syndrome, ambulatory, and older clients, and those with longer institutionalization. Serum alanine aminotransferase levels were abnormal in 31 per cent of HBsAg positive and 10 per cent of HBsAg-negative clients. MH - Adolescence ; Adult ; Alanine Aminotransferase/BLOOD ; California ; Child ; Down's Syndrome/IMMUNOLOGY ; Epidemiologic Methods ; Female ; Hepatitis B/*OCCURRENCE ; Hepatitis B Antibodies/ IMMUNOLOGY ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/*ISOLATION & PURIFICATION ; Hepatitis B Virus/*ISOLATION & PURIFICATION ; Human ; Institutionalization ; Male ; Mental Retardation/ *IMMUNOLOGY ; Racial Stocks ; Sex Factors ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Time Factors SO - Am J Public Health 1986 Jul;76(7):799-802 4 UI - 86198649 AU - Shen HD ; Choo KB ; Lee SD ; Tsai YT ; Han SH TI - Hepatitis B virus DNA in leukocytes of patients with hepatitis B virus-associated liver diseases. AB - In order to determine the relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection of human white blood cells and different forms of HBV-associated liver diseases, we tested for HBV DNA in the sera and leukocytes of 11 healthy individuals without any serological markers of HBV infection and 91 patients with HBV infection and other gastrointestinal and urinary diseases by dot and Southern blot hybridization. HBV DNA was found in leukocytes of chronic HBV carriers, in acute and chronic hepatitis, and in patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Between 27 and 50% of individuals in different categories of patients examined were positive for leukocyte HBV DNA. HBV DNA was also detected in the sera of some of these patients but was absent in others. Serum HBV DNA-positive rates seemed to be highest in hepatitis B e antigen-positive asymptomatic carriers (8/10, 80%), and tended to drop to lower levels as the disease progressed to liver cirrhosis (0/8) while leukocyte HBV DNA-positive rates were highest in patients with cirrhosis (4/8, 50%). The results also show that in individuals who were serologically negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and positive for antibodies to HBsAg and/or HBcAg, HBV DNA was absent in most of the sera (27/28, 96%) but it was present in leukocytes of some of these patients (7/28, 25%). In control experiments with 11 healthy individual, HBV DNA was not detected in either sera or leukocytes. In all the cases with leukocyte HBV DNA, the HBV DNA molecules were present in free forms with discrete sizes. The exceptions were a case of liver cirrhosis and a case of chronic hepatitis with possible HBV sequence integration into high molecular weight cellular DNA. Since HBV does infect human leukocytes, it may perhaps interfere with the immunological functions of the white blood cells, and thus play an important role in the pathogenesis of HBV-induced liver disease. MH - Collodion ; DNA, Viral/*BLOOD ; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel/METHODS ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/BLOOD ; Hepatitis B e Antigens/ ANALYSIS ; Hepatitis B Virus/*ANALYSIS ; Hepatitis, Viral, Human/ BLOOD ; Hepatoma/BLOOD ; Human ; Leukocytes/*ANALYSIS/CYTOLOGY/ IMMUNOLOGY ; Liver Cirrhosis/BLOOD ; Liver Neoplasms/BLOOD ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Paper ; Radioimmunoassay/METHODS ; Urologic Diseases/BLOOD SO - J Med Virol 1986 Mar;18(3):201-11 5 UI - 86177578 AU - Feitelson MA ; Millman I ; Halbherr T ; Simmons H ; Blumberg BS TI - A newly identified hepatitis B type virus in tree squirrels. AB - Virus-associated particles have been isolated from the livers of three common gray tree squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis pennsylvanicus) that have histological evidence of hepatitis. Two of these livers were also positive by orcein staining, suggesting the presence of surface antigen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. Fractionation of these particles by CsCl density equilibrium gradient centrifugation and assay of the fractions for surface antigen, core antigen, and DNA polymerase activities demonstrate the presence of all three at an approximate density peak of 1.27. Electron microscopic examination of purified virus preparations showed spherical particles with a mean diameter of 25 nm. Initial characterization of the DNA polymerase product by gel electrophoresis showed a single DNase I sensitive band, migrating slightly faster than the woodchuck hepatitis virus DNA polymerase product. The presence of apparently cross-reacting antibodies was demonstrated by purified hepatitis B surface and/or core antigens binding to some squirrel sera in solid phase assays. Infected tree squirrels appear to lack detectable antigen in their sera. These results suggest that the tree squirrels studied are chronic carriers of a hepatitis B type virus. The host-virus interaction described herein may be useful in understanding the chronic carrier state associated with hepatitis B in man. MH - Animal ; Hepatitis B/*MICROBIOLOGY ; Hepatitis B Antigens/ ISOLATION & PURIFICATION ; Hepatitis B Virus/IMMUNOLOGY/ *ISOLATION & PURIFICATION ; Liver/MICROBIOLOGY ; Sciuridae/ *MICROBIOLOGY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986 Apr;83(7):2233-7 6 UI - 86102632 AU - Carloni G ; Delfini C ; Colloca S ; Alfani E ; Taliani G ; De Bac C TI - Incidence of hepatitis B virus DNA and DNA-polymerase in sera of Italian asymptomatic carriers with the serological markers of HBV. AB - The presence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in sera of patients with HBV related diseases is considered a reliable marker of virus active replication. In this paper HBV DNA was assayed by the molecular hybridization method with a 32P labeled nick translated HBV probe. The assay was positive in sera of 21 out of 22 HBeAg-positive and 4 out of 8 HBeAg-negative asymptomatic HBsAg carriers. 15 HBsAg-negative sera obtained from healthy donors showed no HBV DNA. Almost 80 per cent of HBeAg and HBV DNA positive sera revealed a DNA-polymerase activity. In order to determine the infectivity of HBsAg carriers, it appears that, whenever possible, the HBV DNA spot hybridization should be performed in conjunction with the DNA-polymerase, HBsAg and HBeAg tests. MH - Carrier State ; DNA Polymerases/BLOOD ; DNA, Viral/*ANALYSIS ; Hepatitis B/BLOOD/*DIAGNOSIS ; Hepatitis B e Antigens/ANALYSIS ; Hepatitis B Antibodies/ANALYSIS ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/ ANALYSIS ; Hepatitis B Virus/*ANALYSIS/ENZYMOLOGY ; Human ; Italy SO - Arch Virol 1986;87(1-2):97-105