==================================HSR23================================== 23. We are looking for articles relating to central skills and knowledge that are lacking (re: preventive medicine skill and knowledge in general) currently in physician practice. Key categories/terms are areas of: preventive medicine; community medicine; social and environmental medicine; epidemiology; biostatistics; physician education; continuing medical education; *disease prevention/health promotion; *educational objectives for M .D.'s in disease prevention/health promotion. We would use this data to compile a list of subjects that need to be covered and create the necessary curricula to cover these subjects in medical school. 1 UI - 87083120 AU - Curry RH TI - Health policy implications of health promotion and disease prevention for allied health. AB - Regardless of the direction health policies in this country may take, allied health professionals seem uniquely positioned to meet the health promotion needs of a variety of clients, such as patients, families, other providers, employees, and members of communities. If allied health professionals choose to respond to health promotion as an area of clinical expertise, they will have to accept the challenge presented by the numerous complex issues associated with implementing a new discipline. However, the successful application of energy and resources to resolving these problems would allow allied health professionals to provide significant interventions in meeting national health goals. This article reviews the history of health promotion in the United States, discusses current practices in health promotion, and suggests some future trends. MH - Allied Health Personnel/*EDUCATION ; Clinical Competence ; Education, Continuing ; *Health Policy ; *Health Promotion ; Human ; *Primary Prevention ; United States SO - J Allied Health 1986 Nov;15(4):339-47 2 UI - 87083119 AU - Bunker JF ; Parcel GS ; Phillips BU ; Simons-Morton D TI - Curricular implications of health promotion and disease prevention in allied health education. AB - Several recent articles have addressed the role of allied health professionals in health promotion and disease prevention (HP/DP). The consensus is that allied health professionals are on the threshold of making major contributions to the HP/DP initiative. The focus of these contributions usually centers on the role of allied health professionals in clinical settings and the traditional medical-model emphasis on direct patient contact. In addition, there is discussion of the programmatic changes that will be required to meet the challenge of integrating health promotion concepts, knowledge, and skills into current professional curricula. The purpose of this paper is to examine critically the rationale behind providing HP/DP education for allied health professionals and to discuss the implications of such education for professional preparation programs. MH - Allied Health Personnel/*EDUCATION ; *Curriculum ; Health Promotion/ *EDUCATION ; Human ; Primary Prevention/*EDUCATION ; Programmed Instruction ; Role ; United States SO - J Allied Health 1986 Nov;15(4):329-37 3 UI - 87083112 AU - McTernan EJ ; Rice NC TI - An overview of the role of allied health professionals in the health promotion and disease prevention movement. AB - This article presents an overview of the current and potential role of allied health professions in the health promotion and disease prevention movement. It provides a brief description of the history and evolution of this movement and highlights some of the steps that have been taken to involve allied health in this area. In addition, it outlines some of the national and regional initiatives that allied health educational institutions and professional organizations have implemented to integrate health promotion and disease prevention into their policies and practices. MH - Allied Health Personnel/*EDUCATION ; Curriculum ; Health Promotion/ *MANPOWER ; Human ; Preventive Health Services/*MANPOWER ; United States SO - J Allied Health 1986 Nov;15(4):289-92 4 UI - 87073636 AU - Rider BA ; White VK TI - Occupational therapy education in health promotion and disease prevention. AB - Educational experiences and didactic materials on health promotion are necessary for occupational therapists to remain current in the profession. This paper reviews health promotion learning experiences to determine the "state of the art: in this important area. It was found that few papers or workshops have been given at recent AOTA Annual Conferences; five universities received Allied Health Grants, which included occupational therapists, to develop health promotion learning materials; and occupational therapy educational curricula for the most part do include something on health promotion. The AOTA Special Interest Sections have shown interest in health promotion. MH - Curriculum ; Education, Continuing ; Health Education/METHODS/ ORGANIZATION & ADMIN. ; *Health Promotion ; *Occupational Health Services ; Occupational Therapy/*EDUCATION ; Training Support SO - Am J Occup Ther 1986 Nov;40(11):781-3 5 UI - 87068207 AU - Gould JB ; Frerichs RR TI - Training faculty in Bangladesh to use a microcomputer for public health: followup report. AB - In 1984 the Western Consortium for the Health Professions, Inc., under contract to the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA), began a project to assist Bangladesh's National Institute for Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM) in establishing a microcomputing capability. The project's goal was to enable NIPSOM to become self-sufficient in the analysis by microcomputer of health, population, and family planning data; program evaluation; and policy activities. Lack of a local microcomputer infrastructure demanded that a local team of experts be developed to run the system described in a previous report. Five NIPSOM faculty members--three of whom had taken the workshop held when the system was first installed--were assigned to a computer committee, which was responsible for the computer's well-being. Six months after the microcomputer system was installed, a second 2-week workshop was given. The consortium's consultant facilitated the development of a basic microcomputer course, which was taught by four members of the computer committee to an additional eight NIPSOM faculty members. Emphasis was placed on developing local self-reliance and the need to overcome obstacles imposed by the lack of local hardware and software support systems. A strategy is proposed for the successful introduction of microcomputers in developing countries. MH - Bangladesh ; *Computer Literacy ; *Computer User Training ; Education, Medical, Continuing ; *Faculty, Medical ; Human ; Microcomputers ; Social Medicine/*EDUCATION ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Public Health Rep 1986 Nov-Dec;101(6):616-23 6 UI - 87042926 AU - Connor LH ; Higginbotham N TI - An integrated sociocultural curriculum for community medicine in Bali, Indonesia. AB - Since 1983, social scientists have collaborated with teaching staff at the Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia, to develop an integrated sociocultural curriculum for undergraduate students in community health. The Udayana curriculum is discussed in the context of an international commitment over the last two decades to appropriate education for primary health care and community health in developing countries. The authors describe their work as consultants with Udayana staff. Participants formulated a five-stage project of curriculum development and community health research that could be continued as part of an ongoing community medicine teaching program. Recommendations for integrating social science perspectives within medical domains are outlined, based on the project experience. The paper also discusses the undertaking as a 'development project' suggesting that many of the issues and problems that arose are common to bureaucratic institutions in Third World countries when development projects are initiated. MH - Community Medicine/*EDUCATION ; Cultural Characteristics ; *Curriculum ; *Education, Medical, Undergraduate ; Faculty, Medical ; Human ; Indonesia ; Rural Health ; Social Sciences/EDUCATION SO - Soc Sci Med 1986;23(7):673-82 7 UI - 87040038 AU - Wagner MG TI - Whither goest nutrition? AB - Three aspects of nutrition are identified. They are food, its production and availability, eating, human metabolism. Nutrition is multifactorial. Medical men are not taught about nutrition. They are concerned with illness, not health. Science, caught up in a Cartesian dichotomy, is hampered by a reductionist approach. The World Health Organisation recommends that nutrition should be approached from the standpoint of health promotion. The implications of such an approach are expounded. MH - Education, Medical ; Female ; Fetal Growth Retardation/PREVENTION & CONTROL ; Health Promotion ; Human ; *Nutrition/EDUCATION ; Pregnancy ; Public Health ; Research SO - Nutr Health 1986;4(3):135-40 8 UI - 87035404 AU - Elwood JM ; Pearson JC ; Madeley RJ ; Logan RF ; Beaver MW ; Gillies PA ; Little J ; Langham A TI - Research in epidemiology and community health in the medical curriculum: students' opinions of the Nottingham experience. AB - Medical students in Nottingham all complete an honours Bachelor of Medical Sciences course in one department including a research project. The honours programme in community health is described, with results from a survey of the 122 graduates since the medical school started. The 98 (80%) responses showed high levels of satisfaction and gain from the programme, the great majority regarding the course as valuable, enjoyable, and giving both research skills and skills in interpersonal relationships. MH - Attitude to Health ; Community Medicine/*EDUCATION ; Curriculum ; *Education, Medical, Undergraduate ; England ; Epidemiology/*EDUCATION ; Human ; *Research ; Students, Medical/*PSYCHOLOGY SO - J Epidemiol Community Health 1986 Sep;40(3):232-5 9 UI - 87035268 AU - Pace NL TI - Learning statistical methods. AB - Since at least 1951 anesthesia journals have called for a more rigorous application of statistical methods in research reports. This appeal for statistical excellence actually applies to the researcher, to the clinician journal reader, and to the editor. Thirty five years ago the obligations of these three groups was made clear in an unsigned editorial in Anesthesiology; there is now a widespread consensus on these responsibilities. The researcher must create valid science. The clinician reader must bring sufficient intellectual skills to understand a journal article; using these skills the reader must critique the research report to judge its applicability to his patients. The editor must decline manuscripts showing poor or absent application of the scientific method, experimental design, and statistical analysis. Though the editors continue to exhort further improvements, even a casual perusal of their journals demonstrates a tremendous improvement in the handling of numeric data over the last four decades. With the increasing sophistication of statistical methods in journals, the reader must continue to expand his statistical understanding. In this short review, a few highlights of statistical methods useful either in planning and accomplishing a research project or in reading a research report will be discussed; these include the planning of a study design, data collection, data analysis, and interpretation of the research. Comments about using these concepts to better understand a research article will be included. Also included will be an annotated reading list for further study and reference. Mathematical formulas have been avoided as much as possible. Actual use of statistics requires use of equations which can be found in the books of the reading list. MH - *Biometry ; Data Collection ; Education, Medical ; Research Design ; Software SO - Int J Clin Monit Comput 1986;3(1):3-10 10 UI - 87024703 AU - Polnay L ; More EJ TI - General professional training in community child health. AB - A scheme providing general professional training for doctors in community child health is described. The scheme covers three years and gives broad clinical experience in general hospital paediatrics, community paediatrics, psychiatry, and general practice. The aims of the scheme and service needs and future structure for our trainees are discussed. MH - Community Medicine/*EDUCATION ; *Education, Medical, Graduate ; Family Practice/EDUCATION ; Great Britain ; Pediatrics/*EDUCATION ; Psychiatry/ EDUCATION SO - Arch Dis Child 1986 Sep;61(9):917-20 11 UI - 87016805 AU - Scott CS ; Greig LM ; Neighbor WE TI - Curricular influences on preventive-care attitudes. AB - Attitudes are one of the most important outcomes of medical education, but little is known about curricular influences on specific attitudes. This study examined changes in attitudes toward 20 preventive-care services in a cohort of 175 medical students. Specifically, a cohort of medical students was followed over a 30-month interval that spanned the period from medical school entry through the first 6 months of clinical clerkships. Perceived importance, as well as student confidence in the ability of primary-care physicians to provide 20 preventive-care services, was examined. Importance ratings for preventive-care services remained stable, while levels of confidence in the ability of physicians to provide the services increased. Implications of the results are discussed in relation to the possibilities for emphasizing disease prevention content in medical education. MH - *Attitude to Health ; *Curriculum ; Human ; Preventive Medicine/ *EDUCATION ; Students, Medical/*PSYCHOLOGY SO - Prev Med 1986 Jul;15(4):422-31 12 UI - 87014161 AU - Disler PB ; Hoffman MN ; Klopper JM ; Epstein LM TI - Community health service planning in the education of medical students. AB - Few medical students gain practical experience in practical epidemiology during their undergraduate years or understand how this science is a prerequisite to decision-making in the health services. In an attempt to overcome this deficit a group of clinical students was asked to measure the incidence of cerebrovascular disease in the Cape Peninsula over a relatively short period in order that rehabilitation facilities could be planned for affected patients. The exercise proved extremely fruitful for both the staff and the students. For the latter it not only met the objectives outlined above but also forced them to enter the community and so gain a perspective of all health services provided. We suggest that this technique, which can be applied to many topics, is a useful way of introducing students to these important concepts. MH - Cerebrovascular Disorders/OCCURRENCE ; Community Health Services ; *Education, Medical, Undergraduate ; Epidemiology/EDUCATION ; Female ; *Health Planning ; Human ; Male ; South Africa ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Med Educ 1986 Sep;20(5):444-8 13 UI - 86261181 AU - Knutsen SF ; Johnsen R ; Forsdahl A TI - Practical training of medical students in community medicine. Eight years experience from the University of Troms:. AB - From its beginning, the Medical School at the University of Troms: aimed at obtaining a better balance between clinical medicine, basic science and community medicine in its curriculum. This was obtained by using the integrated model for teaching, having a separate study-block for community medicine, incorporating field work in local hospitals and with district doctors and requiring the students to write a scientific paper before qualifying. The 8-week field training with a district doctor started in 1978. Evaluations from these eight years have been analysed and show that students, during these eight weeks, are involved in many aspects of family- and community medicine. The programme has been given positive evaluations from both students and teachers. We conclude that the field training given to medical students in Troms: is an efficient way of preparing the medical students for future clinical work both inside and outside institutions. MH - *Clinical Clerkship ; Community Medicine/*EDUCATION ; *Education, Medical, Undergraduate ; Educational Measurement ; Family Practice/ *EDUCATION ; Human ; Norway SO - Scand J Prim Health Care 1986 May;4(2):109-14 14 UI - 86234950 AU - Bland JM TI - Computer simulation of a clinical trial as an aid to teaching the concept of statistical significance. AB - The advent of cheap and powerful microcomputers provides opportunities for improving the teaching of statistics in medicine. This paper describes a practical exercise in which students study the concept of statistical significance using a simple computer program which simulates a clinical trial. The students are required to make decisions about patients with incomplete data and form contingency tables for analysis. This includes analysing contingency tables with several cells having small expected frequencies. The results from 25 groups of students are collected together and presented to the class. Two null hypotheses are tested, one of which is true. For the true null hypothesis the group is likely to produce, by chance, at least one significant result at the 0.05 level. For the false null hypothesis only a minority of results will be significant, because the sample size is small. This leads to a discussion of the concept of statistical significance. The simulation model is described and the advantages and potential of this type of teaching are discussed. MH - *Biometry ; *Clinical Trials ; *Computer Assisted Instruction ; Education, Medical, Graduate ; Human ; Microcomputers ; Software SO - Stat Med 1986 Mar-Apr;5(2):193-7 15 UI - 86200097 AU - Lynch GR ; Prout MN TI - Screening for cancer by residents in an internal medicine program. AB - A study was conducted by the authors to explore screening for cancer by internal medicine residents in a primary care clinic. The charts of 151 patients over 40 years of age followed by residents in the outpatient clinic of an innercity hospital were reviewed for documentation of screening on initial evaluation or on follow-up within 12 months of the initial visit. The residents were unaware of the chart review, and cancer screening had received no special emphasis in their training program. Screening was more frequently performed on male patients than female patients: smoking history (61 percent of males, 34 percent of females); alcohol history (64 percent of males, 26 percent of females); occupational history (48 percent of males, 15 percent of females); and testing for hidden blood in stools (73 percent of males, 41 percent of females). Breast examination and Pap smears were done on 33 percent and 29 percent of the women patients, respectively, with women residents performing them slightly more frequently than male residents. This low rate of cancer risk screening suggests the need for intensive education of residents on the potential for cancer prevention through early detection. MH - Adult ; Canada ; Female ; Human ; Internal Medicine/*EDUCATION ; *Internship and Residency ; Male ; *Mass Screening ; Neoplasms/ *PREVENTION & CONTROL ; Preventive Medicine ; United States SO - J Med Educ 1986 May;61(5):387-93 16 UI - 86167746 AU - Arlton D TI - A paying health promotion clinic: combining client services and student learning. AB - Major societal changes over the past two decades have created the need for competent health care professionals able to provide high quality health care in a rapidly changing, highly technical society. To meet this goal, the University of Northern Colorado College of Health and Human Services prepares graduates in a unique multidisciplinary health promotion clinic. Department chairs along with clinic and faculty coordinators manage student-learning and client-service activities in this 9,000-square-foot, on-campus clinic. Income is generated through third-party payments and client fees from programs in nursing, nutrition, communication disorders, human rehabilitative services, and community health. Problems encountered in developing this clinic included staffing, physician consultation, fee assessment, faculty hesitancy, and health care competition. Positive outcomes were a more autonomous professional identity for students, clinic practice and research opportunities for faculty, and health promotion care for selected client groups. MH - Allied Health Personnel/*EDUCATION ; Ambulatory Care Facilities/*MANPOWER ; *Clinical Clerkship ; Colorado ; Consumer Satisfaction ; *Education, Medical, Undergraduate ; Health Promotion/*MANPOWER ; Human ; Insurance, Health, Reimbursement ; *Patient Care Team SO - J Allied Health 1986 Feb;15(1):3-10 17 UI - 86139138 AU - Lichter ML ; Arens PL ; Reinstein N ; Simonds SK ; Heeringa SG TI - Oakwood Hospital needs assessment for community health promotion. AB - A survey was conducted to determine community health concerns, interests, and perceived health needs. The survey data were used in the selection of health promotion interventions. An index of Concern/Information Need/Participation Willingness (CIP) was developed as a model for planning, implementing, marketing, and evaluating programs. MH - Adolescence ; Adult ; Aged ; Attitude of Health Personnel ; Attitude to Health ; Catchment Area (Health) ; Comparative Study ; Curriculum ; *Health Education ; *Health Promotion ; *Health Services Needs and Demand ; *Health Services Research ; Health Status ; Hospital Bed Capacity, 500 and over ; *Hospitals, Community ; Human ; Michigan ; Middle Age ; Planning Technics ; Questionnaires ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't SO - Health Care Manage Rev 1986 Winter;11(1):73-88 18 UI - 86086881 AU - Parks SC ; Moody DL TI - Marketing: a survival tool for dietetic professionals in the 1990s. AB - There is little question among members of the profession that practitioners are faced with crucial survival issues in this decade and the next. Approaching a maturing profession with static strategies will limit the profession's future growth. Consumers want to make decisions for themselves and to be provided with options. That phenomenon could change the very fabric of "professionalism: and, in turn, if dietetic professionals fail to change their strategies, could result in an advantage for nutrition competitors vs. those professionals. Dietitians as a whole must look to such disciplines as economics, the social sciences, and marketing for answers to their survival problems. Dietitians must encourage growth and innovation in order to sustain the demand for professional services. In that endeavor, the authors argue that marketing is clearly an essential tool needed to enhance the profession and to work within the dynamics of the marketplace. MH - Attitude of Health Personnel ; Attitude to Health ; Consumer Satisfaction ; Delivery of Health Care/ECONOMICS ; Dietetics/*TRENDS ; Health Facilities/ECONOMICS/TRENDS ; Health Promotion ; Life Style ; *Marketing of Health Services ; Nutrition ; Professional Competence SO - J Am Diet Assoc 1986 Jan;86(1):33-6 19 UI - 86078999 AU - Strasberg SM TI - So you wanted to do surgery and they keep talking about research: a discussion for the surgical resident and intern. AB - Surgical residents and interns frequently misunderstand the relation between surgery and research, and the contribution of surgical research to clinical practice. The problem is that the effects of research must be viewed in the long term. Once the resident can do this, the importance of research to surgery is evident and surgical research can be seen for what it is, the growing surface of surgery. Training to do surgical research has many parallels with clinical training. A core-training period in investigation provides the resident with the right mental approaches to investigation so that training in a specific area of research may be done later. Surgical scientists must be excellent clinicians as well as scientists and so long training periods are required. Four years of clinical practice training and 3 of research training are probably ideal. Shorter periods of research training may be valuable for many surgical residents, particularly those who have had little research experience. Training should be tailored to the trainee's desired role in surgery. MH - Canada ; Curriculum ; Epidemiology/EDUCATION ; Human ; Internship and Residency ; Models, Theoretical ; Research/*METHODS ; Surgery/*EDUCATION ; Technology ; Time Factors SO - Can J Surg 1986 Jan;29(1):64-8