Y040016 1
1321227
Bacteria did it. Industrial Chemical News January 0, 1986 p. 20
The gene responsible for the ability of bacteria to invade cells has been discovered by R Isberg and S Falkow of Stanford U Medical Center. The large invasion gene was isolated from Yersinia pseudotubercolosis, 1 of a large class of bacteria that infect by penetrating cells and surviving within them. The best characterized disease-causing bacteria generally do not invade cells, but a large proportion of less understood and very pathogenic ones do, and these pathogenic bacteria tend to become increasingly resistant to antibiotics, according to Isberg. The gene seems to code for a large protein found on the bacterial surface, but researchers don't know yet if the protein aids invasion by facilitating bacterial binding to the animal cell or whether it has another role in the process. The gene may be useful in biotechnology by carrying other elements (eg drugs, other proteins or even pieces of DNA) into cells.
*1USA *United States *8521214 *Cellular Biology *31 *science

Y040016 2
1319018
Ferro-Alloys: Production up, prices down. Metal Bulletin Monthly January 0, 1986 p. 75, 79+
World: Shippable ferrosilicon capacity is currently 2.5 million metric tons per year, and is 41 percent greater than consumption, at 1.8 million metric tons per year. This overcapacity, due to technological developments in the steel industry which have reduced FeSi requirements, is expected to last into the 1990s. World ferrochrome production totals 9-10 million metric tons per year, of which 60-70 percent is destined for the metallurgical market, chiefly stainless steel (70 percent) and high-alloy steels. The ferrochrome market is expected to grow at 3 percent/yr. Molybdenum demand and production balances at 165-175 million pound each in 1985, indicating excess stocks of 30-40 million pound. Article discusses in detail ferro-alloy market trends, both national and international.
*0 W *World *3313015 *Ferrosilicon *44 *facilities 0 W World 3313011 Ferrochrome 62 production data 0 W World 3339740 Molybdenum 65 sales & consumptn

Y040016 3
1318727
A Special Report: Telecommunications. Wall Street Journal 3 Star, Eastern (Princeton, NJ) Edition February 24, 1986 p. 1d-44d
A special report analyzes trends in the telecommunications equipment and services markets. Information included covers: Choosing a telecommunications system for a company in light of many technological developments and deregulation; graphic data on the telecom market; a discussion of the long-distance telephone market; regulations affecting the market; executive profiles; custom-made communications; new products and services; developments in France and Japan; telecom advertising; the battle between AT&T and IBM; security concerns in voice and data transmission; managing the telecom firm; effects of deregulation, and communications strategies for global companies.
*1USA *United States *4810000 *Telecommunications *60 *market data 1USA United States 3661000 Telecommunications Equipment 60 market data

Y040016 4
1318289
3Algae shuttle vector. Chemical Economy & Engineering Review (formerly Japan Chemical Quarterly) p. 5 3
Japan: A new shuttle vector system between ocean algae and E coli has formed the foundation of algae rDNA technology, according to Tokyo U and Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences researchers. The shuttle vector was obtained by hybridizing PUC13 cloning vector of M13 pharge in E coli and plasmid separated from algae Synechococcus SP. Hybrid plasmid was inserted into E coli and algae, causing a transformation. If ocean algae with high production efficiency can be developed, it will improve output of photosynthesis-derived hydrogen, physiologically active substances such as chlorella and Spirulina algae rDNA and fisheries.
*9JPN *Japan *8521212 *Genetic Engineering *33 *products

Y040016 5
1317362
Fairchild Is Back!. Electronics February 24, 1986 p. 72-75
Fairchild Semiconductor now has a new management team, a vigorous product-introduction program, and a new strategy for survival. After a decade of decline, during which it lost top management and fell behind technologically, Fairchild is trying to leapfrog the competition and emerge as a leading supplier of high-performance components for the next generations of computer equipment, from desktops to supercomputers. Fairchild pres DW Brooks is trying to convince customers that their best chance of getting equipment to market in time to compete with Japanese manufacturers is to tie their systems' designs to Fairchild's device and technology development.
*1USA *United States *3674000 *Semiconductor Devices *22 *planning-info; *Fairchild Semiconductor

Y040016 6
1315719
A worldwide future for R&D?. Chemical Week February 26, 1986 p. 15, 17
The US can retain its lead in the world economy via R&D, according to IM Ross of AT&T Bell Labs at an Research and Development conference sponsored by Conference Board. Ross does not expect the US to return to a 'made-in-the-USA-only' era because of the importance of technology transfer, the need for global development and the international nature of business. Technological innovation accounts for 50-60 percent of economic growth. Ross says the US must use technology to reduce the labor content of its products, with US labor costs of $12.26/ hour, vs $6.48/ hour in Japan and $1.30/ hour in S Korea. Manufacturing, which produces 85 percent of US wealth, must not be abandoned in favor of high technology and service industries, but the US must excel in computers and telecommunications, which offer various services through systems engineering, aerospace and aviation. Chemicals and pharmaceuticals are fundamental to food, health and material needs, and biotechnology, including instrumentation and equipment, is also important. K Ohmae of McKinsey notes that Japan, West Europe and the US with 600 million consumers and $10, 000/capita in GNP make and use 85 percent of all high-technology goods.
*1USA *United States *8510000 *Research & Development *31 *science

Y040016 7
1315306
Protein discovery. Cosmetics & Toiletries January 0, 1986 p. 19, 20
Harvard researchers have isolated, purified and cloned a protein that induces new blood vessels to grow in living tissue. Angiogenin, the 1st human organ-forming substance ever chemically identified, consists of a single chain of 123 amino acids, many basic, and a molecular weight of 14, 400. About 35 percent of the amino acid residues are identical to those in pancreatic ribonuclease.
*1USA *United States *2831720 *Cellular Protein *31 *science

Y040016 8
1313516
Listening to the market before speaking up: GE. Business Marketing (formerly Industrial Marketing) February 0, 1986 p. 60, 61
General Electric (Fairfield, Connecticut) utilizes focus groups before launching corporate image ad campaigns. The company launched a successful campaign in 1984 resulting in a Business Information Center that encourages an on-going communication with target markets. The company conducts pre-campaign research to determine possible trouble spots, such as slow growth in certain markets and rapid rates of technology development. One study found respondents viewed GE as 'somewhat abstract and close to arrogant, ' according to HM Snider, manager, business communications. Internally, the firm encourages employees to think of 'pulling new markets rather than pushing products, ' according to Snider.
*1USA *United States *3600000 *Electrical & Electronic Equip *24 *marketing; *General Electric; Duns No: *00-136-7960; Ticker: *GE; CUSIP: *369604

Y040016 9
1312881
R&D lessons to be learned from the Japanese--Battelle. American Paint & Coatings Journal February 3, 1986 p. 38, 40
The US still leads in technology development, but there are several lessons to be learned from Japan, according to RS Paul of Battelle Memorial Institute. The Japanese take a more long-range view of Research and Development planning and are therefore better positioned to put significant technology to use. It takes 10 years from the time an invention is conceived until it produces any substantial income, but in the US there isstill great pressure for quarterly profits. The Japanese do a better job of developing a total Research and Development strategy and commercializing their results. They understand better than Americans that Research and Development is part of marketing strategy. Another lesson to be learned from the Japanese is the different attitude that their top management has toward R&D. In US firms, accounting results are too often the main factor in decisions on whether or not to produce innovative new products. The US is beginning to realize how successful the Japanese are at targeting a sector and launching a major national program bringing together government, industry and academia, and is responding with cooperative research efforts of its own.
*1USA *United States *8510000 *Research & Development *22 *planning-info

Y040016 10
1312582
New vectors for gene therapy. New Scientist January 23, 1986 p. 32
United Kingdom: New vectors are being developed to carry cloned genes into the cells where they will work. The vectors are designed to ensure that the genes are expressed in host cells, and so could be prime tools in gene therapy. Techniques available up until now for inserting genes into mammalian cells killed most of the cells and produced gene expression in only 1 of 100, 000 of the surviving cells. The new vectors are based on retroviruses that can exist as proviruses in host DNA. R Mulligan of MIT has cloned the provirus of a mouse retrovirus and removed the retroviral genes, leaving the 2 Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) and Psi sequences needed for integration and gene expression. When this is combined with a 2nd provirus without the Psi sequence, the cells were able to produce the desired products. Most cells infected with the recombinant retrovirus vector end up with a single copy of the provirus integrated stably into the chromosomal DNA.
*1USA *United States *8521212 *Genetic Engineering *39 *nonmanufacture tec

Y040016 11
1311695
Viewpoint: The (Temporary?) Robotic Superpower. Dempa Digest January 20, 1986 p. 10, 11
Japan: Exports of robots will increase 20 percent to Y80bil of the Y400bil worth of robots produced in 1986, according to the Japan Industrial Robots Association. Development of robots to operate in extreme conditions will continue to be supported by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry until end FY90. Unless an independent organization is set up to seek donations and distribute funds to universities, research institutions and private firms, the development of robots will lose momentum, especially because the tax structure doesn't favor Research and Development donations. If Japan loses its competitive edge on robotics technology development, various industries that are currently competitive because of their use of robots will lose their edge. And Japan will become dependent on overseas supply of the machinery. Unemployment will also result if Research and Development of robots slows down.
*9JPN *Japan *3569400 *Industrial Robots *64 *foreign trade

Y040016 12
1311330
New Technology and R&D: Biotechnolgies: Dr Ohashi/. Chemical Correspondence December 5, 1985 p. 3
Japan: Human cell life can be prolonged by a new process developed by Dr Ohashi of the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology. A foreign gene, derived from a virus infecting monkeys, is introduced into the normal diploid fibroblast. The normal cell with this gene maintains morphological characteristics of young cells almost indefinitely, and does not show signs of aging after 200 cell divisions.
*9JPN *Japan *8521214 *Cellular Biology *31 *science

Y040016 13
1311275
New Technology and R&D: Biotechnologies: Asst Prof Matsunaga/. Chemical Correspondence November 20, 1985 p. 2
Mitsubishi Chemical (Japan) has jointly developed a shuttle vector to transfer genes between blue-green algae and E. coli with researchers at Toyko U. The product is the hybrid of a cloning vector of PUC13 of M13-phase of E coli and plasmid separated from blue-green algae. The gene recombinant E coli and algae are both resistant to ampicillin.
*9JPN *Japan *2831607 *Enzyme Fermentation *33 *products; *Mitsubishi Chemical Ind; Duns No: *69-056-6740

Y040016 14
1310518
RUBBERY SHRUBBERY: CLONING THE GUAYULE BUSH. Business Week Industrial Edition February 3, 1986 p. 63
Researchers have found a way to clone the guayule plant, which could lead to commercial cultivation for rubber production. The plant, which grows in the desert climate of S Texas, produces high-grade rubber that is almost identical to that of tropical rubber trees. However, its yields are generally too low to justify commercial production. DN Radin of the U of Southern California has developed a chemical stimulant that causes small pieces of the plant to send out shoots. Farmers could use the substance to quickly produce offspring of their most productive plants.
*1USA *United States *8521212 *Genetic Engineering *31 *science 1USA United States 3001000 Rubber Products 33 products 1USA United States 0861000 Natural Rubber 33 products

Y040016 15
1309419
Joint ventures: Solar Turbines. Iron Age-Metal Producing Mgmt Edition December 20, 1985 p. 18
Solar Turbines (San Diego, California) and ASEA STAL AB (Fingspong, Sweden) will jointly package, distribute and service specific gas turbine units for each other. They will also share future technological developments of these products.
*1USA *United States *3511150 *Gas Electric Turbines *38 *license agreements; *Solar Turbines 5SWE Sweden 3511150 Gas Electric Turbines 38 license agreements; ASEA

Y040016 16
1309142
AMM Magazine: ASSEMBLY: Integrating airplanes. American Metal Market February 3, 1986 p. s5
The United States Air Force is starting a robotics project aimed at automating airframe assembly from design through planning and scheduling to the shop floor. The program that falls under the auspices fo the United States Air Force Aeronautical Systems division's materials lab at Wright-Patterson AFB (Dayton, Ohio) will be managed by the Computer Integrated Manufacturing branch of the lab's manufacturing technology division. The program's first phase, to include a needs analysis and a conceptual design, is slated to start in 10/87 and run through 1992. The phase will possibly involve a dual-contract award that would cover an optional second phase. The second phase would be geared toward technological development in such areas as assembly modeling, assembly planning and scheduling and shop floor technologies. As part of the second phase, the United States Air Force expects to have an assembly system in place by 1992 to serve as the first demonstration of the automated technologies. A separate contact, to be let after 1992 and running into the late 1990s, would be for implementation of the auctual automated center. Under the materials lab's manufacturing science program, basic robotic technologies are now being developed to pave the way for the automated assembly center.
*1USA *United States *3728130 *Aircraft Airframe Components *96 *intnl politics 1USA United States 3569450 Manufacturing & Assembly Robots 96 intnl politics

Y040016 17
1307060
Tropical diseases: treatment in sight. New Scientist January 2, 1986 p. 18
World: Progress is rapidly being made on ways to control 6 of the world's most common tropical diseases, according to the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases funded by WHO, the UN Development Program and the World Bank. Malaria, schistosomiasis, leprosy, filariasis, African trypanosomiasis and Chagas' disease have affected the lives of 1 billion people in the Third World. Synthetic sporozoite coats have been cloned for the malaria parasite, and antigens have been identified for other stages of the disease. Researchers have also developed a better understanding of how the immune system responds to malaria and possible new drugs have been identified. Schistosomiasis, which affects 200 million people in 74 countries, is generally controlled by eradication of snails that carry the pathogen, but early efforts at developing a vaccine have been promising. A leprosy vaccine of killed pathogen may be effective, based on tests on humans in Venezuela. Filariasis (a group of diseases caused by filarial worms transmitted by blood-sucking flies) has not yet yielded to treatment, but 2 compounds are nearly ready for testing in humans. Research on African trypanosomiasis is concentrating on techniques for early detection, but some potential drugs have also been identified. Research on Chagas' disease is focused on controlling the vector.
*0 W *World *8000290 *Health Research NEC *31 *science

Y040016 18
1306924
Two new crops in the biotech harvest. Science News January 18, 1986 p. 42
Human protein C and apolipoprotein (apo-E) have now been produced in genetically engineered bacteria. Integrated Genetics produced the anticoagulant protein C, which inactivates coagulation cofactors 5 and 8c and facilitates breakdown of clots by stimulating tissue plasminogen activator. Genetically engineered bacteria to produce protein C could allow treatment of patients at risk for clotting problems due to acquired and congenital protein C deficiencies. The protein could be commercially available in 1989. Apo-E, which is involved with cholesterol metabolism, was produced by genetic engineers at the U of California (San Francisco) in conjunction with Bio-Technology General (Israel). Apo-E facilitates binding of cholesterol-carrying lipoproteins, and so enhances the removal of cholesterol from the blood. Apo-E could allow reduction of cholesterol deposits on artery walls, lowering incidence of heart attacks. Further study could also help explain how apo-E interacts with cell receptors.
*1USA *United States *2831860 *Recombinant DNA Products *33 *products

Y040016 19
1306540
Metals Forecasts: Aero up 10%. American Metal Market January 27, 1986 p. 4a, 15a
Aerospace activity is expected to improve 10 percent in 1986 over 1985 with military programs staying strong and increases in air passenger miles, in conjuction with lower fuel prices and reduction of available used aircraft, will give the impetus for improved business, according to JE Buser, pres, Cyclops Corporation's Cytemp Specialty Steel division. Deferred maintenance programs are now being implemented and require substantial spare parts. Despite the forecasted improvement in the aerospace market and rising costs in labor and energy, prices are expected to stay depressed. Effective cost management will be the key to profitability in 1986 and after. Quality is the key to success in aerospace and will be even more critical in 1986 with the industry's demand for improved consistency; also, technological developments are gaining acceptance.
*1USA *United States *3720000 *Aircraft & Parts *60 *market data

Y040016 20
1305425
Equipment insights: Technological advances spur vending industry's growth. Nation's Restaurant News January 13, 1986 p. 64
Sales via vending machines totaled $16.5 billion in 1985, according to 'Vending Times.' Besides requiring no on-site labor and being immune to market saturation, the industry's growth is also fueled by technological innovations the rest of the foodservice industry is just starting to experiment with. Among the innovations are: A machine that dispenses soft-serve ice cream cones right before a customer's eyes, developed by Twistee Treat; a drink box that dispenses bottles and cans, developed by Coca-Cola USA; 24- hour outdoor vending shelters which can be installed in 1 d and easily moved; and credit card systems which can be retrofitted over existing coin-only units and react to magnetically striped cards which customers buy in advance. Vending margins are razor thin but quality, product diversity and convenience may soon make the vending sector a major competitor in the foodservice industry.
*1USA *United States *5962000 *Vending *65 *sales & consumptn

Y040016 21
1304419
A plant resistant to herbicide. New Scientist December 26, 1985 p. 29
Calgene has developed a strain of tobacco resistant to glyphosate herbicide. Glyphosate, which is rendered inactive when it touches soil, kills any plant by being absorbed through the leaf. It blocks the action of EPSP synthase, an enzyme needed in the production of amino acids phenylalanine and tryptophan. A slightly different form of the enzyme found in a strain of bacteria does not bind glyphosate, and so is not affected by the herbicide. The gene from the resistant bacterium is inserted into a bacterium (Agrobacterium rhizogenes) that naturally infects plants. This bacterium carries a large infectious plasmid, which inserts itself permanently into a plant's DNA. Plants grown from infected cells demonstrated herbicide resistance, especially if they had 2 or 4 copies of the gene per cell.
*1USA *United States *8521210 *Biochemistry *31 *science; *Calgene 1USA United States 0132000 Tobacco 33 products

Y040016 22
1304045
Race On To Improve GaAs Process Scheme. Electronic Engineering Times January 27, 1986 p. 1, 27
Gallium arsenide crystal growth is not simple. This is a major inhibition in gallium arsenide technology development. Manufacturers have to create special environments to bring off the gallium arsenide reaction. It takes expensive equipment and results are often mediocre. Gallium arsenide wafers come in odd shapes and are riddled with impurities and other defects. The least expensive gallium arsenide wafers run 2-3-in in diameter and cost $50. A defect-free 4-in gallium arsenide wafer for digital applications can run $300--10X the silicon price. For all its difficulties, gallium arsenide has enormous advantages. Electron mobility through the gallium arsenide lattice is 6X faster than in silicon. But impurities and other defects cut this down to a maximum of about fourfold.
*1USA *United States *3298531 *Gallium Arsenide Crystals *33 *products 1USA United States 3674115 Gallium Arsenide Semiconductors 33 products

Y040016 23
1297746
Follow, don't lead, hi-tech leaders urged. Computing Canada November 28, 1985 p. 2
Canada: The government should stay out of high technology development efforts, according to speakers at a symposium in Montreal, Que, on the Impact of New Information Technologies on the Workplace. The role of government is to create a climate of entrepreneurship, according to P Ducros, pres, DMR and Associates. The government should help companies during pilot projects so they can gain the experience to compete in the international market. The government should reorganize by gathering the people responsible for communications in various depts into one central department, to provide a focal point for informatics, according to C Williams, pres and chief executive officer, Geac Computer (Markham, ON).
*2CAN *Canada *8510000 *Research & Development *60 *market data

Y040016 24
1297701
Music video substantially larger than 3% of the market. Home Video Publisher (replaces CableNews) December 2, 1985 p. 2, 3
The music video market is larger than 3 percent of the total videocassette market, according to participants on the panel 'Video Music: From Promises to Profits' at the Seventh Annual Billboard Video Music Conference in Universal City, California. Panelists also agreed that retailers who are music-oriented have better success with music videocassettes. What really drives music is radio, according to L Kwiker, chief executive officer, Wharehouse Entertainment, who contends that most video store operators have no familiarity with that medium. Technological developments that could change the music video business in the 1990s include 8 milimeters, because of its size and cost savings, and laser discs, which combine digital audio and video programming on a single disc.
*1USA *United States *3652070 *Prerecorded Video Tapes *60 *market data

Y040016 25
1296425
Air Products and Chemicals. Merrill Lynch Market Letter December 23, 1985 p. 3
Air Products and Chemicals has a market share of 20 percent in industrial gases vs 30 percent for leader Union Carbide. Demand for the company's principal gases--oxygen, nitrogen and argon--is typically strongest in advanced stages of economic cycles, as is the case now. In addition, industrywide capacity has been growing at a slow pace of only 2-3 percent per year since 1983 vs increases of 6-7 percent since 1975. That should lead to better operating rates and firmer pricing. The historical growth rate for industrial gases has been about 2X the overall economy and Air Products has used technological innovation to capture increasingly large shares of the market. The company should have about a 16 percent earnings gain in 1986 vs 1985, and a 14 percent gain in FY87. The company's cryogenic equipment, waste treatment systems and heat exchangers should help in the surge, but gases will still account for 60 percent of its sales, which should reach $2 billion in FY86. A diversified line of chemicals rounds out its product offerings.
*1USA *United States *2813000 *Industrial Gases *60 *market data; *Air Products & Chemicals; Duns No: *00-300-1070; Ticker: *APD; CUSIP: *009158 1USA United States 2813000 Industrial Gases 60 market data; Union Carbide; Duns No: 00-128-9008; Ticker: UK; CUSIP: 905581

Y040016 26
1295274
Wyden proposes bill to let BOCs into info service & manufacture. Telephone Engineer & Management December 1, 1985 p. 17, 21
Congressman R Wyden (D-OR) has proposed a bill to allow the Bell operating companies to provide information services and manufacture telecommunications equipment. State regulators would be charged with preventing cross-subsidy from revenues of basic local telephone or other regulated services. Announcing the initiative, Wyden said that to preserve affordable telephone service, there must be promotion of competition where the market will bear it and provision of basic protection in those areas where it will not. Wyden sees the bill as promoting universal service and technological innovation. Although he said it would not overturn the AT&T antitrust settlement, the bill uses definitions of the court's modified final judgement and lifts its restrictions on manufacturing and information services by Bell operating companies.
*1USA *United States *4811000 *Telephone Communications *93 *regulation 1USA United States 3661000 Telecommunications Equipment 93 regulation

Y040016 27
1294808
General Corporation becomes Fujitsu General. Journal of the Electronics Industry (formerly Japan Electronic Industry) December 1985 p. 20
General Corporation Japan has changed its name to Fujitsu General.The name reflects an affiliation with Fujitsu that encompasses capital investment as well as joint marketing and technology development. Specifically, the linkage entails the pooling of communications, computers, and semiconductor technology from Fujitsu with General's expertise in home electrical appliances.
*9JPN *Japan *3651600 *Video Home Recorders & Players *11 *name change to; *General Corp (Japan) 9JPN Japan 3651600 Video Home Recorders & Players 11 name change from; Fujitsu General

Y040016 28
1294016
ECN Technology: Novo poised to construct gene-spliced insulin unit. European Chemical News December 30, 1985 p. 15
Novo Industri (Denmark) will build a DKr3bil rDNA human insulin plant at Kalundborg. The company has received environmental approval for this fermentation plant, which will use gene-spliced baker's yeast cells, and, barring any successful appeals against the approval, production will start in 1987. Eli Lilly (US) is currently developing an rDNA human insulin using E coli, while Nordisk (Denmark) is also working in this area.
*4DEN *Denmark *2833294 *Fermentation Insulin *44 *facilities; *Novo Industri; Duns No: *30-500-4285; Ticker: *NVO; CUSIP: *670100 1USA United States 2833294 Fermentation Insulin 33 products; Lilly (Eli); Duns No: 00-642-1325; Ticker: LLY; CUSIP: 532457

Y040016 29
1293591
India Bids for Business. Fortune January 6, 1986 p. 88-92
India: PM R Gandhi's economic policy welcomes foreign investors and relies on market forces to invigorate a sluggish economy. After a decade of protective government interference, the administration is increasingly easing controls, cutting taxes, and promoting technological innovation and private enterprise. Gandhi's policy is divided into 2 types of measures: those that force government-controlled industries to become more competitive, and others to encourage foreign investment and technology transfers. The new measures allow foreigners to own up to 40 percent of Indian companies while establishing clearer government guidelines and opening more industries to foreign investors. The government's new economic policy is discussed in detail, with specific mention of the auto and computer industries.
*9IND *India *9103600 *Regulation of Multi-Nationals *95 *intnl economics

Y040016 30
1293590
Who Will Survive the Microchip Shakeout.
#Fortune January 6, 1986 p. 82-85
Sales of integrated circuits fell 19 percent in 1985 compared with 1984, causing a $500 million loss for manufacturers. For 1986, the Semiconductor Industry Association expects sales to rebound to $20.2 billion, up 21 percent compared with 1985. However, the industry is still plagued by overcapacity: In 1984, when sales were up 54 percent compared with 1983 to $20.6 billion, manufacturers worldwide invested $6 billion in plant and equipment, raising capacity by 60 percent. In 1985, companies have invested another $4.5 billion. According to very large scale integration Research, semiconductor companies could produce 4.5 billion in2 of silicon wafers, compared with worldwide demand of only 1.2 billion in2 in 1985. The result of this overcapacity has been an 88 percent drop in prices in 1985 compared with 1984. Japanese producers are mainly responsible for the increase in capacity: Their strategy has been to build market share in memory chips using high-volume manufacturing facilities. So far they have driven out most US chipmakers from the D-RAM chip market, and have stepped up efforts to dominate the E-PROMs segment. Observers believe the Japanese will be able to apply their experience in making high-volume memory chips to later manufacture more complex products. The 5 largest chipmakers have responded to the Japanese challenge by focusing on high-profit customized chips and forming technological alliances. Trade groups have also stepped up legal and political actions against the Japanese, including lobbying efforts and antidumping investigations. Experts believe the key to survival in the market is no longer technological innovation, but clever marketing. The industry is profiled in detail.
*1USA *United States *3674110 *Integrated Circuits *65 *sales & consumptn

Y040016 31
1292646
British tories split by battle over ailing copter company. New York Times (National Edition) January 6, 1986 p. 3
Westland Helicopters lost over $137.5 million in 1985. The firm is the only helicopter manufacturer in the UK. Fiat (Italy) and United Technologies (US) have made a joint $103.7 million bid for Westland Helicopters, but Defense Secretary M Heseltine opposes the bid on the grounds that United Technologies' Sikorsky Division would ultimately take over Westland's Research and Development operations, leaving the UK without an independent base for technological development. A consortium of 4 European firms has made a bid for Westland that is supported by Heseltine. No matter which bid is successful, control of Westland would remain in British hands. Westland shareholders will vote on the issue in 1/86.
*4UK *United Kingdom *3721000 *Aircraft *16 *sought in merger; *Westland Helicopters 4UK United Kingdom 3720000 Aircraft & Parts 15 seeks to acquire; United Technologies; Duns No: 00-134-4142; Ticker: UTX; CUSIP: 913017 1USA United States 3721000 Aircraft 14 foreign operations; United Technologies; Duns No: 00-134-4142; Ticker: UTX; CUSIP: 913017 4UK United Kingdom 3710000 Motor Vehicles & Parts 15 seeks to acquire; Fiat; Duns No: 42-800-3065; Ticker: FIAT; CUSIP: 315621

Y040016 32
1291864
Daisy printer expecting more intelligent usage with application software. Office Equipment & Products November 1985 p. 26, 28
Japan: The daisy printer market has entered into a period of reassessment to better respond to user needs.In developing new products, daisy wheel makers need to lower their cost by technological innovation, offer a higher printing speed, make the daisy printer quieter, make the printer useful in data processing or image processing, and increase its compatibility with the steadily growing number of software applications.
*9JPN *Japan *3573261 *Impact Printers *33 *products

Y040016 33
1291206
How Genetics May Multiply The Bounty Of The Sea.Scientists are bent on altering the genetics of fish and other aquatic creatures, applying such techniques as recombinant DNA.
#Business Week Industrial Edition December 16, 1985 p. 94, 95+
By manipulating the genetic traits of marine organisms, they are trying to produce fish and shellfish that grow fast, resist disease, and thrive in polluted environments. Some experts fear that the release of modified fish could alter the entire marine ecosystem, while scientists argue that experiments are still at a very early stage. Moreover, their work is aimed at commercial production of fish in captivity and at sterile fish that could not breed in the wild. Ultimately, however, the marine biotechnologists may open up a new era in utilization of the sea. Aquaculture generates barely $1 billion in worldwide revenues, while the US livestock business alone generates $70 billion/yr. Biotechnologists are already altering the sex of fish, using hormones to control the life cycle of shellfish, and experimenting with cloning new varieties of 'superfish.' Details of the experiments are provided.
*1USA *United States *8521212 *Genetic Engineering *31 *science

Y040016 34
1288793
Packaging Survey: Strong growth predicted in rigid plastics market. Plastics & Rubber Weekly November 9, 1985 p. 16
United Kingdom: Rigid plastics packaging market totalled 197, 000 metric tons or 10.8 billion units in 1984, and this will rise to 14.3 billion units by 1989, according to Consumer Plastics Packaging in the UK 1984-89 published by Maurice Palmer Associates (UK). Growth sectors will be milk, yoghurt, dairy dessert, hot snack foods, ketchup, mayonnaise, jams, and preserves. Pet foods and other canned foods will present strong potential, but not in the immediate future. The most common material currently in use is high-density polyethylene, accounting for 33 percent of all materials' consumption, while PET, PVC, PP and PS are also used in large quantities. PET is dominant in the drinks market. Technological developments include aseptic packaging and controlled atmosphere, and the latter has potential in a wide range of fresh product areas. Other major material developments include crystallised PET trays for dual ovenable purposes.
*4UK *United Kingdom *3074000 *Plastic Containers *65 *sales & consumptn

Y040016 35
1288717
Research: John Innes breakthrough with antibiotic is blueprint for technology transfer says AFRC. Agricultural Supply Industry November 15, 1985 p. 4
United Kingdom: John Innes Institute has produced a genetically engineered antibiotic. Molecular cloning techniques were used on the Streptomyces bacteria to isolate genes which control the production of antibiotic compounds. The development will impact the bulk manufacture of antibiotics for human and animal use.
*4UK *United Kingdom *2833110 *Bulk Antibiotics *33 *products

Y040016 36
1288587
Xerox Has an Idea for Selling Ideas.Xerox will sell technological innovations from its Palo Alto Research Center to startups who can more effectively bring products to market, under a recommendation of its in-house Technology Innovation Board. Business Week Industrial Edition December 9, 1985 p. 86a
Under the plan, Xerox would exchange an equity position in the startups for technology licenses and some financing. The 1st such venture is one with Astra Communications, which plans to develop ways to make Xerox's Ethernet network more versatile.
*1USA *United States *3861200 *Photocopy Equipment *38 *license agreements; *Xerox; Duns No: *04-959-1852; Ticker: *XRX; CUSIP: *984121

Y040016 37
1285573
Genetically modified plant resists virus.Scientists at Washington U have succeeded in genetically engineering virus resistance into plants. Chemical & Engineering News December 9, 1985 p. 14
The gene that encodes the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein was isolated. The researchers used a Monsanto-supplied transformation vector to insert the coat protein gene into chromasomes of tomato and tobacco plant cells. These modified cells were regenerated into complete plants. The new plants and untransformed control plants were inoculated with TMV, and the expression of TMV coat protein in the modified plants was found to prevent or delay symptoms of infection.
*1USA *United States *8521212 *Genetic Engineering *31 *science

Y040016 38
1280937
Switching-on genes in development. Science News November 9, 1985 p. 295
Simple gene regulation systems in plants and animals are significantly different than in bacteria, according to DD Brown of Carnegie Institute (Washington, District of Columbia). Gene activation depends on DNA folding into chromatin structure and the attachment of proteins to the gene's center. Each gene in the African clawed toad, for example, codes for a small molecule of 5S ribosomal RNA. In the toad egg cell, all 5S ribosomal RNA genes are active, but in somatic cells, the somatic genes (which are outnumbered by the oocyte genes 20, 000 to 400) are 1, 000X as active as the oocyte genes. Activity of the oocyte genes is controlled by chromatin, in which the DNA is condensed with histones. Disrupting the chromatin structure results in the massive synthesis of 5S ribosomal RNA, indicating that the oocyte genes have again been activated. Three protein transcription factors (A, B and C) also must bind to the center of the gene to form a transcription complex before the RNA can be synthesized. The proteins attached to the gene form a stable transcription complex. The RNA polymerase that moves along the DNA as the gene is transcribed does not affect the attached factor at all. Factor A attaches more strongly to the somatic genes than to oocyte genes, which differ in 3 of 50 nucleotides. This allows somatic cells to operate with only 1 factor A molecule/5 genes. In the oocyte, there are 10 million factor A molecules/gene. 
*1USA *United States *8521210 *Biochemistry *31 *science

Y040016 39
1280856
Japan Optoelectronics Surges. Electronic Engineering Times November 18, 1985 p. 20
Japan: The optoelectronics market will grow 28 percent to $54 billion by 2000, compared with growth of 41 percent to $3 billion in the FY ending 3/85, according to the Optoelectronics Technology Development Association. The Association divides the optoelectronics market into 3 parts: systems, equipment, and parts. Otpoelectronic equipment and devices include optical measuring instruments, optical videodisc players and CD-players; optoelectronic parts include semiconductor lasers, optical fibers, solar batteries and optical connectors.
*9JPN *Japan *3674400 *Optoelectronic Devices *65 *sales & consumptn

Y040016 40
1280467
DNA synthesizing enzyme cloned. Japan Chemical Week November 7, 1985 p. 1
Japan: The genes for DNA polymerase beta, which synthesizes DNA, have been cloned by researchers at the Aichi Cancer Institute and independently by NIH in the US. Current theory is that DNA damage causes 70-80 percent of all cancers. DNA polymerase beta is involved in repairing DNA damage.
*9JPN *Japan *2831640 *Enzymes for Synthesis *33 *products

Y040016 41
1280463
Shuttle vector system for marine algae successful. Japan Chemical Week November 7, 1985 p. 1
Japan: A plasmid for transferring DNA in a marine alga has been discovered by researchers at Tokyo U and the Mitsubishi-Kasei Institute of Life Sciences. The vector was obtained by hybridizing a vector of E coli with a plasmid derived from the alga Synechococcus. Both the alga and E coli can be used to express a modified gene.
*9JPN *Japan *8521210 *Biochemistry *39 *nonmanufacture tec

Y040016 42
1280012
Field test of DNA bacteria OK. Journal of Commerce November 15, 1985 p. 21b
Advanced Genetic Sciences has released a genetically engineered, or DNA, organism into the natural environment with approval from Environmental Protection Agency. The experiment is unlikely to pose unreasonable hazards to man or the environment. An experimental pesticide permit was issued to permit strains of bacteria, Pseudomonas syringae and related, P Fluorescens, that appear to protect plant surfaces against frost, into the environment. Nature makes the bacteria by the billions on plant leaves in 2 forms--about 99.9 percent ice-plus and 0.1 percent ice-minus. Ice-plus produces a protein that becomes the nucleus around which dew freezes. Ice-minus is missing the section of genetic material that directs the bacterium to make the protein. Advanced Genetic is making the ice-minus form by gene-splicing techniques. Leaves slathered in ice-minus will survive temperatures as low as 22 F, enabling a farmer to extend the growing season. The practical problem is getting the ice-minus form to survive for a few weeks, because tests have shown that ice-plus overwhelms it.
*1USA *United States *2831812 *Deoxyribonucleic Acid *31 *science; *Advanced Genetic Sciences

Y040016 43
1279868
New GMF Robotics CIM System To Have Flexible Support Devices. American Metal Market November 18, 1985 p. 9, 11
GMF Robotics will install a computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) system at its new corporate headquarters and technological development center in Rochester Hills, Michigan, in fall-1986. With flexible support devices to go along with flexible robots, computer numerically controlled and machining systems, and automated assembly and parts-handling equipment, GMF is hoping that the new CIM system will achieve all of the promised benefits of low-volume flexible manufacturing. The CIM system will be the first installation in the US where robots are used extensively in the production of other robots. The Computer-Integrated, Flexible Manufacturing System (CI/FMS) will be capable of operating unmanned to produce 40-60 of the firm's recently introduced P-150 painting robots/mo. The machining equipment in the system will be able to handle 60+ different workpieces or parts, and the assembly equipment will have the ability to accommodate 100+ parts.
*1626 *Michigan *3569400 *Industrial Robots *43 *capital expend; *GMF Robotics

Y040016 44
1279500
Cold bacteria, warm enzyme. Industrial Chemical News November 1985 p. 14
U of S California researchers have discovered a new alkaline phosphatase (APase) while studying the rapid growth of some Antarctic bacteria. APase is the enzyme that removes certain groups of phosphate from RNA and DNA, which could greatly reduce the time it takes to perform genetic engineering experiments. Bacteria taken from sea ice and from some Antarctic sea animals grew very rapidly at subzero temperatures. Since proteins are generally much more stable at lower temperatures, they would have a better chance of surviving in this bacteria than E coli. APase is 50X more potent than E coli, and is easily inactivated by heat.
*1USA *United States *8521210 *Biochemistry *31 *science

Y040016 45
1279499
Better off dead than alive. Industrial Chemical News November 1985 p. 14
Mycogen has developed a nonliving delivery system for a potent bacterial toxin (Bacillus thuringiensis) pesticide, anticipating Environmental Protection Agency's reluctance to approve field tests of live organisms. The toxin is used to fight most moth species and beetles. B thuringiensis is UV-sensitive and therefore has a short life-span outdoors. When the genes for B thuringiensis are inserted into the DNA of pseudomas, a leaf colonizing bacteria, the transformed bacteria are fermented until they produce a lot of toxin, then the organisms are killed. Their cell walls are fixed to make them very rigid, microencapsulating the toxin before crop application. The package is well adapted for field use since it protects the toxin from UV light and other environmental assaults. The natural pesticide is 5-10X more persistent than commercial B thuringiensis, and the toxin is slowly released after the pest eats it, creating a natural controlled release system.
*1USA *United States *2879000 *Pesticides & Other Ag Chemicals *32 *mfr processes; *Mycogen

Y040016 46
1278157
Vitamin C production to use genetic engineering. Chemical & Engineering News November 18, 1985 p. 6
Pfizer will use Genentech's 2-step vitamin C process involving genetically modified bacteria. Commercialization of the process will mark the 1st use of genetic engineering to produce industrial quantities of chemicals. The older Reichstein-Grussner process uses 6 steps to make vitamin C. The new process uses a gene from a species of Corynebacterium that codes for 2, 5-diketo-D-gluconate reductase. The enzyme catalyzes conversion of 2, 5-diketo-D-gluconate to 2-keto-L-gulonate, an intermediate in ascorbic acid production. The gene is inserted into Erwinia herbicola bacteria with a plasmid for fermentation of D-glucose to 2, 5-diketo-D-gluconate.
*1USA *United States *2833730 *Bulk Vitamin C *32 *mfr processes; *Pfizer; Duns No: *00-132-6495; Ticker: *PFE; CUSIP: *717081 1USA United States 2833730 Bulk Vitamin C 38 license agreements; Genentech; Duns No: 08-012-9000; Ticker: GENE; CUSIP: 368710

Y040016 47
1276196
Genetic engineering: Progress on herbicide-resistant crops. Chemical & Engineering News November 11, 1985 p. 4, 5
Monsanto has developed a genetic engineering technique to make crop plants resistant to herbicides. Resistance to the herbicide glyphosate (the active ingredient in Monsanto's Roundup) is imparted by implanting the gene for 5-enol pyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP synthase). Seeds for crops resistant to glyphosate could be on the market by 1990. The genes are inserted into plant cells using a modified Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens that will not cause crown gall disease. Whole tobacco plants were then regenerated from the infected cells. The EPSP synthatse catalyses a reaction in the shikimic acid metabolic pathway of plants and bacteria. Calgene scientists isolated the gene that codes for EPSP from Salmonella typhimurium, and have also isolated a gene that imparts resistance to Rhone-Poulenc's herbicide bromoxynil, which may inhibit a quinone binding protein needed in photosynthesis. Calgene hopes to produce sunflowers resistant to bromoxynil and cotton, soybean and turnip rape plants resistant to glyphosate. Molecular Genetics has developed corn plants resistant to American Cyanamid's imidazolinone herbicides. DuPont is developing tobacco plants resistant to its chlorosulfuron and sulfometuron herbicides, which are inhibitors of acetolactate synthase.
*1USA *United States *8521210 *Biochemistry *31 *science; *Monsanto; Duns No: *00-626-6803; Ticker: *MTC; CUSIP: *611662

Y040016 48
1275576
GMF Pioneers Making Robots With Robots. American Metal Market November 11, 1985 p. 1, 20
GMF Robotics (Troy, Michigan) will become the first to produce its robots using a highly automated robotic-based system. The firm is developing a computer-integrated flexible robot manufacturing system with unmanned metal cutting operations, automatic assembly and a guided-vehicle-based material handling setup. GMF Robotics will install the CIM system--the first in which robots are used extensively to produce robots--at its new corporate headquarters and technological development center in Rochester Hills, Michigan, and expects to have it in production in fall-1986. A just-in-time parts-delivery policy will be applied to the purchase of components for the robots manufactured by the system. GMF Robotics is a GM and Fanuc joint venture.
*1USA *United States *3569400 *Industrial Robots *33 *products; *GMF Robotics

Y040016 49
1275574
Caterpillar, Asea Stal in Accord. American Metal Market November 11, 1985 p. 1
Solar Turbines has signed an agreement with Asea Stal (Finspong, Sweden) to package, distribute and service certain of each other's gas turbine units as well as share in the future technological development of those units. Solar Turbines will package and distribute Asea Stal's 22, 000 hp, GT-35 turbine under the name Jupiter, and Asea will package and market Solar's Mars turbine. Solar Turbines is a unit of Caterpillar Tractor.
*1USA *United States *3511150 *Gas Electric Turbines *38 *license agreements; *Solar Turbines 5SWE Sweden 3511150 Gas Electric Turbines 38 license agreements; ASEA

Y040016 50
1274207
The House debates a donor's rights. Chemical Week November 6, 1985 p. 20
Sandoz, Genetics Institute and the U of California (Los Angeles) are being sued by the donor of cells used in anticancer drugs. JL Moore, who developed a rare and potentially fatal leukemia, had his spleen surgically removed by Dr D Golde of the UCLA Medical Center, at which time he signed a standard consent form authorizing the hospital to cremate the excised tissue. Subsequent visits over 7 years involved blood tests to monitor Moore's progress. Moore was then presented with a consent form to grant UCLA any and all rights to 'any cell line or any other product which might be developed from the blood and/or bone marrow obtained' from Moore or his heirs. Dr Golde had patented a 'unique T-lymphocyte line and products derived therefrom, ' which Moore's lawyers say is based entirely on Moore's cells.
Moore claims that Golde and UCLA reached an agreement with Genetics Institute to provide exclusive access to the 'blood cells, their products and the research being conducted on them.' Sandoz later acquired the same access. Attorneys for Genetics Institute and Golde argue that the patented cell line did not come from Moore's blood but his spleen, which was removed for therapeutic purposes, with Golde's attorney asserting that UCLA, not Golde, owns the cell line, and that the cell line exists only because of Golde's brilliance as a researcher. 
*1USA *United States *8521214 *Cellular Biology *37 *patents 1USA United States 2834140 Anticancer Drugs 37 patents 1USA United States 2834140 Anticancer Drugs 37 patents; Sandoz US

Y040016 51
1273384
Conquering inherited enemies. Time October 21, 1985 p. 59, 60
Several genetic engineering labs are preparing to begin trials on human gene therapy, a new approach to treating inherited diseases. Scientists will inject healthy copies of the defective genes into bone-marrow cells of patients with genetic disorders. Hundreds of thousands of people suffer from 3, 000 known genetic disorders. An NIH subcommittee has approved guidelines to be used by physicians during initial gene-therapy trials. One of the most challenging tasks that researchers face is designing an efficient delivery system or vector to transport the DNA from normal genes into bone marrow cells. Viruses can be used as DNA carriers, but first must be made completely benign before they infect the cells. Genetic diseases singled out for initial human gene therapy trials include immune system disorders such as adenosine deaminase deficiency and purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. As researchers discover more about gene regulation, they may attempt to treat more complicated disorders such as sickle-cell anemia, diabetes and cancer. Since it is very difficult to isolate single genes, only several hundred of the 100, 000 human genes have been separated and cloned. One technique than can aid in isolating a particular gene is restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), which employs enzymes that slice DNA into distinctive patterns. Biologists have recently discovered RFLP patterns or markers for cystic fibrosis, cardiovascular disease susceptibility, polycystic kidney disease and muscular dystrophy.
*1USA *United States *8000439 *Therapeutic Procedures NEC *31 *science

Y040016 52
1272388
New Technology and R&D: Biotechnologies: Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals/. Chemical Correspondence September 20, 1985 p. 1
Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals (Japan) has developed an interferon production process by vector. The vector is a plasmid, with a protease-producing gene derived from a Bacillus subtilis. Some 10 milligram human beta-interferon are produced/1 L of the vector, when human alpha-interferon-producing-gene is built into the vector and is introduced into a bacillus subtilis.
*9JPN *Japan *2831331 *Interferon *38 *license agreements; *Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals

Y040016 53
1271994
Chemicals help to improve quality and efficiency in US paper mills.
#Pulp & Paper October 1985 p. 81-85
Paper chemicals supply presently exceeds demand and prices are stable, but tight markets are expected in the late 1980s for some chemicals, including caustic soda, titanium dioxide and sulfur. Oversupply will continue for sodium chlorate, kaolin, calcium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide. Chemical use in the pulp and paper industry coincides with paper and board production, which is expected to fall 4 percent in 1985 compared with 1984. Increased chemical use for production of pulp and paper has been offset somewhat by the development of more efficient processes and increasing use of reprocessed chemicals. Article details chemical use by process, consumption, and technological developments for pulping, bleaching, papermaking and for coatings and inorganic fillers.
*1USA *United States *2899630 *Paper Chemicals *65 *sales & consumptn 1USA United States 2620010 62 production data

Y040016 54
1271829
Wheel Service Provides Numerous Opportunities for Tire Dealer Profits. Tire Review September 1985 p. 64, 65
Wheel service provides numerous opportunities for tire dealer profits. Because they have the facilities and local reputation, tire dealers are best equipped to fill the service gaps in their local markets. As dealers have expanded their service capabilities, they have found profits in good work on many kinds of jobs, choosing areas of specialization best suited to their local situations. In most areas, new tools and equipment for turning out profitable jobs have kept pace with the technological development of vehicle systems. Similarly, advanced, more reliable and easier-to-use machines like some of the new brake lathes, which make mechanic expertise easier to acquire, have increased the profitability of such work. For the service dealer, the key to top economic performance is doing jobs quickly and efficiently--right the first time. With proper equipment that performs reliably with speed and accuracy, complete wheel balancing is a relatively easy job. Article further details selling wheel service, and discovering extra sales.
*1USA *United States *3011000 *Tires *60 *market data

Y040016 55
1271592
Pakistan: Auslandsinvestitionen: Das Antragsverfahren und der muehselige Weg durch die Instanzen sollen verkuerzt werden. Handelsblatt September 25, 1985 p. 27, 28 Language: German
Pakistan: Industrial investment will total PRs82bil in 1985-90, of which 18 percent will be in the nonmetallic minerals, cement, ceramic and glass sectors, 17 percent in fertilisers, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, 13 percent in crude oil processing and the petrochemicals sector and 11 percent for food and textiles. Large scale technological development has caused new products to be manufactured. For example, in the field of raw sugar, molasses are now being produced, from which ethanol, butanol, acetates, polymers and animal feed can be derived. From bagasse, paper, board and other products can be produced. Foreign cooperation is growing, and joint ventures with countries such as the UK, Malaysia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Nepal and African countries, as well as with communist countries are being sought. West German exports to Pakistan totalled DM890.3 million in 1983, and West German imports from Pakistan totalled DM219.2 million.
*9PAK *Pakistan *E46000 *New Plant & Equipment 9PAK Pakistan E57010 Foreign Trade (Exports & Imports) 4WGE West Germany E57010 Foreign Trade (Exports & Imports)

Y040016 56
1270415
New Technology and R&D: Biotechnologies: Meiji Seika Kaisha/. Chemical Correspondence September 5, 1985 p. 2
Meiji Seika Kaisha (Japan) has developed a method to increase the productivity of alpha amylase bacteria 4-5X. This is achieved using an actinomycetes with recombinant DNA. Alpha amylase producing gene of a mutant streptomyces hygroscopicic numbered SF1084 is introduced into a vector, and the vectors are returned to streptomyces hygroscopicis 69-4 strain. The system produces 37, 900 units of alpha amylase in a unit period.
*9JPN *Japan *2831621 *Alpha Amylase *32 *mfr processes; *Meiji Seika

Y040016 57
1260574
Problems of biotechnology and their solution--establishment and application of excretion systems. Chemical Economy & Engineering Review (formerly Japan Chemical Quarterly) August 1985 p. 12-15
The establishment and application of excretion systems for biotechnology processes are discussed by K Horikoshi of the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research. Article discusses the significance of excretion of proteins, cell surface layer of E coli, features of alkalophilic bacillus and genetic engineering, cloning of penicillinase gene of alkalopilic bacillus No 170, production of exopenicillinase in E coli, reason for secretion and effects on application.
*9JPN *Japan *8521210 *Biochemistry *32 *mfr processes

Y040016 58
1258656
Techniek: Duphar gaat in eigen lab starten met recombinant DNA-onderzoek. Nederlandse Chemische Industrie July 3, 1985 p. 17 Language: Dutch
Duphar (Netherlands) has started up and Research and Development lab for rDNA veterinary vaccines. In accordance with strict government safety standards, the firm will initially conduct tests using so called 'safe microbiological technology', and will also start standard tests in conjunction with the virology department of the Utrecht U. Amongst other experiments, the firm will conduct Research and Development into cloning.
*4NET *Netherlands *2834990 *Veterinary Drugs NEC *45 *R&D outlays; *Duphar Nederland

Y040016 59
1255277
Lasers go to work in biotechnology. Chemical Week October 2, 1985 p. 17
Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries and Nippon Zeon have used a tunable laser in biotechnology to obtain cytochromes, nucleic acids including DNA, insulin and S-adenosylmethionine. The firms recovered 80 percent of a useful substance in an experiment in which a yeast was diluted with distilled water and irradiation conditions, including wavelength, power output (200-300 kilowatt) and time--were delicately changed. The substances were produced by puncturing the cell walls of yeasts and bacteria.
*9JPN *Japan *8521214 *Cellular Biology *31 *science; *Ishikawajima-Harima 9JPN Japan 8521214 Cellular Biology 31 science; Nippon Zeon 9JPN Japan 3832849 Lasers for Misc Uses 33 products

Y040016 60
1254034
Protein that sets off growth of a human organ is found. New York Times (National Edition) September 27, 1985 p. 1, 11
A protein that stimulates the growth of human blood vessels has been discovered and produced in pure form by researchers at Harvard Medical School, who have named it angiogenin. It is the 1st known organ-forming protein to be identified and analyzed genetically and chemically. The researchers also detected and cloned a gene that is the genetic blueprint for making angiogenin. The protein consists of a single chain of 123 amino acids and is very similar in structure and chemistry to ribonuclease, an enzyme that cuts RNA. The discovery of angiogenin may lead to a new way to fight cancer, which must generate new blood vessels to survive. A better understanding of the production of blood vessels may make it possible to inhibit the process and thereby starve the cancer.
*1USA *United States *2831720 *Cellular Protein *33 *products

Y040016 61
1250365
Gene recombination makes E coli secrete enzymes. Japan Economic Journal September 7, 1985 p. 16
Japan: Genetic recombination technology has successfully been used to make E coli secrete enzyme products, according to researchers at the U of Tokyo's Agriculture Department. They transplanted the gene for the protein-degrading enzyme protease into the E coli cell. E coli belongs to the gram-negative bacteria family and does not secrete its products. The particular bacilli chosen by the Tokyo U researchers as a donor is also a member of the gram-negative group but is unique in that its protease is transported across the cell wall. It was decided to implant the secreting-type protease gene into the E coli by means of a plasmid vector to determine if this property would also show up in the host. Protease was successfully secreted into the culture. The enzyme was also of a form characteristic of the host, with the amino acid serine at its activation center instead of the zinc of the donor cell's metal protease.
*9JPN *Japan *8521210 *Biochemistry *31 *science

Y040016 62
1248644
Why only some plants can fix nitrogen. New Scientist August 22, 1985 p. 23
United Kingdom: Fundamental genetic research indicates that symbiotic relations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria can be established only in leguminous plants, according to researchers at John Innes Institute (Norwich) and Stanford U. Oxygen produced by photosynthesis poisons the nitrogen-fixing enzymes and so plants cannot themselves fix nitrogen. Disabling 2 genes in a plasmid in the Rhizobium bacteria prevents the formation of nodules in legumes. Altogether, 4 genes are involved in nodulation, but they are not active while the bacteria are living free in the soil. They are activated by a substance secreted by the plant, and produce a substance that causes plant cell division to begin, forming the nodule. Thus, creating nodulation in other crops may require engineering genes into the plant and the bacteria. Rhizobium might eventually be used to introduce not only nitrogen fixation, but other characteristics such as pest resistance to plants.
*4UK *United Kingdom *8521210 *Biochemistry *31 *science

Y040016 63
1248230
Sea ice enzyme found. Chemical Marketing Reporter September 9, 1985 p. 19
A new type of enzyme 50X times more potent than those now used in genetic engineering labs has been isolated from bacteria living in Antarctic sea ice, according to NSF. During an expedition to the Weddell Sea and McMurdo Sound, 765 mile from the South Pole, scientists found large concentrations of the bacteria, whose metabolism appears to be very efficient in synthesizing DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates at sub-zero temperatures. Potential applications for the new enzyme include gene synthesis and cloning.
*1USA *United States *2831640 *Enzymes for Synthesis *33 *products

Y040016 64
1244679
Managing technology: Technology leaders: a survey. IEEE Spectrum September 1985 p. 29
Industrial and technological competition will intensify between the US and Japan until 2000, with West Europe trailing in 3rd place, according to a joint study of 300+ US and Japanese CEOs and other senior executives conducted by Booz, Allen and Hamilton (San Francisco, California), and the Japan Economic Journal. Both US and Japanese executives ranked advancing technology as the major challenge their companies will face over the next 15 years. The Japanese listed managing information more effectively through technology as the No 2 challenge thay expect to face while US and West European executives worried more about overseas competition. All 3 executive groups identified computer software and biotechnology as the 2 technologies that would have the greatest impact by 2000. US firms ranked first in telecommunications, new materials, biotechnology, aircraft and aerospace, and ocean development and Japanese firms led in applications technology development, manufacturing technology, worker productivity, quality control, and long-term strategic outlook. By 2000, Japan is expected to gain in every area where it is now weak and to lead the US in electronic devices, an area in which they are now equal.
*1USA *United States *8511000 *Research & Development-Industry *60 *market data

Y040016 65
1244330
Cetus renegotiates a genetic-engineering license. Chemical Week September 4, 1985 p. 24
Cetus (Emeryville, California) has renewed its $10, 000/ year licensing agreement with Stanford U concerning genetic engineering patents. It terminated the license in spring-1985 but has decided to renew it because of products it will introduce in early 1986. The patents cover gene-cloning methods and recombinant molecules.
*1USA *United States *8521212 *Genetic Engineering *38 *license agreements; *Cetus; Duns No: *05-877-9620; Ticker: *CTUS; CUSIP: *157199

Y040016 66
1241158
Integrated Genetics Unveils A Test Kit for Salmonella. Wall Street Journal 3 Star, Eastern (Princeton, NJ) Edition August 13, 1985
p. 40
Integrated Genetics has introducted a test kit for detection of salmonella bacteria in food. The bio-tech firm said the test uses DNA probe technology and takes less than 2 da to detect the bacteria's presence. Currently available tests, which are based on culturing the bacteria from contaminated food, take 1 week to complete.
*1USA *United States *3841303 *Diagnostic Test Kits & Reagents *33 *products; *Integrated Genetics

Y040016 67
1233751
Poultry: Biotechnology has become 'explosion' of ideas, techniques. Feedstuffs July 22, 1985 p. 14
Biotechnology's impact on agriculture, especially in the animal sector will include advances in the production of diagnostic materials using monoclonal antibodies. Biotechnology has spureed new ideas and techniques in the poultry industry, according to Shaver Focus. Breeders have long made conscious decisions to breed certain individuals and not others and veterinarians have worked at inducing immunity in livestock and poultry. Genetic information transfers to the mass production of biochemical molecules for improving disease resistance and performance. The production of chemicals and pharmaceuticals using genetically modified bacteria, the productions of vaccines using recombinant DNA and the asexual transfer of genetic material using retroviral vectors are being studied.
*1USA *United States *8521212 *Genetic Engineering *39 *nonmanufacture tec

Y040016 68
1233043
Managing for Success: The Genentech Story. Technology Review June 1985 p. 28-29
Genentech is balancing scientific research with business opportunities and creating healthy profits. The company turned a profit in 1984 for the 6th year in a row and expanded operations, a rarity for genetic engineering companies. The company chose to stake its future on cloning and manufacturing insulin, a product with a large existing market, as its first venture and the step has paid off. The company is now researching cloned alpha interferon.
*1USA *United States *2831000 *Biological Products *22 *planning-info; *Genentech; Duns No: *08-012-9000; Ticker: *GENE; CUSIP: *368710

Y040016 69
1230242
Zapping DNA into plant cells. Science News July 13, 1985 p. 22
High voltage electrical current may create pores in plant cell membranes to allow foreign DNA to enter the cells, according to researchers at Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research (Ithaca, New York). Electrotransformation or electroporation could make it unnecessary to use plasmids to introduce foreign genes into plant cells. Currently, bacteria are used to deliver the plasmid to the plant cells, but then the bacteria must be destroyed. The procedure is also limited to plants that the bacteria can infect, which are mostly dicotyledons. Electroporation could allow any gene to be directly introduced into plant cells. Experiments conducted so far used wild carrot cells treated with enzymes to remove the cell wall. Short pulses of 40-V direct current were then applied to a mixture of plasmid molecules and the treated carrot cells. About 2 percent of the carrot cells took up and expressed the foreign DNA, but without electroporation, only 0.0001 percent takes up foreign DNA molecules. Cells containing the plasmid regenerated into plant embryos, but then grew aberrantly because of the extra hormone encoded by the foreign genes. Electroporation could also be used to introduce RNA into plant protoplasts.
*1USA *United States *8521210 *Biochemistry *39 *nonmanufacture tec

Y040016 70
1229033
Scientists report progress in fight against leprosy. New York Times (National Edition) August 2, 1985 p. 9
All of the 5, 000 genes in leprosy bacteria have been successfully grown in the lab, a development that should lead to a screening test for early diagnosis and a test for evaluating the effectiveness of treatment. Some 12-15 million people worldwide suffer from leprosy. Research has been extremely difficult because scientists have been unable to grow the bacteria in the lab. Its genes control the production of various substances, among which researchers found 5 proteins that proved to be the most powerful ever isolated in terms of their ability to elicit attack by antibodies of animals immunized against leprosy. The proteins are regarded as good candidates for vaccines and diagnostic test materials. The leprosy bacteria were obtained from the liver and spleen of an armadillo inoculated with material from a leprosy patient. Various recombinant DNA methods were used to isolate the proteins. The authors of the report on leprosy research, which appeared in the UK journal Nature, included scientists from the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, MIT, the Pacific Medical Center, Stanford U School of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Washington U. Article discusses the research and its implications.
*1USA *United States *8000200 *Medical Research *31 *science

Y040016 71
1228820
Technology: Cool move helps to preserve living tissue. Financial Times (London Edition) July 25, 1985 p. 10
Para (UK) has developed a living cell preserving process, eliminating the need for freezing. Living cells are despersed in a small amount of inert oil together with a small amount of growth medium. This maintains viablity. The cells are then mixed in a laboratory blender and transferred to plastic tubes for storage in a freezer. In the freezer, the oil sets to a jelly, which can then be returned to room temperature without special precautions. Yeast cells can be undercooled to below -20C for a least 16 week with no loss of viability. In traditional cell techniques, living cells are immersed in liquid nitrogen, which destroys these cells though formation of ice crystals.
*4UK *United Kingdom *8521214 *Cellular Biology *31 *science; *Para

Y040016 72
1228429
A peptide that could eventually be used to recover toxic metals. Chemical Engineering July 22, 1985 p. 10
Los Alamos National Lab scientists have discovered a peptide that could be used to recover toxic metals from soil and effluent. The peptide is naturally produced by the monkey flower and jimson weed and has an affinity for zinc, cadmium, mercury and copper. It seems that the compound is made when a dormant gene is activated by the presence of a toxic metal, boosting production of an existing enzyme that stimulates peptide output. In tests with cultures of jimson weed, the peptide combined with over 80 percent of the cadmium that entered the cells. Whole monkey flower plants were found to tolerate 10X as much copper (in a hydroponic solution) as other plants of the same species. The genes could be placed in plasmids and injected into bacteria in a sewage treatment plant in an attempt to make bacteria produce the peptide. The peptide also could be placed on an inert structure to strip toxic compounds from effluent in a packed column.
*1USA *United States *2860400 *Starch & Natural Chemicals *33 *products

Y040016 73
1227692
Gene travel: Plasmids around the world. Science News June 27, 1985 p. 410
The exchange of genes is not limited to bacteria colonizing the gut of a single animal species, according to S Levy of Tufts U School of Medicine (Boston, Massachusetts). Genes can spread from bacteria colonizing the human gut to those of other animals. Baboons in a national park in Kenya often carry bacteria resistant to antibiotics, even though some of the baboons had little contact with people. Other baboons frequented a tourist lodge, with its refuse dumps and latrines. Almost all of the 'lodge' baboons and a few of the free-living baboons harbored bacteria resistant to 2-4 antibiotics.
*1USA *United States *8521210 *Biochemistry *31 *science

Y040016 74
1225618
US sales of 'old' biotechnology products New & old biotechnology sales by mkt ($ mil, 1984 $) . News Release (for further information apply to company indexed) July 12, 1985 p. 2, 3
old new*// 1984 1989 1984 1989 //Pharmaceuticals 7275.0 7460.0 55.3 186.0 //Agriculture 30.0 70.0 -- 30.0 //Food industry 57710.0 68750.0 -- 25.0 //Chemicals 1079.1 1333.3 -- 50.0 //Waste treatment 5.0 8.0 -- -- //Total 66099.1 77621.3 55.3 291.0 *covers gene-splicing, cell-fusion, monoclonal antibody & tissue culture technologies; Business Communications news release
*1USA *United States *8521210 *Biochemistry *65 *sales & consumptn 1USA United States 2830000 Drugs & Pharmaceuticals 46 use of materials 1USA United States 0101000 Agriculture 46 use of materials 1USA United States 2000000 Food & Kindred Products 46 use of materials 1USA United States 2800000 Chemicals & Allied Products 46 use of materials 1USA United States 4950000 Pollution Control 46 use of materials

Y040016 75
1225131
Products: Squibb's second-generation monobactam research. SCRIP-World Pharmaceutical News July 15, 1985 p. 20
Squibb (US) will further develop its 2nd generation injectable monobactams, gloximonam. The drug, SQ-82531, is a prodrug ester of oximonam, and is an orally active monobactam which treats chromosomal infections and has a 30 percent oral absoption rate in man. Gloximonam is extremely stable to plasmid and chromosomal betalactamases. Gloximonam is the 1st of Squibb's monobactams to be launched and is available in West Germany and Italy.
*1USA *United States *2834829 *Systemic Antibiotics NEC *33 *products; *Squibb; Duns No: *04-151-4548; Ticker: *SQB; CUSIP: *852245

Y040016 76
1222789
Technology: Cell cultures as 'factories'. New York Times (National Edition) July 18, 1985 p. 24
Bio-Response is trying to grow human and other mammalian cells inside glass vessels that mimic body conditions. The se cell cultures promise to become factories of the future, producing the products of genetic engineering. Biotechnology's workhorse has been E coli, a type of bacterium, though the search is continuing for alternatives. E coli became the main host organism because it was the 1st species scientists learned to implant foreign genes into. However, it has several shortcomings. The substances they produce remain inside them, rather than being secreted. The bacteria must be split, adding to costs, to retrieve the product. E coli also produces certain toxins, which must be separated from the desired product. The human body also has had some problems accepting products made by E coli. E coli's fundamental drawback is its inability to produce certain highly complex substances that an animal can make. Proteins must be folded in a certain way to be active, and sugars must be attached to the proteins to help them function properly in the body. Bacteria cannot add the sugars and sometimes do not fold correctly. Yeast, an alternative, can add the sugars and can secrete the proteins it produces, making it easier to collect the desired product. Zymogenetics, once a specialist in yeast, is diversifying because yeast has not lived up to expectations. The firm hopes to become a leader in the use of filamentous fungi, used to produce industrial enzymes and antibiotics. Development work is also focusing on other bacteria like Bacillus subtilis, a soil-dwelling bacteria that can secrete products. Some scientists believe the only way to produce complex and human proteins with the proper folding and sugar coating, is to use genuine human or animal cells.
*1USA *United States *2831860 *Recombinant DNA Products *32 *mfr processes; *Bio-Response; Ticker: *BIOR; CUSIP: *090575

Y040016 77
1220098
Genetically Restructered Bacteria: 'Bugs' may solve local PCB problem.Canada: Genetically restructured bacteria that feed off polychlorinated biphenyls ( printed circuit boards) could be used to avert a major ecological crisis, according to J Ansell, microbiologist, and Microbe, a firm specializing in waste disposal. Canadian Research June 1985 p. 71
He believes that a specific type of bacteria that he has isolated is able to digest printed circuit boards as part of its natural diet. If produced in large enough quantities, the bacteria could be used to clean up a PCB contaminated creek that flows through a residential area of London, Ont.
*2CAN *Canada *2831860 *Recombinant DNA Products *33 *products

Y040016 78
1220089
Protamine expressed successfully in yeast by Albertan scientists.Alberta Research Council/ens BIO LOGICALS jointly has incorporated and expressed the genetic code for protamine in yeast cells, allowing a purer and more reproducible product. Canadian Research June 1985 p. 4
*2CAN *Canada *2831862 *DNA Clones *33 *products; *Alberta Research Council

Y040016 79
1215085
Marketing briefs: Genex Corp. Soap/Cosmetics/Chemical Specialties June 1985 p. 26
Genex's new Proto drain cleaner is the 1st OTC product made using recombinant DNA. The cleaner contains the enzyme alkaline protease. Genex has isolated the enzyme from the bacteria that produces it and expects to make an enzymatic product by reprogramming DNA.
*1USA *United States *2842335 *Drain Cleaners *33 *products; *Genex; Ticker: *GNEX

Y040016 80
1213744
ECN Technology: Celltech in antibody pact, readies growth hormone. European Chemical News June 24, 1985 p. 19
Celltech (UK) will install a 2nd 1, 000 L monoclonal antibody fermenter by end-1985. APV (UK) will supply the UKL500, 000 fermenter. The plant will manufacture blood grouping antibodies. Ortho Diagnostic Systems (US) is developing simple, fast response, blood-groping tests using Celltech's monoclonal antibodies. World human blood group identification monoclonal antibody sales total over UKL7.5 million per year currently. Celltech is developing gene-spliced human growth hormone with Serono (Italy).
*4UK *United Kingdom *2831234 *Monoclonal Antibodies for Therapeutics *44 *facilities; *Celltech 0 W World 2831234 Monoclonal Antibodies for Therapeutics 65 sales & consumptn 4UK United Kingdom 3559143 Drugs, Soaps, Toiletries Ind Equip 61 contracts received; APV Hldg 4UK United Kingdom 2834139 Hormones NEC 33 products; Celltech 4ITA Italy 2834139 Hormones NEC 33 products; Farmacologico Sereno 1USA United States 2841330 Liquid Soaps 46 use of materials; Ortho Diagnostic S (US)

Y040016 81
1212622
Meanwhile, Alberta Research Council announces its own recombinant-DNA. Chemical Engineering May 27, 1985 p. 17
Alberta Research Council and Bio Logicals (both Canada) have jointly produced protamine, a protein with clotting capability in human blood. The firms cloned the genes responsible for producing protamine and have expressed it in yeast cells. Commercialization will not begin until better control over production is achieved and the human health effects of protamine are examined.
*2CAN *Canada *2831720 *Cellular Protein *32 *mfr processes; *Alberta Research Council 2CAN Canada 2831720 Cellular Protein 32 mfr processes; Bio Logicals

Y040016 82
1210813
Silkworm use in genetic engineering. Chemical & Engineering News June 24, 1985 p. 25
Japan: Silkworms challenge microorganisms as the only living systems for economical genetic engineering mass production, according to M Furusawa, S Maeda et al of Tottori U, the U of Tokyo and Daiichi Seiyaku Research Institute. Silkworms can be genetically altered to produce human alpha interferon, a potential antiviral and anticancer agent. The team used a baculovirus as the vector for the transformation. They found stable recombinant viruses replicating in the silkwork larvae, each of which synthesizes up to 50 micro-g of interferon. The material can be harvested 4 d after infection by pricking the worm with a pin and collecting the interferon-rich material that seeps out. 
*9JPN *Japan *8521212 *Genetic Engineering *31 *science 9JPN Japan 2831331 Interferon 32 mfr processes

Y040016 83
1210642
DNA Plant Technology: Cloning Tastier Tomatoes.Campbell Soup will jointly develop a tomato through DNA cloning with DNA Plant Technology. High Technology July 1985 p. 75
The cloning process generates new varieties of plants faster than traditional methods.
*1USA *United States *2831860 *Recombinant DNA Products *33 *products; *Campbell Soup; Duns No: *00-128-8042; Ticker: *CPB; CUSIP: *134429 1USA United States 2831860 Recombinant DNA Products 33 products; DNA Plant Technology

Y040016 84
1196233
Biotechnology: potentials and limitations. New Scientist May 23, 1985 p. 22-24
United Kingdom: The state-of-the-art of genetic engineering is discussed. Articles discuss the use of genetic engineering to produce vaccines, techniques to produce recombinant DNA, production of genetically engineered drugs, agricultural uses of genetic engineering, chemical waste treatment with engineered bacteria and government regulation.
*4WGE *West Germany *8521210 *Biochemistry *39 *nonmanufacture tec

Y040016 85
1195489
Bacteria may lick pesticides. New Scientist May 16, 1985 p. 5
The genes regulating enzymes that break down pesticides have been identified in 2 bacteria, by J Karns of United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service. Cloning the genes could allow production of more enzymes for safe pesticide disposal. The bacteria could be used in tanks in which farmers dump pesticides they have left over.
*1USA *United States *2879590 *Insecticides NEC *33 *products

Y040016 86
1193193
New effort initiated to save US technology. Chemical & Engineering News May 27, 1985 p. 38, 39
Industrialists fear Japan is improving its technology faster than the US in electronics, autos, robots, machine tools and biotechnology, and say new, imaginative policies are needed. The National Academy of Engineering (NAE) will attempt to draw up an agenda for technology development. A brief overview of the situation has been prepared by NAE based on previous studies of steel, auto, machine tool, fibers/textiles/apparel, pharmaceutical, electronics and aviation industries. Only in steel did NAE cite any real technological lag compared with Japan, but in all areas the US lead has shrunk in terms of productivity, marketing and trade. All of the industries must be viewed on a world scale and public policy must reflect the reality of growing international competition. The committee says that government technology policy must be based on more information and must coordinate trade negotiations, monetary and fiscal policy, encouragement of capital formation, export support, education and restructuring of industry. Increased education in foreign languages and cultures is needed along with more rigorous standards for public literacy in science and technology.
NAE will launch a $30 million project called Decade III to systematically review technology and trade issues. An NAE symposium has already discussed the failure of engineering schools and industry to work better together to train new technologists. A retired bank chairman says that we still do not understand the interface of engineering and service activities, and we need new ways to describe today's world. NAE also says the term competition is not entirely adequate, since competing firms often use each other's parts or technology.
*1USA *United States *8510000 *Research & Development *31 *science

Y040016 87
1193076
Biotechnology firm buys into seed corn. High Technology March 1985 p.
12, 13
United Agriseed (Champaign, Illinois) has been 33 percent acquired by Genetics Institute for an undisclosed sum. The purchase shattered GI's image as a financially cautious research lab that lets its clients assume the cost and the risk of genetic engineering research. In exchange, for this protection, GI gave up all but modest royalties on its endeavors, such as the cloning of Factor VIII.
*1USA *United States *0181110 *Seeds *16 *minority sold; *United Agriseed 1USA United States 8521200 Chemistry 15 buys minority; Genetics Institute 1USA United States 8521200 Chemistry 14 affiliates, 1-49%; Genetics Institute

Y040016 88
1189974
Phillips to license yeast biotechnology system. Chemical & Engineering News May 20, 1985 p. 5
Salk Institute Biotechnology/Industrial Associates has developed a new yeast rDNA expression system that combines a high level of gene expression/cell and good control. Pichia pastoris yeast metabolizes methanol and ethanol. Methanol promotes synthesis of alcohol oxidase and other enzymes by inducing transcription of the genes that encode the enzymes. When methanol is the only source of carbon, alcohol oxidase accounts for up to 30 percent of the cells' soluble protein. Three methanol-regulated genes have been cloned from P pastoris. Phillips Petroleum is licensing an rDNA expression vector using the regulatable promoter of the alcohol oxidase gene. The licensee can insert the gene of interest in the system or supply the gene to Phillips/SIBA, which will genetically engineer a yeast that can produce the desired protein. Phillips has obtained levels of protein expression/cell equal or superior to those of the commonly used Saccharomyces yeast expression systems. The high levels of expression combined with Phillips' high-cell-density fermentation technology provide efficient protein synthesis. Maximum expression is obtained when methanol is the sole carbon source.
*1USA *United States *2831860 *Recombinant DNA Products *33 *products; *Salk Inst Biotechnology 1USA United States 2831860 Recombinant DNA Products 38 license agreements; Phillips Petroleum; Duns No: 00-136-8265; Ticker: P; CUSIP: 718507

Y040016 89
1185149
Mummy DNA intact after 2, 400 years. Science News April 27, 1985 p. 262
Sweden: DNA isolated from an Egyptian mummy has been cloned in bacteria by S Paabo of the U of Uppsala. The segment, which is 3, 400 base pairs long shows little damage from its 2, 400 years of preservation. No genes have been identified in the DNA fragment, but it contains sequences which are characteristic of human DNA. DNA was detectable in 3 of 23 mummies examined. The yield of DNA from a mummified infant was about 5 percent of the yield generally obtained from fresh human tissue. Researchers could now study the evolution of DNA and the descent of ancient populations in the Nile Valley.
*5SWE *Sweden *8521210 *Biochemistry *31 *science

Y040016 90
1183781
Genentech Product Might Get a Boost on US Drug Fears. Wall Street Journal 3 Star, Eastern (Princeton, NJ) Edition April 23, 1985 p. 26
Genentech Product Might Get a Boost on US Drug Fears. Genentech may get a boost due to a halt of federal shipments of a growth hormone after three deaths were linked to a rare drug. The deaths were from Kreuzfeld-Jacob disease. The deaths are thought to have been caused from contaminants in the government-supplied hormone. Genentech is currently seeking Food and Drug Administration approval of a synthetic version of human growth hormone, protropin, made in genetically engineered bacteria altered by recombinant DNA techniques.
*1USA *United States *2834101 *Hormone Preparations *60 *market data; *Genentech; Duns No: *08-012-9000; Ticker: *GENE; CUSIP: *368710

Y040016 91
1183273
German-Japanese bioprocess workshop ends with success.
#Japan Chemical Week April 18, 1985 p. 7-9
Japan: Research on enzyme engineering, applied genetics, bioprocessing and wastewater treatment technology were discussed at a German-Japanese Bioprocess Technology Workshop in 3/85. Article discusses research, including DNA of yeast acid phosphatase, development of genetic systems to analyze gram-negative bacteria, human beta-interferon production in bacterial and mouse cells, the molecular basis for acetylcholine receptor function, the efficient expression of eukaryotic genes in bacteria, the cloning of genes in streptomyces, the use of genetically engineered microbes to treat pollutants, enzyme reactions in organic solvents, regeneration of substrates for enzymatic reactions, the synthesis of nucleoside antibiotics, monitoring of the production of enzymes, bacteriophage use in recombinant DNA technology and monitoring of fermentation processes.
*9JPN *Japan *8521210 *Biochemistry *31 *science

Y040016 92
1178928
Bacterial resistance on the rise, but new drugs are countering it.
#Drug Topics April 1, 1985 p. 61-66
Medical researchers are finding increased bacterial resistance to new antibiotics. Clinicians have observed an escalation of the 'microbial insurrection' to the point where it has now affected treatment for almost every common infection encountered. Many formerly susceptible microbes are resistant to an array of powerful antibiotics and once-benign bacteria have evolved into life-threatening pathogens. The emergence of large numbers of resistant bacteria has been driven by 2 major factors: Organisms' innate ability to adapt in order to survive; and antibiotic use itself. Since antibiotics are essentially naturally occurring substances that one microorganism secretes to ward off others, there evolved small numbers of mutant bacteria possessing a type of protective mechanism that enabled them to live in the vicinity of antibiotic-producers. Additionally, researchersdhave found the rapid emergence of many different bacterial strains. Not only were resistant bacteria being selected out by antibiotic administration, but other bacteria--which had never been exposed to antibiotics themselves--were acquiring resistance from microorganisms that were chromosomally adapted. The genes responsible for bacteria's resistance capabilities were being carried to neighboring microbes' chromosomes via plasmids--minuscule pieces of DNA that are transferred from bacterium to bacterium by phages. Another method of resistance transfer is called 'jumping genes.' These are pieces of DNA called transopons that can literally jump out of a bacterium's chromosome to become a plasmid or jump directly into another bacterium. Once in a neighbor, the transopon almost instantaneously imprints its genetic message, how to resist antibiotics, on the recipient's chromosomes. Bacteria have learned to alter their cell-membrane permeability as yet another way of surviving an antibiotic administration. Some bacterium have even demonstrated combinations of resistance mechanisms.
*1USA *United States *2834820 *Systemic Antibiotic Preparations *31 *science

Y040016 93
1178783
A snub for the basic gene-splicing patents. Chemical Week April 24, 1985 p. 9
Cetus refused to renew its $10, 000/ year basic gene-cloning patent licensing agreement with Stanford U and the U of California (San Francisco), becoming the 4th company recently to drop the license while 11 previously unlicensed companies received licenses. The Cohen-Boyer patents cover the process and products of splicing and recombining genes to create a recombinate-DNA molecule.
*1USA *United States *8521212 *Genetic Engineering *37 *patents; *Cetus; Duns No: *05-877-9620; Ticker: *CTUS; CUSIP: *157199

Y040016 94
1178598
Genetic engineering: Enzyme function selectively altered. Chemical & Engineering News April 22, 1985 p. 4
The function of the enzyme trypsin has been selectively altered for the 1st time by changing 1-2 amino acid residues near the enzyme's active site by researchers at the U of California (San Franscisco). The amino acid changes were carried out via site-specific mutagenesis of the trypsin gene. Trypsin is 1 of a large number of serine proteases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Trypsin splits peptide bonds on the carboxyl side of lysine and argenine residues. All serine proteases are believed to use the same catalytic mechanism. The 3-D structure of trypsin was determined by X-ray crystallography several years ago. Three mutant proteins were produced by changing the nucleotide sequence of the trypsin gene and cloning it into E coli. The mutant proteins showed changed specificities toward arginine- and lysine-containg substrates compared with the native enzyme, which preferentially catalyzes hydrolysis of the arginine peptide bond. In 1 mutant enzyme in which glycine was changed to alanine, the preference for arginine rose 2.5X. The change results from an increase in the rate of the catalytic reaction rather than a change in substrate binding affinity. In another mutant enzyme with a single amino acid change, affinity for hydrolysis of the lysine peptide bond rose 20X due to altered relative rates of the catalytic reaction. The enzyme in which both glycine residues were changed showed increased affinity for lysine and arginine, but virtually no catalytic activity.
*1USA *United States *2869500 *Enzymes *33 *products

Y040016 95
1175696
DNA from mummy is almost intact. New York Times (National edition) April 18, 1985 p. 12
DNA fragments extracted from the mummified body of an ancient Egyptian infant showed little or no damage in the past 2, 400 years, according to a Swedish scientist. The lack of damage would allow scientists to grow duplicates of the genetic material in the lab. The DNA yield from the specimen was described as being about 5 percent of what would be expected from fresh tissue. Also, portions of the DNA seemed to be largely intact. A specimen of skin taken from the lower left leg of the infant had undergone so little change that it was successfully cloned. The near-surface tissue seemed to be better preserved than those deeper inside the mummy, perhaps because the surface had dried more quickly in the mummification process. In the research, the DNA was spliced into plasmid, a carrier substance, and was inserted into lab bacteria where the ancient material was reproduced. The human mummy's tissues yielded some clones consisting of over 3, 000 DNA subunits each.
*1USA *United States *8521210 *Biochemistry *31 *science

Y040016 96
1173010
Emphasis on strengthening technology development potential. Japan Chemical Week December 27, 1984 p. 4-10
Japan: Research efforts are being focused on the development of new materials, including biotechnology and fermentation products. Chemical industry research spending totaled Y687.5 billion in 1982, equivalent to 3.05 percent of sales, accounting for 17 percent of all industrial research. The chemical industry employs 35, 822 researchers. Basic research accounts for 10.1 percent of chemical research spending, development 63.3 percent, and applied research 26.6 percent. Articles discuss research by Catalysts and Chemicals Industries, Denka Kagaku, Eiwa Chemical Industries, Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Nippon Polyurethane Industry, Nippon Zeon, Sanyo Kokusaku Pulp, Toagosei Chemical Industry, Toyo Engineering, Toyo Soda Manufacturing and Unitika.
*9JPN *Japan *2800000 *Chemicals & Allied Products *31 *science

Y040016 97
1167827
Agrichemical firms turn to genetic engineering.
#Chemical Week April 3, 1985 p. 34-40
Genetic engineering efforts will produce minor improvements in plant cultivation by 1990 and major improvements by 2000, according to R Kaufman of Monsanto. Ciba-Geigy, DuPont, Monsanto and Shell Chemical researchers are tring to isolate genes to protect crops against drought, cold, heat, insects, disease and herbicides. Some research seeks to control the solids content of plants to develop higher-protein, higher-carbohydrate plants. Plant tissue techniques are being used to rapidly screen new pesticides by applying new compounds to single cells or a cluster of cells taken from plants and trying to regenerate the cells into plants. Agrigenetics has isolated the phasolin gene--which accounts for 50 percent of the protein stored in a dry bean seed--from green and kidney beans and transferred it into alfalfa, tobacco, tomato and sunflower plants. Monsanto is studying the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid of Agrobacterium bacterial vector to disarm the bacterium's ability to form plant tumors and use its ability to get genes into a plant to transfer standard antibiotic-resistance marker genes into the cells of dicots--alfalfa, cotton and soybeans. Article discusses biotechnology research spending and projects by company, legal aspects of biotechnology, plant engineering overseas, BT-based prototype and boosters.
*1USA *United States *8521212 *Genetic Engineering *31 *science

Y040016 98
1164739
High tech's race heats up. Chemical Week March 27, 1985 p. 17
World: The race to develop high technology will affect industrial competitiveness, market share and financial performance, according to HW Coover, formerly of Eastman Chemicals. At a symposium sponsored by the National Academy of Engineering, Stanford Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Depts, and the Stanford Center for Economic Policy Research, D Okimoto of Stanford said Japan, the US and West Europe are in a 3-way race in the developing high technology. The Japanese government is doing all it can to organize national research projects in fields including telecommunications, electronic compounds, robotics, office automation, nuclear energy and biotechnology.
Syntex chief executive officer A Bowers says Japan is now targeting pharmaceuticals and biotechnology for further development. The US, however, lacks Japan's commitment to leadership in international competition and has failed to target specific markets, set goals or timetables or develop long-term strategies. Japan is aided by a 'first-rate intelligence system' to keep abreast of foreign developments. Genentech chief executive officer R Swanson says the US government must provide tax incentives for research and capital formation, timely review of patents and new drug applications, improved export policies and more funding for process technology development. *0 W *World *8500000 *Science, Research & Development *31 *science

Y040016 99
1163149
La vie des entreprises: Rhone-Poulenc. Revue Hebdomadaire des Industries Chimiques February 6, 1985 p. 9 Language: French
Pasteur Vaccins (France) is a new vaccine firm, in which Institut Merieux (France) holds a majority stake. Institut Merieux is a 51 percent subsidiary of Rhone-Poulenc (France). Rhone-Poulenc and Institut Pasteur (France) will cooperate in the field of applied biotechnology in the therapeutic, drug, animal feed and fine chemicals sectors.
*4FRA *France *2831200 *Vaccines & Antigens for Human Use *12 *formation; *Pasteur Vaccins 4FRA France 2831200 Vaccines & Antigens for Human Use 14 subsidiary, 50-79%; Institut Merieux 4FRA France 8521214 Cellular Biology 33 products; Rhone-Poulenc 4FRA France 8521214 Cellular Biology 33 products; Institut Pasteur Product

Y040016 100
1156879
Quinolone agents spur optimism and concern. Medical World News February 11, 1985 p. 58, 60
W Europe: A new class of antibacterial agents has an extensive range of potential uses, according to researchers speaking at a seminar sponsored by Bayer Pharmaceuticals. Quinolone derivatives block the bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase, which is essential for replication and for supercoiling of the large bacterial chromosome. JT Smith of the U of London said quinolones are invulnerable to plasmid-induced resistance. F Follath of Switzerland says severe infection will be the most important setting for quinolone use. At least 7 US drug firms plan to make synthetic quinolone agents, which are structurally related to nalidixic acid. Quinolones are effective against gram-negative, gram-positive and aerobic organisms, with limited effectiveness against anaerobic organisms. If quinolones are put on Food and Drug Administration's fast track, some could be available in early 1986 in the US. US clinical trials are just beginning.
*4 W *West Europe *2834870 *Antibacterial & Antiseptic Preps *33 *products

Y040016 101
1155903
Technology: Biotechnology in France: Elf invests in drugs for dwarfs, bugs for oil. Financial Times (London Edition) March 5, 1985 p. 14
Elf-Aquitaine's (France) biotechnology activities represent F3.5bil/yr in sales. Its biotechnology activities are concentrated in areas such as agricultural and food products, glues, cosmetics and plastics. The firm's new Labege complex, costing F100 million and run jointly with its susidiary, Sanofi (France), is at the centre of French efforts to break down the distinctions between fundamental and applied research in biotechnology. The centre carries out genetic engineering research for development of drugs and aromas for food and perfumes, as well as experiments on in vitro plant multiplication, concentrating on crops such as maize, rapeseed and sunflower. The centre has a fermentation plant with 300 L per day capacity, and covers all of Elf's product interests. Its operating budget totals some F100 million/yr.
*4FRA *France *8521214 *Cellular Biology *65 *sales & consumptn; *Elf Aquitaine

Y040016 102
1153711
Bioenginereed cancer treatment now ready for large-scale trials. Chemical Marketing Reporter March 4, 1985 p. 7
Beckman Research Institute and Asahi Chemical are ready for large-scale trials of their new cancer treatment, a natural human cancer destroying substance, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), obtained from a normal human gene by genetic engineering. TNF selectively attacks and destroys malignant cells with little or no effect on normal cells, and is effective against various types of solid tumors in lab animals. Asahi can produce high-purity human TNF economically under large-volume culturing culturing conditions, using E coli as the cloning medium.>
*1USA *United States *2834140 *Anticancer Drugs *33 *products; *Beckman Research Inst 9JPN Japan 2834140 Anticancer Drugs 33 products; Asahi Chemical Industry

Y040016 103
1153709
Arco planners set sights on markets with competitive advantage for late '80s. Chemical Marketing Reporter March 4, 1985 p. 5, 32+
ARCO Chemical's new business strategy would place over 75% of sales in areas where it has a competitive edge by 1989, vs 50% in 1979. ARCO plans to maintain its position in olefins and aromatics, while concentrating capital spending in oxygenates, styrenics and functional chemicals. New product and technology development wil focus on building products, agricultural/biotechnology and advanced materials. It will build a $250 mil, 180, 000 tpy propylene oxide and 430, 000 tpy gasoline-grade tert-butyl alcohol plant in Fos-sur-Mer, France, in 1986. ARCO's US propylene oxide capacity totals 1.64 bil lb/yr. It plans to increase its downstream integration to established a good market for PO. Article discusses other investments and expansions by product.
*1USA *United States *2800000 *Chemicals & Allied Products *22 *planning-info; *ARCO Chemical 4FRA France 2868847 Propylene Oxide 44 facilities; ARCO Chemical 4FRA France 2869615 Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether 44 facilities; ARCO Chemical

Y040016 104
1153241
Natural substance may be cancer cure. Journal of Commerce March 1, 1985 p. 21b
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a natural human cancer-destroying substance, has been obtained from a normal human gene through genetic engineering, and is ready for long scale tests and a cancer treatment, according to City of Hope. E coli was used as the cloning medium. Asahi Chemical (Japan), which participated in the research, will produce the TNF to be used in the tests.>
*1USA *United States *8521210 *Biochemistry *31 *science

Y040016 105
1152291
Biotechnology: Fermentation and downstream processing.
#Chemical Engineering February 18, 1985 p. 126-158
Fermentation and separation processes used in the field of biotechnology are discussed by E Bjurstrom of Fluor Engineers. Biotechnology is a collection of industrial processes involving the use of biological systems, mainly fermentation and associated processing. Genetic engineering involves modification of the hereditary code of a living cell to provide it with new or unique abilities. Major biotechnological product areas include human and veterinary drugs, such as antibiotics, vaccines, hormones and specialty drugs; agricultural chemicals such as pesticides, fungicides and herbicides; specialty chemicals such as vitamins, amino acids and enzymes, and foods and beverages. The main applications for biotechnology in the food and beverage industry include production of sweeteners, alcoholic beverages and single cell proteins. Article discusses fermentation systems, oxygen and heat transfer, control and instrumentation design, bioreactor types, downstream processing and separation, filtration and purification techniques, and provides a glossary of terms.>
*1USA *United States *8521214 *Cellular Biology *32 *mfr processes

Y040016 106
1151947
Journal: Japan: Biotechnologie im Blickpunkt. Chemische Industrie February 1985 p. 61 Language: German
Japan: Biotechnological product sales are expected to reach Y15tril in 2000, or Y4.2-6.78 trillion at 1975 prices. Sales of pharmaceuticals will account for Y2.1-2.36 trillion, biotechnological food additives Y808-920 billion and cellulose products Y269-454 billion.>
*9JPN *Japan *8521214 *Cellular Biology *65 *sales & consumptn 9JPN Japan 2831010 Biochemicals 65 sales & consumptn 9JPN Japan 2892000 Explosives 65 sales & consumptn

Y040016 107
1151867
New products: System synthesizes single-stranded probes. Canadian Research November 1984 p. 12
Promega Biotec's (Madison, Wisconsin) Riboprobe gene analysis system synthesizes large quantities of single-stranded nucleic acid probes for hybridization experiments. It analyzes gene structure, location and function for quick and easy synthesis as an alternative to techniques currently used to make labeled probes for gene identification and analysis. The Riboprobe's single-stranded probes can be detected in blot hybridizations with a 10X increase in sensitivity. The system can also synthesize full length, unprocessed, single-stranded RNA transcripts directly from genomic DNA, enabling researchers studying RNA processing to make large quantities of 1 RNA species for experimental use. The system consists of 2 subcloning vectors, an enzyme that can transcribe numerous complementary RNA copies of any cloned insert and a positive control DNA transcription template. It provides enough components for 50 transcription experiments and offers several advantages compared with traditional nick translated or end labeled DNA probes.>
*1USA *United States *2831861 *DNA Probes *33 *products; *Promega Biotec

Y040016 108
1149687
Washington decides on biotechnology regulation. Chemical Engineering February 18, 1985 p. 37-39
No changes in existing biotechnology regulations are needed at present, but the federal mechanism for scientific review should be revised, according to the Cabinet Council on Natural Resources and the Environment. Scientific review would be initially limited to rDNA, rRNA and cell fusion, and genetic engineering techniques such as mutation, fermentation and microinjection would not be reviewed until later. BH Bulkley of the Cabinet Council recommended that Environmental Protection Agency, Food and Drug Administration, United States Department of Agriculture and NSF create scientific advisory committees similar to the current Recombinant-DNA Advisory Committee (RAC), which would continue to monitor NIH-funded projects and voluntarily submitted applications. Jurisdiction would overlap in some cases, such as regulation of genetically altered bacteria proposed for protecting crops against frost damage. The new scientific review structure would be 2-tiered, with the 1st tier composed of Environmental Protection Agency, Food and Drug Administration, United States Department of Agriculture and NSF. The 2nd tier would be known as the Biotechnology Science Board (BSB) and would serve as the parent body to the 5 organizations in the 1st tier. It would be comprised of 2 members from each scientific advisory committee. Article details functions of proposed BSB.>
*1USA *United States *8521212 *Genetic Engineering *94 *regulation

Y040016 109
1149378
Europe: Insulin by gene synthesis developed by Hungarians. IMS Pharmaceutical Marketletter February 18, 1985 p. 8
Hungary: Has developed a DNA-based human insulin manufacturing process. The new artificial gene synthesis technique uses longer DNA sections than is customary, and the gene can be used to produce human insulin if transplanted into bacteria. The Academy of Sciences has isolated bacteria which can produce human insulin.>
*6HUN *Hungary *2833942 *Pancreatic Insulin *32 *mfr processes

Y040016 110
1146631
Genetic engineering: Court asked to allow field testing. Chemical & Engineering News February 18, 1985 p. 6
The U of California and the Justice Department have filed a court motion asking for a partial stay of an injunction that bars NIH from considering field tests of organisms modified by recombinant DNA technology. NIH recently prepared an environmental assessment of the U of California experiment. The idea behind the court motion is to allow NIH to approve or disapprove of the experiment on the basis of the environmental assessment and to allow the experiment to take place. The release of the bacteria has been delayed for 2 years due to concerns over the environment. The organisms were altered by removing a gene for a protein that functions as a nucleating agent for ice crystals. The NIH Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee approved the release of the bacteria in 6/83, but the Foundation on Economic Trends won an injunction against the field test in a District Court in the District of Columbia. The court maintained that NIH failed to make an environmental assessment of the experiment and thereby violated the National Environmental Policy Act.>
*1USA *United States *8521212 *Genetic Engineering *93 *regulation

Y040016 111
1141888
Biotechnologie: Ein neuer Weg in die Zukunft.
#Chemische Rundschau December 12, 1984 p. 10 Language: German
World: Biotechnology is regarded as a key technology for the future, and R&D will raise living standards and the economy. Multidisciplinary R&D will transfer basic findings to industry, resulting in environmentally sound processes. The use of enzymes as biocatalysts accelerates biological processes, changing corn starch to sweet, low calorie sugar syrup. Enzyme technology will also be used to manufacture valuable amino acids and to release hydrogen from water for energy. Biotechnology will also develop bacteria to breakdown harmful substances in industrial, agricultural and household waste.
*0 W *World *8521214 *Cellular Biology *31 *science

Y040016 112
1141037
Technology: Pharmaceuticals: Biotech agreement. Financial Times (London Edition) January 29, 1985 p. 9
Biotechnology General (US) has been minority acquired by Pharmacia (Sweden). Pharmacia hopes to combine its technolgy with production of an eye treatment drug with the US firm's biotechnology techniques. Biotechnology General can produce hyaluronic acid by bacterial fermentation, by encouraging bacteria by recombinant DNA techniques to make a substance within their cells not normally produced. The joint venture will mean larger supplies of hyaluronic acid to Pharmacia.
*1USA *United States *8521200 *Chemistry *16 *minority sold; *Biotechnology General 1USA United States 2830000 Drugs & Pharmaceuticals 15 buys minority; Pharmacia AB 5SWE Sweden 8521200 Chemistry 14 foreign operations; Pharmacia AB

Y040016 113
1137013
Technology: Pharmaceuticals: Biotech agreement. Financial Times (London Edition) January 29, 1984 p. 9
Biotechnology General (US) has been minority acquired by Pharmacia (Sweden). Pharmacia hopes to combine its technolgy with production of an eye treatment drug with the US firm's biotechnology techniques. Biotechnology General can produce hyaluronic acid by bacterial fermentation, by encouraging bacteria by recombinant DNA techniques to make a substance within their cells not normally produced. The joint venture will mean larger supplies of hyaluronic acid to Pharmacia.
*1USA *United States *8521200 *Chemistry *16 *minority sold; *Biotechnology General 1USA United States 2830000 Drugs & Pharmaceuticals 15 buys minority; Pharmacia AB 5SWE Sweden 8521200 Chemistry 14 foreign operations; Pharmacia AB

Y040016 114
1134686
Economia internazionale: /L'industria europea appoggia il progetto biotecnologie Cee. Il Sole 24ore December 13, 1984 p. 6 Language: Italian
EEC: Will invest ILr123bil in a 5-yr biotechnology project, aiming to catch up on the lead which Japan and the US already have. This project follows an information technology project, where Japan and the US had greater lead. Firms involved included ICI, Glaxo and Unilever (all UK), Bayer and Hoechst (both W Germany), Elf-Aquitaine and Rhone-Poulenc (both France), Akzo (Netherlands), Solvay (Belgium) and Montedison (Italy). World biotechnology sales will rise to $27 bil in 1990 vs $25 mil in 1983. Some 40% of industrial countries' manufacturing output is based on natural or biological processes currently.
*4 EC *European Community *8521214 *Cellular Biology *40 *expend & obligate 0 W World 8521214 Cellular Biology 65 sales & consumptn

Y040016 115
1132458
Table 1--Annual bulk sales of biotechnology products by the year 2000. World: Estimated sales of biotechnology products, 2000 ($ bil) . Chemical Engineering Progress December 1984 p. 7
low high //Medical products 7 45 //Chemical products 5 25 //Agriculture products 3 9 //Food/feed 3 4 //Equip & engineering sys 10 24 //Total 28 107
*0 W *World *8521214 *Cellular Biology *65 *sales & consumptn

Y040016 116
1132457
Commercializing biotechnology: Challenge to the chemical engineer. Chemical Engineering Progress December 1984 p. 7-12
World: The market for biotechnology-related products will reach $40-70mil/yr by 2000. By 1/84, 219 US firms were attempting to commercialize biotechnology, of which only 50% had been established in the past 10 yrs. Some 91 biotechnology companies were formed in 1980-82. By 1983, private sector investments to commercialize biotechnology exceeded $1 bil and capitalization $5 bil. DuPont is spending $125 mil on biotechnology R&D in 1984 and Monsanto is spending $65 mil. The development of new biological products is based on rDNA and cell fusion technniques. Applications of biotechnology in the drug industry include production of proteins, immune regulators, antibiotics, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies for diagnostic uses. Biotechnology may also play an important role in other areas, such as agriculture, specialty and commodity chemicals, food, energy, environment and bioelectronics applications. Many believe that plant agriculture will benefit most from genetic manipulation techniques to improve drought, frost and pest resistance. Stable microbial clones that could be used as herbicides and pesticides are being developed. Chemical engineers must increase their knowledge of the design and scale-up of bioreactors, adaptation and creation of separation and purification techniques for bioproducts and development of biosensors, control algorithms and process models for control of bioprocesses. Article discusses international competition, the shortage of biochemical engineers, challenges in biochemical engineering, bioreactor design and operation, separation and purification processes, biosensors and bioprocess control.
*0 W *World *8521214 *Cellular Biology *65 *sales & consumptn

Y040016 117
1131499
ECN Technology: Elf makes growth hormone. European Chemical News January 21, 1985 p. 22
Elf Aquitaine (France) has commissioned a F100mil biotechnology research centre near Toulouse. The staff of 100 will conduct R&D on healthcare, agriculture and chemicals. It aims to develop rDNA human growth hormone, interleuken-2 and hepatitis B vaccine among other products. Sanofi (France), an Elf subsidiary, has successfully produced gene-spliced human growth hormone in E coli and animal cells without using a methionine tag. France spends F1.3 bil\yr on agricultural biotechnology currently, but this is insufficient.
*4FRA *France *8521214 *Cellular Biology *43 *capital expend; *Elf Aquitaine

Y040016 118
1129931
Low-cost Penicillin Mass Production Method Bared. Japan Chemical Week November 22, 1984 p. 10
Japan: Researchers have developed a low-cost penicillin mass production method, making the antibiotics, mederlysin, out of 2 conventional actinomyces by genetic engineering. Genes necessary for production of antibiotics were first removed from the streptomycescoelocolor and were implanted into the plasmid. Researchers then put the plasmid into another conventional streptomyces-AM-7161, which produced the new antibiotic method named mederlysin.
*9JPN *Japan *2834823 *Penicillin Preparations *32 *mfr processes

Y040016 119
1128503
McCormick uses biotech to spice up research. Washington Post January 7, 1985 p. 3
McCormick has agreed to a $2.5mil joint venture with NPI, an agricultural biotechnology firm to research new ways to develop seasoning sources. The 2 companies will begin cooperative research on crops of mutual interest, which will involve a wide range of plants and seeds used by McCormick, whose previous research has produced synthetic sources of some flavors and strains of crops. New technologies such as tissue culture and gene mapping extend the reach and effect of conventional plant genetics. NPI was formerly known as Native Plants.
*1USA *United States *2099930 *Spices *33 *products; *McCormick & Co; Duns No: *04-361-4130; Ticker: *MCCR; CUSIP: *579780 1USA United States 2099930 Spices 33 products; NPI 1USA United States 8521214 Cellular Biology 32 mfr processes 1USA United States 8521200 Chemistry 11 name change from; NPI 1USA United States 8521200 Chemistry 11 name change to; Native Plants 1USA United States 8521200 Chemistry 11 name change from; NPI

Y040016 120
1127353
Guidelines Planned For Outdoor Tests of Recombinant DNA. Japan Chemical Week September 27, 1984 p. 1
Japan: The Science & Technology Agency will begin 2 yrs of investigation and research into development trends in recombinant-DNA technology. The agency will work out guidelines for outdoor recombinant-DNA experiments involving plants and microorganisms. The existing guidelines oblige researchers to confine genetically-engineered microbes within laboratories.
*9JPN *Japan *8521214 *Cellular Biology *31 *science

Y040016 121
1127308
Hitachi Zosen, Suntory Tie Up For Joint Biotech, Research. Japan Chemical Week September 6, 1984 p. 7
Hitachi Zosen will jointly study biotechnology with Suntory. Initial R&D efforts will center on biomass-generated energy. Suntory will supply microbes and Hitachi will supply equipment and technology.
*9JPN *Japan *8521214 *Cellular Biology *31 *science; *Hitachi Zosen; Duns No: *69-053-6974 9JPN Japan 8521214 Cellular Biology 31 science; Suntory

Y040016 122
1126596
Bean Gene Team. Technology Forecasts & Technology Surveys November 1984 p. 1, 2
Research has shown that only a few genes control yield performance, at least in the case of the common dry bean, according to F Bliss of the U of Wisconsin. In the past, scientists assumed that yield that shows continuous gradations in plant populations is controlled by many genes, each exercising a small and similar effect. Tests involving genetic control of phaseolin, the major storage protein in seeds of the common dry bean, indicated that a few genes may control measurable traits. The seeds from different breeding lines of such beans contain different amounts of protein; some plants produce seeds with 2X the protein content of others. The conclusion that only a small number of genes were involved came from analysis of data obtained from development of inbred backcross lines from selected bean parents. Analysis of these lines revealed that a few genes with large effects controlled most of the heritable variation.
*1USA *United States *8521214 *Cellular Biology *31 *science

Y040016 123
1119415
THE GREAT GENETICS DEBATE.
#Industry Week (formerly Steel Magazine) December 10, 1984 p. 43-48
Issues surrounding the release of genetically engineered bacteria into the environment are discussed. In 1982, the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC) of the National Insts of Health approved a proposal by scientists at the U of California to spray potato vines with a genetically altered bacteria which would reduce the freezing threshold of the plant to 23F. Afterwards, J Rifkin, an environmentalist and leader of the foundation on Economic Trends, sued the National Insts on grounds that no study had been made on the environmental impact of the experiment, and that therefore the experiment was not in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Both sides of the issue of biotechnology experiments are examined in depth.
*1USA *United States *8521214 *Biotechnology *93 *regulation

Y040016 124
1118732
Products: Subunit IBDV vaccine in research. Animal Pharm November 2, 1984 p. 19
Australia: CSIRO is developing a rDNA technology-base subunit vaccine for infectious bursal disease virus. The host-protective antigen has been identified and molecular cloning of the genome of the Australian strain 002-73 characterised. The poultry industry loses A$100 mil/yr from disease, and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) holds a large proportion of this loss. Vaccine research to control IBDV is a top priority of the broiler and egg producing industry. The 10 major Western poultry producing countries use a minimum 130 mil dose/yr of the current inactivated IBDV vaccines, which is difficult and expensive to produce.
*9AUS *Australia *2831500 *Biologicals for Veterinary *33 *products

Y040016 125
1110495
Blod-clotting protein: Two teams clone key gene. Chemical & Engineering News December 3, 1984 p. 6, 7
Two independent research teams have cloned the gene that codes for human factor VIII, 1 of the proteins involved in blood clot formation, and its expression in mammalian cells. One team included a large group of researchers from Genentech and the Royal Free Hospital (London, England), and the other a team from Genetics Inst and the Mayo Clinic/Foundation. Factor VIII is a very large glycoprotein--the largest thus far for which the gene has been cloned--with molecular weight of 330, 000. It is present in low (100-200 ng/ml) concentrations in plasma. The factor VIII gene spans 186, 000 base pairs representing 0.1% of the human X chromosome, of which 9, 000 base pairs represent the functional genetic element, and are contained in 26 separate exons, the technical term for sections of genes that code for protein. It is the largest gene characterized to date.
*1USA *United States *2831133 *Antihemophiliac Factor *33 *products

Y040016 126
1108857
ECN speciality chemicals supplement: October 1984: Secrets of trapping the 'greased pig' in enzyme market.
#Chemscope October 1984 p. 23, 24
World: Chemical industry catalysts market is currently some $1bil/yr and site-specific catalysts for animation, hydroxylation and oxidation will be developed by the late-1990s. The world market for medical diagnostic products is currently some $4-5 bil/yr, and is growing at 15%/yr. Instrumentation accounts for some 33% of this total, with the remainder accounted for by reagents. In the long term, the medical diagnostics industry will be looking to the development of sensors incorporting specific enzymes which will respond quantitively to indicators in the body fluids, resulting in more rapid analysis of the condition of a patient. Sales of such devices are forecast to be $1 bil/yr by yr2000. The market for enzymes used in waste treatment is forecast to be some $500 mil/yr by yr2000, and will see the development of enzymes which speed up treatment processes and which are environmentally-friendly. Current developments in enzymes include research into the development of a 'plug-in' expression-secretion organism from which any enzyme could be produced regardless of its origin. In Japan and New Zealand enzymes are being developed from organisms found in hot springs. In the field of genetic engineering genes encoding a specific enzyme ar placed on a plasmid, and exposed to classic mutation techniques which enable the production of microorganisms which in turn produce new enzymes. R&D is also underway in the US and the UK to learn the rules of enzyme structure, and the industry forecasts that, by 1990, such research will enable the synthesis of new and high function enzymes. In the field of enzymes for cheese manufacture, genetic engineering has been used to produce a precise replica of natural chymosin. US consumption of 1: 22000 coagulant enzymes for cheese-making is currently some 4 mil L/yr. Henkel (W Germany) and Biochemie (Austria) will jointly produce detergent enzymes. Article discusses the history of enzyme use and current major uses of enzymes.
*0 W *World *2899942 *Chemical Catalysts *65 *sales & consumptn 0 W World 2833990 Diagnostic Chemicals 65 sales & consumptn 0 W World 2899570 Waste Treatment Chemicals 65 sales & consumptn 4WGE West Germany 2841002 Detergents 33 products; Henkel 5AUT Austria 2841002 Detergents 33 products; Biochemie

Y040016 127
1107751
Gene vector looks better and better. New Scientist November 1, 1984 p. 19
Netherlands: The microorganism used for genetic transfer of DNA into plants may work on a far wider variety of crops than previously thought, according to researchers at U of Leiden. Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes cancer in plants by transferring a piece of plasma DNA into cells of the host plant. Once inside a host cell, the foreign DNA causes the production of a mass of undifferentiated cells known as a crown gall. Researchers have now discovered that the bacteria can infect some monocots although the plants do not produce tumors. It had been previously been thought that monocots were immune to A tumefaciens. A peculiar hormone metabolism in monocots may prevent them from responding to tumor-inducing genes in the bacterium.
*4NET *Netherlands *8521210 *Biochemistry *32 *mfr processes

Y040016 128
1103474
Wirtschaft: Neue Basis fuer staatliche Foerderung. Computerwoche July 6, 1984 p. 45 Language: German
Japan: Information processing equipment sales will amount to $105bil/yr in 1984-90, due to demand for new technology. In new materials a $40 bil/yr turnover in 1984-2000 is expected. The fact that Japan is lying behind the US in new technology development has prompted the industry and trade min, MITI, to work on a new law, including tax and other financial concessions, according to the Daily Ashai Shimbun newspaper. The law for improving the infrastructure's technological development is expected to pass through parliament in 1985. It is to give financial backing to deveopments in microelectronics, new materials and biotechnology.
*9JPN *Japan *3573000 *Computers & Auxiliary Equip *65 *sales & consumptn

Y040016 129
1102381
Enzyme dissolves coronary blood clots. Chemical & Engineering News November 19, 1984 p. 30
Genentech has found that tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), a human enzyme, can prevent heart attacks by dissolving blood clots that block coronary arteries. TPA is secreted in small amounts when closts form in blood vessels, initiating a series of reactions that eventually destroy the material that holds clots together. To obtain large amounts of TPA for testing, Genentech spliced the human gene for TPA into bacteria. TPA may be safer than other enzymes now used to dissolve blood clots because it works near the site of the clot and does not affect the body's entire coagulating system.
*1USA *United States *2831050 *Recombinant DNA Products *33 *products; *Genentech; Duns No: *08-012-9000; Ticker: *GENE; CUSIP: *368710

Y040016 130
1101619
ECN Technology: Novo plans human insulin prodution facility. European Chemical News November 12, 1984 p. 26
Novo Industri (Denmark) will build a DKr100 mil rDNA human insulin fermentation plant at Kalundborg, when environmental agency approval is granted. The firm is already developing gene-spliced human insulin on a pilot-plant scale. Insulin accounts for 80% of Novo's drug sales, but the firm is developing brain peptides and estrogen hormones, which may also be produced at the new plant. Hoechst (W Germany) will begin building a $16.6 mil gene-spliced insulin plant in 12/84. Nordisk (Denmark) is jointly developing a biosynthetic insulin with Chiron (US).
*4DEN *Denmark *2833294 *Fermentation Insulin *44 *facilities; *Novo Industri; Duns No: *30-500-4285; Ticker: *NVO; CUSIP: *670100 4WGE West Germany 2833294 Fermentation Insulin 44 facilities; Hoechst; Duns No: 31-501-6386; Ticker: FHAX; CUSIP: 434390 4DEN Denmark 2833294 Fermentation Insulin 33 products; Nordisk Insulinlaborator 1USA United States 2833294 Fermentation Insulin 33 products; Chiron (US)

Y040016 131 
1098312
News: Microbes make a meal of food waste. Chemistry & Industry November 5, 1984 p. 753
UK: Food industry waste can be converted into methane using biotechnology and genetic manipulation techniques. The UK food industry now spends UKL50 mil/yr on waste disposal. The UK Food Research Inst is investigating the use of immobilised bacteria to convert food industry effluent into methane. Some 20-30 methanogenic bacteria species exist that are capable of combining carbon dioxide with hydrogen to form methane. Hydrogen is produced during methanogenesis. Acetic acid is also produced and this can be eliminated by genetic manipulation of methanothrix and methanosarcina archaebacteria, anaerobes with tough cell walls from which DNA extraction is difficult.
*4UK *United Kingdom *2000000 *Food & Kindred Products *32 *mfr processes

Y040016 132 
1091672
Plant biotechnology experts assess hopes for long and short term.
#Chemical & Engineering News October 29, 1984 p. 16-19
Topics discussed at recent agricultural biotechnology symposiums include the incorporation of herbicide resistance into crop plants. One possible approach involves transferring a metabolic detoxification mechanism from a resistant plant into a susceptible one. Another is to modify the target site of the herbicide, and a 3rd approach would be to transfer a restricted uptake or translocation trait. CJ Arntzen of Michigan State U believes target site modification will be 1 of the 1st successes in genetic engineering for agronomic traits in crop plants. Researchers have been frustrated so far in their efforts to use recombinant DNA technology to transfer a herbicide-resistance gene into a susceptible plant. In the case of triazine resistance the gene has been isolated and cloned, but the ability to insert it into a crop plant is not yet available.
The problems involved in transferring nitrogen fixation capability into crop plants are formidable. A research team led by FM Ausubel of Harvard medical school and Massachusetts General Hospital has successfully cloned nitrogen fixation genes. Ausubel is now concentrating on the symbiotic interaction between Rhizobium bacteria and legumes. He expects nitrogen-fixing corn plants to be developed within 50 yrs. If nitrogen fixation in soybeans could be engineered to take place at the maximum rate possible, yields could increase 10-20% or more. Article discusses target site modification for herbicide resistance and the raising of efficiency for nitrogen fixation in detail.
*1USA *United States *8521214 *Biotechnology *33 *products

Y040016 133 
1090307
Companies: Genentech's progress report. SCRIP-World Pharmaceutical News October 15, 1984 p. 11
Genentech's (US) recombinant-DNA derived tissue plasminogen activator is being tested in 25 medical centres. The company has also cloned and expressed 2 tumour necrosis factors, 1 of which has been designated lymphotoxin. Genentech's gamma-interferon tests will be extended to studies for specific cancers and viral infections. Clinical trials are being carried out in Japan and Europe.
*1USA *United States *2831050 *Recombinant DNA Products *33 *products; *Genentech; Duns No: *08-012-9000; Ticker: *GENE; CUSIP: *368710

Y040016 134
1089508
Companies: Amersham reports on 1984. Clinica July 20, 1984 p. 5
Amersham International (UK) will introduce monoclonal antibody products in FY84. The firm aims to expand into nonradioactive technology. Its research products div introduced 180 new products in FY83, including many nonradioactive DNA fragments, enzymes and cloning vectors. It introduced Pentetate 2, for brain and kidney imaging and technetium DMSA for kidney visualisation in 1984. The firm's turnover rose 98.5% to UKL87.6 mil in FY83 vs FY82, while pretax profit rose 22% to UKL13.7 mil.
*4UK *United Kingdom *2831232 *Monoclonal Antibodies *33 *products; *Amersham Intnl; Duns No: *21-715-2818

Y040016 135
1087842
Stanford claims proprietorship over basic cloning techniques. Medical World News October 8, 1984 p. 36
A patent on recombinant DNA molecules capable of replicating in bacteria has been awarded to Stanford U. The process patent covering basic techiques used in gene splicing and recombination was awarded to Stanford in 1980. Patent applications were submitted in 1974, based on work by SN Cohen of Stanford and HW Bower of the U of California (San Francisco). The patent was originally rejected because of a dispute over whether the claims should include hybrid plasmids that function in prokaryotes, as well as plasmids in eukaryotes. Stanford now has a separate application for a patent covering yeast plasmids.
*1USA *United States *8521210 *Biochemistry *94 *regulation

Y040016 136
1086294
Antibiotics in animal feed.
#Chemical Week October 10, 1984 p. 44-48
The practice of adding antibiotics to livestock feed has been blamed for an increase in the number of drug-resistant microbe strains, some of which are harmful to animals and people. Some opponents have claimed that use of the same antibiotics in medicinal and agricultural applications has resulted in development of strains of bacteria that are resistant to several drugs. Use of antibiotics in livestock feed represents a $250 mil/yr market. Nearly all poultry, 70% of the cattle and 90% of the pigs raised commercially in the US are fed subtherapeutic doses of antibiotics. Over 9 mil lb or 40% of all antibiotics produced in the US will be sold as feed additives for livestock.
A recent study by the Centers for Disease Control claims that there is a link between use of antibiotics in feedstuffs and transmission of resistant microorganisms to 18 people afflicted with the same strain of Salmonella newport, which was resistant to the antibiotics ampillicin, carbenicillin and chlortetracycline. In each case, the bacteria displayed an unusual plasmid profile and had the same profile as a strain that was found in cattle from a S Dakota farm fed subtherapeutic levels of chlortetracycline throughout 1982. Thirteen patients had eaten beef from cattle grown on the farm and 3 had eaten meat from animals raised on an adjacent farm. Three other patients were relatives of those who ate the contaminated meat. Of those infected by the same S Newport strain, 12 had already been taking pencillin derivatives for medical problems. The CDC study postulated that the S newport strain was able to thrive due to the lack of competing bacteria in the patients' systems. The Animal Health Inst, a group representing 55 veterinary drug firms, disputed CDC's conclusions on the basis that the study was flawed. The susceptibility of 6 hospital-acquired bacterial infections to the 10 most commonly used antibiotics has not changed much over the past 12 yrs, according to a study of over 10 mil strains of bacteria isolated from patients in 250 US hospitals. However, the resistance of 2 other bacterial strains has increased. Article discusses the use of antibiotics by poultry farmers.
*1USA *United States *2834981 *Veterinary Antibiotics *65 *sales & consumptn

Y040016 137
1085273
Detoxify wastes with enzymes. Chemical Engineering September 17, 1984 p. 31
Pacific Northwest Labs claims that enzymes could be used to detoxify or deactivate hazardous chemicals. In their soluble forms, enzymes could be used to clean up residues in pesticide containers and detoxify spray solutions or could be incorporated into contaminated soils to aid in reclamation. Enzymes offer several advantages vs existing chemical, physical and biological methods, since they are biodegradable and produce no harmful byproducts. Widespread use of enzymes will be feasible only when production costs are lowered. Genetic engineering may be used to reduce costs. Battelle Memorial Inst researchers are using a new DNA cloning vector and a genetically engineered bacterium to mass produce enzymes.
*1USA *United States *2869500 *Enzymes *33 *products; *Pacific Northwest Labs

Y040016 138
1084804
Biogenetically-produced drugs: Investments outpace profits.
#Drug & Cosmetic Industry June 1984 p. 50-56+
Biogenetically produced drugs have not yet become a major factor in pharmaceutical industry sales. However, industry continues to commit considerable resources to this segment, as shown by Schering-Plough's $106 mil interferon plant in County Cork, Ireland. The industry's current frustrations with biogenetically produced drugs is illustrated by interferon, which from its development expected to become a remedy for cancer, the common cold, and various other virus infections, including AIDS. Schering-Plough and Hoffman-LaRoche are competing to become the leading interferon supplier if and when the material gets NDA approval for any of the target ailments. Interferon has been beset by problems to prove efficacy and by potential patent and regulatory problems. However, all research devoted to interferon has led pharmacologists into other avenues of biogenetically engineered drug research. Human hormones being produced at least experimentally via biogenetics include thymosin alpha, normally produced only by the human thymus, as a cancer treatment; calcitonin, which regulates deposition of calcium in human bones, as a treatment for Paget's disease and osteoporosis; tissue plasmogen activator, a dissolver of blood clots in heart attacks and strokes; and human serum albumen, a blood substance. Not far from commercial development could be flu type and cloned cholera vaccines. Completely apart from human hormones, vaccines and drugs is another class of biogenetically produced chemicals, raw materials. IGI Biotechnology will begin production of a polysaccharide via fermentation of raw cane or beet sugar to compete with arabic gum. Article discusses European interferon patent dispute between Schering-Plough and Roche.
*1USA *United States *2831050 *Recombinant DNA Products *60 *market data

Y040016 139
1084412
Clones put plant breeders in clover. New Scientist September 27, 1984 p. 21
UK: Experiments on white clover could help development of efficient strains of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, according to researchers at the Welsh Plant Breeding Station (Aberystwyth). Rhizobium bacteria dwell in root nodules of legumes. The efficiency of nitrogen fixation depends on the genetics of the bacteria and the clover. Adding the proper strain of bacterium to a field can increase the yield of clover. In order to match the proper clover with the proper bacterium, researchers have developed a form of tissue culture which forms secondary embryos from a normal embryo, allowing cloning of clover. The technique may assist in the search for clovers resistant to pathogens.
*4UK *United Kingdom *8521210 *Biochemistry *31 *science

Y040016 140
1083837
Grace's Amicron unit develops concentrator. Chemical Marketing Reporter October 1, 1984 p. 14
Amicron's new Centricon microconcentrator concentrates and desalts small volumes of biological samples. The device is suitable for concentrating under 2-ml samples containing protein, enzymes, nucleic acids, viruses, bacteria and other macromolecular solutions. Applications include desalting and concentrating DNA preparations, monoclonal antibodies for tissue culture and proteins and enzymes from biological samples.
*1USA *United States *3569342 *Microbiological Analysis Filters *33 *products

Y040016 141
1082794
Live, Recombinant Virus Vaccine May Play Key Role in Disease Prevention. NTIS Life Sciences Tech Notes August 1984 p. 13
Recombinant live virus vaccines that produce local infection are being developed by B Moss and GL Smith, National Inst of Allergy & Infectious Diseases (NIAID). The hybrid vaccine is made by inserting bits of genetic material from other disease-causing agents into the vaccinia virus to stimulate the immune system. Since one vaccinia virus can accommodate large amounts of foreign genetic material, one vaccine may be able to protect against several diseases. The foreign gene is hooked to the specific pieces of vaccinia DNA and inserted into a plasmid. The foreign gene is inserted into the vaccinia virus by introducing the plasmid into a cell that has been infected with ordinary vaccinia virus. Recombinant viruses are safe, effective and inexpensive.
*1USA *United States *2831210 *Vaccines for Human Use *33 *products

Y040016 142
1081199
ECN special report: New hosts developed for gene spliced proteins.
#European Chemical News September 24, 1984 p. 19, 20
World: rDNA proteins can be produced using yeast and mammalian cells as well as bacteria other than E coli. Bacillus bacteria are potentially superior to E coli bacteria due to being gram positive and having a single cytoplasmic membrane while E coli is gram negative and has 2 membranes. Bacillus also secretes more protein than E coli but the genetic techniques for expressing cloned genes need further development before the can be profitably used. Mammalian cells can be adapted to secrete a specific protein in the correct conformation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae may replace E coli as the preferred hosts in rDNA technology to produce certain protein types, specifically those that can be secreted.
*0 W *World *2831050 *Recombinant DNA Products *32 *mfr processes

Y040016 143
1080427
Antibiotic foils penicillin resistance. Chemical & Engineering News September 24, 1984 p. 18
Beecham Laboratories has FDA approval to market its amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate combination for oral treatment of infections by beta-lactamase-producing bacteria. Clavulanate inhibits beta-lactamases (enzymes that inactivate penicillin), rendering the penicillin-resistant bacteria susceptible to amoxicillin. One mechanism for the rising incidence of penicillin resistance is transfer of beta-lactamase genes to and from bacterial chromosomes by plasmids and between chromosomes and plasmids by transposons. A 2nd mechanism is evolution of such bacteria as the pneumococcus and gonococcus to give penicillin-resistant strains. Nonpathogenic bacteria like Branhammela catarrhalis, which occur normally in the nose and throat and which acquired beta-lactamase capability 4 yrs ago, can offer protection to pathogenic bacteria (eg those causing middle-ear and respiratory tract infections) against penicillin. Beecham seeks FDA approval for a combination of potassium clavulanate with ticarcillin as an injectable antibiotic for severe infections in hospitals.
*1USA *United States *2834823 *Penicillin Preparations *33 *products; *Beecham Laboratories

Y040016 144
1079979
Gene engineering: patent for products. Science News September 8, 1984 p. 150
A patent on recombinant DNA molecules containing foreign genes and on the uses of such molecules in bacteria has been awarded to researchers at Stanford U and the U of California (San Francisco). A process patent was awarded to the universities in 1980, covering basic splicing and recombining of genes. A patent on the use of recombinant DNA molcules in complex organisms such as yeast is still pending. The process patent has already brought in $3 mil in royalties, and 66 companies have licenses. The only product of genetic engineering now commercially available is human insulin produced in bacteria by Eli Lilly.
*1USA *United States *8521210 *Biochemistry *37 *patents

Y040016 145
1076954
In The News: Researchers Study Pine Clones. Paper Trade Journal July 1984 p. 22
Researchers at North Carolina State are studying cloned loblolly pines. The researchers have been able to produce 2-100 new loblolly trees by cloning tissue from a single loblolly plant and then treating it with hormones. The scientists are trying to improve the productivity of the South's forests by increasing forest yield, producing genetically superior trees and lessening disease. Trees cloned from a single seed are quite similar in height, branch structure and the appearance of needles, leading scientists and paper companies to hope that trees could be made to order for specific purposes. However, the current batch of pine clones will have to be studied for 20 yrs before it can be determined if the project is successful. Currently, pine cloning is far from becoming a viable alternative for the forestry industry, as a tissue cultured plant costs $0.75 cents vs $0.015 cents for a regular nursery seedling.
*1USA *United States *8521212 *Genetic Engineering *31 *science 1USA United States 0811000 Standing Timber 31 science

Y040016 146
1076834
US researchers battle malaria with DNA technology, move toward vaccine. Medical World News August 27, 1984 p. 16, 21
A key protein has been identified that could lead to the development of a vaccine against malaria, according to researchers at New York U and NIH. The vaccine will be aimed at the sporozoite of Plasmodium falciparum, which is responsible for 85% of the 220 mil cases/yr of the disease worldwide. The sporozoite is the early stage of the parasite, which develops in the mosquito and is injected into humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. The sporozoite spends only a few moments in the bloodstream before entering the liver, where it becomes the asexual erythrocytic parasite that causes the disease. The gene for the circumsporozoite protein has now been cloned and human trials of a malaria vaccine could begin in 1985. A commercial vaccine could be available by 1990. Malaria has become resistant to control efforts, since insecticides against the mosquito are no longer effective and the parasite itself is now resistant to commonly used prophylactic drugs such as chloroquine. Antibodies to the protein neutralize the parasites' infectivity. Other researchers continue to look for a vaccine against the blood stages of malaria. The vaccine under development at NYU could be produced by 1 of 3 methods. The 1st would be to produce a synthetic vaccine, the 2nd would be to induce bacteria to produce the CS protein, and the 3rd tactic would be to insert the gene into the vaccinia virus, which could then be injected into humans. *1USA *United States *2831210 *Vaccines for Human Use *33 *products

Y040016 147
1076269
Gene recombination of amino acid producing bacterium. Chemical Economy & Engineering Review (formerly Japan Chemical Quarterly) April 1984 p. 44
Ajinomoto has introduced gene recombination technology for brevis bacterium for amino acid production. The process will improve amino acid product efficiency and offer the possibility of pharmaceutical production by amino acid-producing bacteria. Brevis bacterium is a microorganism used for fermentation production of amino acids such as glutamic acid. Ajinomoto developed a vector by linking cycli gene plasmid derived from bacterium with plasmid derived from E coli and bacillus subtilis. The technology improves threonine amino acid output 1.5X that by the original bacteria. There are currently only 10 types of amino acids that can be produced by microorganisms.
*9JPN *Japan *2831050 *Recombinant DNA Products *32 *mfr processes; *Ajinomoto; Duns No: *69-054-6163; Ticker: *AJNM; CUSIP: *009707

Y040016 148
1074931
Diagnostic DNA. Science News August 18, 1984 p. 104-107
Recently developed methods allow researchers to examine DNA for possible diagnosis of medical problems. DNA probe techniques are already being used in research and will soon be commercially available to hospital labs and doctors' offices. The method uses the strong binding that occurs between DNA molecules with complementary sequences. A DNA probe consists of a detector and a reporter (either radioactivity or fluorescence). The probes can detect a specific gene or segment of DNA even if the gene is not active. Probes have been developed for a variety of viruses and bacteria as well as for prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases in humans. An identified gene is not necessary to create a probe. For example, a test for Salmonella identified 2 fragments common to all Salmonella strains, but different from any DNA in normal intestinal bacteria. Finding that the fragments are present will thus indicate the presence of Salmonella, even though it is not known what genes are contained on the 2 fragments. DNA probes will allow rapid identification of the sex of a fetus. Probes can be labelled with biotin that can then bind to several proteins that can be used as markers. DNA hybridization is also useful in blood and tissue typing for transfusions and transplants.
*1USA *United States *8521200 *Chemistry *31 *science

Y040016 149
1073521
Two universities awarded gene patent. Chemical & Engineering News September 3, 1984 p. 21
Stanford U and the U of California have received a 2nd rDNA product patent, which will require users of rDNA molecules or bacteria that contain them based on methods developed by the universities to pay royalties. In 1980, the universities were awarded a process patent covering the use of a gene splicing method for producing rDNA compounds. The 2 patents cover nearly all DNA technology now employed by biotechnology firms and have already brought in $3 mil in licensing fees.
*1USA *United States *2831050 *Recombinant DNA Products *37 *patents

Y040016 150
1073007
Stanford University Gets Patent for Products Make by Cloning Genes. Wall Street Journal 3 Star, Eastern (Princeton, NJ) Edition August 29, 1984 p. 39
Stanford U received a patent covering products produced by cloning genes. The patent is related to a broader patent received by the university in 1980 covering the basic method of splicing genes and recombining them. The new patent gives Stanford a proprietary position until 1997 over the basic methods and tools used in the biotechnology industry. Products using the technology that are nearing commercial availability include a hepatitis vaccine, a human growth hormone and a drug for treating emphysema.
*1USA *United States *8521212 *Genetic Engineering *37 *patents