==================================CMR29================================== 29. As relates to handicapped children 0-8 (or 12) - Learned helplessness (psychological dependence and effects on cognitive development. - Vestibular function and remediation/treatment. Balance/coordination (motor) Psychomotor development. - Environment - effects of facilitative learning. - Behavior modification techniques applicable. - Sensory integration techniques, use of sensory reinforcers. 1 UI - 87109857 AU - Luiselli JK TI - Behavior analysis of pharmacological and contingency management interventions for self-injury. AB - Pharmacological and contingency management interventions are frequently used to treat self-injurious behavior but few comparative analyses of these therapeutic approaches have been conducted. The present studies evaluated the singular and combined effects of psychotropic medication and behavior modification programs on multiple forms of self-injury in two developmentally disabled children. In both cases, high rates of self-injurious responding persisted during medication administration but were reduced rapidly following the implementation of behavioral programming. Near-zero levels of self-injury were maintained while the children were weaned gradually from medication and during extended follow-up assessments. Issues relevant to clinical behavioral pharmacology and self-injurious behavior are discussed. MH - *Behavior Therapy/METHODS ; Child ; Comparative Study ; Female ; Haloperidol/THERAPEUTIC USE ; Human ; Male ; Psychotropic Drugs/ *THERAPEUTIC USE ; Reinforcement Schedule ; Restraint, Physical ; Self Mutilation/DRUG THERAPY/*THERAPY SO - J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1986 Dec;17(4):275-84 2 UI - 87023145 AU - Gallagher RJ ; Berkson G TI - Effect of intervention techniques in reducing stereotypic hand gazing in young severely disabled children. AB - Stereotypic hand gazing by very young severely disabled children was investigated. In Study 1 a dramatically increased therapy program substantially reduced a child's hand gazing and augmented his toy manipulation skills. In Study 2 specific interventions were prescribed for two children who were hand gazers and had significant yet correctable visual impairment. Both glasses and toys effectively reduced each child's hand-gazing. Results suggest that stereotypic hand gazing may be eliminated by intervention with very young children. MH - Behavior Therapy ; Case Report ; Child, Preschool ; *Education of Mentally Retarded ; *Fixation, Ocular ; Hand ; Human ; Male ; Play and Playthings ; *Stereotyped Behavior ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - Am J Ment Defic 1986 Sep;91(2):170-7 3 UI - 87009451 AU - Fox J ; Shores R ; Lindeman D ; Strain P TI - Maintaining social initiations of withdrawn handicapped and nonhandicapped preschoolers through a response-dependent fading tactic. AB - The effects of a teacher-implemented intervention and fading package on the social initiations of three withdrawn preschool children were investigated. Subjects' social initiations and any peer responses were recorded sequentially during free play. Intervention involved teacher prompting and contingent praise of specific social initiations (sharing, assisting, verbally organizing play) by each subject toward an available peer. Results indicated that teacher prompts and praise increased the frequency of subjects' target initiation, target initiations typically received a positive peer response, subjects' extended interactions with peers also increased, abrupt, complete removal of teacher prompting resulted in similarly abrupt reductions in subjects' social initiations, whereas response-dependent fading maintained subjects' initiations and interactions above baseline levels. Follow-up data 2 1/2 months later showed that the social initiations and interactions of two of the children remained above baseline levels. MH - Behavior Therapy/*METHODS ; Case Report ; Child, Preschool ; Cues ; Down's Syndrome/REHABILITATION ; Female ; Human ; *Interpersonal Relations ; Male ; Peer Group ; Reinforcement, Social ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - J Abnorm Child Psychol 1986 Sep;14(3):387-96 4 UI - 86320146 AU - Silver LB TI - Controversial approaches to treating learning disabilities and attention deficit disorder. AB - It is estimated that between 3% and 7% of children and adolescents in this country--up to 4 million--are learning disabled. Of this group, about 20% also have attention deficit disorder. Many professionals in multiple disciplines have proposed treatment approaches. When research has been done to support the approach, the reports and data may be published in journals not normally read by the practicing physician. When research data are not available, the information may be in a popular book, newspapers, or lay magazines or on television. Thus, parents may know of ideas and suggestions before the professional in clinical practice. These acceptable and controversial approaches to treatment are reviewed. It is understandable that a parent would seek out improved ways of helping his or her child. I reviewed the significant literature in an effort to assist the practicing physician in providing appropriate parental guidance and clinical interventions. MH - Adolescence ; Analeptics/THERAPEUTIC USE ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/*THERAPY ; Child ; Dietary Carbohydrates/ADVERSE EFFECTS ; Dyslexia/THERAPY ; Education, Special ; Exercise Therapy ; Eye Diseases/COMPLICATIONS/THERAPY ; Food Additives/ADVERSE EFFECTS ; Human ; Learning Disorders/ *THERAPY ; Neurophysiology/METHODS ; Optometry ; Orthomolecular Therapy ; Psychotherapy ; Review ; Vestibular Function Tests SO - Am J Dis Child 1986 Oct;140(10):1045-52 5 UI - 86312357 AU - Westall CA TI - Binocular vision: its influence on the development of visual and postural reflex eye movements. AB - The time course for the development of binocular vision is similar to the time course for the development of mature, symmetrical, monocular optokinetic nystagmus in response to movements of the visual field in the nasalward or temporalward direction. If binocular vision does not develop normally, then the monocular optokinetic response remains immature, or asymmetric. This paper examines the connection between the development of symmetrical OKN and binocular vision, and relates how disturbances in visual development affect the ability of postural reflex eye movements to adapt to changes in the visual environment. MH - Adult ; Amblyopia/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Child Development/*PHYSIOLOGY ; *Eye Movements ; Human ; Infant ; Nystagmus, Physiologic ; Posture ; Reflex/PHYSIOLOGY ; Vestibular Apparatus/PHYSIOLOGY ; Vision/*PHYSIOLOGY SO - Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1986;6(2):139-43 6 UI - 86277710 AU - James SD ; Egel AL TI - A direct prompting strategy for increasing reciprocal interactions between handicapped and nonhandicapped siblings. AB - We investigated the effects of a sibling training procedure, consisting of direct prompting and modeling, on the occurrence of reciprocal interactions between nonhandicapped and handicapped siblings. Data were obtained for training, generalization, and follow-up. Results of a multiple-baseline design across three pairs of siblings showed that: direct prompting of interactions was an effective strategy for increasing reciprocal interactions between handicapped and nonhandicapped siblings; the training procedure resulted in increased levels of initiations and responsiveness to initiations; reciprocal interactions between siblings generalized to larger play groups or across settings; reciprocal interactions between handicapped subjects and untrained, nonhandicapped peers increased without direct training; the siblings' levels of interactions were maintained at 6 mo follow-up; and these findings were judged socially valid by the siblings' parents. MH - Behavior Therapy ; Cerebral Palsy/REHABILITATION ; Child, Preschool ; *Education of Mentally Retarded ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Human ; Male ; Play and Playthings ; *Sibling Relations ; Social Behavior SO - J Appl Behav Anal 1986 Summer;19(2):173-86 7 UI - 86277709 AU - Haring TG ; Roger B ; Lee M ; Breen C ; Gaylord-Ross R TI - Teaching social language to moderately handicapped students. AB - Three students with moderate handicaps were taught to initiate and expand on conversational topics. The teaching procedure used stimuli generated from actual conversations with nonhandicapped peers. Generalization was assessed by audiotaping conversations between the handicapped students and their peers in natural school contexts without adult supervision. Results indicated that training generalized to natural contexts. These results were socially validated by undergraduate special education students, who rated tapes of two of the students' conversations during training phases as more socially competent than during baseline. Results are discussed in terms of the evaluation of complex social behavior as multioperant behaviors. MH - Adolescence ; Behavior Therapy ; Child ; Down's Syndrome/ REHABILITATION ; *Education of Mentally Retarded ; Female ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Human ; Male ; *Social Behavior ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Teaching/*METHODS ; *Verbal Behavior SO - J Appl Behav Anal 1986 Summer;19(2):159-71 8 UI - 86275226 AU - Cirillo S ; Sorrentino AM TI - Handicap and rehabilitation: two types of information upsetting family organization. AB - This article aims to show that the birth of a physically handicapped child should be regarded as powerful information, compelling the family to reorganize. The three subsystems most frequently challenged by the onset of a handicap are examined: the extended family, the couple, and the siblings. Further potent information involving the whole family arises in the rehabilitation program by placing demands on parents that may radically upset the existing equilibrium, and inevitably entailing a highly significant relationship with the child's therapists. Rehabilitation staff should be adequately trained to monitor the various phases during which family members adjust to both these types of information (handicap and rehabilitation) in order to ward off the development of dysfunctional games. A family therapy approach is appropriate in the all too many cases in which a rigid dysfunctional game has already set in such that the handicapped member is playing the role of identified patient. MH - Adolescence ; Case Report ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; *Family ; Family Therapy ; Female ; Handicapped/*PSYCHOLOGY ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Models, Psychological ; Professional-Family Relations ; Rehabilitation/*PSYCHOLOGY ; Sibling Relations SO - Fam Process 1986 Jun;25(2):283-92 9 UI - 86255467 AU - Fletcher SG TI - Visual feedback and lip-positioning skills of children with and without impaired hearing. AB - Interplay between visual feedback and lip-positioning skill was studied in 10 5- to 14-year-old children with normal hearing and 10 with severe to profound hearing impairment. With visual feedback, the subjects in both groups had similar response times and accuracy in matching six visually specified lip separation "targets.: Special skill in processing visual information by the hearing-impaired subjects was suggested by higher velocities of lip movement toward the targets and shorter latencies in reaching the goal positions. In the responses of the hearing children, lip-closing movements were executed more accurately than opening movements both with and without visual feedback. In general, the findings showed that, given visually displayed lip-position targets and feedback from positioning actions, children can achieve the targets with high accuracy regardless of hearing status or prior speaking experience. MH - Adolescence ; Articulation Disorders/THERAPY ; *Biofeedback (Psychology)/INSTRUMENTATION ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Computers ; Cues ; Deafness/*THERAPY ; Female ; Human ; Lip ; Male ; Phonetics ; Speech Intelligibility ; Speech Production Measurement ; Speech Therapy/*METHODS ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. SO - J Speech Hear Res 1986 Jun;29(2):231-9 10 UI - 86223590 AU - Feldman MA ; Towns F ; Betel J ; Case L ; Rincover A ; Rubino CA TI - Parent education project II. Increasing stimulating interactions of developmentally handicapped mothers. AB - Two studies are reported on the assessment and training of parent-child interactional skills in developmentally handicapped mothers. Study 1 compared the interactions of eight developmentally handicapped versus eight nonhandicapped mothers during play with their young (6-25 months) children. Results showed that the former group generally interacted much less with their children and that they were less likely to praise appropriate child behavior and imitate child vocalizations. Study 2 attempted to remediate these deficits, using a training package consisting of discussion, modeling, feedback, social reinforcement, and self-recording. Results showed, first, that the training did increase the targeted skills to well within the range found for the nonhandicapped mothers. Second, training effects generalized from the group instructional setting to the mothers' own homes. Third, newly acquired skills were generally maintained at or above levels found for the nonhandicapped mothers over a 5- to 10-month follow-up period. Finally, all seven children showed increases in vocalizations concomitant with parent training. The results suggest that developmentally handicapped mothers can be taught to provide more effective and stimulating interactions to their young children. MH - Adult ; Behavior Therapy/*METHODS ; Child Rearing ; Child, Preschool ; *Education of Mentally Retarded ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Human ; Infant ; Intelligence ; Male ; *Mother-Child Relations ; Parents/*EDUCATION ; Reinforcement, Verbal ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - J Appl Behav Anal 1986 Spring;19(1):23-37 11 UI - 86214774 AU - Cassandro E ; Mosca F ; Sequino L ; De Falco FA ; Campanella G TI - Otoneurological findings in Friedreich's ataxia and other inherited neuropathies. AB - Fifteen cases of Friedreich's ataxia (FA) were examined using an otoneurological test battery that included tone and speech audiometry, the synthetic sentence identification (SSI) test, impedance audiometry, cortical auditory-evoked response (CAER), brainstem auditory-evoked response (ABR) and electronystagmography. We also obtained ABR and CAER findings in 2 cases of familial spastic paraplegia, in 5 cases of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and 6 in cases of atypical FA of uncertain classification. The results of puretone and impedance audiometry were normal in all cases. ABR could not be elicited in 11 FA patients and were abnormal at higher intensity levels in the remaining 4 patients. In these 4 cases, however, the latencies were normal. ABR did not show any marked abnormalities in patients with familial spastic paraplegia or Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. CAERs were normal in all 28 patients. ABRs tended to be absent with the progression of FA. ABR thresholds were correlated with the Inherited Ataxias Clinical Rating Scale score, which is an index of the severity of the illness. ABRs contributed to the diagnosis or to excluding FA in patients with an atypical clinical picture. The absence of ABRs and the normal latencies of the waves, when evoked, agree with the pathological finding of a reduction of fibers in the spinal root ganglion. SSI abnormalities and vestibular findings agree with this hypothesis. MH - Adolescence ; Adult ; Brain Stem/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Cerebral Cortex/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Charcot-Marie Disease/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Child ; *Evoked Potentials, Auditory ; Female ; Friedreich's Ataxia/DIAGNOSIS/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Hearing Tests ; Human ; Male ; Muscle Spasticity/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Paraplegia/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Vestibular Function Tests SO - Audiology 1986;25(2):84-91 12 UI - 86167987 AU - Helm DT ; Kozloff MA TI - Research on parent training: shortcomings and remedies. AB - This paper reviews the research on parent training, identifies shortcomings, and recommends various remedies. We review parent training research along three general dimensions: (1) overall effectiveness, (2) differences in effectiveness attributable to certain features of the program, and (3) durability and generalization. Recommendations include using a model of human behavior that focuses on the functional behavioral repertoire, assessing additional family variables that include the child's role and participation, utilizing control and experimental groups, documenting the process of change and the family's use of community services, and using longitudinal designs that enable investigators to monitor the family's use of training materials and knowledge over a longer period of time. MH - Autism, Infantile/REHABILITATION ; Behavior Therapy ; Child ; Child Behavior Disorders/THERAPY ; Family ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Goals ; *Handicapped ; Human ; Mental Retardation/ REHABILITATION ; Models, Psychological ; Parents/*EDUCATION ; Research Design ; Review ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Teaching ; Videotape Recording SO - J Autism Dev Disord 1986 Mar;16(1):1-22 13 UI - 86155939 AU - Petersen P ; Ottenbacher K TI - Use of applied behavioral techniques and an adaptive device to teach lip closure to severely handicapped children. AB - The effectiveness of applied behavioral programming in teaching lip closure was investigated with 3 severely retarded male students who had oral motor dysfunction. A multiple-baseline design across subjects was employed. The results revealed dramatic increases in the level of functional lip closure for all 3 students when an appropriate adaptive device was combined with behavioral intervention. Follow-up results indicated that functional lip closure generalized to other feeding tasks. Findings suggest that applied behavioral management may be successfully used to teach specific oral motor skills and facilitate integration of these skills into a normalized feeding pattern. MH - Adolescence ; Behavior Therapy/*METHODS ; Child ; *Drinking Behavior ; Feeding Behavior ; Generalization (Psychology) ; Human ; Lip ; Male ; Mental Retardation/*REHABILITATION ; *Motor Skills SO - Am J Ment Defic 1986 Mar;90(5):535-9 14 UI - 86141256 AU - Harris KR TI - The effects of cognitive-behavior modification on private speech and task performance during problem solving among learning-disabled and normally achieving children. AB - Recent research has supported the hypothesis that poor performance among learning-disabled (LD) children is frequently the result of deficits in self-regulation of strategic behaviors, rather than structural or ability deficits. As a result, cognitive-behavior modification (CBM) techniques that emphasize development of self-regulation through self-verbalizations (private speech) have been strongly recommended. The present study examined the natural occurrence of regulatory private speech among LD and normally achieving children during problem solving, as well as the effects of CBM training on private speech and task performance. Results indicated significant deficiencies in private speech and task performance among LD children; CBM training resulted in significant improvements. These results provide further verification of deficits in self-regulation of cognitive activity among LD children and import implications for intervention. MH - Behavior Therapy/*METHODS ; Child ; *Cognition ; Female ; Human ; Imitative Behavior ; Learning Disorders/PSYCHOLOGY/*THERAPY ; Male ; Problem Solving ; Speech ; Task Performance and Analysis SO - J Abnorm Child Psychol 1986 Mar;14(1):63-76 15 UI - 86091200 AU - Kumar A ; Maudelonde C ; Mafee M TI - Unilateral sensorineural hearing loss: analysis of 200 consecutive cases. AB - The spectrum of diseases diagnosed and the protocol used in the investigation of 200 consecutive patients with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is presented. The diagnostic tests found most useful in defining the site of the lesion were a combination of a well-masked pure tone audiogram, speech discrimination score (SDS), acoustic reflex test (ART), and a vestibular evaluation using photoelectric nystagmography (PENG) and the Torok Monothermal Differential Caloric Test. With this protocol, the site of the lesion was correctly defined in 94% of patients with unilateral progressive SNHL. Laboratory and radiological studies confirmed a variety of lesions other than acoustic tumors. It is, therefore, felt that the primary objective of investigations should be to define the site of the lesion rather than aim to diagnose a specific disease entity. MH - Adolescence ; Audiometry, Pure-Tone ; Caloric Tests ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Electronystagmography ; Female ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/*DIAGNOSIS/ETIOLOGY ; Human ; Male ; Reflex, Acoustic ; Retrospective Studies ; Speech Discrimination Tests ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Vestibular Function Tests SO - Laryngoscope 1986 Jan;96(1):14-8