==================================CMR23================================== 23. The role of psychogenic or psychological stress in hypertension. How does P. stress cause hypertension. Am especially interested in the physiological mechanisms which transmit or cause psychological reactivity to result in increases in blood pressure. 1 UI - 87127867 AU - Adams N ; Blizard DA TI - Effects of social defeat on acute cardiovascular response in salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats. AB - We studied the effects of social stress (SS) and a high salt diet on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR): S/JR male rats (which exhibit marked elevations in SBP when placed on a high sodium diet) and R/JR male rats (which are resistant to the BP-elevating effects of a high sodium diet) were maintained on a low sodium diet (0.3% NaCl) or placed on a high sodium diet (8% NaCl). Within each dietary condition independent groups were either exposed to SS, by placement in the cage of a trained fighter male (Long-Evans breed) for 25 min, or exposed to no stress. The dietary regimen was imposed for 10 days with stress exposures on Days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9, with SBP and HR measured indirectly by tail plethysmography 3 min following exposure to SS. SS produced an acute decrease in SBP (20-30 mm Hg) in S/JR rats on the second and subsequent exposures, but did not affect HR. SS did not affect SBP of R/JR rats, but did produce a significant elevation of HR. Maintenance on the high sodium diet increased SBP in S/JR, but not R/JR, rats when it was measured on the eighth (no stress) day, but SS obscured the effects of diet on SBP on days when rats were stressed. Following exposure to attacks, defeated SS rats displayed an upright submissive posture relatively late during the first stress exposure when no change in SBP was observed after SS in S/JRs, but displayed the submissive posture immediately and with long duration on the second and subsequent exposures when a marked decrement in SBP was seen. MH - Aggression ; Animal ; *Blood Pressure/DRUG EFFECTS ; Diet ; *Heart Rate/DRUG EFFECTS ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; Sodium Chloride/*PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Stress, Psychological/ METABOLISM/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - Behav Neural Biol 1986 Nov;46(3):325-36 2 UI - 87105464 AU - MacDougall JM ; Musante L ; Howard JA ; Hanes RL ; Dembroski TM TI - Individual differences in cardiovascular reactions to stress and cigarette smoking. AB - The present study examined the stability of cardiovascular reactions to psychological stress and cigarette smoking, and the extent to which cardiovascular reactions to stress were predictive of cardiovascular reactions to smoking. Thirty subjects were given an initial test involving two repetitions of mental arithmetic stress and paced smoking while blood pressure and heart rate were measured. Two months later, 26 of these subjects were retested in the same paradigm. Large and stable individual differences were observed in cardiovascular reactivity to both stress and smoking. Moreover, for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, but not heart rate, reactions to stress were modestly correlated with reactions to cigarette smoking. These results are consistent with the possibility that level of reactivity to cigarette smoking may constitute a risk factor for coronary heart disease, and that one or more common variables may mediate the magnitude of blood pressure reactivity to both stress and cigarette smoking. MH - *Adaptation, Psychological ; *Arousal ; Blood Pressure ; Coronary Disease/PSYCHOLOGY ; Heart Rate ; Human ; *Individuality ; Problem Solving ; Risk ; *Smoking ; Stress, Psychological/ *COMPLICATIONS ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - Health Psychol 1986;5(6):531-44 3 UI - 87086752 AU - Gatchel RJ ; Gaffney FA ; Smith JE TI - Comparative efficacy of behavioral stress management versus propranolol in reducing psychophysiological reactivity in post-myocardial infarction patients. AB - The present study compared the relative efficacy of a behavioral stress-management procedure versus a pharmacologic method (the beta-blocker propranolol) in reducing psychophysiological reactivity in post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients. A pretreatment-posttreatment assessment design was used, with 10 patients participating in six separate sessions. The first session involved evaluating psychophysiological reactivity to an emotional stressor (a public-speaking task). The subsequent five sessions involved the administration of the respective treatments, either stress management or drug. The patients were randomly assigned to each treatment group. The public-speaking stressor was readministered after the last treatment session. Results demonstrated that behavioral stress management reduced psychophysiological reactivity to public speaking to the same level seen with propranolol. The findings suggest that this nonpharmacological approach could be of use when beta-blocker therapy is not desired, not practical, or medically contraindicated. MH - Adult ; Aged ; *Behavior Therapy/METHODS ; Biofeedback (Psychology) ; Blood Pressure/DRUG EFFECTS ; Galvanic Skin Response/DRUG EFFECTS ; Heart Rate/DRUG EFFECTS ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Myocardial Infarction/DRUG THERAPY/*THERAPY ; Propranolol/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Relaxation Technics ; Stress, Psychological/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY/THERAPY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - J Behav Med 1986 Oct;9(5):503-13 4 UI - 87080392 AU - Wu SC ; Secchi MB ; Mancarella S ; Bettazzi L ; Civelli M ; Cir:o A ; Oltrona L ; Folli G TI - Beta-blocker versus diuretic for control of the blood pressure response to stress in hypertensive patients. AB - To compare the antihypertensive effects of beta-blockers and diuretics on the blood pressure increase to stress, a randomized single-blind crossover study was performed in 27 patients with mild or moderate hypertension. At the initial examination and after two subsequent periods of therapy with 100 mg atenolol or with a combination of 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide and 5 mg amiloride hydrochloride, once a day, blood pressure and heart rate were measured at rest, during mental arithmetic, sustained handgrip and cycloergometric test. Both treatment significantly decreased supine and standing systolic and diastolic pressure at rest, during and immediately after mental stress and isometric exercise, with the reduction of diastolic pressure significantly greater after atenolol. During dynamic exercise, systolic and diastolic pressures were significantly decreased by diuretics at the lowest work-load only, whereas beta-blocker caused significant and greater blood pressure reductions throughout the exercise. The combination of two classes of drug normalized resting blood pressure in 8 of 9 subjects in which the monotherapy had failed to obtain values less than 140/90 mmHg and gave a better control of systolic and diastolic pressures throughout all the stress tests. It is concluded that atenolol is more effective than diuretics during stress, suggesting that beta-blocking drugs are the first choice treatment for mild to moderate hypertension and that when the antihypertensive effect of a single agent is insufficient, a combination of beta-blockers and diuretics is also effective during stress. MH - Adult ; Amiloride/ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Atenolol/ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Chronic Disease/PREVENTION & CONTROL ; Comparative Study ; Drug Combinations/ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE ; Exertion/DRUG EFFECTS ; Female ; Heart Rate/DRUG EFFECTS ; Human ; Hydrochlorothiazide/ ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE/PHARMACODYNAMICS/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Hypertension/*DRUG THERAPY ; Male ; Middle Age ; Stress, Psychological/DRUG THERAPY SO - Eur Heart J 1986 Oct;7(10):885-92 5 UI - 87068171 AU - Perkins KA ; Epstein LH ; Jennings JR ; Stiller R TI - The cardiovascular effects of nicotine during stress. AB - The acute cardiovascular effects of smoking during stress may be greater than those of smoking or stress alone, a finding which could have implications for determining which smokers may be at particular risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). Methodological problems inherent in using tobacco smoking to deliver nicotine (believed responsible for smoking's cardiovascular effects) prevent clear examination of the cardiovascular effects of inhaled nicotine. This study compared the cardiovascular increases due to a video game stress task plus 1.0 mg nicotine with those of stress or nicotine alone using an aerosol method of presenting nicotine in measured doses. Twelve young male smokers each participated in four conditions on 4 separate days: stress + nicotine, stress + placebo (stress alone), rest + nicotine (nicotine alone), and rest + placebo. The effects of stress and nicotine were additive for heart rate but less than additive for systolic and diastolic blood pressure. These results indicate that the combined effects of stress and nicotine may be relevant to understanding the prevalence of CHD among smokers. They also suggest that the effects of each on cardiovascular activity may be different, as the effects are independent for heart rate but overlap for blood pressure. MH - Adolescence ; Adult ; Blood Pressure/DRUG EFFECTS ; Double-Blind Method ; Heart Rate/DRUG EFFECTS ; Hemodynamics/*DRUG EFFECTS ; Human ; Male ; Nicotine/*PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Smoking ; Stress, Psychological/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1986;90(3):373-8 6 UI - 87045771 AU - Kannel WB ; Eaker ED TI - Psychosocial and other features of coronary heart disease: insights from the Framingham Study. AB - Contributors to CHD include atherogenic personal attributes, living habits which promote these, signs of preclinical disease, and host susceptibility to these influences. Atherogenic traits include the blood lipids, blood pressure, and glucose tolerance. High LDL cholesterol is positively and high HDL cholesterol inversely related to CHD incidence. Hypertension, whether systolic or diastolic, labile or fixed, casual or basal, at any age in either sex contributes powerfully to coronary heart disease. The impact of diabetes on CHD is greater for women than for men and varies according to the level of the foregoing risk factors. The faulty life-style is typified by a diet excessive in calories, fat, and salt, a sedentary habit, unrestrained weight gain, and cigarettes. Alcohol used in moderation may be beneficial. Oral contraceptives worsen atherogenic traits and, when used for long periods beyond age 35 in conjunction with cigarettes, predispose to thromboembolism. Type A persons with an overdeveloped sense of time urgency, drive, and competitiveness develop an excess of angina pectoris. Men married to more highly educated women are at increased risk, as are men married to women in white-collar jobs. Preclinical signs of a compromised coronary circulation include silent MI, ECG-LVH, blocked intraventricular conduction, and repolarization abnormalities. Exercise ECG may elicit still earlier evidence. Measures of innate susceptibility include a family history of premature cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and gout. Optimal prediction of CHD requires a quantitative combination of risk factors in multiple logistic risk formulations that identify high-risk persons with multiple marginal abnormalities. Preventive management should also be multifactorial.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) MH - Blood Pressure ; Cholesterol/BLOOD ; Coronary Arteriosclerosis/ BLOOD/*ETIOLOGY/PREVENTION & CONTROL ; Coronary Circulation ; Diabetes Mellitus/COMPLICATIONS ; Follow-Up Studies ; Human ; Life Style ; Sex Factors ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Stress, Psychological ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Type A Personality SO - Am Heart J 1986 Nov;112(5):1066-73 7 UI - 87045770 AU - Cinciripini PM TI - Cognitive stress and cardiovascular reactivity. II. Relationship to atherosclerosis, arrhythmias, and cognitive control. AB - This is the second of a two-part series on the effects of cognitive stress on cardiovascular disease. This paper reviews the relationship between cognitive stress and cardiovascular reactivity as it relates to the development of atherosclerosis and arrhythmias. In addition, the moderation of cardiovascular reactivity by the opportunity to exercise control over the stressor is discussed. The findings may be summarized as follows. First, recent animal work has suggested that the magnitude of heart rate change in the presence of a conditioned aversive stimulus is positively correlated with the extent of coronary atherosclerosis under diets high and low in atherogenic potential. Second, cardiovascular reactivity in humans may be related to several factors that could have an influence on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. These factors include: increased beta-adrenergic driving, increased shearing force on the intimal lining of the vessels, changes in pulsatile flow and the subsequent smooth muscle reparatory process. Cognitive (psychological) stress has also been related to ST segment depression, rate-pressure product changes, and changes in cardiac contractility. Animal studies have shown that the susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation may be enhanced by the presence of a conditioned aversive stimulus and may be reduced through adaptation to the aversive environment. The balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic influences on the myocardium may also play a critical role in the susceptibility of an already diseased heart to succumb to fatal arrhythmias during a behavioral stressor. Finally, studies in which subjects may exercise some control over an aversive stimulus suggest that cardiovascular reactivity may be pronounced and sustained in situations requiring frequent adjustment to changes in the criteria for successful performance, and/or the presence of positive incentives. MH - Arrhythmia/*ETIOLOGY ; Arteriosclerosis/*ETIOLOGY ; Atherosclerosis/*ETIOLOGY ; *Blood Pressure ; Coronary Disease/ ETIOLOGY ; Death, Sudden/ETIOLOGY ; *Heart Rate ; Human ; Prognosis ; Review ; Stress, Psychological/*PHYSIOLOGY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Type A Personality SO - Am Heart J 1986 Nov;112(5):1051-65 8 UI - 87045769 AU - Cinciripini PM TI - Cognitive stress and cardiovascular reactivity. I. Relationship to hypertension. AB - This report reviews the current literature relating cognitive stress and cardiovascular reactivity to the development of hypertension. Cardiovascular reactivity may refer to a change in one or several cardiovascular parameters as a function of exposure to a cognitive stressor, e.g., systolic BP, HR, etc. The cognitive stressors involve laboratory-based mental tasks such as mental mathematics, choice reaction time, and stressful interviews. The current findings suggest that the reactivity literature may have something unique to contribute to the study of hypertension. Prospective studies linking clinical hypertension to early reactivity are few in number. However, reactivity appears to be reliable within individuals over short periods of time (3 months), and individuals at the upper end of the reactivity distribution may have a higher incidence of future hypertension than those at the lower end. Reactivity may also contribute to two other dimensions of hypertension. Subjects with positive family histories of hypertension may be expected to be among the most reactive to cognitive stress, and among established hypertensive individuals, the reactivity to stress may be correlated with casual BP lability. Several avenues have been suggested through which a hyperresponsiveness to mental stress may be implicated in the development of hypertension. Repeated stressor episodes might influence vascular rigidity, through direct alteration of smooth muscle morphology and downregulation of the alpha receptor or through a process of autoregulation of CO, blood volume, and changes in renal regulation of water and sodium balance. MH - *Blood Pressure ; Carbon Monoxide/METABOLISM ; *Heart Rate ; Homeostasis ; Human ; Hypertension/DIAGNOSIS/FAMILIAL & GENETIC/ *PHYSIOPATHOLOGY/PSYCHOLOGY ; Prognosis ; Reaction Time ; Review ; Stress, Psychological/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - Am Heart J 1986 Nov;112(5):1044-50 9 UI - 87042270 AU - Knox S ; Theorell T ; Malmberg BG ; Lindqvist R TI - Stress management in the treatment of essential hypertension in primary health care. AB - The present study was a pilot project to determine the feasibility of a stress management program for treatment of hypertension in the Swedish primary health care system. Those patients in the catchment area of the primary health care center at Tumba hospital who were under 45 years old and diagnosed with primary hypertension during 1979-1981, were chosen to participate if they had had at least one measurement of 150 mmHg systolic and/or 95 mmHg diastolic during 1981. Patients on diuretic medication were included but those being medicated with beta-blockers were excluded for ethical reasons. Of the 21 people who fulfilled these criteria, 13 took part in the treatment, which lasted ten weeks. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly (151.1 to 124.7 and 96.4 to 89.3, respectively). The conclusions drawn were that stress management may offer a viable alternative to medication of mild hypertension in primary health care and that it should be tested on a larger scale with systematic blood pressure measurements performed during daily activities, serving as a basis for baseline determination. MH - Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Female ; Human ; Hypertension/BLOOD/ ETIOLOGY/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY/*PSYCHOLOGY/THERAPY ; Male ; *Primary Health Care ; Psychotherapy, Group ; Relaxation ; Stress, Psychological/COMPLICATIONS/*THERAPY SO - Scand J Prim Health Care 1986 Sep;4(3):175-81 10 UI - 87032303 AU - Murphy JK ; Alpert BS ; Moes DM ; Somes GW TI - Race and cardiovascular reactivity. A neglected relationship. AB - The magnitude of the cardiovascular response to stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Psychological stress procedures have received increased usage as an alternative to expensive physical (exercise) stress procedures. In the present investigation, 213 healthy, black or white, male or female children between the ages of 6 and 18 years were exposed to the psychological stress of a video game. The video game challenge was administered by a black or a white experimenter and was played under three levels of increasing stress, 1) personal challenge, 2) experimenter's challenge, and 3) experimenter's challenge accompanied by a financial incentive, while blood pressure and heart rate were monitored. Results indicated that the video games provoked significant and incremental cardiovascular reactivity across the games. Black children demonstrated significantly greater reactivity than white children; the racial difference was more reliably observed for systolic and diastolic blood pressure than for heart rate. Furthermore, the race of the experimenter exerted a significant effect and often interacted with the race of the child, such that greater reactivity occurred in same-race pairings than in mixed-race pairings. These results suggest that reactivity is affected by an individual's race and social milieu and that reactivity may be one mechanism responsible for the greater prevalence of hypertension among blacks. MH - Adolescence ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular System/ *PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; *Caucasoid Race ; Child ; Female ; Heart Rate ; Human ; Interpersonal Relations ; Male ; *Negroid Race ; Sex Factors ; Stress, Psychological/FAMILIAL & GENETIC/ *PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - Hypertension 1986 Nov;8(11):1075-83 11 UI - 87018989 AU - Wood CS ; Gans LP TI - Contrasting patterns of blood pressure and related factors within a Maori and European population in New Zealand. AB - Contrasting patterns of blood pressure are found for contiguous populations of Maori and Europeans living in New Zealand. Among the 511 participants in this study, approximately one-fifth manifested elevated levels of blood pressure. The Maori adults were found to have generally higher pressure levels compared with the Europeans; however, the opposite relationship appears when Maori and European youth are compared. Consistently lower blood pressure levels are found in the Maori youth. An examination of the trends by age shows a distinct crossover in early adulthood when the Maori begin to manifest blood pressure elevations at a sharply increased rate compared with the Europeans. Differences in body mass are found between the youthful segments of the populations. Body mass index is found to be significantly higher among the Maori youth; nonetheless, the European youth demonstrate higher levels of blood pressure. The study examines possible interactions between blood pressure and possible stress-related factors such as career aspirations in the presence of varying social and academic pressures. For both ethnic groups we find that, relative to the group means, those with the highest academically-related ambitions, demonstrate the highest levels of blood pressure. MH - Age Factors ; *Australoid Race ; *Blood Pressure ; Body Composition ; *Caucasoid Race ; Comparative Study ; Female ; Human ; Hypertension/*ETHNOLOGY ; Male ; New Zealand ; Occupations ; Stress, Psychological/ETHNOLOGY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Soc Sci Med 1986;23(5):439-44 12 UI - 87017507 AU - Ewart CK ; Harris WL ; Zeger S ; Russell GA TI - Diminished pulse pressure under mental stress characterizes normotensive adolescents with parental high blood pressure. AB - An exaggerated blood pressure response to mental stress is believed to characterize young adults with genetic risk of essential hypertension, suggesting that stress-induced changes might provide a useful index of pathogenetic processes. We explored this by studying pressor responsivity to competitive tasks in adolescents drawn from a large urban population. Individuals with systolic or diastolic pressures persistently between the 85th and 95th percentiles were evaluated on basal blood pressure, parental history of hypertension, and pressor and heart rate response to a challenging video game. Basal pressure was measured again at 6, 10, and 14 months. A persistently diminished pulse pressure was the cardiovascular characteristic that most reliably typified normotensive subjects with familial hypertension. Response to the video game was the best indicator of risk status. Contrary to expectations derived from research with convenience samples, epidemiologic investigation points to an increased peripheral resistance and lower cardiac output as the cardiovascular pattern more prominently associated with genetic risk in the normotensive adolescent. MH - Adolescence ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiac Output ; Female ; Heart Rate ; Human ; Hypertension/*FAMILIAL & GENETIC ; Male ; Risk ; Stress, Psychological/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Vascular Resistance SO - Psychosom Med 1986 Sep-Oct;48(7):489-501 13 UI - 87015490 AU - Dryson EW TI - Stress and some associated factors in a representative sample of the New Zealand workforce. AB - Prevalence of self-reported stress was measured in a sample workforce of 1342 men. About 8% at all ages reported being "often stressed:, while the peak was 11% at age 45-54 years. The socioeconomic profile of the workers approximated that of the New Zealand male workforce and it is suggested that the prevalence rate for the total workforce will be similar to that of the sample. In addition, information was obtained on blood pressure, alcohol intake, smoking, obesity, and exercise. There is a statistically significant positive association between stress and mild hypertension (p less than 0.001) and smoking (p less than 0.005) and a negative association between stress and exercise (p less than 0.025). This has implications for occupational health workers. MH - Adolescence ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Alcohol Drinking ; Exertion ; Human ; Hypertension/OCCURRENCE ; Male ; Middle Age ; New Zealand ; Occupational Diseases/*OCCURRENCE ; Questionnaires ; Smoking ; Stress, Psychological/*OCCURRENCE SO - NZ Med J 1986 Sep 10;99(809):668-70 14 UI - 87009530 AU - Guazzi MD ; De Cesare N ; Fiorentini C ; Galli C ; Montorsi P ; Pepi M ; Tamborini G TI - Pulmonary vascular supersensitivity to catecholamines in systemic high blood pressure. AB - Pulmonary pressure and arteriolar resistance are elevated in uncomplicated primary systemic hypertension. This study was carried out in 16 men with this form of hypertension and in 9 healthy men to compare 1) their pulmonary vascular reactivity to endogenous catecholamines released during mental arithmetic and cold pressor tests, and 2) the dose-response relation to exogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine. Arithmetic and cold pressor tests were associated, respectively, with a predominant increase in plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentration; changes were significantly greater in hypertensive men. During the two tests, pulmonary arteriolar resistance in the normotensive group was reduced by 13% and augmented by 7% of baseline, respectively, whereas it was raised by 31 and 70%, respectively, in the hypertensive group. In normal subjects, the dose (microgram)-response (delta dynes) relation to epinephrine was 1 = -4, 2 = -9, 3 = -9 and 4 = -10; to norepinephrine it was 2 = +3, 4 = +6, 6 = +7 and 8 = +7. In hypertensive patients, the respective relations were 1 = +18, 2 = +44, 3 = +59 and 4 = +77; and 2 = +39, 4 = +54, 6 = +76 and 8 = +98. Group differences were highly significant. In each of these circumstances, the driving pressure across the lungs was significantly augmented in the hypertensive but not the normotensive group. Both epinephrine and norepinephrine have a vasoconstrictor influence on the lesser circulation as a consequence of vascular overreactivity. The opposite changes in resistance between normotensive and hypertensive subjects produced by epinephrine suggest that a constrictor vascular supersensitivity becomes active in the pulmonary circuit with the development of systemic high blood pressure. MH - *Blood Pressure/DRUG EFFECTS ; Cold/ADVERSE EFFECTS ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Epinephrine/ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE/*BLOOD ; Human ; Hypertension/BLOOD/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Male ; Norepinephrine/BLOOD ; Pulmonary Artery/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Stress, Psychological/BLOOD/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; *Vascular Resistance/DRUG EFFECTS SO - J Am Coll Cardiol 1986 Nov;8(5):1137-44 15 UI - 87004508 AU - Southard DR ; Coates TJ ; Kolodner K ; Parker FC ; Padgett NE ; Kennedy HL TI - Relationship between mood and blood pressure in the natural environment: an adolescent population. AB - We examined the relation between psychological variables and blood pressure (BP) as 28 adolescents engaged in their customary activities over a 24-hr period in their natural environment. Each subject had previously participated in a laboratory study of cardiovascular reactivity. During the ambulatory monitoring period, subjects monitored mood state, perceptions of the environment, and ambulatory BP at 30-min intervals. Mood ratings and BP were averaged across the waking hours. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) reactivity to laboratory stressors was significantly correlated with average SBP in the home environment. Ambulatory SBP was positively associated with worried, hostile, depressed, and tense mood ratings as well as perceptions of the environment as hostile, demanding, and noisy. Ambulatory diastolic blood pressure was correlated with hostile, depressed, and upset mood ratings as well as with hostile and demanding perceptions of the environment. In general, average ambulatory BP appeared to be associated with negative emotions and perceptions of the environment. MH - Adolescence ; Affective Symptoms/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; *Blood Pressure ; Depression/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Emotions/*PHYSIOLOGY ; Environment ; Heart Rate ; Hostility ; Human ; Male ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; Social Perception ; Stress, Psychological/ PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - Health Psychol 1986;5(5):469-80 16 UI - 87004504 AU - Perkins KA ; Dubbert PM ; Martin JE ; Faulstich ME ; Harris JK TI - Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress in aerobically trained versus untrained mild hypertensives and normotensives. AB - Cardiovascular reactivity to video game and mental arithmetic stressors was compared among three groups of men: aerobically trained mild hypertensives, untrained mild hypertensives, and a comparison group of untrained normotensives. Relative to the untrained hypertensives, the trained hypertensives reacted to the video game with marginally smaller systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, but there were no significant differences between these groups in reactivity during the mental arithmetic task. Comparisons between each hypertensive group and the normotensive group showed that blood pressure (BP) reactivity of normotensives during the video game was generally similar to that of trained hypertensives but smaller than that of untrained hypertensives. These results indicate that aerobic training, which has been found to reduce resting BP in mild hypertensives, may also exert a favorable impact in reducing cardiovascular reactivity of hypertensives during some stressful situations. MH - Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular System/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; *Exercise Therapy ; Heart Rate ; Human ; Hypertension/ PHYSIOPATHOLOGY/*THERAPY ; Male ; Middle Age ; Stress, Psychological/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. SO - Health Psychol 1986;5(4):407-21 17 UI - 87004503 AU - Anderson NB ; Williams RB Jr ; Lane JD ; Haney T ; Simpson S ; Houseworth SJ TI - Type A behavior, family history of hypertension, and cardiovascular responsivity among black women. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of Type A behavior and family history of hypertension on cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress in a group of employed black women. Measures of heart rate and of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were taken at rest, during a mental arithmetic task, and during the Type A Structured Interview (SI). Results indicated that the Type A behavior pattern was associated with SBP and DBP hyperresponsivity during the SI but not during mental arithmetic. Additionally, certain speech components of the Type A pattern, as well as features of the potential-for-hostility component, were also related to cardiovascular responses during the SI. Family history of hypertension did not influence the cardiovascular parameters either alone or in combination with Type A behavior. The results suggest that many of the cardiovascular response characteristics of the Type A pattern that have been observed in predominantly white samples also hold true for blacks. Replication of these findings with other subgroups of blacks, such as young females and middle-aged males, will help document the generality of these findings within the black population. MH - Adult ; Blacks/*PSYCHOLOGY ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular System/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Female ; Heart Rate ; Hostility ; Human ; Hypertension/FAMILIAL & GENETIC ; Middle Age ; Stress, Psychological/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY/PSYCHOLOGY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; *Type A Personality SO - Health Psychol 1986;5(4):393-406 18 UI - 86315994 AU - Janes CR ; Pawson IG TI - Migration and biocultural adaptation: Samoans in California. AB - The consequences of migration for the Samoan population of California are discussed within the context of other studies focusing on Samoan native and migrant populations in Samoa and Hawaii. The social, cultural and economic characteristics of California Samoans are described and data are presented for body morphology, blood pressure, psychosocial stress and social support, general morbidity patterns and mortality rates for 1978-1982. Although the nature of disease risks appear profound in this population, particularly patterns of extreme obesity and psychosocial stress, mortality rates for heart disease and stroke are less than might be expected among other American groups. Such unexpectedly low mortality rates may represent the relatively healthy experience of older cohorts of migrants, or be a result of proportionally few individuals having lived long enough in California to develop cardiovascular and other chronic disease that have lengthy natural histories. We postulate that at present Samoan social structure, particularly the high status that accrues with aging in traditional Samoan society, may act as a buffer for the risk factors we observed and their expected outcomes. If so, the U.S.-born Samoans who are currently passing through childhood and early adult years with progressively less awareness of Samoan values of family and social structure will exhibit the same risks we describe here, but lack the available social buffers that currently exist for their parents. MH - *Acculturation ; Anthropometry ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; California ; Female ; Human ; Life Change Events ; Male ; Mortality ; Sex Factors ; Social Support ; Stress, Psychological ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; *Transients and Migrants/PSYCHOLOGY ; Western Samoa/*ETHNOLOGY SO - Soc Sci Med 1986;22(8):821-34 19 UI - 86313382 AU - Steptoe A TI - Stress mechanisms in hypertension. AB - Recent studies of stress mechanisms in hypertension have focussed on the cardiovascular and neuroendocrine reactions to challenging or threatening psychosocial stimuli. Fixed hypertension may develop in some animal models following chronic exposure to psychosocial conflict. Acute experiments in humans show that marked sympathetically-mediated cardiovascular reactions accompany the performance of challenging tasks. Responses are more accentuated in hypertensives and in people at high risk for developing the disorder. The working hypothesis to emerge is that the haemodynamic responses that accompany attempts to cope with challenging environments may promote the spiral towards sustained hypertension in susceptible individuals. MH - Animal ; Human ; Hypertension/*PSYCHOLOGY ; Stress, Psychological/ *COMPLICATIONS SO - Postgrad Med J 1986 Jul;62(729):697-9 20 UI - 86312157 AU - Nisell H ; Hjemdahl P ; Linde B ; Beskow C ; Lunell NO TI - Sympathoadrenal and cardiovascular responses to mental stress in pregnancy-induced hypertension. AB - Nine patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension and nine healthy pregnant controls with similar gestational lengths were compared with regard to cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal reactivity during a standardized mental stress procedure (Stroop color word conflict test). The test induced increases in blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, arterial plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations, and a decrease in calf vascular resistance, but no changes in stroke volume or systemic vascular resistance. The responses of the two groups did not differ significantly with regard to any of the mentioned variables. Pregnancy-induced hypertension does not seem to be associated with an exaggerated cardiovascular or sympathoadrenal reactivity to mental stress when compared to normal pregnancy. MH - Adrenal Glands/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Adult ; Comparative Study ; Epinephrine/BLOOD ; Female ; *Hemodynamics ; Human ; Hypertension/ BLOOD/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Norepinephrine/BLOOD ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular/BLOOD/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Stress, Psychological/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Sympathetic Nervous System/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY SO - Obstet Gynecol 1986 Oct;68(4):531-6 21 UI - 86307993 AU - Howard JH ; Cunningham DA ; Rechnitzer PA TI - Personality (hardiness) as a moderator of job stress and coronary risk in type A individuals: a longitudinal study. AB - This research study uses longitudinal data to determine if Type A individuals, initially classified as "hardy,: show differential cardiovascular and biochemical responses in the encounter with a common job stressor. Role ambiguity was utilized as a job stressor and "hardiness: was defined using the second-order factor dependence/independence from the 16-personality factor (16PF) questionnaire. The results indicated that those individuals classified as Type A1 showed blood pressure and triglyceride elevations with increased ambiguity and that dependence/independence (hardiness) moderated this effect. When all Type A's (A1 + A2) were included in the analysis similar results were found only on systolic blood pressure. The results appear consistent with earlier findings concerning the cardiovascular reactivity of Type A's. In addition, it is suggested that dependence/independence is either a major component of the concept of "hardiness: or may be a dimension of personality which distinguishes two classes of Type A behavior. It is suggested that these results may raise the interesting possibility of providing a means of identifying greater or lesser susceptibility to the coronary effects of Type A behavior. MH - Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Cholesterol/BLOOD ; *Dependency (Psychology) ; Human ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Middle Age ; Occupational Diseases/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY/*PSYCHOLOGY ; *Personality ; Risk ; Role ; Smoking ; Stress, Psychological/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY/ *PSYCHOLOGY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Triglycerides/BLOOD ; *Type A Personality SO - J Behav Med 1986 Jun;9(3):229-44 22 UI - 86281294 AU - Arnetz BB ; Fjellner B TI - Psychological predictors of neuroendocrine responses to mental stress. AB - Neuroendocrine reactions to a number of stressors have been subject to numerous studies. The sympathetic adreno-medullary system's sensitivity to mental as well as physical stressors is well documented, and increased attention has recently been focused on neuropeptides and steroid hormones in relationship to stress. There is, however, a scarcity of studies examining the relationship between psychosocial and neuroendocrine factors during stress and assessing possible interactions by means of multivariate models. The present study confirms that the sympathetic adreno-medullary system is sensitive to mental stressors. The study also shows that neuroendocrine and physiological stressor reactions vary greatly from one individual to another. Thus, certain psychosocial and personality factors appear to have strong predictive values with regard to stressor-induced neurophysiological reactions. Further studies are certainly needed to enhance our understanding of individual differences in neurophysiological reactions to apparently identical stressors. Such investigations may increase our understanding of why certain people develop illnesses during prolonged strain while others do not. MH - Adrenal Medulla/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Epinephrine/METABOLISM ; Extraversion (Psychology) ; Human ; Male ; *Personality ; Progesterone/METABOLISM ; Prolactin/METABOLISM ; Pulse ; Somatotropin/METABOLISM ; Stress, Psychological/ *PHYSIOPATHOLOGY/PSYCHOLOGY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Sympathetic Nervous System/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Triglycerides/ METABOLISM SO - J Psychosom Res 1986;30(3):297-305 23 UI - 86279618 AU - Fredrikson M TI - Racial differences in cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress in essential hypertension. AB - Racial differences in cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity were studied at rest and during an aversive reaction-time task in established hypertensives, borderline hypertensives and normotensive controls. White and black subjects of each group were subjected to 16 signalled reaction time tasks where a 110 decibel (dB) white noise was delivered contingent upon poor performance. During 16 signalled foreperiods (35 s) the following measurements were taken: systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rate, respiration-rate and muscle and skin blood flow. Muscle and skin vascular resistances were calculated. Skin conductance activity was recorded as an index of non-cardiovascular SNS-activation. Resting cardiovascular activity was similar in black and white hypertensives and controls, whereas skin conductance activity was greater in white compared to black hypertensives and controls. During the reaction-time task both quantitative and qualitative differences between the races tended to emerge. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure increased less in black patients and controls than in whites. Muscle and skin vascular resistance increased in blacks but was unaffected by behavioural demands in whites. Skin conductance reactivity was attenuated in black patients and controls. Thus, blacks compared to whites show lesser cardiac sympathomimetic responses but enhanced vascular responses to mental stress. MH - Adult ; Age Factors ; Cardiovascular System/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; *Caucasoid Race ; Female ; Galvanic Skin Response ; Human ; Hypertension/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Male ; Middle Age ; *Negroid Race ; Reaction Time/PHYSIOLOGY ; Stress, Psychological/ *PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Sympathetic Nervous System/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY SO - J Hypertens 1986 Jun;4(3):325-31 24 UI - 86274591 AU - Murray DM ; Matthews KA ; Blake SM ; Prineas RJ ; Gillum RF TI - Type A behavior in children: demographic, behavioral, and physiological correlates. AB - This article provides descriptive data on the Type A behavior pattern from an urban, biracial sample of 8 to 10-year-old children from Minneapolis. Type A behavior was assessed using the Matthews Youth Test for Health (MYTH). High MYTH scores were more prevalent in males relative to females and in black males relative to white males. Parent self-reports suggested that Type A children were more outgoing, talkative, and physically active than Type B children; they were more aggressive in their interactions with others and were more likely to experience a greater number of aversive significant life events than Type B children. No differences in resting heart rate, diastolic or systolic blood pressures were found between Type A and Type B children; there were no differences on measures of the family environment. These results provide additional evidence for the construct validity of the MYTH and offer new information on the correlates of Type A behavior in children. MH - Blood Pressure ; Child ; *Child Psychology ; Extraversion (Psychology) ; Family ; Female ; Heart Rate ; Human ; Life Change Events ; Male ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; *Type A Personality SO - Health Psychol 1986;5(2):159-69 25 UI - 86272729 AU - Majewski H ; Alade PI ; Rand MJ TI - Adrenaline and stress-induced increases in blood pressure in rats. AB - Stress was induced by immobilizing the hind limbs of rats for 12 days and housing the rats in individual cages. Control rats were housed in groups without immobilization. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured through an indwelling carotid cannula. After 10 and 12 days of immobilization and isolation, the stressed rats had significantly higher blood pressures (ca. 10 mmHg) and higher cardiac adrenaline levels (ca. 90%). After adrenal medullectomy cardiac adrenaline levels were markedly reduced in both stressed and control rats. Furthermore, the stressing procedure did not cause a rise in blood pressure in adrenal-medullectomized rats. Desipramine HCl (2 mg/kg per day), administered orally to block the neuronal uptake of adrenaline, prevented the elevation in blood pressures and cardiac adrenaline levels. Propranolol HCl (2.8 mg/kg per day), orally, also prevented the rise in blood pressure. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that activation of facilitatory prejunctional beta-adrenoceptors on sympathetic nerves by neuronally-released adrenaline may be responsible for the raised blood pressure. MH - Adrenal Medulla/PHYSIOLOGY ; Animal ; Blood Pressure/*DRUG EFFECTS ; Epinephrine/METABOLISM/*PHYSIOLOGY ; Female ; Heart Rate/DRUG EFFECTS ; Hypertension/ETIOLOGY/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; Stress, Psychological/COMPLICATIONS/ *PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1986 Apr;13(4):283-8 26 UI - 86260246 AU - Urmancheva TG ; Fufacheva AA ; Capek K ; Kune:s J ; Jel:inek J TI - Blood pressure in monkeys chronically exposed to psycho-emotional stress. AB - The influence of experimental neurosis due to repeated conflict situations on blood pressure was studied in male monkeys. All animals developed hypertension demonstrable in the conscious state but which disappeared under pentobarbital anaesthesia. Both in conscious and anaesthetized animals, the pulse pressure was in-elevated. The hypertension was accompanied by increased plasma volume to interstitial volume ratio, due to a decrease of the interstitial fluid compartment. The plasma renin concentration was not raised. It is suggested that chronic increase in blood pressure might be responsible for the decrease in compliance of large arteries (as evidenced by increased pulse pressure). This form of hypertension does not depend on the activity of the renin-angiotensin system. MH - Animal ; Avoidance Learning ; *Blood Pressure ; Conflict (Psychology) ; Habituation (Psychophysiology) ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Reference Values ; Renin/BLOOD ; Stress, Psychological/ *PHYSIOPATHOLOGY SO - Physiol Bohemoslov 1986;35(2):112-7 27 UI - 86254015 AU - Theorell T ; Svensson J ; Knox S ; Waller D ; Alvarez M TI - Young men with high blood pressure report few recent life events. AB - Men who had high, medium and low blood pressure at age 18 (compulsory screening for military service in Stockholm) were examined ten years later at age 28. Interviewers, having had no information regarding past or present blood pressure, interviewed them about life events experienced during the year preceding the examination. Men with high blood pressure at rest reported fewer life events for the past year than other men. Furthermore, high plasma adrenaline levels at rest were associated with few reported life events. MH - Adolescence ; Adult ; Aggression/PSYCHOLOGY ; Arousal/PHYSIOLOGY ; Blood Pressure ; Epinephrine/BLOOD ; Human ; Hypertension/ *PSYCHOLOGY ; *Life Change Events ; Male ; Psychological Tests ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - J Psychosom Res 1986;30(2):243-9 28 UI - 86254014 AU - Hastrup JL ; Kraemer DL ; Hotchkiss AP ; Johnson CA TI - Cardiovascular responsivity to stress: family patterns and the effects of instructions. AB - Cardiovascular responses to two stressful tasks, as well as to instructions regarding the first task, were assessed in two generations of the same biological family (preadolescent children and their middle-aged parents). Information on the presence of hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders was also obtained for the grandparent generation. Results for the middle-aged normotensive adults confirmed previous observations among young adults of cardiovascular hyperresponsivity among offspring of hypertensive parents; hyperresponsivity was also observed during an instructions period prior to active participation in the task. Personality variables (Type A; hostility) were not related to the observed hyperresponsivity. Assessments of similarity of cardiovascular responses between preadolescent children and their parents were more equivocal; previous studies showing positive results have, for the most part, evaluated children who were somewhat older than those in the present study. MH - Adult ; *Arousal ; Blood Pressure ; Child ; Female ; Heart Rate ; Human ; Hypertension/*FAMILIAL & GENETIC/PSYCHOLOGY ; Male ; Personality Tests ; Risk ; Stress, Psychological/*COMPLICATIONS ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Type A Personality SO - J Psychosom Res 1986;30(2):233-41 29 UI - 86249794 AU - Razin AM ; Swencionis C ; Zohman LR TI - Reduction of physiological, behavioral, and self-report responses in type A behavior: a preliminary report. AB - Recent reports indicate that Type A Behavior may be reducible by behavioral and other psychotherapeutic methods. To date, however, there has been virtually no demonstration of reduction of the actual, observed behavior. Furthermore, the physiologic hyperresponsiveness that seems to characterize many Type A individuals when under stress, has received relatively little therapeutic attention. This preliminary, uncontrolled report describes a cognitive-behavioral group intervention program, before and after which patients underwent assessment on physiologic, behavioral, and self-report assessments. These included heart rate and blood pressure responsiveness under stressful conditions, trained observer ratings of Type A Behavior, and a variety of subjective measures of Type A Behavior and psychological distress and symptoms. Results showed limited improvement on most behavioral and self-report indices. Relatively greater reduction of Type A Behavior was associated with higher pre-treatment levels of Type A Behavior, with the absence of coronary artery disease and with male gender. MH - Adult ; Affective Symptoms/THERAPY ; Aged ; *Behavior Therapy/ METHODS ; Blood Pressure ; Cognition ; Coronary Disease/ PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Female ; Heart Rate ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Psychotherapy, Group/METHODS ; Sex Factors ; Stress, Psychological/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY/THERAPY ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; *Type A Personality SO - Int J Psychiatry Med 1986-87;16(1):31-47 30 UI - 86247718 AU - Tavazzi L ; Zotti AM ; Rondanelli R TI - The role of psychologic stress in the genesis of lethal arrhythmias in patients with coronary artery disease. AB - To investigate the influence of psychologic stress on the electrophysiology of the heart and the genesis of cardiac arrhythmias, programmed ventricular stimulation was performed in 19 patients with recent uncomplicated myocardial infarction (37 +/- 10 days after the acute episode) during control conditions and during mental arithmetic. Psychological assessment showed a normal profile in all subjects. During mental stress, blood pressure increased (from 147 +/- 16/96 +/- 9 to 171 +/- 16/106 +/- 8 mmHg, P less than 0.001), and the mean ventricular refractory period decreased by 8 ms (1-3 extrastimuli P less than 0.05-0.001). Unsustained ventricular tachycardia (greater than or equal to 6 beats) was induced in 2 and 7 patients during control and during stress stimulation respectively (P less than 0.05). Ventricular fibrillation was provoked by double (1 patient) and triple (1 patient) extrastimuli during stress. In conclusion mental stress can induce measurable cardiac electrophysiological modifications in uncomplicated postinfarct patients and such modifications may favour the appearance of life-threatening arrhythmias. MH - Adult ; Arrhythmia/*ETIOLOGY ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial ; Coronary Disease/*COMPLICATIONS/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY/ PSYCHOLOGY ; Echocardiography ; Electrophysiology ; Exercise Test ; Heart/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Myocardial Contraction ; Stress, Psychological/*COMPLICATIONS/ PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Tachycardia/ETIOLOGY ; Ventricular Fibrillation/ ETIOLOGY SO - Eur Heart J 1986 May;7 Suppl A:99-106 31 UI - 86247550 AU - Roskies E ; Seraganian P ; Oseasohn R ; Hanley JA ; Collu R ; Martin N ; Smilga C TI - The Montreal Type A Intervention Project: major findings. AB - This article reports a comparison of three short-term treatments (aerobic exercise, cognitive-behavioral stress management, and weight training) in modifying behavioral and cardiovascular reactivity to laboratory psychosocial stressors in healthy Type A men. One hundred seven men completed the treatments and evaluations, 33 in the aerobic exercise group, and 37 each in the cognitive-behavioral stress management and weight-training groups. The stress management group showed significantly greater changes in behavioral reactivity (reductions of 13% to 23% below initial values) than the two physical exercise groups, which did not differ significantly from each other. For physiological reactivity, changes attributable to intervention were trivial for all three treatment groups. The positive finding of reduced behavioral reactivity as a result of the stress management intervention is of potential clinical significance and warrants further exploration. The lack of meaningful reductions in physiological reactivity also requires further exploration in that it raises questions concerning the ability of behavioral treatments in general to modify physiological reactivity, the ability of existing measures to assess accurately changes that are produced and, most fundamental of all, the relevance of physiological reactivity as an outcome measure for treatment efforts with Type As. MH - Adaptation, Psychological ; Adult ; Arousal ; Behavior Therapy ; Blood Pressure ; Body Weight ; Coronary Disease/*PREVENTION & CONTROL ; Exertion ; Heart Rate ; Human ; *Life Style ; Male ; Middle Age ; Risk ; Stress, Psychological/COMPLICATIONS ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; *Type A Personality SO - Health Psychol 1986;5(1):45-69 32 UI - 86246460 AU - Kunitz SJ ; Levy JE TI - The prevalence of hypertension among elderly Navajos: a test of the acculturative stress hypothesis. AB - This is a study of the prevalence of hypertension among a sample of Navajo Indians 65 years of age and above. It is not clear whether prevalence has increased over the past generation in this age group. When men and women are compared, conventional measures of "acculturation: are related to hypertension among women but not among men. The differences between men and women seem most probably related to differences in the situation of men and women within both Navajo and Anglo-American society. Several alternative explanations are discussed as well. MH - *Acculturation ; Aged ; Arizona ; Cross Sectional Studies ; Female ; Gender Identity ; Human ; Hypertension/*OCCURRENCE/ PSYCHOLOGY ; *Indians, North American ; Male ; Risk ; Social Environment ; Social Support ; Stress, Psychological/ *COMPLICATIONS ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - Cult Med Psychiatry 1986 Jun;10(2):97-121 33 UI - 86206637 AU - Morrell EM ; Hollandsworth JG Jr TI - Norepinephrine alterations under stress conditions following the regular practice of meditation. AB - The present study reexamined an investigation that found enhanced plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels during isometric handgrip after 30 days of meditation practice. Since hemodynamic activity did not show corresponding increases, it was suggested that meditation had down regulated the cardiovascular response to sympathetic stimulation. The present study assessed response to venipuncture as well as isometric stress. At posttest, meditators showed a trend towards higher plasma NE levels than controls during isometric handgrip. However, in contrast to previous speculation, this did not appear to represent cardiovascular down-regulation. At the same time, meditators produced the greater NE levels during venipuncture, accompanied by marginally lower heart rate. The results support the association between regular meditation and noradrenergic hyperactivation, but suggest the need for further investigation of underlying mechanisms. MH - Adult ; Arousal/*PHYSIOLOGY ; Blood Pressure ; Female ; Heart Rate ; Human ; Isometric Contraction ; Male ; Norepinephrine/ *BLOOD ; *Relaxation Technics ; Stress, Psychological/*BLOOD ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - Psychosom Med 1986 Mar-Apr;48(3-4):270-7 34 UI - 86206635 AU - Cottington EM ; Matthews KA ; Talbott E ; Kuller LH TI - Occupational stress, suppressed anger, and hypertension. AB - The present study examined the modifying effect of suppressed anger on the relationship between job stress and hypertension. The study population consisted of a random sample of male hourly workers, aged 40-63 years, employed at one of two plants in the metropolitan Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area. Those men currently taking antihypertensive medication were excluded from the analyses. With both plants combined, stratified analyses indicated that, compared to men who do not habitually suppress their anger, hypertension was more strongly associated with self-reports of an uncertain job future and dissatisfaction with coworkers and promotions among men who suppress their anger. Using logistic regression procedures, these interactions between suppressed anger and job stress significantly predicted hypertension status, controlling for age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, and family history of hypertension. These findings suggest that a coping-related characteristic such as anger expression may be an important modifier of the relationship between job stress and hypertension. MH - Adaptation, Psychological ; Adult ; Aged ; *Anger ; Career Mobility ; Human ; Hypertension/*PSYCHOLOGY ; Individuality ; *Job Satisfaction ; Male ; Middle Age ; Occupational Diseases/ *PSYCHOLOGY ; Stress, Psychological/*COMPLICATIONS SO - Psychosom Med 1986 Mar-Apr;48(3-4):249-60 35 UI - 86205289 AU - Thomas SP ; Gr:oer MW TI - Relationship of demographic, life-style, and stress variables to blood pressure in adolescents. AB - The relationship of selected predictor variables to blood pressures of freshman students (N = 323) attending rural, urban, and suburban high schools was examined. Independent variables included 7 anthropometric and demographic factors, 10 life-style factors, and 38 stress factors. Significant predictors of higher systolic pressure in the regression analysis were age, gender, body mass index, and urban residence. Urban subjects also had poorer health habits. Significant predictors of diastolic pressure were body mass index, smoking, and lack of regular exercise. Gender differences in amount and types of stressors were independent of geographic location. Males and females exhibited different dietary and exercise patterns; males exercised more, but had less healthy eating habits. MH - Adolescence ; *Blood Pressure ; Body Weight ; Comparative Study ; Demography ; Diet ; Female ; Human ; *Life Style ; Male ; Rural Population ; *Stress, Psychological ; Suburban Population ; Tennessee ; Urban Population SO - Nurs Res 1986 May-Jun;35(3):169-72 36 UI - 86199811 AU - Eisenhofer G ; Lambie DG ; Johnson RH TI - Effects of ethanol on cardiovascular and catecholamine responses to mental stress. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ethanol on heart rate, blood pressure and plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline responses to mental stress, involving reactions to anxiety and excitement produced using a cognitive task with electric shock and a competitive electronic game respectively. Twenty subjects were studied, each subject acting as his own control by participating twice, with and without prior ethanol consumption. Mental stress was associated with significant increases in all variables except plasma noradrenaline during the cognitive task. Ethanol raised baseline heart rate and plasma adrenaline, but significantly reduced the responses of these variables to the cognitive task but not to the electronic game. Systolic blood pressure responses to both experimental stressors and diastolic blood pressure responses to the electronic game were also significantly reduced after ethanol. These results may reflect a tension-reducing effect of ethanol in situations associated with anxiety, but suggest a more general effect of ethanol on blood pressure reactivity. MH - Adult ; Alcohol, Ethyl/PHARMACODYNAMICS/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Blood Pressure/DRUG EFFECTS ; Cardiovascular System/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Catecholamines/*BLOOD ; Heart Rate/DRUG EFFECTS ; Human ; Male ; Receptors, Adrenergic, Beta/PHYSIOLOGY ; Stress, Psychological/ *DRUG THERAPY/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; *Tranquilizing Agents, Minor SO - J Psychosom Res 1986;30(1):93-102 37 UI - 86177601 AU - Mills DE ; Ward RP TI - Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 omega 3) on stress reactivity in rats. AB - This study examined the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on cardiovascular responses to isolation stress in male rats. Group-reared rats, on a fat-free diet, were given olive oil (OL), or EPA in OL (1.47 X 10(-7) mol/hr) via 8 week osmotic pumps, or a dummy pump (DUM), 2 weeks prior to a 4 week isolation period. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate, and body weight were monitored weekly and pressor responses to i.a. norepinephrine and angiotensin were assessed at the end of the study. BP increased during stress in all animals vs. pre-stress conditions, but was attenuated by EPA (p less than 0.001). Heart rate also increased during stress in all groups, but was greater in the EPA group (p less than 0.001). In contrast, body weight gain during stress was similar in DUM and EPA groups, but depressed by OL (p less than 0.001). Vascular response to norepinephrine was enhanced by EPA vs. DUM and OL, whereas the response to angiotensin was similar in EPA and DUM groups, but reduced by OL. These data suggest that EPA may attenuate cardiovascular responses to psychological stress. MH - Angiotensin II/PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Animal ; Blood Pressure/DRUG EFFECTS ; Body Weight/DRUG EFFECTS ; Heart Rate/DRUG EFFECTS ; Male ; Norepinephrine/PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred WKY ; Social Isolation ; Stress, Psychological/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; 5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic Acid/ *PHARMACODYNAMICS SO - Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1986 May;182(1):127-31 38 UI - 86176395 AU - Anderson DE ; Murphy P ; Kearns W TI - High calcium intake does not prevent stress-salt hypertension in dogs. AB - Avoidance conditioning sessions and isotonic saline (1.3 L/day) were administered to dogs for 12 days under conditions of a low (0.1%) or high (1.5%) calcium diet. Twenty-four-hour mean arterial pressure increased comparably during the stress-salt conditioning periods on both the low (systolic: +16 +/- 5 mm Hg; diastolic: +6 +/- 2 mm Hg) and high (systolic: +17 +/- 4 mm Hg; diastolic: +11 +/- 4 mm Hg) calcium diets. Urine volume, sodium excretion, and serum calcium levels on the high calcium diet were not significantly different from those on the low calcium diet. In a second experiment, calcium was infused continuously for six days into the arterial circulation of normotensive or stress-salt hypertensive dogs at a rate of 0.12-0.23 mEq/min. Although serum calcium levels increased by up to 50% under these conditions, there were no significant effects on 24-hour levels of arterial pressure. In contrast to the protective effect of augmented potassium intake, these findings indicate that calcium intake does not influence the development of stress-salt hypertension in dogs. MH - Animal ; Blood Pressure/DRUG EFFECTS ; Calcium/*ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE ; Dogs ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Heart Rate/DRUG EFFECTS ; Hypertension/ETIOLOGY/*PREVENTION & CONTROL ; Sodium Chloride/*ADVERSE EFFECTS ; Stress, Psychological/ *COMPLICATIONS ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - Pavlov J Biol Sci 1986 Jan-Mar;21(1):25-31 39 UI - 86174947 AU - Kemmer FW ; Bisping R ; Steingr:uber HJ ; Baar H ; Hardtmann F ; Schlaghecke R ; Berger M TI - Psychological stress and metabolic control in patients with type I diabetes mellitus. AB - Acute psychological stress is believed to cause disturbances of metabolic control in patients with Type I diabetes. To examine the validity of this assumption, we subjected nine healthy persons (mean [+/- SEM] blood glucose level, 74 +/- 2 mg per deciliter), nine patients with Type I diabetes who had normoglycemia (130 +/- 10 mg per deciliter), and nine diabetic patients with hyperglycemia (444 +/- 17 mg per deciliter) to two acute psychological stresses: mental arithmetic and public speaking. Subjects in the three groups were matched for age, weight, sex, and socioeconomic status. For all subjects, the mean increase in heart rate was 20 beats per minute while they were doing mental arithmetic and 25 beats per minute while they were speaking publicly (P less than 0.001). In all three groups, systolic and diastolic pressure rose markedly, the plasma epinephrine level increased by 50 to 150 pg per milliliter, and the norepinephrine level by 100 to 200 pg per milliliter under both stress conditions (P less than 0.001). The plasma cortisol level rose significantly after public speaking in all groups. Neither stress induced changes in circulating levels of glucose, ketones, free fatty acids, glucagon, or growth hormone. Thus, sudden, short-lived psychological stimuli causing marked cardiovascular responses and moderate elevations in plasma concentrations of catecholamines and cortisol are unlikely to disturb metabolic control in patients with Type I diabetes. MH - Adult ; Blood Glucose/*METABOLISM ; Blood Pressure ; Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent/*BLOOD/COMPLICATIONS/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Epinephrine/BLOOD ; Heart Rate ; Human ; Hydrocortisone/BLOOD ; Insulin/BLOOD ; Mental Processes ; Norepinephrine/BLOOD ; Speech ; Stress, Psychological/*BLOOD/COMPLICATIONS/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - N Engl J Med 1986 Apr 24;314(17):1078-84 40 UI - 86173975 AU - Mills DE ; Ward RP TI - Effects of essential fatty acid administration on cardiovascular responses to stress in the rat. AB - This study examined the effects of 18:2(n-6), 18:3(n-6), 20:4(n-6) and 18:3(n-3) on cardiovascular responses to isolation stress in male rats. Group-acclimated rats were fasted for 2 days, then placed on a fat-free diet. Two wk later animals were divided into six groups (six animals per group) and given eight-wk intraperitoneal osmotic pumps releasing 1.47 X 10(-7) mol/hr of either olive oil (OL), or of 18:2(n-6), 18:3(n-6), 20:4(n-6) or 18:3(n-3) in OL. Another group received dummy pumps. Two wk after pump implantation, animals were isolated for four wk. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate and body weight were followed before and during stress. Following the stress period, animals were assessed for cardiovascular reactivity to norepinephrine (NOR) and angiotensin (ANG). Prior to isolation, 18:3(n-6) lowered BP vs OL (p less than 0.01). Stress increased BP within 24 hr in all groups except 18:3(n-6) and 20:4(n-6). Treatment with 20:4(n-6) vs OL prevented the BP rise (p less than 0.001) only for the first two wk of stress. Administration of 18:3(n-6) vs OL prevented any BP increase over the four-wk stress period (p less than 0.001). Stress increased heart rate in all groups except 20:4(n-6). Heart rate was lowered by 18:3(n-6) vs OL (p less than 0.01) before and during stress. Vascular reactivity to NOR was unaffected by treatment, but OL and 18:3(n-6) decreased responses to ANG infusion. These data suggest that 18:3(n-6) supplementation attenuates cardiovascular responses to chronic stress, and that delta 6- and delta 5-desaturase activity are inhibited during chronic psychological stress. MH - Angiotensins/PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Animal ; Blood Pressure/*DRUG EFFECTS ; Fatty Acids, Essential/*PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Heart Rate/ *DRUG EFFECTS ; Male ; Norepinephrine/PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred WKY ; Social Isolation ; Stress, Psychological/ *PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Time Factors SO - Lipids 1986 Feb;21(2):139-42 41 UI - 86138540 AU - Jorde LB ; Williams RR ; Kuida H TI - Factor analysis suggesting contrasting determinants for different blood pressure measurements. AB - A multiple regression analysis was performed on statistically independent factors derived from blood pressure measurements and possible predictive variables in 618 Utah adults. Nine blood pressure factors obtained in a previous study composed the dependent variables; 35 anthropometric, questionnaire, and biochemical variables were reduced by factor analysis to 10 factors and used as independent variables. Body size and obesity had significant independent effects on different types of blood pressure: body size correlated most highly with systolic blood pressure, while obesity correlated most highly with sitting diastolic blood pressure measurements. Smoking did not correlate with sitting blood pressure but did show a significant positive correlation (after controlling for obesity) with tilt and supine diastolic pressure. Alcohol consumption correlated positively with sitting diastolic pressure when the effects of body size and obesity were controlled. No correlations were found between urinary potassium or sodium excretion and any blood pressure factors, but a significant positive correlation was seen between plasma sodium concentration and several different types of diastolic blood pressure measurements. Psychological stress showed a significant independent positive correlation with systolic blood pressure measurements that was strongest in adults over 35 years of age. The multiple correlation values for the multiple regression equations ranged from 0.19 to 0.52. MH - Adolescence ; Adult ; Alcohol Drinking ; *Blood Pressure ; Blood Pressure Determination/*METHODS ; Body Constitution ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Comparative Study ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Human ; Hypertension/*ETIOLOGY ; Infant ; Natriuresis ; Obesity ; Potassium/URINE ; Regression Analysis ; Risk ; Smoking ; Stress, Psychological/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - Hypertension 1986 Mar;8(3):243-51 42 UI - 86132733 AU - Buchholz RA ; Hubbard JW ; Keeton TK ; Nathan MA TI - Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to behavioral stress after central or peripheral barodenervation in rats. AB - The cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to acute behavioral stress were evaluated in rats after disruption of the baroreflexes by electrolytic lesions of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) or sinoaortic denervation (SAD). Rats with NTS lesions or SAD showed significantly greater increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentrations than control rats during a single 30-min escape-avoidance test. In addition, the increases in MAP and plasma NE concentration of NTS lesion rats were significantly greater than those of SAD rats. However, NTS lesion rats showed no increase in plasma renin activity (PRA), as observed in the other groups. Thus, disruption of the baroreflexes by NTS lesions or SAD augments the arterial pressure and plasma NE responses to stress. Additionally, NTS lesions appeared to eliminate the neurons or fibers of passage participating in the sympathetically mediated increase in PRA. MH - Animal ; Aorta/INNERVATION ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular System/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Carotid Sinus/PHYSIOLOGY ; Heart Rate ; Male ; Medulla Oblongata/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Norepinephrine/*BLOOD ; Pressoreceptors/*PHYSIOLOGY ; Rats ; Reflex/*PHYSIOLOGY ; Renin/ *BLOOD ; Stress, Psychological/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - Brain Res 1986 Feb 19;365(2):360-4 43 UI - 86131858 AU - McLeod DR ; Hoehn-Saric R ; Stefan RL TI - Somatic symptoms of anxiety: comparison of self-report and physiological measures. AB - The frequently reported absence of significant correlations between patient rating scales and physiological measures has led to the belief that patients cannot reliably perceive physiological changes that are experienced under conditions of stress. To determine whether or not this conclusion is justified for patients with clinical anxiety, self-reports and psychophysiological recordings were examined and compared in 20 patients suffering from generalized anxiety disorder. No systematic correlations were found between patient ratings and physiological measures of somatic symptomatology during periods of rest or psychological stress (Stroop Test). However, parallel directional changes in the two sets of measures were observed upon exposure to stress, indicating that patients could accurately report the direction, but not the degree, of changes in physical symptoms of anxiety. These results suggest that patient reports of physical symptoms such as sweating and rapid heart rate can be useful in clinical evaluation and research settings that do not require quantitative assessment of physiological activity. MH - Adult ; Anxiety Disorders/*PSYCHOLOGY ; *Arousal ; Blood Pressure ; Electromyography ; Female ; Galvanic Skin Response ; Heart Rate ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Muscle Tonus ; Psychological Tests ; Somatoform Disorders/*PSYCHOLOGY ; Stress, Psychological/ COMPLICATIONS ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Sweating SO - Biol Psychiatry 1986 Mar;21(3):301-10 44 UI - 86121495 AU - Lovallo WR ; Pincomb GA ; Edwards GL ; Brackett DJ ; Wilson MF TI - Work pressure and the type A behavior pattern exam stress in male medical students. AB - The psychologic and physiologic effects of variations in occupational stress on Type A (coronary-prone) and Type B men have not previously been examined. Accordingly, 58 male medical students in two successive first-year classes (32 As, 26 Bs defined by interview) were tested for mood states, perception of work pressure, and for pituitary-adrenal and cardiovascular function during a period of minimal work pressure (no exams for 1 week) and during maximal work pressure (final exam week). All observations were made at the beginning of the school day, while the students were studying course material in the building where classes were held and study modules were located. Perceived stress and self-ratings of dysphoric moods increased significantly (ps less than 0.0005) for both groups during exams compared to no exams. Plasma cortisol concentrations increased significantly (+20%) from no exams to exams for both As and Bs. Heart rate increased significantly to exams (+8%) and did so slightly more for As (+9%) than for Bs (+7%), with As showing significantly higher rates in the work setting at both times. Systolic blood pressure increased nonsignificantly for both groups. The effect of the higher heart rate and the slight systolic blood pressure rise produced a significantly greater rate-pressure product for As than for Bs at both exams and no exams (p less than 0.005), with As showing a larger rise to exams than did Bs (+11% vs. +8%). Results indicate that the As had a higher level of tonic cardiovascular activation in the work place than the Bs, and that this was additive with the effects of increased work pressure. MH - Adult ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular System/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Emotions/PHYSIOLOGY ; Heart Rate ; Human ; Hydrocortisone/BLOOD ; Male ; Occupational Diseases/BLOOD/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY/PSYCHOLOGY ; Stress, Psychological/BLOOD/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY/PSYCHOLOGY ; Students, Medical/*PSYCHOLOGY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; *Type A Personality SO - Psychosom Med 1986 Jan-Feb;48(1-2):125-33 45 UI - 86121493 AU - Jorgensen RS ; Houston BK TI - Family history of hypertension, personality patterns, and cardiovascular reactivity to stress. AB - The study was conducted to assess whether certain personality characteristics in combination with a positive family history for essential hypertension (EH) are associated with excessive cardiovascular reactivity. Subgroups who differed in the patterns of their personality characteristics were identified within normotensives with a positive family history (FH+) of EH and within normotensives with a negative family history (FH-) of EH via cluster analytic techniques. A subgroup of FH+ subjects who were characterized by denial and unwilling to admit to neurotic feelings or aggressiveness exhibited exaggerated blood pressure reactivity to two experimental tasks. Moreover, relative to their level of heightened physiologic arousal, subjects in this subgroup reported little negative affect in response to the tasks, which further suggests that they deny or suppress their feelings. The similarity of the personality pattern of these cardiovascularly reactive FH+ individuals to that sometimes found among individuals with EH is discussed. MH - Aggression/PHYSIOLOGY ; Anger ; Anxiety ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular System/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Denial (Psychology) ; Female ; Human ; Hypertension/*FAMILIAL & GENETIC ; Male ; Neurotic Disorders/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; *Personality ; Pulse ; Stress, Psychological/*PHYSIOPATHOLOGY/PSYCHOLOGY SO - Psychosom Med 1986 Jan-Feb;48(1-2):102-17 46 UI - 86112405 AU - Croft JB ; Foster TA ; Parker FC ; Cresanta JL ; Hunter SM ; Webber LS ; Srinivasan SR ; Berenson GS TI - Transitions of cardiovascular risk from adolescence to young adulthood--the Bogalusa Heart Study: I. Effects of alterations in lifestyle. AB - Adolescence and young adulthood represents a transition period for biologic and lifestyle characteristics. In a preliminary investigation of young adults (ages 18-20 years), the Bogalusa Heart Study documented patterns of alcohol, tobacco, and oral contraceptive use, as well as changes in education, occupational, marital and parenting status. Such behaviors accelerate the cardiovascular disease process and may differentially influence risk factor patterns of race and sex groups. Adverse levels of systolic blood pressure and alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol were more frequent in married vs single men; elevated triglyceride levels were more frequent in married vs single whites. However adverse levels of beta- and alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol were more frequent in nonparents than in parents. Cigarette smoking and oral contraceptive use were independently related to elevated beta-lipoprotein cholesterol and decreased alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol levels of young white women. Alcohol consumption was highest among white males, with 32% reporting daily consumption of the equivalent of two or more beers or one mixed drink. Alcohol consumption was negatively correlated with blood pressure in white males and positively correlated with alpha-lipoprotein cholesterol in black males. Since such lifestyle factors are related to physiologic risk factors that result in heart disease and adult cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the older ages, early targeting during adolescence and young adulthood is important. MH - Adolescence ; Adult ; *Aging ; Alcohol Drinking ; Blacks ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases/*ETIOLOGY ; Contraceptives, Oral/ADVERSE EFFECTS ; Education ; Employment ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Human ; *Life Change Events ; *Life Style ; Lipids/BLOOD ; Lipoproteins/BLOOD ; Louisiana ; Male ; Marriage ; Questionnaires ; Risk ; Sex Factors ; Smoking ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Whites SO - J Chronic Dis 1986;39(2):81-90