==================================HSR36================================== 36. Bone mineral density studies. 1 UI - 87120050 AU - Boyde A ; Maconnachie E ; Reid SA ; Delling G ; Mundy GR TI - Scanning electron microscopy in bone pathology: review of methods, potential and applications. AB - This article reviews the applications of SEM methods to human bone pathologies referring to studies made at UCL. We consider the methods which may be most suitable; these prove to be not "routine: in the context of most bio-medical applications of SEM. Valuable information can be obtained from a bone sample if its edges are ground flat, before making either a matrix surface preparation by washing away all the cells or a mineralizing front preparation, by also dissolving the osteoid-for which hydrogen peroxide is recommended to produce a robust specimen. BSE contrast from a cut block surface can be used to measure bone phase volume. SE contrasts from natural surfaces (trabeculae, canals and lacunae) can be used to study forming, resting and resorbing surfaces both qualitatively and quantitatively (except in the case of histological osteomalacia, where the existence of osteoid will go undetected and reversal lines will be difficult to distinguish from recently resorbed surfaces). We also recommend the use of PMMA embedded bone blocks, which can be used as obtained from the pathologist, but are better embedded by a more rigorous procedure. BSE image analysis can be used to quantitate bone density fractions opening up a completely new investigative method for the future. Osteoid can be measured automatically using CL if the bone sample is block stained with brilliant sulphaflavine before embedding or if a scintillant is added to the embeddant. We give examples of observations made from a number of bone diseases: vitamin D resistant rickets, osteogenesis imperfecta; osteomalacia; osteoporosis; hyperparathyroidism; fluorosis; Paget's disease; tumour metastasis to bone. MH - Adolescence ; Adult ; Bone and Bones/PATHOLOGY/*ULTRASTRUCTURE ; Bone Diseases/DIAGNOSIS/*PATHOLOGY ; Bone Neoplasms/DIAGNOSIS/PATHOLOGY/ SECONDARY ; Child ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Histological Technics ; Human ; Infant, Newborn ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning/METHODS ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Scan Electron Microsc 1986;(Pt 4):1537-54 2 UI - 87100639 AU - P:denphant J ; Gotfredsen A ; Nilas L ; N:rgaard H ; Braendstrup O TI - Iliac crest biopsy: representativity for the amount of mineralized bone. AB - The aim of the study was to evaluate the representativity of iliac crest biopsy for the amount of mineralized trabecular and cortical bone in the skeleton. The following data were obtained on bone from 14 necropsies: right sided iliac crest biopsy, lumbar spine biopsy, dry fat free weight of lumbar spine, bone mineral density (BMD) in the lumbar spine and dry fat free weight of cortical and trabecular bone from the left distal forearm. The amount of mineralized cortical and trabecular bone from various sites was compared by linear regression analysis. The results confirm iliac crest biopsy as a good predictor of the amount of trabecular bone, but not of cortical bone. Furthermore, iliac crest biopsy is a better estimate of the amount of trabecular bone in the lumbar spine than spinal BMD. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Biopsy ; Bone and Bones/*METABOLISM/ PATHOLOGY ; Bone Diseases/PATHOLOGY ; Female ; Human ; Ilium/*PATHOLOGY ; Lumbar Vertebrae/PATHOLOGY ; Male ; Middle Age ; Minerals/*METABOLISM ; Radius/PATHOLOGY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Ulna/PATHOLOGY SO - Bone 1986;7(6):427-30 3 UI - 87094163 AU - Treasure J ; Fogelman I ; Russell GF TI - Osteopaenia of the lumbar spine and femoral neck in anorexia nervosa. AB - The bone density in the spine, femoral neck and radius in 31 outpatients with anorexia nervosa (AN) was measured by photon absorptiometry and compared with 31 age matched controls. In all bone sites measured the patients with anorexia nervosa had reduced bone mineral density (spine- control 0.91 + .10 gHA/cm2, AN 0.75 + .09 gHA/cm2; femur- control 0.87 + .09 gHA/cm2, AN 0.67 + .07 gHA/cm2; radius-control 0.41 + .04 gHA/cm2, AN 0.38 + 0.9 gHA/cm2). The mean difference between the groups was greatest in the femoral neck at 0.21 gHA/cm2 (95% CI 0.18-.024 p less than 0.001) and least at the radius 0.04 gHA/cm2 (95% CI 0.02-0.06, p less than 0.05), the lumbar spine was intermediate with a mean difference of 0.16 gHA/cm2 (95% CI 0.12-0.2 p less than 0.001). Femoral and spinal bone mineral density was positively correlated with body mass and negatively correlated with duration of amenorrhoea. Three of these patients had vertebral crush fractures which suggests that this diminution in bone density is of clinical significance. MH - Adolescence ; Adult ; Anorexia Nervosa/*COMPLICATIONS ; Bone and Bones/ *RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic/ETIOLOGY/*RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Female ; Femur Neck/*RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Human ; Lumbar Vertebrae/*RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Middle Age ; Minerals/*ANALYSIS ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Scott Med J 1986 Jul;31(3):206-7 4 UI - 87085097 AU - Finsen V ; Benum P TI - Regional bone mineral density changes after Colles' and forehand fractures. AB - Patients who sustain a second Colles' fracture only in one of five instances refracture the previously injured wrist. In those who have sustained fractures of the metacarpals or phalanges of the hand (forehand) subsequent fractures of the forehand are twice as likely to be ipsilateral. We investigated whether persisting regional bone mineral changes could be the mechanism underlying these observations. Bilateral bone mineral density measurements were performed on twenty patients who had sustained a Colles' fracture and twenty-nine who had sustained forehand fractures more than one year previously. Among Colles' fracture patients there was an increase in bone mineral density in the distal radius of the fractured side when compared to the uninjured side of thirty-nine percent. The protection of these patients from subsequent ipsilateral Colles' fracture seems to be due to increased bone strength induced by the healing process. Among patients with forehand fractures no significant bone mineral changes could be demonstrated. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Bone and Bones/METABOLISM ; Colles' Fracture/*METABOLISM ; Female ; Finger Injuries/*METABOLISM ; Fractures/*METABOLISM ; Human ; Male ; Metacarpus/*INJURIES ; Middle Age ; Minerals/*METABOLISM ; Radius Fractures/*METABOLISM SO - J Hand Surg [Br] 1986 Oct;11(3):357-9 5 UI - 87079622 AU - Wahner HW ; Riggs BL TI - Methods and application of bone densitometry in clinical diagnosis. AB - With the awareness of osteoporosis as a major health problem for an aging population, there is great interest in early recognition and treatment of abnormal bone loss. Effective prevention of bone loss has to occur prior to the occurrence of irreparable damage. Standard radiographic procedures are not sensitive enough for the task. Therefore, a number of alternative procedures to estimate bone loss have been developed over the years, ranging from efforts to quantitate information obtained from radiographic images to sophisticated procedures such as neutron activation analysis or procedures based on the Compton scatter phenomenon. Only two procedures, photon absorptiometry and computed tomography (CT), have emerged as applicable for routine clinical use. In photon absorptiometry the entire bone mineral (cortical and trabecular bone) of a specific skeletal site is measured. CT allows measuring of bone mineral of trabecular or cortical bone alone. Normally, bone mass reaches a maximum in the third decade and then continuously declines. This age-related bone loss is greater in women in whom an accelerated rate of loss occurs at the menopause. When bone density reaches a critical fracture threshold, skeletal fractures occur (spine, hip, and distal long bones). The age at which this critical fracture threshold is reached depends on the maximal bone mass achieved in early adulthood and the rate of loss with increasing age. With the exception of NaF, present-day therapeutic efforts only retard or prevent bone loss but do not significantly add bone mineral to the skeleton. Recognition of high-risk groups and early treatment are therefore required. Absorptiometry, and probably in the future CT, also permit the measuring of bone mineral at sites of fracture with sufficient accuracy and precision to allow an early detection of lower than normal (for age and sex) bone mass, estimating fracture risk, and monitoring of the rate of bone loss by repeated measurements. An operational diagnosis of osteoporosis based on fracture risk has also been attempted from bone mineral measurements. And last, the effect of a drug regimen used to prevent or decrease bone loss can be monitored with these procedures. MH - Bone and Bones/*PATHOLOGY/RADIOGRAPHY/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; *Densitometry/METHODS ; Human ; Minerals/*ANALYSIS ; Osteoporosis/ *DIAGNOSIS/PATHOLOGY/RADIOGRAPHY/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; *Radionuclide Imaging ; Review ; *Tomography, X-Ray Computed SO - CRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1986;24(3):217-33 6 UI - 87077592 AU - Lees S ; Mook HA TI - Equatorial diffraction spacing as a function of water content in fully mineralized cow bone determined by neutron diffraction. AB - Variation of the equatorial diffraction spacing of soft type I collagen tissues with water content using X-rays has been known for many years. Recently, a generalized model for collagen molecule packing within fibrils was deduced from this information for different collagenous tissues. It is now known that the eq. diff. sp. of mineralized tissues can be less than for soft tissues and is inversely dependent on the wet density. A determination of the eq. dif. sp. dependence on water content using neutron diffraction of fully mineralized cow bone was undertaken for comparison. Specimens with various partial water content between 0 and 100% were tested. Data show collagen molecules pack more closely together as water content decreases, just as for soft tissues. MH - Animal ; Body Water/ANALYSIS ; Bone and Bones/*ANALYSIS ; Cattle ; Collagen/*ANALYSIS ; Minerals/*ANALYSIS ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; X-Ray Diffraction SO - Calcif Tissue Int 1986 Oct;39(4):291-2 7 UI - 87077580 AU - Ismail F ; Epstein S ; Pacifici R ; Droke D ; Thomas SB ; Avioli LV TI - Serum bone gla protein (BGP) and other markers of bone mineral metabolism in postmenopausal osteoporosis. AB - Bone gla protein, the vitamin K-dependent protein synthesized by osteoblasts and measured in blood by radioimmunoassay, has been used as an index of the rate of bone turnover. The relationship of bone gla protein with other markers of bone mineral metabolism was determined in 31 untreated postmenopausal women with the osteoporotic syndrome. In addition to serum osteocalcin (BGP) we measured parathyroid hormone (PTH) (carboxyl and mid-molecule fragments), 25(OH)D, alkaline phosphatase, estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), dietary calcium intake, 24 hour urinary calcium excretion, and bone mineral density by CT scan of the lumbar vertebrae. Significant osteopenia was present on CT in untreated postmenopausal osteoporotic women (bone density in 18 out of 31 was below the critical value of 60 mg/cm3). Serum BGP correlated positively with CT scan (r + 0.647, P less than 0.001). CT and age were negatively correlated (r - 0.661, P less than 0.001) while CT and E2 showed a positive correlation (r + 0.554, P less than 0.01). Unexpectedly, BGP and age revealed a significant negative correlation (r - 0.421, P less than 0.05). These findings suggest a state of low bone turnover in this group with untreated postmenopausal osteoporosis. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Bone and Bones/*METABOLISM ; Calcium/URINE ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/*BLOOD ; Estradiol/BLOOD ; Female ; Human ; Menopause ; Middle Age ; Minerals/*METABOLISM ; Osteoporosis/*METABOLISM/ RADIOGRAPHY ; Parathyroid Hormones/BLOOD ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed SO - Calcif Tissue Int 1986 Oct;39(4):230-3 8 UI - 87073656 AU - Matsushita M ; Tsuboyama T ; Kasai R ; Okumura H ; Yamamuro T ; Higuchi K ; Higuchi K ; Kohno A ; Yonezu T ; Utani A ; et al TI - Age-related changes in bone mass in the senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM). SAM-R/3 and SAM-P/6 as new murine models for senile osteoporosis. AB - Age-related changes of the femoral bone mass in several strains of the senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM) were investigated. Microdensitometrically, all strains exhibited essentially the same patterns of age changes, that is, bone mass corrected by the diameter of the shaft reached the peak value when the mice were 4 or 5 months of age and then fell linearly with age up to over 20 months of age. Two strains, SAM-R/3 and SAM-P/6, which originated from the same ancestry on pedigree, had a significantly lower peak bone mass than other strains (SAM-R/1, SAM-R/2, SAM-P/1, and SAM-P/2). On the other hand, the strains with a low peak bone mass had the same rate of decrease as other strains. Mineral and collagen contents per dry weight of bone showed little difference among the strains. Histologic studies of tibia, femur, and lumbar spine revealed that the osteopenia was not due to osteomalacia but, rather, to osteoporosis. The elderly mice in these two strains were prone to fracture, thus should be important models for study of senile osteoporosis seen clinically. MH - *Aging ; Animal ; Bone and Bones/*PATHOLOGY ; Densitometry ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Histocytochemistry ; Male ; Mice ; Osteoporosis/ ETIOLOGY/*PATHOLOGY ; Progeria/COMPLICATIONS/*PATHOLOGY ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Am J Pathol 1986 Nov;125(2):276-83 9 UI - 87070377 AU - Lowery WD ; Thomas CG Jr ; Awbrey BJ ; Rosenstein BD ; Talmage RV TI - The late effect of subtotal thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine therapy on calcitonin secretion and bone mineral density in women treated for Graves' disease. AB - This study was designed to evaluate the effect of subtotal thyroidectomy and/or radioactive iodine therapy on plasma immunocalcitonin (iCT) levels and bone densities in patients treated for Graves' disease. Forty-eight women whose ages ranged from 29 to 79 years (mean, 55 years) were evaluated. All were at least 10 years beyond treatment. Fourteen patients had undergone subtotal thyroidectomy, 22 had received radioactive iodine therapy, and 12 had received both. Serum calcitonin levels were measured with the patient fasting and at 30 minutes and 2 hours after the ingestion of 15 mg of calcium in orange juice. Single photon absorptiometry was used to measure bone mineral density of the middle and distal radius. The mean fasting plasma levels of iCT for patients undergoing subtotal thyroidectomy was 27 +/- 2 mumol/L; women treated with radioactive iodine, 26 +/- 2; women undergoing subtotal thyroidectomy followed by radioactive iodine, 24 +/- 2, and for normal control women, 48.5 +/- 4.7. The mean stimulated iCT level of each of the patient groups was significantly lower than that of the normal controls (p = 0.01). There were no significant differences among the groups. Although there was an increased loss of bone mineral density in postmenopausal patients, with age and race as covariates, the bone densities of the distal radius in women undergoing subtotal thyroidectomy and/or receiving radioactive iodine were not significantly lower than those of normal control subjects (p greater than 0.05). These findings are consistent with other observations that patients treated by thyroidectomy and/or radioactive iodine for Graves' disease have lower basal levels of calcitonin and decreased calcitonin response to a provocative stimulus. Whether this loss of calcitonin reserve is a significant factor in development of postmenopausal osteoporosis remains unanswered. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Aging/METABOLISM ; Bone and Bones/*METABOLISM ; Calcitonin/ BLOOD/IMMUNOLOGY/*SECRETION ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Comparative Study ; Female ; Graves' Disease/METABOLISM/*THERAPY ; Human ; Iodine Radioisotopes/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Menopause ; Middle Age ; Minerals/ *METABOLISM ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; *Thyroidectomy ; Time Factors SO - Surgery 1986 Dec;100(6):1142-9 10 UI - 87060271 AU - Schantz JR ; Bertolami CN ; Nanda R TI - Photodensitometric evaluation of osseous repair following Le Fort I osteotomy. AB - This study evaluated photodensitometry as a noninvasive method for quantitating bone mineral content (BMC) and osseous repair after Le Fort I osteotomy. Le Fort I osteotomies were performed on 6 Macaca fasicularis monkeys; maxillas were either advanced (Group I, n = 3) or impacted and advanced (Group II, n = 3). Postoperative, standardized lateral cephalometric films were taken at weekly intervals up to 25 weeks and osteotomy site repair was studied using photodensitometry. Segment stability was also evaluated and correlated with measured densities. In both experimental groups, clinical stability occurred at about the same time (45.7 and 48.7 days postoperatively) despite large differences in the size of the initial surgical defects. The net rate (slope) of osteotomy site remineralization was significantly different (Group II greater than Group I), but the relative difference in film absorbance between the osteotomy site and adjacent bone at the time of clinical stability was the same. This difference can be extrapolated from early postoperative films and may constitute a useful parameter for predicting when clinical stability will be achieved. MH - Animal ; Cephalometry ; Densitometry/METHODS ; Female ; Implants, Artificial ; Light ; Macaca fascicularis ; Maxilla/ANALYSIS/*PHYSIOLOGY/ SURGERY ; Minerals/ANALYSIS ; Osteogenesis ; Osteotomy/*METHODS ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Time Factors ; Wound Healing SO - J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1986 Dec;44(12):977-86 11 UI - 87056395 AU - Scalzetti EM ; Bassano DA TI - Bone mineral measurement in the human spine using computed tomography. AB - A new method to measure bone mineral mass and density in human vertebrae was developed and clinically implemented. Using single-energy CT in the lumbar spine, it is possible to measure trabecular and cortical bone mineral mass regardless of the amount of soft tissue "background: present. Although the method is sensitive to the fat that resides in the marrow space of the vertebral body, an estimate of fat content can be incorporated into the calculations. We present and demonstrate the conceptual model upon which the method rests, and show that the results derived from its clinical use are highly correlated with those obtained from the conventional method of determining bone mineral concentration. MH - Adipose Tissue/ANALYSIS ; Human ; Hydroxyapatites/ANALYSIS ; Minerals/ *ANALYSIS ; *Models, Biological ; Spine/ANALYSIS/*RADIOGRAPHY ; *Tomography, X-Ray Computed SO - Invest Radiol 1986 Nov;21(11):858-63 12 UI - 87056394 AU - Sartoris DJ ; Holmes RE ; Bucholz RW ; Mooney V ; Resnick D TI - Coralline hydroxyapatite bone-graft substitutes in a canine metaphyseal defect model. Radiographic-histometric correlation. AB - Radiographic and histometric evaluation of a new form of bone-graft substitute derived from reef-building sea coral was performed in a canine metaphyseal defect model. Blocks of this material were implanted into the proximal tibial metaphyses of eight dogs, with radiographic densitometry and harvesting performed at two, four, six, and 12 months. Histometric analysis demonstrated progressive apposition of host compact bone at the margins and trabecular bone at the interior of the implants with time following surgery. Corrected transmission density determinations correlated significantly with degree of osseous ingrowth (R = -0.78), void volume fraction (R = 0.88), and postoperative interval (R = 0.88). These results support the successful early application of coralline hydroxyapatite bone-graft substitutes as an alternative to autogenous grafting in the clinical setting, and indicate that the course of incorporation into host bone can be noninvasively monitored using densitometric techniques. MH - Animal ; Bone and Bones/ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY/RADIOGRAPHY/*SURGERY ; Coelenterata ; Densitometry, X-Ray ; Dogs ; *Hydroxyapatites ; *Implants, Artificial ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Tibia/ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY/RADIOGRAPHY/SURGERY SO - Invest Radiol 1986 Nov;21(11):851-7 13 UI - 87052795 AU - Lindsay R ; Tohme J ; Kanders B TI - The effect of oral contraceptive use on vertebral bone mass in pre- and post-menopausal women. AB - The effects of oral contraceptive use on bone mineral density in pre- and post-menopausal women were evaluated in two separate studies. First, in a population of young women carefully controlled for all risk factors known to be associated with osteoporosis, it was determined that vertebral bone mineral was increased by about 1% for each year of exposure to oral contraceptives. A similar result was obtained by examining vertebral mineral content of an unselected, but healthy premenopausal population. Effects of oral contraceptives on bone mass could not be found among postmenopausal women, unless perhaps in the initial year or two after loss of ovarian function. MH - Adult ; Bone and Bones/*DRUG EFFECTS ; Contraceptives, Oral/ *PHARMACODYNAMICS ; Female ; Human ; *Menopause ; Middle Age SO - Contraception 1986 Oct;34(4):333-40 14 UI - 87028888 AU - Nordin BE ; Chatterton BE ; Steurer TA ; Walker CJ TI - Forearm bone mineral content does not decline with age in premenopausal women. AB - Forearm densitometry was performed on 77 normal premenopausal women aged 22-59 years. Bone mineral content (BMC) (arbitrary units) was converted into true forearm mineral content (FMC) (mg/cm) by measuring and ashing a sample radius and ulna. FMC was divided by width to yield surface density (mg/cm2) and divided by cross-sectional area to yield forearm mineral density (FMD) (mg/ml). The coefficient of variation of FMC was 12.3%, which was reduced to 10.1% after correction for width and 10.9% after correction for area. FMC was significantly related to height, bone width, and bone area but not to weight. The correlation with height was lost when FMC was corrected for bone width or bone area. None of the measured or derived bone variables was significantly related to age. Neither total bone mass nor bone density declines with age in premenopausal women. A comparison of normal and osteoporotic women will be required to establish whether bone width or bone area is the best referent for forearm mineral content. MH - Adult ; Bone and Bones/*ANALYSIS ; Female ; Human ; Menstruation ; Middle Age ; Minerals/*ANALYSIS ; Radius/ANALYSIS ; Ulna/ANALYSIS SO - Clin Orthop 1986 Oct;(211):252-6 15 UI - 86288000 AU - Sartoris DJ ; Andr:e M ; Resnik CS ; Resnick D ; Resnick C/[corrected to Resnik CS] TI - Trabecular bone density in the proximal femur: quantitative CT assessment. Work in progress [published erratum appears in Radiology 1986 Dec;161(3):855] AB - A new technique has been developed for quantitative assessment of trabecular bone content in the proximal femur using computed tomography (CT). The method employs the same contoured calibration phantom currently used for vertebral mineral studies and can be performed on any standard body scanner. Both femurs are evaluated simultaneously, and an integral approach to mean density determinations compensates for the complex geometry and trabecular architecture of the region. Specimen studies have documented acceptable reproducibility, and radiation dose and examination time are comparable to those of quantitative CT in the spine. Greater inherent accuracy has been achieved more rapidly through the addition of three-dimensional histogram analysis using a free-standing CT data processor. High correlation with vertebral trabecular bone content has been documented in the limited number of patients studied to date. Widespread availability of the technique and the high frequency of fractures related to metabolic bone disease in the proximal femur render the method a potentially valuable contribution to noninvasive bone densitometry. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Cadaver ; Densitometry, X-Ray/*METHODS ; Female ; Femoral Fractures/METABOLISM ; Femur/*ANALYSIS ; Human ; Male ; Mathematics ; Middle Age ; Minerals/*ANALYSIS ; Software ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*METHODS SO - Radiology 1986 Sep;160(3):707-12 16 UI - 86322410 AU - Margulies JY ; Leichter I ; Robin GC ; Gazit D ; Bab I TI - A correlative assessment of photon interaction and histomorphometric measurements of bone density. AB - Thirty-four femoral necks from human cadavers were measured by techniques assessing bone density and bone mineral density, and by the Singh index. These methods are based on photon interaction with biological components and can be applied noninvasively for clinical evaluation of changes in skeletal status. Trabecular bone volume, mineralized bone volume, and relative osteoid volume were evaluated histomorphometrically using undecalcified histologic sections obtained from the same samples. The trabecular and mineralized bone volumes showed significant correlations with the bone density and mineral density. These results enhance the validity of recently developed photon-interaction techniques for evaluating bone properties. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Bone and Bones/*ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY/ANALYSIS/*RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Comparative Study ; Female ; Human ; Male ; Middle Age ; Minerals/*ANALYSIS ; Spectrum Analysis SO - Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1986;105(4):239-42 17 UI - 86304922 AU - Pocock NA ; Eisman JA ; Yeates MG ; Sambrook PN ; Eberl S TI - Physical fitness is a major determinant of femoral neck and lumbar spine bone mineral density. AB - The relationship between physical fitness and bone mass in the femoral neck, lumbar spine, and forearm was studied in 84 normal women. Femoral neck and lumbar spine bone mineral density and forearm bone mineral content were estimated by absorptiometry. Fitness was quantitated from predicted maximal oxygen uptake. Femoral neck and lumbar bone mineral density were significantly correlated with fitness as well as age and weight. In the 46 postmenopausal subjects, fitness was the only significant predictor of femoral neck bone mineral density, and both weight and fitness predicted the lumbar bone mineral density. These data represent the first demonstration of a correlation between physical fitness, and, by implication, habitual physical activity, and bone mass in the femoral neck; they also support the previous reported correlation between lumbar bone mass and physical activity. The data suggest that increased physical fitness may increase bone mass at the sites of clinically important fractures in osteoporosis. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Aging ; Body Height ; Body Weight ; Bone and Bones/ *METABOLISM ; Comparative Study ; Female ; Femur Neck/METABOLISM ; Human ; Lumbar Vertebrae/METABOLISM ; Menopause ; Middle Age ; Minerals/ *METABOLISM ; Oxygen Consumption ; *Physical Fitness ; Regression Analysis ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - J Clin Invest 1986 Sep;78(3):618-21 18 UI - 86300154 AU - Lorentzon R ; Alehagen U ; Boquist L TI - Osteopenia in mice with genetic diabetes. AB - Bone mass and growth were studied in mice with genetic diabetes (db/db) characterized by obesity, hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia, in their lean litter mates (db/+) and in non-diabetic mice of the same strain (+/+). No significant difference was observed between db/+ and +/+ mice. The length, bone mass, bone mineral mass, bone mineral density and content of moisture of the tibia of the db/db mice were significantly decreased compared with the db/+ and +/+ mice. Microradiographs of the distal femur diaphysis of the db/db mice showed a significant reduction of the spongious bone area and of the number and thickness of bone trabeculae with a normal mineralization. The amount of osteoid was significantly increased in the db/db mice. The area of cortical bone of the tibia epiphysis of the db/db mice was significantly decreased compared with the db/+ and +/+ mice. The data suggest the occurrence of osteopenia due to decreased mineralization in mice with genetic diabetes. MH - Animal ; Blood Glucose/ANALYSIS ; Body Weight ; Bone and Bones/*PATHOLOGY ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic/COMPLICATIONS/*PATHOLOGY ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/BLOOD/*COMPLICATIONS/FAMILIAL & GENETIC/PATHOLOGY ; Female ; Femur/PATHOLOGY ; Insulin/BLOOD ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Obese ; Obesity in Diabetes/COMPLICATIONS ; Organ Weight ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Tibia/PATHOLOGY SO - Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1986 Jun;2(3):157-63 19 UI - 86297801 AU - Grynpas MD ; Patterson-Allen P ; Simmons DJ TI - The changes in quality of mandibular bone mineral in otherwise totally immobilized rhesus monkeys. AB - The status of bone mineral and osteocalcin in the young adult Rhesus monkey mandible was assessed following a 14-day period of postcranial immobilization, and after 7- and 28-day recovery periods. Specimens of cortical bone taken from the compact bone at the inferior border of the jaws were ground in liquid nitrogen and sieved to a particular size below 20 micron. The bone powder was then fractionated in a bromoform-toluene density gradient to determine its mineralization profile (Ca, P, CO3, and osteocalcin), and X-ray diffraction was used to determine apatite crystal size in some fractions. There was no change in the chemistry of the mandibular bone from the immobilized animals. However, the mineralization profile in that group showed a significant shift toward the higher density fractions, indicating the presence of a greater than normal content of mature well-mineralized bone. While this trend was accentuated in the jaws following a 7-day postimmobilization recovery period, partial recovery of the normal profile was observed after a 28-day recovery period. The osteocalcin profile shifted like the mineralization profile during the immobilization and recovery periods. X-ray diffraction analyses showed that the shift in the mineralization profile during the immobilization period was associated with a decrease in apatite crystal size. MH - Animal ; Bone and Bones/*ANALYSIS/CYTOLOGY ; Calcium/*ANALYSIS ; Calcium Phosphates/ANALYSIS ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/*ANALYSIS ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Mandible/*ANALYSIS ; Phosphates/*ANALYSIS ; Restraint, Physical ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. SO - Calcif Tissue Int 1986 Aug;39(2):57-62 20 UI - 86293309 AU - Holtrop ME ; Cox KA ; Carnes DL ; Holick MF TI - Effects of serum calcium and phosphorus on skeletal mineralization in vitamin D-deficient rats. AB - In the present study, we have evaluated the role of calcium and phosphorus concentrations in serum on the mineralization of bone in the absence of vitamin D. This was accomplished by feeding mother rats and subsequently their pups vitamin D-deficient diets varying in calcium, phosphorus, and lactose content. After 5-7 wk on these diets, serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] were undetectable. Rats fed a vitamin D-deficient diet containing 0.44% calcium and 0.3% phosphorus showed a serum calcium of 4.9-5.9 mg/dl and a serum phosphorus of 7.3-8.2 mg/dl; rickets (wide epiphysial plates) had developed as well as osteomalacia (wide osteoid seams). Rats maintained on a vitamin D-deficient diet containing 3% calcium and 0.65% phosphorus had normal serum calcium, low serum phosphorus, and severe rickets, but osteomalacia was not seen. Rats fed a diet containing 20% lactose, 4% calcium, and 1% phosphorus showed normal serum calcium, somewhat low serum phosphorus, normal serum PTH, normal width of the epiphysial plate, normal volume density of trabecular bone, and normal volume density of osteoid seams. These data confirm the findings of others, using a different experimental model, that serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations are the determining factors in mineralization defects and not the absence of 25(OH)D or 1,25(OH)2D. In these rats thyroparathyroidectomy is well tolerated, which makes for an ideal model for the study of the effects of calcium-regulating hormones on bone histology, cytology, and biochemistry. MH - Animal ; Bone and Bones/*METABOLISM/PATHOLOGY ; Calcium/*BLOOD ; Diet ; Hydroxycholecalciferols/BLOOD ; Minerals/METABOLISM ; Osteoclasts/ PATHOLOGY ; Phosphorus/*BLOOD ; Rats ; Rickets/BLOOD/PATHOLOGY ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Vitamin D Deficiency/*BLOOD/PATHOLOGY SO - Am J Physiol 1986 Aug;251(2 Pt 1):E234-40 21 UI - 86274924 AU - Gotfredsen A ; Borg J ; Nilas L ; Tjellesen L ; Christiansen C TI - Representativity of regional to total bone mineral in healthy subjects and 'anticonvulsive treated' epileptic patients. Measurements by single and dual photon absorptiometry. AB - Dual photon (153Gd) and single photon (125I) absorptiometry were used to measure the regional bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD), as well as the total body mineral content (TBBM) and density (TBBD), in sixty-nine healthy subjects and in twenty-three epileptics on phenobarbitone. The BMCs (and BMDs) of all regions were significantly correlated to each other and to the TBBM (and TBBD). No difference in the ability to discriminate between the different study groups was found for the various regions, excepting the BMD of the head. The relationship between the forearm BMC and TBBM was highly significant, and identical in the five groups. The relationships between spinal BMC and forearm BMC, and TBBM differed in the five groups. It is concluded that some local measurement may be used as estimates of the total body bone mineral in some groups of patients with minor metabolic bone disease and healthy subjects. MH - Adolescence ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Bone and Bones/*METABOLISM/ RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic/CHEMICALLY INDUCED/ *METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Epilepsy/DRUG THERAPY ; Female ; Human ; Male ; Menopause ; Middle Age ; Minerals/*METABOLISM ; Phenobarbital/ ADVERSE EFFECTS ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Tissue Distribution SO - Eur J Clin Invest 1986 Jun;16(3):198-203 22 UI - 86260634 AU - Reinbold WD ; Genant HK ; Reiser UJ ; Harris ST ; Ettinger B TI - Bone mineral content in early-postmenopausal and postmenopausal osteoporotic women: comparison of measurement methods. AB - To investigate associations among methods for noninvasive measurement of skeletal bone mass, we studied 40 healthy early postmenopausal women and 68 older postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Methods included single- and dual-energy quantitative computed tomography (QCT) and dual-photon absorptiometry (DPA) of the lumbar spine, single-photon absorptiometry (SPA) of the distal third of the radius, and combined cortical thickness (CCT) of the second metacarpal shaft. Lateral thoracolumbar radiography was performed, and a spinal fracture index was calculated. There was good correlation between QCT and DPA methods in early postmenopausal women and modest correlation in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Correlations between spinal measurements (QCT or DPA) and appendicular cortical measurements (SPA or CCT) were modest in healthy women and poor in osteoporotic women. Measurements resulting from one method are not predictive of those by another method for the individual patient. The strongest correlation with severity of vertebral fracture is provided by QCT; the weakest, by SPA. There was a high correlation between single- and dual-energy QCT results, indicating that errors due to vertebral fat are not substantial in these postmenopausal women. Single-energy QCT may be adequate and perhaps preferable for assessing postmenopausal women. The measurement of spinal trabecular bone density by QCT discriminates between osteoporotic women and younger healthy women with more sensitivity than measurements of spinal integral bone by DPA or of appendicular cortical bone by SPA or CCT. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Bone and Bones/*ANALYSIS/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Comparative Study ; Female ; Human ; Menopause ; Middle Age ; Minerals/ *ANALYSIS ; Osteoporosis/*METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Radionuclide Imaging ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed SO - Radiology 1986 Aug;160(2):469-78 23 UI - 86256874 AU - Vetter JR ; Perman WH ; Kalender WA ; Mazess RB ; Holden JE TI - Evaluation of a prototype dual-energy computed tomographic apparatus. II. Determination of vertebral bone mineral content. AB - A prototype dual-energy computed tomographic (CT) scanner (Siemens Somatom DR3) with rapid kVp switching and prereconstruction processing has been used to measure vertebral bone mineral density. With this approach misregistration and beam hardening inaccuracies can be reduced considerably. Basis material images of aluminum- and Lucite-equivalent density enable measurements of bone mineral density that are nearly independent of the amount of marrow fat. To simulate variable marrow fat, alcohol-water mixtures were used as media in calibration standards. A section of dried trabecular bone was also scanned immersed in varying alcohol-water mixtures. In both simulations it was shown that the dual-energy measurement is nearly independent of marrow composition whereas the single-energy measurement would be strongly influenced by marrow fat. Dual-energy CT was compared to dual-photon absorptiometry (153Gd) for the measurement of bone mineral mass of ten excised human vertebrae. There was a high degree of correlation between the two measurements (r = 0.97). Dual-energy and single-energy CT measurements on 17 patients with suspected metabolic bone disease strongly support the conclusion that the influence of fat can lead to significant errors in single-energy determinations of the mineral density of trabecular bone. MH - Bone and Bones/ANALYSIS/*RADIOGRAPHY/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Bone Marrow/ RADIOGRAPHY ; Comparative Study ; Health Physics ; Human ; Minerals/ *ANALYSIS ; Models, Anatomic ; Radionuclide Imaging ; Spine/ANALYSIS/ RADIOGRAPHY/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*METHODS SO - Med Phys 1986 May-Jun;13(3):340-3 24 UI - 86254562 AU - Drinkwater BL ; Nilson K ; Ott S ; Chesnut CH 3d TI - Bone mineral density after resumption of menses in amenorrheic athletes. AB - Amenorrheic athletes have been found to have a lower vertebral bone mineral density (BMD) than matched groups of eumenorrheic athletes. This study reports changes in BMD over a 15.5 month period in athletes who regained menses, athletes who remained amenorrheic, and athletes with regular cycles. The BMD was measured at two sites on the radius and at the lumbar vertebrae (L-1 through L-4), using single- and dual-photon densitometry, respectively. Changes in vertebral BMD were significant for the amenorrheic group (+6.3%), but not for cyclic women (-0.3%). A slight increase in radial density at S-1 and S-2 was not significant for either group. Two athletes who remained amenorrheic during this period continued to lose bone (-3.4%). We conclude that resumption of menses was the primary factor for the significant increase in the vertebral BMD of the formerly amenorrheic athletes. MH - Adult ; Amenorrhea/*METABOLISM/PHYSIOPATHOLOGY ; Bone and Bones/ *METABOLISM ; Calcium, Dietary/ADMINISTRATION & DOSAGE ; Estradiol/BLOOD ; Female ; Human ; Lumbar Vertebrae/METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; *Menstruation ; Minerals/*METABOLISM ; Progesterone/BLOOD ; Radius/ METABOLISM/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; *Running ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - JAMA 1986 Jul 18;256(3):380-2 25 UI - 86244079 AU - Reid IR ; Mackie M ; Ibbertson HK TI - Bone mineral content in Polynesian and white New Zealand women. AB - The forearm bone mineral content of Polynesian and European women in New Zealand was measured to assess whether the inter-racial differences found in other populations also occurred in these two groups. The bone mineral content of the nondominant distal radius and ulna was measured by single photon absorptiometry in 123 European and 80 Polynesian women. The mean values were about 20% higher in Polynesians than in Europeans. The reason for this difference in bone mineral content is unknown but the findings do show that high bone density is not confined to African races and that inter-racial differences in bone mineral content may be more common than has been thought hitherto. MH - Adolescence ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Bone and Bones/*ANALYSIS ; *Caucasoid Race ; Comparative Study ; Female ; Human ; Middle Age ; Minerals/*ANALYSIS ; New Zealand ; Radius/ANALYSIS ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Ulna/ANALYSIS SO - Br Med J [Clin Res] 1986 Jun 14;292(6535):1547-8 26 UI - 86242919 AU - Katsura N ; Yamada K TI - Isolation and characterization of a metalloprotease associated with chicken epiphyseal cartilage matrix vesicles. AB - A metalloprotease has been isolated from matrix vesicles of chicken epiphyseal cartilage and subsequently characterized. Matrix vesicles obtained by collagenase digestion and differential centrifugation were further purified by Sepharose CL2B gel filtration. The protease was solubilized from the vesicles by treatment with deoxycholate and freeze-thawing, and then isolated by Sephadex G150 gel filtration. Disc electrophoresis of the enzyme, which displayed protease activity toward azocasein substrate, gave a single protein band. Based on molecular weight (MW) determination, lack of immunocross reactivity, and differences in electrophoretic migration, there is little possibility of any contamination with external protease from the commercial collagenase used for vesicle preparation. The matrix vesicle protease had a MW of 33,000 and a pH optimum of 7.2 and was completely inhibited by 0.1 mM EDTA and 0.2 mM o-phenanthroline. alpha 2-Macroglobulin, ovalbumin, cysteine, penicillamine, ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (EHDP) and pyrophosphate at higher concentrations were also inhibitory. The inhibition by omicron-phenanthroline was reversed by Co2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+. Protease activity was most abundant in the heavy fraction of matrix vesicles fractionated by discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Release of this protease at the calcifying front could degrade noncollagenous protein moieties that inhibit precipitation of minerals in the extravesicular matrix and thus facilitate mineralization. MH - Animal ; Bone Matrix/*ENZYMOLOGY/METABOLISM ; Cartilage/*ENZYMOLOGY/ METABOLISM ; Chickens ; Epiphyses/*ENZYMOLOGY/METABOLISM ; Metalloproteins/*METABOLISM ; Peptide Peptidohydrolases/*ISOLATION & PURIFICATION SO - Bone 1986;7(2):137-43 27 UI - 86239085 AU - Nelson ME ; Fisher EC ; Catsos PD ; Meredith CN ; Turksoy RN ; Evans WJ TI - Diet and bone status in amenorrheic runners. AB - Our purpose was to determine the relationship of diet, exercise, and amenorrhea with bone mineral status in trained young women. Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine was significantly lower in amenorrheic compared to normally menstruating runners. Circulating estradiol was also significantly lower. No significant differences between the two groups were found in body composition, maximum aerobic power, or amount of training per week. A 3-day dietary record showed that the amenorrheic women reported a significantly lower daily energy intake, but no difference in the calcium intake. Protein intake was less than the US Recommended Dietary Allowance in 82% of amenorrheic women and 35% of eumenorrheic women. Abnormal eating behaviors may be associated with the development of amenorrhea. Our results show that when weight-bearing exercise and a low energy intake are associated with amenorrhea, the accretion of a large bone mass in young trained women is not favored. MH - Adult ; Amenorrhea/*METABOLISM ; Body Composition ; Bone and Bones/ *METABOLISM ; Caloric Intake ; *Diet ; Female ; Human ; Minerals/ANALYSIS ; *Running ; Spine/ANALYSIS ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. SO - Am J Clin Nutr 1986 Jun;43(6):910-6 28 UI - 86236986 AU - Jeffcott LB ; McCartney RN ; Speirs VC TI - Single photon absorptiometry for the measurement of bone mineral content in horses. AB - A safe, non-invasive method for the accurate measurement of bone mineral content in the third metacarpal bone of the horse is described. The technique involves scanning the bone with a single photon beam from an Americium-241 source. Data were obtained from the excised metacarpal bones from both forelimbs of 50 normal and seven lame horses. Measurements were made in vivo on eight normal and seven lame horses and on one experimental horse with osteopenia induced by partial weightlessness in a flotation tank. In the normal horses bone mineral content altered with age, particularly in the first six months of life. There were also differences according to the site of scanning on the metacarpus. The contribution of the splint bones to the total bone mineral content was less than 2 per cent distal to the mid-point of the metacarpus, but in the proximal shaft it increased to 12 per cent. No significant differences were noted either between right and left limbs, or between male and female animals. A reduction in bone mineral content was demonstrated in the affected leg of horses with chronic lameness and with osteopenia induced by weightlessness. The bone mineral content (g/cm) correlated well with the ash content (mg/100 mg dry bone weight), the specific gravity and the apparent transverse velocity of ultrasound (m/sec) through the bone. A measure of bone mineral density (g/cm3) was calculated from the bone mineral content and cross sectional area of the bone to overcome the individual differences in size of the metacarpus. MH - Age Factors ; Animal ; Bone and Bones/*RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Exertion ; Horse Diseases/*RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Horses ; Lameness, Animal/ *RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Metacarpus/RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING ; Minerals/ *METABOLISM ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Vet Rec 1986 May 3;118(18):499-505 29 UI - 86214079 AU - Tian MY ; Yanagishita M ; Hascall VC ; Reddi AH TI - Biosynthesis and fate of proteoglycans in cartilage and bone during development and mineralization. AB - Subcutaneous implantation of demineralized bone matrix in rats induces migration of host cells into the site and results in the sequential development of cartilage and bone. The biosynthesis and metabolic fate of proteoglycans in the plaques at the bone matrix implantation site were investigated by [35S]sulfate labeling in vivo. 35S-Labeled proteoglycans were extracted with 4 M guanidine HCl and purified by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. Analysis of proteoglycans on Sepharose CL-2B chromatography showed two major peaks at Kd = 0.28 and 0.68 (peaks I and II, respectively). Peak I proteoglycan has a high buoyant density and contains chondroitin sulfate chains of average Mr = 20,000. Peak II proteoglycan has a lower average buoyant density and contains dermatan sulfate chains of average Mr = 33,000. Throughout the endochondral bone development sequence, peak II proteoglycan predominates. Peak I was low on Day 3, became prominent on Day 7 (approximately 30% of the total radioactivity), and declined after Day 9. The calculated half-lives of peak I and II proteoglycans labeled on Day 7 were about 1.8 and 2.8 days, respectively. After the initiation of osteogenesis, a species of mineral-associated proteoglycan was extracted with a 4 M guanidine HCl solvent containing 0.5 M EDTA. This proteoglycan has a small hydrodynamic size (Kd = 0.38 on Sepharose CL-6B chromatography) and shows a long half-life, about 6 days. MH - Animal ; Bone and Bones/*METABOLISM ; *Bone Development ; Cartilage/ GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT/*METABOLISM ; Centrifugation, Isopycnic ; Chromatography, Gel ; Glycosaminoglycans/ANALYSIS ; Minerals/*METABOLISM ; Proteoglycans/*BIOSYNTHESIS/METABOLISM ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains SO - Arch Biochem Biophys 1986 May 15;247(1):221-32 30 UI - 86196704 AU - Riggs BL ; Wahner HW ; Melton LJ 3d ; Richelson LS ; Judd HL ; Offord KP TI - Rates of bone loss in the appendicular and axial skeletons of women. Evidence of substantial vertebral bone loss before menopause. AB - We made longitudinal measurements of bone mineral density (BMD) in 139 normal women (ages 20-88 yr) at midradius (99% cortical bone) and lumbar spine (approximately 70% trabecular bone) by single- and dual-photon absorptiometry. BMD was measured 2-6 (median, 3) times over an interval of 0.8-3.4 yr (median, 2.1 yr). For midradius, BMD did not change (+0.48%/yr, NS) before menopause but decreased (-1.01%/yr, P less than 0.001) after menopause. For lumbar spine, there was significant bone loss both before (-1.32%/yr, P less than 0.001) and after (-0.97%/yr, P = 0.006) menopause; these rates did not differ significantly from each other. Our data show that before menopause little, if any, bone is lost from the appendicular skeleton but substantial amounts are lost from the axial skeleton. Thus, factors in addition to estrogen deficiency must contribute to pathogenesis of involutional osteoporosis in women because about half of overall vertebral bone loss occurs premenopausally. MH - Adult ; Aged ; Bone and Bones/*ANALYSIS ; Densitometry ; Estradiol/BLOOD ; Estrone/BLOOD ; Female ; Human ; Lumbar Vertebrae/ANALYSIS ; *Menopause ; Middle Age ; Minerals/*ANALYSIS ; Osteoporosis/ETIOLOGY ; Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin/ANALYSIS ; Testosterone/BLOOD SO - J Clin Invest 1986 May;77(5):1487-91 31 UI - 86188697 AU - Gotfredsen A ; Nilas L ; Riis BJ ; Thomsen K ; Christiansen C TI - Bone changes occurring spontaneously and caused by estrogen in early postmenopausal women: a local or generalised phenomenon? AB - Regional values of bone mineral content and bone mineral density were calculated from total body dual photon absorptiometry scans of 52 early postmenopausal women treated with oestrogen for one year and of 52 similar women treated with placebo. The six regions were head, arms, chest, spine, pelvis, and legs. In addition, bone mineral density of the lumbar spine was measured by dual photon absorptiometry and bone mineral content of the forearm by single photon absorptiometry, using separate special purpose scanners. All regions were unchanged after one year of treatment with oestrogen, excluding the lumbar spine, for which values rose. Values for all regions except the lumbar spine fell significantly in the placebo group. The rates of loss ranged from 2% to 8%, with no significant differences among the regions. It is concluded that loss of bone in the early menopause is a generalised phenomenon, affecting all parts of the skeleton. Furthermore, oestrogen prophylaxis for loss of bone is effective in all parts of the skeleton. Finally, it is suggested that the measurement of bone mineral content in the forearm should be used for clinical follow up of bone changes, as this method is superior to others in the ratio of change to precision. MH - Bone and Bones/DRUG EFFECTS/*METABOLISM ; Clinical Trials ; Double-Blind Method ; Ethinyl Estradiol/*THERAPEUTIC USE ; Female ; Human ; *Menopause ; Middle Age ; Minerals/*METABOLISM ; Osteoporosis/PREVENTION & CONTROL ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Br Med J [Clin Res] 1986 Apr 26;292(6528):1098-100 32 UI - 86182792 AU - H:arm:a M ; Karjalainen P TI - Trabecular osteopenia in Colles' fracture. AB - Bone density was measured in 23 postmenopausal women with Colles' fracture. Trabecular spine density was measured by quantitative computed tomography. The bone mineral density in the distal radius and in the diaphysis of the radius and ulna was measured by the gamma ray attenuation method. Compared with age-matched controls, the patients were found to have reduced trabecular bone mass in the spine and distal radius, but no osteopenia in the diaphysis of the radius and ulna. The mean age-corrected decrease was 0.7 SD in the spine and 0.5 SD in the distal end of the radius. The results suggest that patients with Colles' fracture have trabecular but not cortical osteopenia. MH - Aged ; Bone and Bones/*ANALYSIS/PATHOLOGY ; Colles' Fracture/*METABOLISM/ PATHOLOGY ; Female ; Human ; Menopause ; Middle Age ; Minerals/*ANALYSIS ; Radius/ANALYSIS ; Radius Fractures/*METABOLISM ; Spine/ANALYSIS ; Ulna/ ANALYSIS SO - Acta Orthop Scand 1986 Feb;57(1):38-40 33 UI - 86178430 AU - Laval-Jeantet AM ; Roger B ; Bouysee S ; Bergot C ; Mazess RB TI - Influence of vertebral fat content on quantitative CT density. AB - Single- and dual-energy (85 and 130 kVp) computed tomographic (CT) measurements of bone density were made in 74 lumbar (L-3) vertebral specimens. Single-energy CT densities at 130 kVp consistently underestimated actual ash density by about 25 mg/cm3 in men and 40 mg/cm3 in women. CT densities overestimated age changes by 73% in women and 26% in men. These errors of the single-energy CT approach seemed due to increased marrow fat caused by age. At 130 kVp, there was a large decrease in apparent bone density (13 mg/cm3) for each increase of 100 mg/cm3 in fat content, but the decrease was lower at 85 kVp (11 mg/cm3), suggesting the use of lower energies for quantitative CT. In the vertebrae from the younger subjects (up to age 69), the relative error was 20%-31%, but in the oldest group it amounted to 31%-45%. The 95% confidence interval for an individual determination was +/- 38 mg/cm3. Dual-energy CT greatly reduced the above errors. Ash density was predicted with only a small accuracy error (7 mg/cm3) using a postprocessing dual-energy calculation, but the prediction error was 19 mg/cm3 for determinations at 130 kVp. The large uncertainty in the fat content of marrow (+/- 110 mg/cm3) and the variability in distribution of fat make dual-energy approaches necessary for accurate determinations of vertebral mineral density. MH - Adipose Tissue/*ANALYSIS/RADIOGRAPHY ; Adult ; Aged ; Aging ; Carbolines/ ANALYSIS ; Densitometry, X-Ray ; Female ; Hormones/ANALYSIS ; Human ; Lumbar Vertebrae/ANALYSIS/*RADIOGRAPHY ; Male ; Middle Age ; Pineal Body/ ANALYSIS ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; *Tomography, X-Ray Computed SO - Radiology 1986 May;159(2):463-6 34 UI - 86158609 AU - Simmons DJ ; Parvin C ; Smith KC ; France P ; Kazarian L TI - Effect of rotopositioning on the growth and maturation of mandibular bone in immobilized rhesus monkeys. AB - As part of an ongoing effort to mimic the hypokinesia and hypogravity of spaceflight, the effects of 14 d immobilization and rotopositioning on mandibular bone osteon growth (= radial rate of closure) was assessed in 12 juvenile Rhesus monkeys by tetracycline labeling. The monkeys had been restrained in a supine position and rotated 908 every 30 min through a full 3608 arc for 14 d. Osteon growth was also assessed after the immobilized/rotopositioned animals had been permitted to recover in metabolism cages for periods of 28 and 56 d. The closure rates of osteons in the cortex of the inferior border of the mandible were not abnormal during immobilization/rotopositioning or during recovery. The regression line plots yielded slopes of: Controls = 0.946-1.000; Immobilized/Rotopositioned = 1.045; 28 d Recovery = 0.833; 56 d Recovery = 0.829. Microradiographs indicated a normal distribution of osteons of different mineral density: lowly (28%), moderately (53%), and highly mineralized (18%). Bone porosity values also remain within the normal range (18.3 6 4.1%). These results suggested that 14 d immobilization/rotopositioning did not effect abnormal changes in the rates of bone formation and mineralization in the mandibular cortex of the juvenile Rhesus monkey. MH - Animal ; Macaca mulatta ; Mandible/*GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT/RADIOGRAPHY ; Microradiography ; Models, Biological ; *Movement ; Rotation ; *Space Flight ; Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. SO - Aviat Space Environ Med 1986 Feb;57(2):157-61 35 UI - 86117048 AU - Sinaki M ; McPhee MC ; Hodgson SF ; Merritt JM ; Offord KP TI - Relationship between bone mineral density of spine and strength of back extensors in healthy postmenopausal women. AB - We determined the bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and the strength of back extensors in 68 healthy postmenopausal Caucasian women. Bone mineral density of the second to fourth lumbar vertebrae was measured by dual-photon absorptiometry, and back extensor strength was determined with use of a strain-gauge dynamometer. The bone mineral density percentile ranged from 2 to 99%, and back extensor strength ranged from 37 to 145 lb. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant positive correlation (P = 0.004) between bone mineral density and back extensor strength, even when bone mineral density was corrected for age. Bone mineral density was also significantly positively correlated with body weight (P = 0.003), height (P = 0.001), and arm span (P = 0.008). These data suggest that the strength of back muscles may contribute to the bone mineral density of vertebral bodies. MH - Aged ; Anthropometry ; Back ; Female ; Gadolinium/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Human ; Isometric Contraction ; Lumbar Vertebrae/*ANALYSIS ; Menopause ; Middle Age ; Minerals/*ANALYSIS ; Muscles/*PHYSIOLOGY ; Radioisotopes/DIAGNOSTIC USE ; Radionuclide Imaging SO - Mayo Clin Proc 1986 Feb;61(2):116-22 36 UI - 86115695 AU - Lane NE ; Bloch DA ; Jones HH ; Marshall WH Jr ; Wood PD ; Fries JF TI - Long-distance running, bone density, and osteoarthritis. AB - Forty-one long-distance runners aged 50 to 72 years were compared with 41 matched community controls to examine associations of repetitive, long-term physical impact (running) with osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. Roentgenograms of hands, lateral lumbar spine, and knees were assessed without knowledge of running status. A computed tomographic scan of the first lumbar vertebra was performed to quantitate bone mineral content. Runners, both male and female, have approximately 40% more bone mineral than matched controls. Female runners, but not male runners, appear to have somewhat more sclerosis and spur formation in spine and weight-bearing knee x-ray films, but not in hand x-ray films. There were no differences between groups in joint space narrowing, crepitation, joint stability, or symptomatic osteoarthritis. Running is associated with increased bone mineral but not, in this cross-sectional study, with clinical osteoarthritis. MH - Aged ; Bone and Bones/*ANALYSIS/RADIOGRAPHY ; Female ; Hand/RADIOGRAPHY ; Human ; Knee Joint/RADIOGRAPHY ; Longitudinal Studies ; Lumbar Vertebrae/ RADIOGRAPHY ; Male ; Middle Age ; Minerals/*ANALYSIS ; Osteoarthritis/ *OCCURRENCE/RADIOGRAPHY ; Physical Endurance ; Questionnaires ; *Running SO - JAMA 1986 Mar 7;255(9):1147-51