==================================HSR22==================================
22.   Preferred Provider Organizations (PPO's);
      Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO's);
      Individual Practice Associations (IPA's);
      Alternate Delivery Methods/systems; Prepaid Health Plans.
      Any of these terms correlated with radiology, radiologists.
1
UI  - 86183518
AU  - Hillman AL ; Schwartz JS
TI  - The diffusion of MRI: patterns of siting and ownership in an era of
      changing incentives.
AB  - The rate and pattern of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) siting and
      ownership are examined in the context of the current turbulent
      health-care environment. By the end of 1984, 151 MRI units were located
      at 134 different sites. There was one MRI unit for every 1.55 million
      Americans. Most of the largest metropolitan areas had at least one unit.
      Overall, however, the diffusion rate of MRI has lagged behind that of
      computed tomography (CT). Trends in magnet preference, siting, and
      ownership are evolving. While the majority of all units are located
      within hospitals, the diffusion of nonhospital-based MRI units is
      accelerating. The deployment of hospital-based units is progressing at a
      slower rate, largely limited to academic institutions and urban centers.
      Purchase of superconducting and permanent magnets is accelerating, while
      that of resistive units is decreasing. Likewise, there is a trend toward
      adoption of intermediate (0.5 T-0.6 T) and large (1.0 T or 1.5 T)
      magnets. Ownership arrangements are highly varied and characterized by
      increased efforts at risk-sharing, trends that reflect a more
      competitive, profit-oriented medical-care environment. An analysis of
      recent health-policy initiatives and evolving market factors helps to
      explain some of these observations. Increased cost-consciousness,
      prospective reimbursement systems, loopholes in current regulations, and
      increased competition among health-care providers are influencing the
      diffusion of MRI and may herald the fate of other expensive medical
      technologies in the near future.
MH  - Delivery of Health Care/ECONOMICS ; Magnetics ; Nuclear Magnetic
      Resonance/ECONOMICS/INSTRUMENTATION/*UTILIZATION ; Ownership ; Radiology/
      ECONOMICS/*INSTRUMENTATION ; Radiology Department, Hospital/ECONOMICS ;
      *Reimbursement Mechanisms ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Support, U.S.
      Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/INSTRUMENTATION ; United
      States
SO  - AJR 1986 May;146(5):963-9