Y021037 1
166999 85Q0638
Life-Style and Health: Some Remarks on Different Viewpoints
Badura, Bernhard
U Oldenburg, D-2900 Federal Republic Germany
Social Science and Medicine 1984, 19, 4, 341-347. CODEN: SSCMAW
Pub. Year: 1984
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Lifestyle & health maintenance are discussed from two approaches: the model of medical scientists & health psychologists who concentrate on changing self-destructive behaviors, & the public health & social medicine view of intervening in populations at risk of disease due to the natural & social living conditions created by man. While the medical model emphasizes the admittedly important factor of lifestyle, it explains only a small amount of the morbidity & mortality due to coronary disease. It precludes social & psychological factors of sex, age, social status, & parental & peer group models, which have been empirically shown to have an effect on disease. Factors such as adverse behaviors due to social stress, life-cycle transitions, personality, coping mechanisms, & social support systems should be researched to enhance future health policies. 1 Table, 3 Figures, 23 References. D. Graves
Desc.: Health, Healthy (208000); Lifestyle, Lifestyles #; (for pre-1981 entries, use postcoordinatedform) (251984)
Ident.: health maintenance; lifestyle;
Sec. Head.: sociology of health and medicine-sociology of medicine (public health); (2045)

Y021037 2
165431 85S168?3
A Comparison of Rural and Urban Elderly's Expressed Preferences for Long-Term Care Arrangements
McAully, William J.; Blieszner, Rosemary
Center Gerontology Virginia Polytechnic Instit & State U, Blacksburg 24061
Conference: RSS Rural Sociological Society
Pub. Year: 1985
Co. of Pub.: U. S. 
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Association Paper l Article (ap )
An examination of the long-term care arrangements (LTCs) selected by rural elderly, identifying demographic & social support characteristics associated with their selections, & comparing patterns of selection & related factors with those of urban elderly. Data were drawn from the Statewide Survey of Older Virginians, a 1979 household survey of 2, 146 people, aged 60+. The research sample consisted of 1, 240 respondents who completed the interviews, lived with no one other than their spouses (if married), & were cognitively intact. The interview questionnaire was based upon the Older Americans Resources & Services (OARS) multidimensional functional assessment strategy, with the addition of a series of questions designed to elicit attitudes about LTC. Respondents were asked to express their agreement or disagreement with statements about LTCs they would make if they became sick or disabled for a long time. For both rural & urban respondents, the most frequently selected LTCs were those which allowed the individual to receive assistance at home, while moving into the home of a relative was least likely to be selected. Rural residents were significantly more likely to select adult day care, care from a relative in their own homes, & paid in-home care. Urban respondents were significantly more likely to select LTCs that involve only formal forms of care, while rural respondents were significantly more likely to select a combination of formal & informal arrangements. Urban respondents were also significantly more likely than rural respondents to select LTCs that involve moving. A number of respondent characteristics, including demographic variables, mental & physical health, & social support, were incorporated as independent variables into a series of stepwise logistic regression analyses. The results suggest both similarities & differences in factors associated with LTCs for urban & rural elderly. For example, nonwhites were more likely to select adult day care in each sample, while younger people were more likely to select adult day care in rural areas, & persons with better perceived health were more likely to select adult day care in urban areas. The greater likelihood of selecting adult day care & paid in-home care among older rural residents is noteworthy, since such services are generally less available in rural environments. This offers a challenge to agencies that serve rural population to develop creative methods for providing forms of LTC that support & supplement, rather than supplant, family caregiving. It is concluded that the patterns of predictors of LTCs within each sample are difficult t o interpret, but this suggests that this is a fruitful area for research addressing rural-urban differences in LTC selection
Desc.: Elder, Elders, Elderly (149733); Care (069640); Preference,
Preferences (343500); Rural; (see also Ru, Ur) (398?00); Urban; (see also Ru, Ur) (478000); Social support (433182)
Ident.: elderly's long-term care preferences urban vs rural residence, demographic/social support characteristics; interview, questionnaire; Virginia;
Sec. Head.: social problems and social welfare-social gerontology (2143)

Y021037 3
164856 85O8866
Social Support in Black, Low-Income, Single-Parent Families: Normative and Dysfunctional Patterns
Lindbla-Goldberg, Marion; Dukes, Joyce Lynn
Coll Medicine U Cincinnati, OH 45267
American Jrnl of Orthopsychiatry 1985, 55, 1, Jan, 42-58. CODEN: AJORAG
Pub. Year: 1985
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available from UMI, Ann Arbor, MI
Structural & functional features of social networks & demographic variables are explored based on 197?-1980 data gathered from interviews & a demographic questionnaire administered to 56 clinic-referred & 70 nonclinic Black, low-income, single-parent families. Dysfunctional families evidenced asymmetrical reciprocity within network relationships, & had more stressful home environments than did nonclinical families. It is suggested that diagnostic evaluation of these families should assess the level of meaningful support provided by the social network. 5 Tables, 34 References. Modified HA
Desc.: Black, Blacks (055218); Low income (254690); Single (424371) ; Parent, Parents, Parental (322000); Family, Families (171600); Social network, Social networks, Social networking (43?175)
Ident.: black/low-income/single-parent families' social networks, normative/dysfunctional patterns interviews, demographic questionnaires; clinic-referred/nonclinic families;
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-sociology of the family; (1941)

Y021037 4
164812 85O8822
The Predicament of the Newly Separated
Bloom, Bernard L.; Hodges, William F.
U Colorado, Boulder 80309
Community Mental Health Jrnl 1981, 17, 4, winter, 277-293. CODEN: CMHJAY
Pub. Year: 1981
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available from SA and UMI, Ann Arbor, MI
An examination of early adjustment to marital separation as a function of sex & parent status in a sample of 153 persons separated an average of 8 weeks from their spouses because of marital discord, based on open-ended interview data. Men were much more satisfied with the quality of their marriage prior to separation & much more opposed to its ending than were women. Women consistently reported more gains than men as a consequence of their separations & a greater readiness to divorce. Social support systems were stronger in the case of women than me & in the case of parents than nonparents. Formal & informal helpseeking were very common. There was considerable difficulty in the area of job performance & career planning, & the presence of children appeared to add to the difficulties faced by divorcing parents. In general, while the preseparation period appeared to be more stressful for women, the early postsepapation period was far more difficult for men. 3 Tables, 26 References. Modified HA
Desc.: Marriage, Marriages, Marital (259000); Separation (417480); Sex differences; (see also Gender differences) (420000)
Ident.: marital separation, early adjustment; sex/parent status; interviews;
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-sociology of the family; (1941)

Y021037 5
164090 85O8100
The Mobilization of Social Supports: Some Individual Constraints
Eckenrode, John
Coll Human Ecology Cornell U, Ithaca NY 14853
American Jrnl of Community Psychology 1983, 11, 5, Oct, 509-528. CODEN: AJCPCK
Pub. Year: 1983
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
An examination of the effects of two dispositional variables, locus of control & help-seeking beliefs, as well as sociodemographic variables, on the mobilization of social supports. Data were gathered through interviews of a sample of 308 women users of a Boston, Mass. neighborhood health center, & concerned social support contacts following stressful events occurring within the previous year. Results confirmed the importance of the two dispositional variables, with internal locus of control & positive beliefs in the benefits of help-seeking each being associated with more support mobilization, independent of the number of potential supporters available. In addition, the educational level of the respondents showed a direct, positive relationship to support mobilization. Tests revealed several interactions between sociodemographic variables & the dispositional variables or potential support. These interactions generally showed that the dispositional variables & levels of potential support had a greater impact on support mobilization for persons with higher educational achievement, higher incomes, or those from English-speaking (versus Spanish-speaking) backgrounds. Results are discussed in relation to current research on social support & differential vulnerability of individuals to the effects of stress. 3 Tables, 1 Figure, 49 References. AA
Desc.: Social support (433182); Mobilization (274175); Sociodemographic (434570); Control, Controls, Controlled (114800); Help, Helping, Helper, Helpers (212570); Belief, Beliefs (051870)
Ident.: social supports mobilization; control locus/help-seeking beliefs/sociodemographic variables; interviews; women health center patients, Boston, Massachusetts;
Sec. Head.: complex organizations (management)-social networks analysis; (0665)

Y021037 6
163857 85O7867
Relative Deprivation Theory: An Overview and Conceptual Critique
Walker, Iain; Pettigrew, Thomas.
Stevenson Coll U California, Santa Cruz 95064
The British Jrnl of Social Psychology 1984, 23, 4, No., 301-310. CODEN: BJSPDA
Pub. Year: 1984
Co. of Pub.: United Kingdom
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
An overview of research on relative deprivation (RD) theory is presented to substantiate the argument that it is a potentially powerful concept for studying intergroup relations in general, & supplements Henri Tajfel's categorization-identity-comparison theory (see SA 32: 2/84N7444). Six focal issues are discussed: (1) the egoistic-fraternalistic distinction, (2) the cognitive-affective distinction, (3) the absolute-relative distinction, (4) measurement level, (5) specification of the referent, & (6) specification of the compared dimensions that present problems for current RD work. 2 Figures, 51 References. Modified HA
Desc.: Intergroup (239722); Relations, Relational (382485); Deprive, Deprived, Deprivation (129400)
Ident.: intergroup relations, relative deprivation theory;
Sec. Head.: social psychology-personality and culture; (0312)

Y021037 7
163361 85W4577
Coping and Social Support in Families of Developmentally Disabled Children
Schilling, Robert F.; Gilchrist, Lewasne D.; Schinke, Steven Paul
Child Development Mental Retardation Center U Washington, Seattle 98195
Family Relations 1984, 33, 1, Jan, 47-54. CODEN: FAREDL
Pub. Year: 1984
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Subfile: SOPODA
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available from UMI, Ann Arbor, MI
Personal coping & social supports are presented as resources for parents of handicapped children. These closely linked concepts are viewed as increasingly of interest to practitioners & investigators who recognize that such parents encounter extraordinary stress. An overview of the difficulties faced by parents of handicapped children is followed by a review of several studies on coping among such parents. A structured group approach to teaching parents of handicapped children to use personal coping & social supports is described. 74 References. HA
Desc.: Handicap, Handicapped (206300); Child, Children, Childhood (0810?0); Parent, Parents, Parental (322000); Cope, Coping (115725); Social support (433182)
Ident.: handicapped children's parents, personal coping, social supports;
Sec. Head.: social welfare-the helping techniques (case work, group work, community organization); (6120)

Y021037 8
163310 85W4526
Differences, Difficulties and Adaptation: Stress and Social Networks in Families with a Handicapped Child
Kazak, Anne E.; Marvin, Robert S.
Temple U, Philadelphia PA 19122
Family Relations 1984, 33, 1, Jan, 67-77. CODEN: FAREDL
Pub. Year: 1984
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Subfile: OPODA
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available from UMI, Ann Arbor, MI
Differences in 56 families with & 53 without a handicapped child, with respect to 3 types of stress (individual, marital, & parenting) & 3 structural characteristics of their social support networks (size, density, & boundary density), are discussed. Data were gathered by face-to-face interviews & written questionnaires. Generally, higher levels of stress & distinct network structures were found for the families with handicapped children. Despite the presence of high levels of stress, the families were found to have successful coping strategies. The results are discussed in terms of recognizing family strengths & incorporating existing adaptational patterns in clinical interventions. 1 Table, 31 References. Modified HA
Desc.: Handicap, Handicapped (206300); Child, Children, Childhood (081000); Family, Families (171600); Stress, Stresses (447000); Social support (433182)
Ident.: handicapped children's families, stress levels, social support networks; interviews, questionnaires;
Sec. Head.: social welfare-the helping techniques (case work, group work, community organization); (6120)

Y021037 9
162706 85D3303
A Socio-Medical Study of Infant Mortality among Disadvantaged Blacks
Boone, Margaret S.
Center Population Research Georgetown U, Washington DC 20057
Human Organization 1982, 41, 3, fall, 227-236. CODEN: HUORAY
Pub. Year: 1982
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Subfile: SOPODA
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available from UMI, Ann Arbor, MI
A profile of the woman at highest risk of experiencing a low birthweight (LBW) delivery & infant death (ID), in the generally disadvantaged, black population in Washington, DC, which contributes disproportionately & repeatedly to the ID & perinatal death statistics. The delivery records of a public hospital provided the data on black female residents giving birth to LBW (number of cases = 457) & normal weight babies (number of cases = 445). More detailed data were recorded for mothers of babies weighing 1, 500 grams or less (VBW) & on matched mothers of normal babies (number of cases = 105). Interviews were conducted with 8 mothers of VLBW babies who had succumbed to ID syndrome. Results show that within an inner-city black population, where educational levels are relatively low & much of the reproductive segment is young & unmarried, the standard at-risk identification criteria of age, education, & marital status do not vary with poor pregnancy outcome. Furthermore, certain factors associated stereotypically with inner-city lifestyles, eg, drug abuse & venereal disease, also fail to distinguish women having normal & VLBW infants. Instead, alcoholism, smoking, low maternal weight at delivery, hypertension history, migrant status, ineffective contraception, poor prenatal care, violence, & relatively poor psychological adjustments & social support systems were found to be salient predisposing factors. 4 Tables, 37 References. Modified HA
Desc.: Woman, Women; (see also Female) (490000); Birth, Births (055200); Weight (489300); Infant, Infants, Infancy; (see also Baby) (232300); Death, Deaths; (see also Mortality, Dying) (121000); Alcoholic, Alcoholics, Alcoholism (027000); Smoking (428600); Contraceptive, Contraceptives, Contraception (114475); Violence, Violent (480600)
Ident.: disadvantaged women's low-birthweight babies/infant death risk; alcoholism, smoking, aternal underweight, hypertension, migrancy, contraception, family violence, mental health; hospital records, interviews; Washington, DC, blacks;
Sec. Head.: social development-demographic change; (8380)

Y021037 10
161997 84W4008
Social Development, Its Contexts, and Child Welfare
Maas, Henry S.
School Social Work U British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1W5
Social Work Papers 1983, 1, summer, 1-9. CODEN: SWPADO
Pub. Year: 1983
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Subfile: SOPODA
It is recommended that social service workers make greater use of research on human development in their work with children & families. A more informed understanding of the environmental contexts in which social growth occurs should make intervention more effective. Parents not well integrated into society, especially those who are single, need social support, which welfare services can provide, eg, through parent groups. Similar support groups can be formed for children, adolescents, & adults who have become isolated from friends, family, or peers, or have been unable to form satisfying social relationships. In discussing the social needs that are characteristic of different stages of growth, some suggestions are offered for encouraging social involvement & participation in community programs. D. Dunseath
Desc.: Child, Children, Childhood (081000); Welfare (489725)
Ident.: child welfare services, social development understanding importance;
Sec. Head.: social welfare-welfare services (poverty); (6110)

Y021037 11
160644 84P3515
An Ecological Systems Approach to Evaluation: Cruising in Topeka
Campbell, David E.; Steenbarger, Brett N.; Smith, Timothy W.; Stucky, Rita J.
Humboldt State U, Arcata CA 95521
Evaluation Review 1982, 6, 5, Oct, 625-648. CODEN: EVREDL
Pub. Year: 1982
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: English
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Subfile: SOPODA
The use of systems terms & ecological concepts is increasingly common in psychology, & particularly in community psychology. Researchers engaged in evaluation studies within community psychology should consider four consequences of the ecological-systems orientation: (1) reformulation & reconceptualization of the evaluation question; (2) shift of research design in the direction of complexity & flexibility; (3) shift of measurement toward multiple qualitative & quantitative measures; & (4) relativistic, perspectival interpretation of results. Each of these consequences is illustrated with reference to the evaluation of a mobile counseling project for juvenile conduct in Topeka, Kan, based on before-&-after interviews with adult occupants of the area, time-series data from observation of juvenile activities on a weekly basis, & participant observation of youth activities & casual questioning of about 50 youths. 1 Table, 1 Figure, 53 References. Modified HA
Desc.: Ecology, Ecological, Ecologically, Ecologist, Ecologists (144500); System, Systems (453900); Evaluation, Evaluations, Evaluative (160300); Community, Communities, Communitarian (10400?); Psychology,
Psychological, Psychologically, Psychologism (358000); Counsel, Counseling, Counselor, Counselors (116380); Juvenile, Juveniles (247435)
Ident.: ecological systems approach to evluation in community psychology; case study, mobile counseling project for juveniles; before/after interviews, time-series data, participant observation; teenager/local merchants/police officers, Topeka, Kansas;
Sec. Head.: social planning/policy-evaluation research (definition, methods, etc.); (7220)

Y021037 12
157367 82W2243
The Social Consequences of Single Parenthood: A Longitudinal Perspective
Smith, Michael J.
School Social Work Hunter Coll, New York NY 10021
Family Relations 1980, 29, 1, Jan, 75-81. CODEN: FAREDL
Pub. Year: 1980
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Subfile: SOPODA
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available from UMI, Ann Arbor, MI
Loneliness & the lack of social support have been described as the more serious social consequences of the single-parent family status. Secondary analysis of interviews with a national sample of families (number of cases = 5, 000+) over a 6-year period revealed many shifts in the household composition of one-parent families over time, a slightly lower level of community participation, & a feeling of powerlessness among single-parent family heads. These findings cast some doubt on the usefulness of natural support systems for single parents. The findings seem reflective of the societal burdens placed on lone parents. Modified HA
Desc.: Parenthood (323030); Single (424371); Social (428900); Consequence, Consequences (112482)
Ident.: single parenthood; social consequences, longitudinal study; interviews; national sample; 
Sec. Head.: social welfare-specific problems in highly industrialized countries (aging, woman, minorities, health, fertility, etc.); (6140)

Y021037 13
155809 81W1520
Common Problems of Stepparents and Their Spouses
Visher, Emily B.; Visher, John S.
900 Welch Rd, Palo Alto CA 94304
American Jrnl of Orthopsychiatry 1978, 48, 2, Apr, 252-262. CODEN: AJORAG
Pub. Year: 1978
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Subfile: SOPODA
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available from UMI, Ann Arbor, MI
The half-million adults annually who become stepparents in this country have relatively little guidance available to them from mental health professionals or from the public. With illustrative case material, an examination is made of the current myths & conflictual situations that frequently interfere with the successful blending & establishment of new stepfamilies. It is suggested that nuclear families may be considered akin to closed systems, but that stepfamilies often suffer an instability that results in characteristics similar to those of open systems. Modified HA
Desc.: Stepchildren, Stepkin (444990); Parent, Parents, Parental (322000); Family living, Family life (171700)
Ident.: stepparents' problems; myths, family conflicts/instability;
Sec. Head.: social welfare-the helping techniques (case work, group work, community organization); (6120)

Y021037 14
154523 80W0887
Counterattack on Juvenile Delinquency: A Configurational Approach
Unkovic, Charles M.; Brown, William R.; Mierswa, Caroline G.
Florida Technological U, Orlando 32816
Adolescence 1978, 13, 51, fall, 401-410. CODEN: ADOLAO
Pub. Year: 1978
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Subfile: SOPODA
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available from S
The Michigan Youth Services boys camping program is examined & found to foster substantial attitudinal & behavioral improvement in all groups of participants. Three major aspects of the program were: (1) the "establishment of a superordinate goal, " where multiple groups cooperate to compete against other multiple groups; (2) "encampment strategy, " which employed a mix of achievers, predelinquents, expelled/suspended, & wards of the court; & (3) attempts to measure progress. Measurement included examination of records for sociodemographic characteristics, police records, & pre- & postcamp interviews with camp officials to determine the boys' self-concept & behavior. The camp period was conducted for one week at Wortsmith Air Force Base in Oscoda, Mich. Emphasis was placed on exposure to vocational opportunities, health care, recreation, fellowship, & leadership. From 1971 to 1973, 590 boys participated in this Air Force Community Action Program. It was found that there was an increase in self-concept & positive behavior in all 4 groups of boys. Some suggestions are included for those attempting to evaluate the effectiveness of youth programs. 1 Table, 2 Figures. Modified HA
Desc.: Delinquency, juvenile (126140); Camp, Camps, Camping (069165); Program, Programs, Programmer, Programmers (348660)
Ident.: juvenile delinquent boys attitudinal, behavioral improvement, camping program; goals, strategies, progress measurement, youth program evaluation suggestions;
Sec. Head.: social welfare-specific problems in highly industrialized countries (aging, women, minorities, health, fertility, etc.); (6140)

Y021037 15
154439 80W0783
Two Generations of Elderly in the Changing American Family: Implications for Family Services
Gelfand, Donald E.; Olsen, Jody K.; Block, Marilyn R.
School Social Work & Community Planning U Maryland, Baltimore 21228
The Family Coordinator 1978, 27, 4, Oct, 395-403. CODEN: FCOOBE
Pub. Year: 1978
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Subfile: SOPODA
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available from UMI, Ann Arbor, MI
Coping with the problems of growing old may be complicated by demands for economic, psychological, & social support for aging parents. The second generation, facing major age-related role shifts, may not be equipped to provide such support. Both generations are coping with their own aging process as well as with the changing family relationships caused by the process. Where such intergenerational family compositions exist, service providers must be able to understand the accompanying unique interaction patterns & maximize opportunities that can strengthen these relationships. 3 Tables. HA
Desc.: Elder, Elders, Elderly (149733); Family, Families (171600); United States, US (477200)
Ident.: elderly, family relationships; stress, role shifts, aging;
Sec. Head.: social welfare-specific problems in highly industrialized countries (aging, women, minorities, health, fertility, etc.); (6140)

Y021037 16
154318 80W0643
Parallels in the Process of Achieving Personal Growth by Abusing Parents through Participation in Group Therapy Programs or in Religious Groups
Herrenkohl, Ellen C.
Center Social Research Lehigh U, Bethlehem PA 18015
The Family Coordinator 1978, 27, 3, Jul, 279-282. CODEN: FCOOBE
Pub. Year: 1978
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Subfile: SOPODA
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available from UMI, Ann Arbor, MI
Parallels between group therapy participation & religious conversion as sources of personal growth for formerly abusive parents are presented. The parallels in the dynamics of change for the two kinds of experiences are discussed in the context of the factors thought to lead to abuse. Both modes provide: (1) a network of social support to group members, (2) the experience of being respected as a thinking, valuable person, & (3) the alleviation of guilt. Whereas the group therapy process increases hope for the future by changing personality traits & increasing self-reliance, church group affiliation accomplishes the same goal by the promise of paradise on earth. Both modes encourage the redirection of impulsive, violent behavior toward more controlled responses. The data discussed were drawn from 250 interviews conducted in a follow-up study of recidivism & discontinuation of abuse. The eastern Pa families studied had been involved in at least one type of counseling service over an eight-year period. Modified HA
Desc.: Group, Groups, Grouping, Groupism (197700); Therapy, Therapeutic (464300); Religion, Religions, Religious (383000); Convert, Converts, Converted, Converting, Conversion (114875); Parallel, Parallelism (317800)
Ident.: group therapy/religious conversion parallels, personal growth/formerly abusive parents; Pennsylvania families;
Sec. Head.: social welfare-the helping technique (case work, group work, community organization); (6120)

Y021037 17
153836 85O7491
Coping Strategies for ole Conflict in Married Professional Women with Children
Elman, Margaret R.; Gilbert, Lucia A.
San Diego Family Instit, 3235 4th Ave CA 92103
Family Relations 1984, 33, 2, Apr, 317-327. CODEN: FAREDL
Pub. Year: 1984 
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available from UMI, Ann Arbor, MI
Questionnaire data from 97 married professional mothers were analyzed to determine how women in dual-career families with preschool children manage typical conflicts between their professional & parental roles. Their characteristic coping strategies were measured using scales, labeled: structural role redefinition, personal role redefinition, increased role behavior, cognitive restructuring, & tension reduction. Increased role behavior & cognitive restructuring were the most highly endorsed coping strategies. As expected, personal & situational resources (ie, self-esteem, career engagement, spouse & social support) were associated with lower role conflict & greater coping effectiveness. The results are explained in terms of the realities of the work world for women & the continued societal emphasis on the greater importance of parenting for mothers than for fathers. 3 Tables, 34 References. Modified HA
Desc.: Married (259465); Profession, Professions, Professional, Professionals, Professionalism, Professionalized (348400); Mother, Mothers, Motherhood, Mothering (279000)
Ident.: married professional mothers, role conflicts, coping strategies; questionnaire; 
Sec. Head.: feminist studies-feminist studies; (2959)

Y021037 18
153583 85O7238
Social Support and Mentsl Health: Direct, Protective and Compensatory Effects
Syrotuik, John; D'Arcy, Carl
University Hospital, Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 0X0
Social Science and Medicine 1984, 18, 3, 229-236. CODEN: SSCMAW
Pub. Year: 1984
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
An examination of the relationship between social support & mental health, based on questionnaire data from 455 married adult Canadian males employed on a full-time basis. Hypotheses relating to main, buffering, & compensatory effects were evaluated in terms of spousal/community support & job strains. Spousal support generally had more important effects than community support, but their impact appeared to be related to the degree to which the mental health symptomatology reported was affectively defined. Spousal support had moderating effects on the relationship between job strains & mental health; community support did not. Community support does not compensate for low spousal support in terms of direct effects, but does so in terms of certain protective effects for certain types of job stress. A hierarchical model of the relation between various strains & supports is developed. It is further suggested that sex roles may be important determinants of the availability & use of different support sources. 4 Tables, 3 Figures, 32 References. Modified HA
Desc.: Mental health (267000); Job, Jobs (245000); Stress, Stresses (447000); Spouse, Spousal (443575); Community, Communities, Communitarian (104000); Support, Supports, Supported Supporting, Supportive (453065)
Ident.: mental health; job stress, spousal/community support; questionnaire; married adult employed males, Canada;
Sec. Head.: sociology of health and medicine-sociology of medicine; (public health); (2045)

Y021037 19
153509 85O7164
Children of Handicapped Families
Barn i funksjonshemmede familier
Sandberg, Benedicte Ingstad; Sundby, Hilchen Sommerschild
Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning 1979, 10, 5-6, 546-564. CODEN: TSMFA4
Pub. Year: 1979
Co. of Pub.:Norway
Language: Norwegian
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
The experience of parents in coping with the problems of raising a handicapped preschool child is examined on the basis of interview data from 171 mothers & 100 fathers in 171 families of children having 9 types of handicap, all residing near Oslo, Norway. It is argued that when a family experiences a crisis such as having a handicapped child, the entire family may become handicapped in various ways. However, this situation can also provide an opportunity for the handicapped child, parents, & siblings to grow & develop. Social support is needed to increase the chances that the crisis will be coped with successfully. It must aim at aiding the entire family unit, rather than the handicapped child alone; seek to strengthen the family's own resources & have a preventive as well as therapeutic aim. 15 References. Modified HA
Desc.: Handicap, Handicapped (206300); Child, Children, Childhood (081000); Family, Families (171600)
Ident.: raising handicapped children, families' coping problems; interviews; Oslo, Norway, parents;
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-sociology of the family; (1941)

Y021037 20
153505 85O7160
Social Network Factors and the Transition to Parenthood
Power, Thomas G.; Parke, Ross D.
U Houston, TX 77004
Sex Roles 1984, 10, 11-12, June, 949-972. CODEN: SROLDH
Pub. Year: 1984
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
A social support model for predicting the ease of transition into the motherhood role is presented. Four kinds of social network supports (relational, ideological, physical, & informational) & six social network agents (husbands, friends, relatives, work associates, neighbors, & institutions) are considered. Ways jin which each kind of support facilitates maternal & marital adaptation are discussed, along with implications of such support for influencing the nature of mother-child interactions. In addition, a case example (career women in transition) is presented to illustrate the predictive utility of the model. Policy & research implications are noted. 1 Table, 92 References. AA
Desc.: Mother, Mothers, Motherhood, Mothering (279000); Transition, Transitions, Transitional (471200); Social support (433182)
Ident.: motherhood role transition ease, social support model; career women case;
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-sociology of the family; (1941)

Y021037 21
148587 84O2359
Generalizability Theory: 1973-1980
Shavelson, Richard J.; Webb, Noreen M.
Rand Corp, 1700 Main St Santa Monica CA 90406
The British Jrnl of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 1981, 34, 2, Nov, 133-166. CODEN: BJMSAK
Pub. Year: 1981
Co. of Pub.: United Kingdom
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available from SA
The developments in generalizability theory (GT) from 1973 to 1980 are reviewed. Following a sketch of GT, theoretical contributions are outlined concerning: (1) problems associated with estimating variance components, including sampling variability & negative estimates; (2) fixed facets; (3) criterion-referenced measurement; (4) symmetry; (5) multivariate generalizability; & (6) sampling in observational measurement. Illustrative application of GT, including univariate & multivariate generalizability analyses of balance & unbalanced designs, & Bayesian estimation of variance components are presented. 8 Tables, 131 References. Modified HA
Desc.: Generalization, Generalizations (192500); Theory, Theories, Theorem, Theorizing (464200)
Ident.: generalizability theory developments, 1973-1980;
Sec. Head.: methodology and research technology-statistical method (0105)

Y021037 22
147989 4O1777
Subfecundity: A Demographic Perspective
McFalls, Joseph A., Jr.
U Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104 
The Social Science Forum: An Interdisciplinary Jrnl 1978, 2, 1, 112-123. CODEN: SSFJD7
Pub. Year: 1978
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Subfile: SA
Subfecundity is a demographic variable manifested differently in industrial & nondeveloped societies. Nonindustrial societies, lacking effective contraception techniques, present a greater fertility potential for subfecundity to negate. Also, the developing nations have high incidences of disease & malnutrition leading to subfecundity. The main causes of subfecundity are: genetic factors, nutritional deficiencies, disease, psychopathology, & environmental factors. Most current research has focused on the measurement of subfecundity rather than its causes. Women from the Bas-Uele district of Zaire had the lowest recorded rate of fecundity in world history, with 50% childlessness for females aged 30-34 during the 1960s; Hutterites, members of a small North American religious sect, have the highest fecundity level of 13 children per woman, with only 2% of ever-married females remaining childless. 53 References. M. Meeks
Desc.: Fecundity (176100)
Ident.: subfecundity; demographic perspective;
Sec. Head.: demography and human biology-demography (population study); (1837)

Y021037 23
147064 84O0852
Male and Female Differences in Relating to Single Status and Membership in Singles Organizations
Borchert, Susa Danziger
1925 46th Ave #94, Capitola CA 95010
Michigan Academician 1982, 14, 4, spring, 369-378. CODEN: MACDAH
Pub. Year: 1982
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Subfile: SA
Single adults (number of cases = 138) who were either members of an organization for the divorced, members of an organization for the never-married, or not affiliated with a singles organization were compared on the basis of data from questionnaires, in-depth interviews, & participant observation. Several significant differences emerged among the 3 groups & between males & females. As hypothesized, females proved to be more satisfied over-all than males as single adults, except those in the never-married group. They were reportedly happier because they had more friends & social support networks than males. Increased age & income proved to be more important than had been hypothesized; age provided a more balanced perspective, & income allowed more social opportunities, comfort, & diversions. 27 References. Modified AA
Desc.: Single (424371); Divorce, Divorced (135700); Man, Men (256700); Woman, Women; (see also Female) (490000)
Ident.: singles organization membership/single status; divorce/never-married males' vs females' views; questionnaires/interviews/- observation;
Sec. Head.: social psychology-personality & culture; (0312)

Y021037 24
14661 84O0372
The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment: A Continuing Debate
Risman, Barbara J.
U Washington, Seattle 98195
Evaluation Review 1980, 4, 6, Dec, 802-808. CODEN: EVREDL
Pub. Year: 1980
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
A methodological critique of Richard C. Larson's criticism of the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment ("What Happened to Patrol Operations in Kansas City" Evaluation, 1976, 3). The measurement issues that are the focus of his critique are reassessed, & it is argued that the experimental conditions were different enough to expect significant results in variability in police presence did indeed affect the dependent measures. 3 References. HA
Desc.: Police Policing, Policemen (339425); Kansas City, Kan. Mo. (247460)
Ident.: Larson, Richard C., Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment criticism; critique;
Sec. Head.: social problems and social welfare-social disorganization (crime); (2147)

Y021037 25
144706 84N8753
The Impact of Poverty on Social Networks and Supports
Belle, Deborah E.
Boston U, MA 02215
Marriage and Family Review 1982, 5, 4, winter, 89-103. CODEN: MFADJ
Pub. Year: 1982
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
An examination of the social networks of the poor concludes that poverty is not only a direct stress to individuals, but also attacks many potential sources of social support & sets some of the conditions under which this support can be provided by social networks to buffer individuals against stress. Poverty exposes individuals to a high level of "contagion of stress" when their network members suffer related life crises. Poor men & women often must deal with "negative networks" in their own neighborhoods that promote behaviors & values that parents do not want for their children. Poverty also forces individuals to engage in survival networks that preclude upward mobility & often exact emotional penalties. "Therapeutic withdrawal" is often an adaptive, though costly, response to the stress of social networks among the poor. 44 References. AA
Desc.: Social network, Social networks, Social networking (432175) Social support (433182); Poverty (340800)
Ident.: social networks/supports; poverty;
Sec. Head.: studies in poverty-studies in poverty; (2757)

Y021037 26
144402 84N8449
The Social, Behavioral, and Health Effects of Phencyclidine (PCP) Use
Sharp, Jeffrey G.; Graeven, David B.
California State U, Hayward 94542
Jrnl of Youth and Adolescence 1981, 10, 6, Dec, 487-499. CODEN: JYADA6
Pub. Year: 1981
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
The perceived effects of phencyclidine (PCP) use among a sample of 200 users in northern Calif were examined through interviews. The study population, generated through snowball sampling techniques, included heavy chronic, light chronic, & recreational users; the vast majority of subjects were not in treatment facilities. Subjects reported that PCP use, particularly long-term, extensive use, resulted in frequent disruption of education & employment, impairment of relationships with parents & lovers or spouses, involvement with the criminal justice system, & deterioration of physical & mental health. These findings provide systematic documentation of the extend to which problems previously asserted to be associated with PCP use actually occurred among this group. In addition, the results illustrate the importance of examining the effects of PCP use in light of the psychosocial developmental processes of adolescence & early adulthood. 20 References. Modified AA
Desc.: Drug, Drugs (140495)
Ident.: phencyclidine (PCP) use perceived effects; interview survey; snowball sample, northern California PCP users; 
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-adolescence & youth; (1939)

Y021037 27
142546 84N6753
Loss of Work Role and Subjective Health Assessment in Later Life among Men and Unmarried Women
O'Rand, Angela M.
Duke U, Durham NC 27706
Research in Sociology of Education and Socialization 1983, 4, 265-286.
CODEN: RSESDI 
Pub. Year: 1983
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
The relative impact of the life course on the economic status & level of physical impairment of men & women before retirement, & on their postretirement self-perceptions of health are examined with data taken from the Social Security Earnings Records & from the first 2 waves of the Longitudinal Retirement History Study, a biennial panel study of 11, 153 respondents aged 58-63 beginning in 1969. On the average, men & women did not display significantly different mean levels of functional impairment or subjective health assessment. However, they did respond differently to the retirement experience. While women's perceptions of their own health were negatively affected by stopping work, men's were not. Disadvantaged economic status from loss of work by itself limits the role options of women after retirement. Lifetime patterns of work & family obligations lead women to be less able as individuals to retire into economic security. Men's lifetime work commitments also yield costs & benefit at retirement. The costs consist mainly of increased impairment levels associated with lower status & lower wages, & with self-employment. A major finding is that the wife's working negatively influences the husband's subjective health assessment. Shared role obligations increase men's options to assume the sick role, legitimating their dependent status. 4 Tables, 65 References. Modified AA
Desc.: Health, Healthy (208000); Woman, Women; (see also Female) (490000); Assess, Assesses, Assessment, Assessments, Assessing (040235); Man, Men (256700); Unmarried (477600); Retire, Retired, Retirement (390100)
Ident.: subjective health assessment, later life, men/unmarried women; retirement; Social Security Earnings Records, Longitudinal Retirement History Study;
Sec. Head.: sociology of health and medicine-sociology of medicine (public health); (2045)

Y021037 28
142499 84N6706
The Family Coping Inventory Applied to Parents with New Babies
Ventura, Jacqueline N.; Boss, Pauline G.
U California, San Francisco 94143
Jrnl of Marriage and the Family 1983, 45, 4, Nov, 867-875. CODEN: JMFAA6
Pub. Year: 1983
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
Parent coping behaviors were investigated in a sample of 100 mothers & 100 fathers of infants aged 2-3 months using the Family Coping Inventory (McCubbin H., Boss, P., & Wilson, L., "Family Coping Inventory, " Instrument available from University of Minnesota Family Social Sciences, 290 McNeal Hall, St. Paul 55108), originally developed for families experiencing membership loss or separation. The relationship among coping behaviors, gender of parent & infant, & number of children also was examined. Factor analyses yielded three coping patterns: seeking social support & self-development; maintaining family integrity; & being religious, thankful, & content. T-testing between mother & father groups revealed that mothers found 17 of the 28 coping behaviors to be more useful than did fathers. Confirmatory factor analysis procedures were repeated on 2 equal subgroups of 100 randomly selected parents. Items relating to maintaining family integrity were usually replicated. These findings are consistent with past studies of family separation & loss that also used the Family Coping Inventory. Some commonalities were identified in both loss & acquisitions of family membership. It also was found that coping patterns were affected by the gender of the R. 5 Tables, 27 References. Modified HA
Desc.: Child, Children, Childhood (081000); Infant, Infants, Infancy; (see also Baby) (232300); Parent, Parents, Parental (322000); Cope, Coping (115725); Family, Families (171600)
Ident.: new babies, parental coping behaviors; parents'/infants' gender, number children; Family Coping Inventory applied; 
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-sociology of the family; (1941)

Y021037 29
140634 83N5090
Does Marriage Have Positive Effects on the Psychological Well-Being of the Individual
Gove, Walter R.; Hughes, Michael; Style, Carolyn Briggs
Vanderbilt U, Nashville TN 37235
Jrnl of Health and Social Behavior 1983, 24, 2, June, 122-131. CODEN JHSBA5
Pub. Year: 1983
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Although numerous studies have shown a correlation between marital status & mental health, the relative magnitude of that relationship, as compared to the strength of the relationship of other variables related to mental health, is not known. Interview data from representative sample of married, never married, widowed, & divorced males (number of cases = 611, 208, 145, & 144, respectively) & females number of cases = 581, 200, 143, & 142, respectively) indicate that marital status is the most powerful predictor of the mental health variables considered. The data also show that it is the quality of a marriage, & not marriage per se, that links marriage to positive mental health. Some psychological functions of marriage are discussed. 2 Tables. Modified HA
Desc.: Psychology, Psychological, Psychologically, Psychologism (358000); Well-being (489780); Marriage, Marriages, Marital (259000); Individual, Individuals, Individualism, Individuality, Individualistic,
Individualization, Individualize (229000); Effect, Effects, Effectiveness (148425)
Ident.: individual's psychological well-being, marriage's positive effects; interviews; married/never married/divorced/widowed;
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-sociology of the family; (1941)

Y021037 30
140631 83N5087
Redefining Fatherhood in Families with White Adolescent Mothers
Gershenson, Harold P.
U Chicago, IL 60637
Jrnl of Marriage and the Family 1983, 45, 3, Aug, 591-599. CODEN: JMFAA6
Pub. Year: 1983
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
Thirty white primiparous adolescent mothers were interviewed about social support & family relationships, & about the role of the child's father. Analysis shows that men other than the child's biological father must be considered in discussing adolescent parenthood. The relationships & types of support from four groups of fathers are described in detail: current husbands, former husbands or boyfriends who are the children's biological fathers, current boyfriends (not the biological fathers), & the mothers' own fathers of stepfathers. Modified HA
Desc.: Family, Families (171600); White, Whites (489845); Redefinition (376?25); Adolescence, Adolescent, Adolescents (014600); Mother, Mothers, Motherhood, Mothering (279000); Father, Fathers, Fatherhood, Fathering (174000)
Ident.: adolescent parenthood, biological fathers' vs other males' role; interviews; primiparous mothers;
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-sociology of the family; (1941)

Y021037 31
139032 83N3571
Perceptions of Parental Health Status and Attitudes toward Aging
akowski, William; Barber, Clifton E.; Seelbach, Wayne C.
School Public Health U Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
Family Relations 1983, 32, 1, Jan, 93-99. CODEN: FAREDL
Pub. Year: 1983
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
A questionnaire sample of 74 young adults provided information on attitudes toward aging & perceptions of past, present, & future parental health. Ratings of relatively unfavorable parental health were associated with greater anxiety about personal aging, & a less positive view of friends' & peers' aging. No such association was evident with attitudes toward the elderly as a genaral group. Rs' self-ratings of health & Rs' sex also surfaced as significant predictors of attitudes. Results suggest the need to consider parental health status at midlife as it may affect young adult children's life course perspectives & willingness to participate in family related programs. 2 Tables. HA
Desc.: Health, Healthy (208000); Attitude, Attitudes, Attitudinal (044500); Aging; (see also Aged) (021000); Parent, Parents, Parental (322000)
Ident.: attitudes toward aging; parental health status perceptions; questionnaire; young adults;
Sec. Head.: social problems and social welfare-social gerontology (2143)

Y021037 32
138974 83N3513
CHIP-Coping Health Inventory for Parents: An Assessment of Parental Coping Patterns in the Care of the Chronically Ill Child
McCubbin, Hamilton I.; McCubbin, Marilyn A.; Patterson, Joan M.; Cauble, A. Elizabeth; Wilson, Lance R.; Warwick, Warren
U Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108
Jrnl of Marriage and the Family 1983, 45, 2, May, 359-370 CODEN: JMFAA6
Pub. Year: 1983
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
To investigate coping patterns used by parent to manage family life & health when a child member has a chronic illness, questionnaire data were collected from 100 families with a child afflicted with cystic fibrosis. Factor analysis of subjects' scaled responses to behavior items on the Coping Health Inventory for Parents reveals three parental coping patterns: (1) maintaining family integration, cooperation, & an optimistic definition of the situation; (2) maintaining social support, self-esteem, & psychological stability; & (3) understanding the medical situation through communication with ther parents & consultation with the medical staff. These patterns are validated against criterion measures of improvements in the child's health & adaptive family-life dimensions of cohesiveness, expressiveness, conflict reduction, organization, & control. The findings have implications for present strategies of health-care delivery & for health-care professionals seeking to facilitate family adaptation to the stresses of chronic illness. 4 Tables. Modified HA
Desc.: Illness, Illnesses (223700); Child care (081250); Parent, Parents, Parental (322000); Cope, Coping (115725)
Ident.: chronically ill child care, parental coping patterns; Coping Health Inventory for Parents, questionnaires; cystic fibrosis;
Sec. Head.: sociology of health and medicine-sociology of medicine (public health); (2045)

Y021037 33
137496 83S15620
The Impact of Economic Uncertainty on Children's Role within the Family
Sheldon, Ann Workman; Fox, Greer Litton
Wayne State U, Detroit MI 48202
Conference: SSSP Society for the Study of Social Problems
Pub. Year: 1983
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Association Paper (ap )
Using a heuristic model relating family resources (including money, education, employment, & social support system) to experiences with economic stress, perceptions of economic stress, & individual & family efforts to cope with economic uncertainty, the effects of various levels of uncertainty on children are examined. Data were obtained from interviews conducted in 1982 with a probability sample of 600 households in the Detroit, Mich, area. A regression-based model was used, supplemented by descriptive statistics & chi square. Focus is on the economic & social roles of children in several types of families varying in resources & economic uncertainty, considering the involvement of children in economic activity outside the home, in the domestic labor pool within the home, & in family efforts to adapt to worsened economic conditions. Parents' views on involving children in financial worries are also included
Desc.: Child, Children, Childhood (081000); Role, Roles (394000); Family, Families (171600); Economic, Economics, Economical (145000)
Ident.: children's role within family; economic uncertainty; interviews; households;
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-sociology of the family; (1941)

Y021037 34
137449 83S15573
Health Problems of Elderly Patients and Their Helping Systems
Lurie, Elinore E.
U California, San Francisco 94143
Conference: SSSP Society for the Study of Social Problems
Pub. Year: 1983
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Association Paper (ap )
Interviews with 132 expatients discharged from the hospital after and episode of atherosclerotic heart disease, operation for hip fracture repair, or arthroplasty, & data from medical records showed the following: (1) There was a preferred hierarchy of caregivers after discharge. For the married, it was always a spouse (unless the spouse was impaired); for the unmarried with family, a female caregiver was preferred, unless there were none; for those with no local family, friends or neighbors of either sex. (2) Additionally, about 8% reported receiving services only from a formal service agency, & another 8% reported no services from any caregiver. Those with spouses reported the highest total services & the most from one caregiver. Women, the very old, & those recovering from hip surgery had the highest ratio of formal to informal services & providers. Patients & caregivers agreed that the five most frequent problems after hospitalization were difficulty with mobility, concerns about requiring further medical care, losses & curtailments in lifestyle, "slowing down, " & limitations on activities caused by fatigue. But types of services received were related not to reported health problems but to presence & type of caregiver & to discharge planning during hospitalization
Desc.: Health, Healthy (208000); Elder, Elders, Elderly (149733); Patient, Patients (324200); Help, Helping, Helper, Helpers (212570)
Ident.: health problems, helping systems; interviews; elderly patients;
Sec. Head.: social problems and social welfare-social gerontology (2143)

Y021037 35
137368 83S15492
Relationships of Intimacy and Social Support among Never Married Women
Burnley, Cynthia S.; Kurth, Suzanne B.
East Tennessee State U, Johnson City 37614
Conference: SSSP Society for the Study of Social Problems
Pub. Year: 1983
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Association Paper (ap )
Note: Complete paper available from SA Reproduction Service prepaid at $0.20 per page plus $1.00 search & postage. Length of paper: 27 pp.
Supportive relationships of 3 never-married women aged 30-40 were examined. This age category was selected because reaching or passing age 30 may lead women to perceive that singlehood can be a long-term or permanent career. Open-ended questions were used in strurtured interviews with women who were identified through snowball sampling. Close relationships were maintained by all respondents, who reported having relationships of emotional support of the type usually expected with a spouse with both friends & family. Singles perceived that married friends had less free time & more responsibilities & were less likely to mix with singles when the activities involved couples. Dating relationships were also examined. Frequency of dating was not necessarily related to Rs' level of satisfaction with their dating situations. Most reported having had dates in the past year, but only 50% were involved in a dating relationship at the time of the interview. Few expected to marry or live with the person they were dating, even though several had been involved in the relationship from three to five years. Over 33% had lived with a man in a sexually exclusive relationship either part-time or full-time. Most of the women were not willing to consider future live-in sexual arrangements. Very few women were active participants in activities designed for singles & had found other sources for meeting friends & dates (at work or school)
Desc.: Woman, Women; (see also Female) (490000) Intimacy, Intimacies (241215); Social support #; (added 1983, vol 31, 1) (433182)
Ident.: intimacy/social support relationships; interviews; never-married women aged 30-40;
Sec. Head.: feminist studies-feminist studies; (2959)

Y021037 36
137344 83S15468
Satisfaction with Community Services: Problems of Concept and Measurement
Trent, Roger B.; Stout-Wiegand, Nancy; Furbee, Paul M.
West Virginia U, Morgantown 26506
Conference: RSS Rural Sociological Society
Pub. Year: 1983
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Association Paper (ap )
Most previous research on satisfaction with community services has ignored or skirted important issues of conceptualization & measurement. Data from an Appalachian community (number of cases = 481) were employed to examine three of these issues: (1) How does one constitute the list of services to be assessed. Lists are often not specific enough to allow an informed response. (2) What are the empirical dimensions of the concept "community services". Too little attention has been given to space analysis of responses to lists of services, creating a current lack of knowledge about the underlying structure of the concept. Factor analysis of the data shows four clear factors. (3) Measurement of satisfaction with services should consider whether respondents actually use a given community service. The data show that direct users' assessments of services differ from those of indirect users
Desc.: Community, Communities, Communitarian (104000); Satisfaction (403350); Research, Researcher, Researchers (385000); Service, Services (417660); Appalachia, Appalachian, Appalachians (035125)
Ident.: community services satisfaction research, conceptualization/measurement issues; Appalachian community data;
Sec. Head.: community development-sociology of communities & regions; (2317)

Y021037 37 
36695 83N1702
Differences in Children's Behavior toward Custodial Mothers and Custodial Fathers
Ambert, Ann-Marie
York U, Toronto Ontario M3J 1P3
Jrnl of Marriage and the Family 1982, 44, 1, Feb, 73-86. CODEN: JMFA6
Pub. Year: 1982
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
One important gap in the literature on the one-parent family is the lack of empirical & theoretical focus on children's behavior toward their custodial parents. Three major findings emerged from in-depth interviews with 20 custodial mothers & 7 custodial fathers: (1) custodial fathers reported better child behavior toward them than did custodial mothers; (2) children of custodial fathers verbalized their appreciation for the father, but children of custodial mothers did so only rarely; & (3) the behavior of the children of lower-socioeconomic status custodial mothers was more difficult than that of children of higher-socioeconomic status custodial mothers. Hence, satisfaction with the experience of parenting was greatest for custodial fathers, moderate for higher-socioeconomic status custodial mothers, & least for lower-socioeconomic status custodial mothers. Researcher observations served to validate & complement parental reports. The variables of economic & social resources of parents as well as the sex of the parents were used to suggest an explanatory model along the lines of sex-role & social-support theories. 2 Tables. HA
Desc.: Child, Children, Childhood (081000); Behavior, Behavioral (051300); Custody, Custodial (119875); Mother, Mothers, Motherhood,
Mothering (279000); Father, Fathers, Fatherhood, Fathering (174000)
Ident.: children's behavior toward custodial mothers/fathers; interviews;
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-sociology of the family; (1941)

Y021037 38
134569 83M9575
The Moral Majority Viewed Sociologically
Yinger, J. Milton; Cutler, Stephen J.
Oberlin Coll, OH 44074
Sociological Focus 1982, 15, 4, Oct, 289-306. CODEN: SCFCA7
Pub. Year: 1982
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Systematic empirical study of the "moral majority" has been scarce, despite the substantial public attention it has received. Seeking to reduce this scarcity, data from 3 General Social Surveys conducted between 1973 & 1980 are examined. Selection as indicators of 9 questions asked in all 3 surveys allows measurement of changes over time, as well as identification of those who are high, medium, & low on a moral majority index. During that time, support for the moral majority position declined, rather than increased, as public attention might lead one to believe. The decline was general among all categories of religion, social class, age, & sex, although there were a few small increases in categories of other variables. The relative stability of answers is notable. Multiple-regression analysis reveals 3 variables that were the strongest predictors-religiosity (as measured by frequency of church attendance), age, & education-which together account for nearly a 33% of the variance. The influence of the moral majority is assessed, & its significance as a symbol of social & cultural change discussed. 5 Tables. Modified HA
Desc.: Sociological (434820); Moral, Morals (276640); Majority,
Majorities (256590)
Ident.: "moral majority, " sociological view; 1973-1980 General Social Surveys;
Sec. Head.: political interactions-political sociology; (0925)

Y021037 39
133879 83M8885
Estimable Functions of Age, Period, and Cohort Effects
Rodgers, Willard L.
Contributor (s): Smith, Herbert L.; Mason, William M.; Fienberg, Stephen E.
Survey Research Center Instit Social Research U Michigan, Ann Arbor 48106
American Sociological Review 1982, 47, 6, Dec, 774-787. CODEN: ASREAL
Pub. Year: 1982
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Note: Comment, 787-793, Reply, 793-796.
The main & interactive effects of age, period, & cohort cannot be estimated, due to interactions among them; only certain combinations of these effecst can be estimated. A method used to obtain estimates of their effects involves the assumption of additivity & the imposition of one or more constraints on the relative effects of particular age levels, periods, or cohorts. This method can rarely if ever be justified, for three reasons: (1) the possibility of interactive effects cannot be ruled out priori; (2) while a constraint on the relationship of two groups may appear appropriate on a priori grounds even small errors in the specification can have large effects on the estimates; & (3) measurement error can lead to inaccurate estimates even if the constraint is precisely correct. A solution to the dilemma lies in the specification & measurement of the theoretical variables for which age, period, & cohort are indirect indicators. Examples are given from actual data from the American National Election Studies conducted in presidential election years from 1952 to 1980. In More Chimeras of the Age-Period-Cohort Accounting Framework: Comment on Rodgers, Herbert L. Smith, William M. Mason, & Stephen E. Fienberg (Rockefeller Foundation, New York, NY find that the methodological problems pointed out by Rodgers are not sufficient to invalidate age-period-cohort analysis, & that the key issues are substantive & theoretical rather than methodological. This framework is ultimately to be justified by its usefulness with empirical data; criticism of it should focus on this usefulness. In Reply to Comment by Smith, Mason, and Fienberg, Rodgers remarks that citing empirical results from age-period-cohort analysis can support the use of such analysis only if the method is robust enough for these results to stand up under reasonable modifications of approach within the basic framework. An illustration of the problem of this method is presented, taken from research by Mason & Smith ("Age-Period-Cohort Analysis and the Study of Deaths from Pulmonary Tuberculosis, " Research Report No 81-15, Ann Arbor, Mich: Population Studies Center, 1983). Problems relating to the usefulness of specifying several identifying constraints, comparisons of reduced models, measurement & sampling error, & the multiplication of specification errors illustrate the weaknesses of this approach. 4 Figures, Appendix. Modified HA
Desc.: Age, Ageism (019998); Period, Periods, Periodicity (328550) Cohort, Cohorts (0?5422); Election, Election s (149765)
Ident.: age/period/cohort effects, estimable functions, American National Election Studies data examples, comment, reply;
Sec. Head.: methodology and research technology-statistical method (0105)

Y021037 40
132419 83M7425
Self-Concept Stability and Change from Late Adolescence to Early Adulthood
Mortimer, Jeylan T.; Lorence, Jon
U Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
Research in Community and Mental Health 1981, 2, 5-42. CODEN: RCMHDF
Pub. Year: 1981
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
The stability of the self-concept during the transition to adulthood is examined using questionnaire data obtained from a panel of 442 male college graduates. The respondents were initially studied upon entry to college; subsequent data collections took place during their senior year & 10 years following graduation. By applying an exploratory factor analysis to semantic differential & other data, 5 self-concept dimensions were identified: well-being, competence, sociability, unconventionality, & self-doubts. Using structural equation modeling with latent variables, these dimensions were found to be quite stable over time. The 4- & 10-year stability coefficients ranged from .51 to .79. These findings support the widely held view that the development of identity occurs prior to adulthood, & thereafter remains quite stable. A causal model of the development of well-being (the perception of self as happy, relaxed, & confident) was estimated, encompassing data from the entire 14-year period of the study. This model included both interpersonal (family relationships, college social activity, & marriage) & achievement-related (high school rank, college grades, postgraduate educational attainment, work autonomy, & income) variables as sources of well-being over time. The analysis confirmed the significance of social support from the family in sustaining a perception of self as happy, relaxed, & confident. At the time of entry to college, relationships with parents played an important part in enhancing or detracting from psychological well-being. The impact of support from the parents steadily weakened over time, & became supplanted in early adulthood by support from the spouse. The achievement variables had no significant influence on well-being at any of the 3 time periods. The lack of importance of nonfamily variables, as well as the rather high stability of the self-concept dimensions, could be attributable to the generally high level of personal success experienced by the members of this panel. While the findings are consistent with other long-term developmental studies of personality, mental health, & life adjustment, future longitudinal analyses, including persons in less advantaged circumstances & females, are necessary to resolve questions of generalizability. 7 Tables, 5 Figures, Appendix. AA
Desc.: Self (413000); Concept, Concepts, Conception, Conceptual, Conceptualization (107000); Adolescence, Adolescent, Adolescents (014600) Adult, Adults, Adulthood (015000); College, Colleges, Collegians (096000); Graduate, Graduates, Graduation (197100); Male, Males (256635)
Ident.: self-concept stability, late adolescence/adulthood transition; questionnaire; male college graduates;
Sec. Head.: social psychology-personality & culture; (0312)

Y021037 41
131722 82M6728
Mental Illness: The Medical versus the Social Systems Model
Harrison, Holmes K.; Calonico, J. M.
New Orleans Mental Health Center, LA 70113
Sociological Focus 1982, 15, 2, Apr, 147-150. CODEN: SCFCA7
Pub. Year: 1982
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Data on mental patients (number of cases = 40) in a large public hospital & on their "significant others" (number of cases = 34, including parents, spouses, fiances, & roommates) were examined to assess social-systems versus psychiatric-diagnosis models in predicting commitment patterns. Less custodial (ie, more humanistic) attitudes & less severe diagnosis were predicted to decrease length & number of patient stays. Lower scores on the 20-item Custodial Mental Illness Scale administered to significant others in fact corresponded to longer commitments (3+ days); more severe diagnosis increased the number of stays but not their length. The apparent dominance of the medical model & its custodial features are discussed, & the need for a broader sample considering the therapy role of significant others is emphasized. 4 Tables. L. Whittemore
Desc.: Mental illness, Mentally ill (267175); Commitment,
Commitments (102870); Medical (265000); Social system, Social systems (433200)
Ident.: mental illness commitment patterns; medical vs social-systems model; Custodial Mental Illness Scale; significant others;
Sec. Head.: sociology of health and medicine-social psychiatry (mental health); (2046)

Y021037 42
131631 82M6637
Family Stress and Coping: A Decade Review
Cubbin, Hamilton I.; Joy, Constance B.; Cauble, A. Elizabeth; Comeau, Joan K.; Patterson, Joan M.; Needle, Richard H.
U Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108
Jrnl of Marriage and the Family 1980, 42, 4, Nov, 855-871. CODEN: JMFAA6
Pub. Year: 1980
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
R. Hill's ABX family crisis framework (Families under Stress, New York: Harper & Row, 1949) has continued to serve as the foundation for the research & theory-building efforts of the past decade of family stress investigations. Research conducted to date reveals a concerted effort to identify which families, under what conditions, with what resources, & involving what coping behaviors are better able to endure the hardships of family life. Four major domain of research are underscored: family response to non-normative events (eg, wars, disasters, illness); family response to normative transitions over the life span (eg, parenthood, retirement); the nature & importance of family psychological resources & perceptions; & the nature & importance of social support & coping in the management of stress. Future prospects for research & theory building in this important domain are discussed. 1 Figure. AA
Desc.: Family, Families (171600); Stress, Stresses (447000); Cope,
Coping (115725)
Ident.: family stress, coping, research review;
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-sociology of the family; (1941)

Y021037 43
131629 82M6635
Lesbianism and Motherhood: Implications for Child Custody
Lewin, Ellen
U California, San Francisco 94143
Human Organization 1981, 40, 1, spring, 6-14. CODEN: HUORAY
Pub. Year: 1981
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
The outcome of most custody litigation involving lesbian mothers reveals two popular assumptions: (1) that "deviant" sexual orientation is the most prominent aspect of an individual's lifestyle; & (2) that homosexuality adversely affects parenting, or is in some way harmful to children. Data from interviews with lesbian (number of cases = 43) & heterosexual (number of cases = 37) formerly married mothers strongly contradict these assumptions, indicating instead that sexual orientation is overshadowed by various social-structural & economic factors in determining mothers' adaptations to single parenthood, & that their social support systems are constructed & maintained by similar methods. These findings suggest that sexual orientation has no legitimate bearing on the determination of contested child custody cases, & that anthropological approaches to family organization can be useful in illuminating certain issues of interest to the courts. HA
Desc.: Child, Children, Childhood (081000); Lesbian, Lesbians, Lesbianism (251782); Mother, Mothers, Motherhood, Mothering (279000); Custody, Custodial (119875)
Ident.: lesbian others, parenting competency; sexual orientation, child custody implications;
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-sociology of the family; (1941)

Y021037 44
131547 82M6553
Recent American Research on the Impact of Television on Children's Prosocial Learning: A Collective Review. Neuere amerikanische Untersuchungen zur ?irkung des Fernsehens auf das prosoziale Lernen bei Kindern: Ein Sammelreferat
Dumrauf, Klaus
Immenhofweg 2, 600 Bamberg Federal Republic Germany
Zeitschrift fur Padagogik 1980, 26, 3, June, 411-422. CODEN: ZTPDAI
Pub. Year: 1980
Co. of Pub.:Germany, West BRD
Language: German
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Research on TV's effects, long dominated by studies of the presumed harmful effects of violence, has recently turned to the question of what impact educational programs have on the development of prosocial behavior in children. Twelve empirical studies on basic & specific aspects of this question are reviewed, & their methods discussed. It is concluded that: (1) while the media-specific effects are limited to observable behavior & only short-term effects were measured, one clear trend emerges: preschoolers can, under certain conditions, absorb prosocial content & later apply it to their own situations; (2) Television (both as a subject of study & as an activity) in the classroom should be given greater consideration; & (3) new measurements must be developed, & medium- & long range effects of television measured. Modified HA
Desc.: Child, Children, Childhood (081000); Television, Televised (457000); Social (428900); Learning, Learned (250000)
Ident.: children's prosocial learning; television, US research review;
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-sociology of the child & socialization; (1938)

Y021037 45
130927 82M5933
Study of Social Change in Independent Rural India: Critical Issues for Analyses in the Fourth Decade of Independence
Verma, H. S.
Giri Instit Development Studies, B-42 Niralanager 226 007 Lucknow India
Sociological Bulletin 1979, 28, 1-2, Mar-Sept, 83-119. CODEN: SLCBAI
Pub. Year: 1979
Co. of Pub.:India
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
Major studies by Western & Indian scholars from 1945 to 1979 on the theme of social change are surveyed. Focus is on claims of objectivity, analytical rigor conceptual clarity, comprehensiveness, data selection, interpretive neutrality, & prescriptive appropriateness. The studies revealed: (1) a clear preference for Western values & institutions; (2) a tendency toward inconsequential themes; (3) inaccurate & misleading measurement data; (4) inadequate geographical coverage, meager data bases, absence of proper time orientation, & ahistoricism; & (5) limited & alienated social backgrounds on the art of the researchers, hidden motives in conducting studies, unsatisfactory diagnoses of problems analyzed, & inappropriate solutions. Modified AA
Desc.: Social change (429700); India, Indian, Indians (228000); Rural; (see also Ru, Ur) (398400)
Ident.: social change studies analysis, 1947-1979, rural independent India;
Sec. Head.: social change and economic development-social change & economic development; (0715)

Y021037 46
130208 82M5214
Women's Liberation and the Female Delinquent
James, Jennifer; Thornton, William
Loyola U, New Orleans LA 70118
Jrnl of Research in Crime and Delinquency 1980, 17, 2, July, 230-244.
CODEN: JRCDB2
Pub. Year: 1980
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Direct effects of feminist attitudes on delinquency involvement of adolescent girls are examined, as well as indirect influences of the women's movement on delinquency through the intervening variables of delinquency opportunity, availability of social support for delinquency, & parental social controls. Data were collected through an anonymous self-report questionnaire administered to 287 eighth-twelfth grade girls attending schools in a small city in the Northwest. Analysis of subjects' responses through nonparametric correlational techniques & regression analysis shows that attitudes toward feminism have little direct effect on social delinquency, but do have slight direct effects on property & aggressive delinquency. This influence is negative-a finding that contradicts most conventional wisdom about the relationship of feminist attitudes to delinquency. Furthermore, there is some indication that girls encountering high degrees of delinquency opportunity & social support for delinquency, & who have low levels of parental social control, are less likely to be aggressively delinquent when they hold favorable, rather than unfavorable, attitudes toward feminism. 5 Tables. Modified HA
Desc.: Delinquency (126000); Female, Females; (see also Woman) (177300); Woman, Women; (see also Female) (490000); Movement, Movements (285000); Liberate, Liberation (251887)
Ident.: delinquency; women's liberation movement; questionnaire; high school females, Northwest city;
Sec. Head.: social problems and social welfare-delinquency; (2151)

Y021037 47
127675 82M2681
Married and Spouseless Men and Women in Planned Retirement Communities: Support Network Differentials
Longino, Charles F., Jr.; Lipman, Aaron
U Miami, Coral Gables FL 33124
Jrnl of Marriage and the Family 1981, 43, 1, Feb, 169-177. CODEN: JMFAA6
Pub. Year: 1981
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
Explored is the nature of informal support given to older persons, depending upon the gender & marital status of the recipient. To control for differential availability of formal resources, random samples of 488 noninstitutionalized residents of 2 midwestern retirement communities were interviewed. It was found that the married have more primary relations than the nonmarried. Married females have the most & spouseless males the fewest. This deficit is compensated, to some extent, among the unmarried, by the presence of more secondary relations in their support systems. Among those without spouses, the females receive significantly more emotional, social, & instrumental support from family members. The greatest informal resource deficits are found among the unmarried males. It is suggested that the female investment in maintaining family ties pays off in later life. To a certain extent, the process of resident selectivity may help to explain the differentials in support network. 4 Tables. HA
Desc.: Woman, Women; (see also Female) (490000); Support, Supports, Supported, Supporting, Supportive (453065); Network, Networks (297620); Retire, Retired, Retirement (390100); Community, Communities, Communitarian (104000); Man, Men (256700); Married (259465)
Ident.: women men, support network differentials; gender, marital status; interviews; planned retirement communities, midwest;
Sec. Head.: social problems and social welfare-social gerontology (2143)

Y021037 48
127658 82M2664
Living Alone, Social Integration, and Mental Health
Hughes, Michael; Gove, Walter R.
Virginia Polytechnic Instit & State U, Blacksburg 24061
American Jrnl of Sociology 1981, 87, 1, July, 48-74. CODEN: AJSOAR
Pub. Year: 1981
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Examined are the effects of living alone on health, mental well-being, & maladaptive behaviors. Data obtained from a stratified random sample of 2, 248 adult residents of the 48 contiguous states, interviewed in winter 1974/75, provide no evidence that persons living alone are selected into that living arrangement through preexisting psychological problems, undesirable personality characteristics, or incompetent socioeconomic behavior. Unmarried persons who live alone are in no worse, & on some indicators better, mental health than unmarried persons who live with others. Divorced & never-married persons who live alone are more similar in mental health characteristics to married persons than are divorced & never-married persons who live with others. However, unmarried persons who live alone are slightly more likely than those who live with others to engage in maladaptive behaviors such as drug & alcohol use. These results suggest that socially integrated relationships may have not only benefits but also costs. For persons living in such relationships, if the decrements to mental health produced by social regulation are not balanced by social rewards from some source, social integration may be a cause of psychological distress. 5 Tables. Modified HA
Desc.: Health, Healthy (208000); Mental health (267000); Social integration (431900); Unmarried (477600)
Ident.: health, mental health, social integration; living alone; interviews; adult residents, contiguous states;
Sec. Head.: sociology of health and medicine-social psychiatry (mental health)  (2046)

Y021037 49
127597 82M2603
Self-Perception, Motivation, and Social Support through the Family Life Course
Tamir, Lois M.; Antonucci, Toni C.
Health Science Center U Texas, Dallas 75235
Jrnl of Marriage and the Family 1981, 43, 1, Feb, 151-160. CODEN: JMFAA6
Pub. Year: 1981
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
National survey data (total number of cases = 4, 724; 1957 number of cases = 2, 460 & 1976 number of cases = 2, 264) were utilized to measure differences in self-perception, motivation, & social support through 7 stages of the family life cycle, ranging from single unmarried adults to parents of chilren aged 17+. In the area of self-perception, there were no significant interactions between sex & family stages but significant differences between the family life stages for both males & females were found: in general, parents of young children displayed higher scores, while parents of adolescents displayed lower scores. In the area of motivation, only parents of adolescents displayed significant sex differences: Males became more affiliative, females more achievement oriented. Finally, in the area of social support, parallel national survey data from both 1957 & 1976 revealed significant stage differences & no sex interactions: adults at the earlier stages of the family cycle ussd social supports more frequently, but were less satisfied. It is concluded that the family life-stage variable provides an important tool for measuring developmental change; in most cases, stages of family life are significantly associated with psychological & social change in adulthood, regardless of sex. 2 Tables. Modified HA
Desc.: Family, Families (171600); Self (413000); Perception,
Perceptions, Perceptual, Perceptivity, Perceive, Perceived (327000); Motive, Motives, Motivation, Motivational (282000); Life cycle, Life cycles (251980); Support, Supports, Supported, Supporting, Supportive (453065); Social (428900)
Ident.: family life cycle stages, self-perception/motivation/social support differences; sex/age; National Survey data, 1957/1976;
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-sociology of the family; (1941)

Y021037 50
127474 82M2480
Adlerian Parent Education: Changes in Parents' Attitudes and Behaviors, and Children's Self-Esteem
Hinkle, Dennis E.; Arnold, Carol F.; Croake, James W.; Keller, James F.
Virginia Polytechnic Instit, Blacksburg 24061
The American Jrnl of Family Therapy 1980, 8, 1, spring 23-43. CODEN AJFTDE
Pub. Year: 1980
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
The Adlerian approach to family eduction is receiving increasing attention. The Adlerian philosophy reflects a systematic approach with special emphasis on the family constellation. The family is viewed as a total unit, & the individual needs of the family members are seen as family group need, with each member attempting to establish his/her place within the family structure. Utilizing data from 74 experimental parents, 30 experimental children, 50 control parents, & 21 control children, investigated are: (1) the reliability & validity of 3 measurement scales appropriate for assessing the effects of family education programs, & (2) the effects of a family education program using the Adlerian approach. The data indicate both high reliability for the scales & beneficial aspects of the family education program. 11 Tables, 3 Figures. Modified HA
Desc.: Parent, Parents, Parental (322000); Child, Children,
Childhood (081000); Education, Educational, Educator, Educators,
Educationally (146000); Esteem (159875); Self (413000)
Ident.: parents' attitudes/behaviors, children's self-esteem; Adlerian parent education program; experimental design;
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-sociology of the child & socialization; (1938)

Y021037 51
124395 82S15040
Social Support Differentials among Married and Non-Married Black Females
Gary, Lawrence E.; Robinson-Brown, Diane P.
Instit Ur Affairs & Research Howard U, Washington DC 20008
Conference: ASA American Sociological Association
Pub. Year: 1982
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Association Paper (ap )
Note: Complete paper available from SA Reproduction Service prepaid at $0.20 per page plus $1.00 search & postage. Length of paper: 36 pp.
Being married has generally been associated with better mental health for adult females, in part because of the social support derived from the primary network relationships. Without the benefit of a spouse, it would be expected that unmarried adult females would have fewer sources of social support & concomitantly lower levels of well-being. Examining selected network characteristics, analyzed are the differences in social support available to a sample of 54 married & unmarried black females residing in a metropolitan area. Results indicate that differences in network structure & composition do not significantly affect the efficacy of social support for unmarried females, nor their level of well-being. Overall, married & unmarried black females maintain social networks that are similar in terms of the number of social ties, with differences most likely to occur around the type of relationship & the utilization of these resources
Desc.: Married (259465); Unmarried (477600); Black, Blacks (055218) ; Female, Females; (see also Woman) (177300); Social (428900); Support, Supports, Supported, Supporting, Supportive (453065) 
Ident.: social support differentials, married vs unmarried black females; urban area;
Sec. Head.: feminist studies-feminist studies; (2959)

Y021037 52
124246 82S14891
Elder Living Cooperatives: An Idea Whose Time Has Come
Meddin, Jay R.; Conter, P. L.; Gunter, Pamela J.
Southern Illinois U, Carbondale 62901
Conference: SSSP Society for the Study of Social Problems
Pub. Year: 1982
Co. of Pub.: U. S. 
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Association Paper (ap )
Described are the preliminary stages of a project to organize & establish living cooperatives for elderly people in a rural area of southern Ill. The need for such a project is documented on the social level in terms of demographic trends, changing patterns of familial organization & current government policy emphasizing self-help enterprises. Need is documented on the individual level in terms of the establishment of a social support network & role expectations for competency. Problems discussed include cultural biases against communal living, community zoning issues, & individualistic values among participants. The rural community in which the project is to be established is described, as are the strategies for establishment. Evaluation of the project & outcome goals are presented, with special emphasis on the implications for developing specific guidelines for the creation of further rural elder living cooperatives in additional communities
Desc.: Elder, Elders, Elderly (149733); Living (253555); Cooperative, Cooperates, Cooperation (115500); Illinois (223620)
Ident.: elderly living cooperative, rural Illinois; social/individual level need, problems;
Sec. Head.: social problems and social welfare-social gerontology (2140)

Y021037 53
122471 81L9197
Sex Differences in Adolescent Life Stress, Social Support, and Well-Being
Burke, Ronald J.; Weir, Tamara
York U, Downsview Ontario M3J 1P3
The Jrnl of Psychology 1978, 98, 2, Mar, 277-288. CODEN: JOPSAM
Pub. Year: 1978
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Based on responses to anonymous questionnaires, adolescents (93 males & 181 females from 3 Canadian high schools) were compared in terms of experienced life stress, social support received from parents & peers, & emotional & physical well-being. The results showed that female adolescents experience significantly greater life stress; & although they receive significantly more social support from peers, they report significantly poorer emotional & physical well-being. An explanation for these findings in terms of difficulties in the socialization of female adolescents is proposed. 3 Tables. Modified HA
Desc.: Adolescence, Adolescent, Adolescents (014600); Sex differences (420000); Stress, Stresses (447000); Support, Supports, Supported, Supporting, Supportive (453065); Well-being (489780)
Ident.: adolescent life stress, social support, well-being; sex differences; questionnaires; Canada;
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-adolescence & youth; (1939)

Y021037 54
120133 81L6859
Three Seasons of Television Characters: A Demographic Analysis
Greenberg, Bradley S.; Simmons, Katrina W.; Hogan, Linda; Atkin, Charles
Michigan State U, East Lansing 48803
Jrnl of Broadcasting 1980, 24, 1, winter, 49-60. CODEN: JBRCAT
Pub. Year: 1980
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
Studies have found that dramatic characters on television are different in identity & proportional representation from their counterparts in the general population. White, middle-aged, upper middle class, & unmarried males are overrepresented, & women are portrayed primarily as consumers whose status is defined in terms of males. An attempt was made to analyze a full range of demographic characteristics, test the claims of the networks, generate rigorously comparable data over a 3-year period, & examine various role models presented to viewers. Roughly 1, 200 characters were studied each year from 1975 to 1978 by teams of 4-6 undergraduates. Findings showed that blacks retained constant proportional representation, the aged retained constant underrepresentation, lawbreakers were overrepresented but becoming less numerous, & females were overrepresented in the younger age categories & underrepresented in older categories. Thus, the population of characters on television reflects an interest in peculiarities rather than representativeness of demographic realities. R. Currier
Desc.: Demography, Demogrophic, Demographical (127300); Television,Televised (457000); Representation, Representative, Representativeness (383?00)
Ident.: television characters' representativeness, demographic analysis; role models;
Sect. Head.: mass phenomena-communication; (0828)

Y021037 55
119180 81L5906
Social Disorganization as a Factor in Child Maltreatment and Teenage Pregnancy
Ory, Marcia G.; Earp, JoAnne
Medical Center U Alabama, University Station Birmingham 35294
University of North Carolina Newsletter 1979, 64, 2, Apr, 13-16. CODEN UNCLDJ
Pub. Year: 1979
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Investigated was the relationship between early motherhood & child maltreatment. Secondary objectives were to examine how the presence of familial social support & social disorganization related to these to social problems. Data were based on a secondary analysis of 100 family social service case records of 50 child-maltreating & 50 nonchild-maltreating families. Contrary to the expectation that teen mothers could be less prepared for parenthood & thus more likely than nonteen mothers to maltreat their children, early motherhood, in this socioeconomically depressed population, was not associated with greater levels of social disorganization, nor with an increased likelihood of maltreatment. However, as predicted, the presence of social disorganization within the family was strongly related to the occurrence of child maltreatment (correlation = .57, p <.01), giving further support to previous research on the importance of the family & social-setting factors in understanding child maltreatment. Since social disorganization was found to be such a strong predictor of child maltreatment, it is suggested that social service agencies employ several different measures of social disorganization in the determination of clients' needs for social services. 2 Tables. AA
Desc.: Child Abuse #; (for pre-1981 entries, use postcoordinated form) (081235); Teenage, Teenagers (456900); Mother, Mothers, Motherhood,
Mothering (279000); Family, Families (171600); Social disorganization (430750)
Ident.: child maltreatment, teenage mothers; familial social disorganization;
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-sociology of the family; (1941)

Y021037 56
119097 81L5823
Modeling the Quality of Women's Birth Experience
Doering, Susan G.; Entwisle, Doris R.; Quinlan, Daniel
Jrnl of Health and Social Behavior 1980, 21, 1, Mar, 12-21. CODEN: JHSBA5
Pub. Year: 1980
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
A longitudinal study of couples (number of cases = 120) over the period when they became first-time parents reveals that formal preparation for the birth event (learning in classrooms & from books) improves women's birth enjoyment. Such preparation often involves husbands & encourages them to participate at the birth. A recursive model was estimated supporting the notions that being able to remain in control is a major benefit conferred upon a woman by preparation & that the social support afforded by the husband's presence at the birth contributes both directly & indirectly to the enhancement of her birth experience. 2 Tables, 1 Figure, Bibliography. Modified HA
Desc.: Woman, Women; (see also Female) (490000); Birth, Births (055200); Experience, Experiences (16?700)
Ident.: women's birth experiences; couples' preparation; longitudinal study, recursive model;
Sec. Head.: demography and human biology-human biology; (1844)

Y021037 57
114740 81L1465
Measures of Association: Comparability, Symmetry, and Level of Measurement
Neumann, Yoram
Boston U, MA 02815
Social Science 1979, 54, 4, autumn, 215-222. CODEN: SOCSBN
Pub. Year: 1979
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
An examination is made of the use of measures of association. At issue are problems of: (1) defining association, (2) constructing & comparing measures of association, (3) level of measurement, & (4) the nature of relationships between variables. A three-facet model for an optimal selection of measures of association is discussed. 3 Tables. Modified HA
Desc.: Statistics, Statistical, Statistically (444400); Measure,
Measures, Measuring, Measurement (264000); Association, Associations,
Associational (043400)
Ident.: association measures, comparability/symmetry/measurement level;
Sec. Head.: methodology and research technology-statistical method (0105)

Y021037 58
114388 81S13167
Social Class and Psychological Vulnerability: The Significance of Social Support
Turner, R. Jay; Noh, Samuel
Health Care Research Unit U Western Ontario, London N6A 5B8
Conference: SSSP Society for the Study of Social Problems
Pub. Year: 1981
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Association Paper (ap )
One of the best-known & most widely discussed findings in the fields of medical sociology & psychiatric epidemiology is the relationship between social class & psychological disorder. Addressed is the question of the meaning of this relationship, starting from the assumption that there is something about social class that matters for emotional health & well-being. Life events scores were included in the analyses, focusing upon the potential explanatory power of experienced social support & personal mastery. Data were obtained in interviews with 293 new mothers as part of a study on adaptation to the parenting role. Experienced social support was measured using a multiitem story identification technique adopted from the work of S. Cobb et al. To index psychological distress, 19 symptom items were employed, reflecting the underlying dimensions of anxiety, depression, & anger/aggression. Results indicate that while life events scores make some contribution, differential vulnerability appears to be the most potent factor in the social class-psychological distress relationship
Desc.: Mental health (267000); Social class, Social classes (429800); Support, Supports, Supported, Supporting, Supportive (453065); Mother, Mothers, Motherhood, Mothering (279000)
Ident.: mental health; social class vs experienced support & personal mastery; interviews; new mothers;
Sec. Head.: social psychology-personality & culture; (0312)

Y021037 59
104764 79K3293
Working Class Birth Control in Wilhelmine Germany
Neuman, R. P.
State U New York, Fredonia
Comparative Studies in Society and History 1978, 20, 3, July, 408-428.
CODEN: CSSHAN
Pub. Year: 1978
Country of Publication: United Kingdom
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
The methods & motives of birth control used by the working class of Germany in the early 1900s are explored using a secondary analysis of data gathered during that time & contemporary studies of Wilhelmine Germany. M. Marcuse interviewed 100 working class women between 1911 & 1913 who visited his clinic for skin disorders, & 293 mainly working class men in a military hospital in 1916 who were being treated for venereal diseases. O. Polano similarly interviewed 500 working class women who visited his clinic in Wurzburg for nongynecological problems between May & Aug 1914. Of those interviewed, 33 had never been married. In 1914, approximately 65%-75% of the German working class practiced some type of birth control. Coitus interruptus, often combined with post coital douching, was the most common method. Douching alone & condoms & diaphragms, although available, were not extensively used. The cost of the latter two methods was often half a day's pay for a skilled laborer. Abortion was used as a last resort. The use of birth control implies some sort of dialog & cooperation between spouses on this subject. The reasons for birth control may be divided into three general categories: traditional mode, the short-run hedonist mode, & the purposive rational mode. The most communication between spouses & the most effective means of birth control was found in the third group. Children were generally viewed as a hindrance to both personal pleasure & long-term security. The data suggests a negative view of sex among middle-aged women. 2 Tables. M. Migalski
Desc.: Work, Works, Working (492000); Class, Classes; (see also Social class) (090670); Birth control (055210); German, Germany, Germans (193400); History, Historic, Historical (214300)
Ident.: working-class birth control, Germany, early 1900s; secondary data analysis, Wilhelmine women;
Sec. Head.: social differentiation-social stratification; (1019)

Y021037 60
103939 79K2468
On a General Model for Social and Cognitive Consistency
Taylor, Howard F.; Hornung, Carlton A.
Princeton U, NJ 08540
Sociological Methods and Research 1979, 7, 3, Feb, 259-287. CODEN: SMREDA
Pub. Year: 1979
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
A multiple regression strategy that has been developed in the analysis & formal integration of theories of social consistency is applied to the formal integration of theories of cognitive consistency. Review of studies of cognitive consistency theories locates conceptual omissions in tests of the theory. Some issues that can be dealt with include: (1) information integration, additivity, & interaction; (2) "reading in" main effects first; (3) "objective" versus "subjective" measurement of stimulus variables; (4) relative weighting; (5) separate treatment of main effects; & (6) errors in measurement of interaction variables. This model is advantageous both in providing a general data model for consistency studies, & in using the concept of statistical interaction as a principle around which formulations of both cognitive & social consistency may be integrated. Modified HA
Desc.: Cognition, Cognitive (095000); Consistency (112800); Social (428900); Theory, Theories, Theorem, Theorizing (464200); Integrate,
Integrated, Integrates, Integration, Integrative (236110)
Ident.: cognitive consistency, theory integration; social consistency multiple regression strategy application;
Sec. Head.: methodology and research technology-models: mathematical & other; (016)

Y021037 61
102177 79K0706
The Alcoholic's Spouse, Children and Family Interactions: Substantive Findings and Methodological Issues
Jacob, Theodore; Favorini, Alison; Meisel, Susan S.; Anderson, Carol M.
U Pittsburgh, PA 05260
Jrnl of Studies on Alcohol 1978, 39, 7, July, 1231-1251. CODEN: JSALDP
Pub. Year: 1978
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
Literature on the personality characteristics of spouses of alcoholics, on the psychosocial status of children of alcoholics, & an alcoholic-spouse & alcoholic-family interactions is reviewed. The generally held notion that there is a stereotypical woman who selects an alcoholic (or potential alcoholic) for spouse is not widely supported. The notion that alcoholic wives tend to marry domineering husbands, & that they have passive personalities is also not supported. The notion that children of alcoholics are likely to develop behavior disorders or alcoholism seems to be supported. As for empirical studies in this area, most research has been methodologically unsound. The empirical studies addressed include studies: (1) with psychiatrically disturbed controls, (2) with children of alcoholics as controls, (3) from Poland & Sweden, (4) of three groups of subjects, & (5) without control groups. Results from these 16 empirical studies show moderate support for the idea that children of alcoholic parents have problems in psychological, social, & family functioning. Modified HA
Desc.: Alcohol (025000); Alcoholic, Alcoholics, Alcoholism (027000) ; Stereotype, Stereotypes, Stereotyped, Stereotyping (445000); Social interaction (432000)
Ident.: alcoholics' family interactions; wife/husband stereotypes, effect on children's behavior; literature review;
Sec. Head.: sociology of health and medicine-social psychiatry (mental health); (2046)

Y021037 62
102174 79K0703
The Effect of Social Support in Moderating the Health Consequences of Unemployment
Gore, Susan
U Massachusetts, Boston 02108
Jrnl of Health and Social Behavior 1978, 19, 2, June, 157-165. CODEN JHSBA5
Pub. Year: 1978
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja) 
In a longitudinal investigation of the result of 2 plant shutdowns, 100 stably-employed, blue-collar married men were interviewed at 5 stages over a 2-year period. Social support was measured by a 13-item index covering relations with wives, friends, & relatives. The rural unemployed (54) evidenced a significantly higher level of social support than did the urban unemployed (46), probably due to strong ethnic ties & a more concerned social milieu. No differences between supported & unsupported were found with respect to weeks unemployed or actual economic deprivation. However, while unemployed the unsupported showed higher elevations & more changes in measures of cholesterol, illness symptoms & affective response than did the supported. It is argued that these findings demonstrate the exacerbation of life stress by a low sense of social support. 2 Tables. Modified HA
Desc.: Health, Healthy (208000); Unemployed, Unemployment (475700) Social network, Social networks, Social networking (432175); Ethnic,
Ethnically (160125); Rural; (see also Ru, Ur) (398400); Blue-collar (058470)
Ident.: health status during unemployment, mediation by social support; strong ethnic ties among rural sample, one hundred blue-collar workers;
Sec. Head.: sociology of health and medicine-social psychiatry (mental health); (2046)

Y021037 63
102076 79K0605
The Family Life Cycle: Developmental Crises and Their Structural Impact on Families in a Community Mental Health Center
Gartner, Richard B.; Fulmer, Richard H.; Weinshel, Margot; Goldklank, Shelly
Columbia U, New York NY 10027
Family Process 1978, 17, 1, Mar, 47-58. CODEN: FAPRAD
Pub. Year: 1978
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
A typology is developed for troubled families based on the configuration of family members & the identified patient's position within the family structure. A sample of 110 families attending family therapy in northern Staten Island is used to identify constellations of families & their association with other traits. Four constellations are identified: (1) those in which the identified patient is a spouse, (2) a grown child of an ongoing marriage, (3) a grown child of a parent now single, or (4) a single adult living with relatives other than parents. Of these 4 constellations, the first 2 are at higher income levels. Children of ongoing couples are most often male, while other identified patients are most often F. Children of either ongoing marriage or single adults show symptom onset & presentation of treatment at earlier ages. Patients who are spouses are typically women in their thirties suffering depression or reactive psychosis; single adults not living with parents are females over thirty with chronic disorders; children living with parents are typically under thirty, being either male children of intact couples showing chronic schizophrenia dating from childhood or adolescence, or female children of single parents showing varied symptoms dating from adolescence. These characteristic patterns can be accounted for on theoretical grounds based on varying sources of personal stress. 3 Tables. Modified HA
Desc.: Family, Families (171600); Relations, family (382525); Mental health (267000); Community, Communities, Communitarian (104000); Life cycle, Life cycles (251980); Family living, Family life (171700)
Ident.: family life cycle, developmental crises, structural impact; community mental health center, typology, patient's position in family structure;
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-sociology of the family; (1941)

Y021037 64
101373 79J9899
Policy Decisions and Research in Economics and Industrial Relations
Dunlop, John T.
Harvard U, Cambridge MA 02138
Industrial and Labor Relations Review 1977, 30, 3, Apr, 275-282. CODEN ILREAQ
Pub. Year: 1977
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
The contention that the bulk of academic research in industrial relations & economics in recent years has had very little impact on either public or private policy decisions is discussed. This premise is illustrated by examination of policy problems in which considerable research has been undertaken including the relationship of unemployment & wage inflation, wage & price standards, human capital & manpower & education programs & industrial relations. The argument is made that if theory & scholarly analysis are to influence decisionmakers, researchers must devote greater attention to the sectorial & institutional setting in which most policy decisions are made. Five areas of specific research are recommended: (1) the historical background & evolution of major institutions; (2) an understanding of decision-making processes within labor, management, & government organizations; (3) a description & measurement of international interdependence; (4) the effect of structural changes in the economy & industrial relationships on decisions of organization; & (5) the development of new data sources & measurements & the improvement of the quality of existing data. Modified HA
Desc.: Relations, industrial (38253); Economic, Economics, Economical (145000); Research, Researcher, Researchers (385000); Policy, Policies (33500)
Ident.: economics, industrial relations research; lack of effect on policy decisions, attention to sectorial, institutional settings, research recommended;
Sec. Head.: complex organizations (management)-industrial sociology (labor); (0621)

Y021037 65
097992 79S11515
Positive Parenting: A Solution for Potential Abusing Parents
Burch, Genevieve; Mohr, Vicki
U Nebraska, Omaha 68101
Conference: MSS Midwest Sociological Society
Pub. Year: 1979
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Association Paper (ap )
An evaluation report on a program for potentially abusing parents. Outcomes of three of the five stated goals of the program were evaluated. There were: (1) to change feelings-attitudes-values about being a parent, (2) to increase knowledge of what to expect from children at different ages & how to deal with their problems, & (3) to change isolation patterns by providing social support in the group. Scales to measure the three goals were developed & administered to participants at a four-month interval. Scales were also administered to a control group from a similar pre-abusing population. Results include: (A) The positive parenting participants & control group are similar on most factors known to be related to abusing profile. (B) Three groups were compared on all test items: controls, first-time participants, & all other positive parenting participants. On eight of nine ites on child development the positive parenting participants averaged 33% more correct responses than the controls & 35% more correct responses than first-time participants. This pattern persisted in items on punishment but with slightly less difference. Items on general value about children's place in society showed less consistent differences. These values are probably less open to a change than those reported above. (Contingency coefficient) The two responses of all positive parenting participants & controls who took both tests were compared on reduction in response errors. There was a statistically significant reduction of errors by the controls. Finally, a regression analysis on the number of test errors & the number of positive parenting sessions attended indicated a significant relationship. It is concluded that: (a) programs with well-defined goals & activities that are logically consistent with those goals can be evaluted in a short period of time with positive results, (b) educational & attitude change respond more quickly to program interventions than general values, & (c) more research is needed on the suspected nonlinear changes in behavior over time
Desc.: Parent, Parents, Parental (322000); Child care (081250); Abuse, Abuses, Abusing, Abusive (001050); Program, Programs, Programmer,Programmers (348660)
Ident.: child abusing parents, potential; positive parenting course;
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-sociology of the family; (1941)

Y021037 66
097940 79S11463
Social-Psychological Consequences of Divorce for Black and White Low Income Single Parent Mothers
Raschke, Helen June
Norfolk State U, VA 23504
Conference: ASA American Sociological Association
Pub. Year: 1979
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Association Paper (ap )
An interview study was conducted of 108 low-income single parent black & white mothers living in a large southeastern metropolitan area. Preliminary data analysis revealed: (1) white mothers perceived themselves as experiencing greater distress than black mothers, (2) there is no difference between black & white mothers in their informal & societal social support systems, (3) black mothers have greater formal social support systems than white mothers, & (4) there is no difference between black & white mothers in positive affect & negative affect. Possible explanations of these findings include differences in perception of worsened living conditions, education, income, age & number of children living at home, influence of religion, dating activity, & traditional versus nontraditional sex-role orientation
Desc.: Black, Blacks (055218); White, Whites (489845); Divorce, Divorced (135700); Mother, Mothers, Motherhood, Mothering (279000)
Ident.: black/white low income divorced mothers, social/psychological consequences; large southeastern metropolitan area;
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-sociology of the family; (1941)

Y021037 67
096998 79S10521
Gender Traits and Delinquency Involvement
Thornton, William; James, Jennifer
Loyola U, New Orleans LA 70118
Conference: SSS Southern Sociological Society
Pub. Year: 1979
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Association Paper (ap )
Explored is the relationship between societally dominant gender traits & delinquency. Many writers attempt to explain the sex differential in delinquency through a gender traits approach, holding that there are certain inherent or natural perosnality traits which distinguish males & females. Traits of males are deemed "masculine" & those of females are deemed "feminine." Researchers use these traits to explain variations in delinquency by positing a connection between types of gender traits & patterns of delinquency involvement. While some criminologists try to specify the way these alleged sex-linked traits & delinquency covary, most simply assume a positive connection between masculine traits & delinquency. Two assumptions associated with gender traits & delinquency were investigated: (1) that a direct connection exists between masculine & feminine gender traits & delinquency involvement & (2) that masculine & feminine gender traits indirectly affect delinquency through several social control variables. Data were collected through an anonymous self-report questionnaire administered to 617 eighth-through-twelfth-grade girls & boys attending schools in a small city in the Northwest. Along with a scale measuring masculine & feminine gender traits, fourteen delinquency items were included in the questionnaire from which a measure of the overall frequency of delinquency as well as measures of property, social & aggressive delinquency were constructed. Scales to assess delinquency opportunity, parental social control, & social support for delinquency were also created from questionnaire items. After analyzing the responses of the students through nonparametric correlational techniques & regression analysis, it was concluded that gender traits have little direct effect on delinquency type of frequency. Most of the influence on delinquency is indirect through the variables of delinquent opportunity, social support, & parental social control
Desc.: Personality, Personalities (329000); Adolescence, Adolescent
, Adolescents (014600); Criminology, Criminological (119145); Gender,
Genders (192370); Delinquency, juvenile (126140)
Ident.: delinquent opportunity, social support, parental social control;
Sec. Head.: social problems and social welfare-delinquency; (2151)

Y021037 68
096887 79S10410
Women's Liberation and the Female Delinquent
James, Jennifer; Thornton, William
Loyola U, New Orleans LA 70118
Conference: SSS Southern Sociological Society
Pub. Year: 1979
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Association Paper (ap )
Presumed changes in patterns of female crime are drawing the attention of the popular media as well as that of sociologists & criminologists. Increases in the rate of female crime & shifts in the nature of women's criminal involvement are commonly attributed to the emergence of the women's movement. Data were collected through an anonymous self-report questionnaire administered to 300 eight- through twelfth-grade females attending schools in a small city in the Northwest. Along with items measuring attitudes toward feminism, 14 delinquency items were included in the questionnaire from which a measure of the overall frequency of delinquency as well as measures property, social, & aggressive delinquency were constructed. Scales to assess delinquency opportunity, parental social control, & social support for delinquency were also created from questionnaire items. After analyzing the responses of the students through nonparametric correlational techniques & regression analysis, it is concluded that attitudes toward feminism have little direct effect on delinquency type or frequency. Delinquent opportunities, social support, & parental social control, on the other hand, highly relate to all types of delinquency as well as the overall frequency. Further, there is some indication that girls encountering high degrees of delinquent opportunity & social support for delinquency along with low levels of parental social control are less likely to be delinquent when they hold favorable, rather than unfavorable, attitudes toward feminism. The implications for contemporary theoretical statements linking the women's movement to delinquency among females are discussed
Desc.: Woman, Women; (see also Female) (490000); Deviant behavior (131400); Fertility (177440); Crime, Crimes; (see also Criminal) (119100) Delinquency (126000); Social control, Social controls (429925)
Ident.: female delinquency, feminist attitudes relationship; opportunity, parental social control, social support, women's movement;
Sec. Head.: feminist studies-feminist studies; (2959)

Y021037 69
095785 78J5778 
A Reconsideration of the Concept "Sex-Role Identification" in Adolescent and Family Research
McDonald, Gerald W.
Florida State U, Tallahassee 32306
Adolescence 1978, 13, 50, summer, 215-220. CODEN: ADOLAO
Pub. Year: 1978
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
In research of adolescents' personality development in the family, a concept that has been overused & abused has been sex-role identification. Thoutht to be a key to explaining cognitive & behavioral differences in males & females, sex-role identification has been a major variable in research on the adolescent. Though many studies have investigated aspects of sex-role acquisition, preference, identification, & performance, theoretical & methodological problems have plagued this research, & sex-role research in general has tended strongly to reinforce sex-role stereotypes. Basic among difficulties inherent in sex-role research are: (1) traditional lack of consensus on a definition of "sex role" & "sex-role identification, " leading to the misleading practice of labeling behaviors exhibited in particular situations, whether sex linked or not, as appropriate sex-role behavior, (2) an overabundance of appropriate sex-role behaviors related to social locations & situations, & relationships between persons & contexts in which they take place, & (3) difficulty in application & measurement of sex-role concepts, since theoretical bases of present methods of measurement do not correspond with reality. Sex-role identification, as used in present research, is biased & value-laden, a more appropriate terminology could be employed to incorporate social, locational, & interactional contexts of sex role behavior. R. Portwood
Desc.: Sex, Sexes, Sexism, Sexist, Sexists (419000); Role, Roles (394000); Identification (223002); Family, Families (171600); Adolescence,Adolescent, Adolescents (014600); Socialization; see also Socialized) (433910); Stereotype, Stereotypes, Stereotyped, Stereotyping (445000)
Ident.: adolescent, family research, sex-role identification concept; theoretical, methodological problems, stereotypes reinforcement, definitional confusion, biases;
Sec. Head.: methodology and research technology-methodology (social science & behavioral); (0103)

Y021037 70
095561 78J5554
Childlessness, Health, and Marital Satisfaction
Renn, Karen S.
U Arizona, Tucson 85721
Social Biology 1976, 23, 3, fall, 183-197. CODEN: SBGYA3
Pub. Year: 1976
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Data from a large area-probability sample of 2, 480 households of married couples in Alameda County, Calif (1965) are used to compare the physical & psychological health of childless couples, parents, & former parents. Parenthood detracts from both the physical & psychological health of husbands & wives, especially in younger couples. Rates of joint marital satisfaction also are lower for active parents than for either former parents or childless couples, regardless of the duration of the marriage or the wife's age or employment status. Former parents are better off on all indices than active parents, though not as well off as childless couples, suggesting that parenthood has a detrimental effect on both health & marital satisfaction. 8 Tables. Modified HA
Desc.: Parenthood (323030); Marriage, Marriages, Marital (259000); Health, Healthy (208000); Childless, Childlessness (088000); Satisfaction (403350); Relations, marriage (382565); Mental health (267000)
Ident.: childlessness, health, marital satisfaction; physical, psychological well-being, parenthood impact, former vs active parents;
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-sociology of the family; (1941)

Y021037 71
089964 78I9958
Methodological Problems of Measurement
Berka, Karel
Zatecka 12, 110 00 Prague Czechoslovakia
Problems of the Science of Science 1970, 1, 143-153. CODEN: PBSSCE
Pub. Year: 1970
Co. of Pub.:Netherlands
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Some problems of the theory of measurement are considered from a methodological perspective. Discussed are: (1) the definition & object of measurement, (2) the classification of types of measurement in relation to numerical expression, & (3) problems of exactness in measurement. In defining measurement it is necessary to clarify numerical assignments from the empirical perspective. Is measurement concerned with quantities or magnitudes. Is it possible to measure qualities as qualities. Classification of measurement types depends on the delimitation of necessary & sufficient conditions for individual scales, the identification of diverse scales of measurement, the applicability of conceptual scales in practical measurement, the relationship of conceptual & material scales--particularly regarding problems of their construction & calibration, & the relationship of conceptual scales, types of measurement, & resultant numerical values. Assuming 3 hierarchically-ordered levels of measurement--the ontological, empirical, & numerical--the relationship between exact & inexact measurement is analyzed in respect to the priority of equality to inequality & vice versa. Modified AA
Desc.: Theory, Theories, Theorem, Theorizing (464200); Measure,
Measures, Measuring, Measurement (264000); Methodology, Methodologies,
Methodological; (see also Method) (271830); Perspective, Perspectives (333340); Problem, Problematic, Problems (348100)
Ident.: measurement theory problems vs methodological perspective; definition, object, types classification vs numerical expression, exactness, conceptual vs material scales;
Sec. Head.: methodology and research technology-methodology (social science & behavioral); (0103)

Y021037 72
089961 78I9955
Methodological Problems in Assessing the Impact of Television Programs
Ball, Samuel
Educational Testing Service, Princeton NJ 08540
The Jrnl of Social Issues 1976, 32, 4, fall, 8-17. CODEN: JSISAF
Pub. Year: 1976
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
The general impact of television cannot be accurately assessed as can the impact of specific programs. The components of three areas that posed special problems to the evaluation of television programs include: (1) designing research plans for impact study, (2) sampling target subpopulations, & (3) specification & treatment of dependent variables & measurement procedures. Methods for ameliorating difficulties in these problem areas include the use of: randomly selected cable television users as subjects, the pretest-posttest nonequivalent group design, time series design, & age cohorts design. Although it is difficult to assess the impact of a television program, it may be less problematic if these methods are utilized. Modified HA
Desc.: Television, Televised (457000); Impact (226620); Program, Programs, Programmer, Programmers (348660); Problem, Problematic, Problems (348100); Methodology, Methodologies, Methodological; (see also Method) (271830); Assess, Assesses, Assessment, Assessments, Assessing (040235)
Ident.: television programs, impact assessment, methodological problems; research plans design, dependent variables, measurement procedures specification, sampling, suggestions;
Sec. Head.: methodology and research technology-methodology (social science & behavioral); (0103)

Y021037 73
089223 78S09459
Divorced Mothers: Social Policy and Self Identity
Kohen, Janet; Fox, Elizabeth
Women's Research Center, Boston MA
Conference: SSSP Society for the Study of Social Problems
Pub. Year: 1978
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Association Paper (ap )
When mothers divorce they lose their identity as wife. Lacking a socially acceptable alternative, they initially view themselves in the negative--as a nonwife. This reflects the lose of economic resources & social legitimacy the husband brought to the marriage & the social supports that were tied to the husband & wife as a unit. Since ideology & institutional patterns encourage the two-parent family & merely tolerate, if not actively discourage, the single-parent family, the divorced mother usually experiences a postdivorce trauma & must struggle to achieve & maintain a new & positive identity as a single parent. Analysis of patterns of material & social support evident in intensive interviews with a quota sample of 30 divorced mothers indicated which patterns are associated with the development of a positive sense of self, & which undermine such an identity. Implications for social policy change are discussed
Desc.: Woman, Women; (see also Female) (490000); Divorce, Divorced (135700); Social policy (432239); Self (413000); Identity, Identities (223300); Mother, Mothers, Motherhood, Mothering (279000); Role, Roles (394000)
Ident.: divorced mothers, self-identity, social policy; trauma, institutionalized norms, values, material, social support patterns, change implications;

Y021037  74
088825 78S09061
Re-examining a Causal Model of Effectiveness in Organizations for Measurement Error
Faisal, Caroline S.; Warren, Richard D.
Iowa State U, Ames 50011
Conference: RSS Rural Sociological Society
Pub. Year: 1978
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Association Paper (ap )
A method is described--errors-in-variables (EIV)--for adjusting for measurement error. The benefits of this approach are illustrated by reexamining data from an earlier study. Some of these benefits include that it: (1) incorporates a test of significance for corrected beta's (whereas significance of correction for attenuation coefficients must be estimated), (2) allows for the decomposition of the observed variance into measurement error variance & true score variance, which is further decomposed into explained variance & specification error variance, (3) demonstrates that measurement error both under & over estimates regression coefficients & underestimates standard errors, & (4) R2s can also be over- or underestimated, least squares yielded R2=.461 versus an EIV R2=.851 for role performance. Finally, a computer program, Super Carp, is introduced which automatically calculates most of the desired information
Desc.: Measure, Measures, Measuring, Measurement (264000); Error, Errors (159000); Variance, Variant, Variation (479500)
Ident.: measurement error adjustment method, errors-in-variables; benefits;

Y021037  75
088702 78S08938
Working Mothers: No Longer a Social Problem
Iglehart, Alfreda P.
U Michigan, Ann Arbor 48106
Conference: SSSP Society for the Study of Social Problems
Pub. Year: 1978
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Association Paper (ap )
Ideological shifts, as well as other factors, appear to have resulted in less adherence to traditional sex-role norms. For the working mother of twenty years ago, a nonsupportive social environment was likely to lead to role conflict, although role conflict was expected to decrease for the contemporary working mother. Data from a 1957 national survey & its 1976 replication study--both conducted through the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan--were analyzed. For 1957, the subsample consists of 107 white mothers who were full-time in the labor force & 560 who were full-time housewives. The 1976 figures are 177 & 315, respectively. Chi-square & multiple classification analysis were used. In 1957, working mothers were more likely to have frequent feelings of parental inadequacy as compared with the home mothers. The working mothers of younger children were less likely to express positive feelings about themselves. In 1976, these feelings are no longer present
Desc.: Social problem, Social problems (432260); Work, Works, Working (492000); Role, Roles (394000); Sex, Sexes, Sexism, Sexist,Sexists (419000); Mother, Mothers, Motherhood, Mothering (279000); Public opinion (363000); Social change (429700); U. S., US (477200)
Ident.: US, working mothers, social support shift; traditional sex-role norms relaxation, conflict decrease, parental inadequacy feelings, 1957 vs 1976 studies;

Y021037 76
088116 78S08352
Without a Spouse: Life Styles of the Non-Married
Hiltz, Starr Roxanne
Upsala Coll, East Orange NJ 07019
Conference: ISA International Sociological Association
Pub. Year: 1978
Co. of Pub.:Canada
Lang.: English
Doc. Type: Association Paper (ap )
The increasing number of nonmarried persons (never married separated, divorced, & widowed) is reviewed as both "cause" & "effect" of changes in the traditional sex-typed wife styles & life situations of the nonmarried in the U. S. & Canada. Reviewed are empirical studies related to the similarities & differences between unmarried men & women, including problems faced, & successful & unsuccessful methods of coping with them. Included are studies of friendship patterns, economic situation, mental health & well-being, counseling or therapy groups, & such phenomena as singles bars & singles housing complexes. On the basis of these studies, it is predicted that men & women will increasingly spend at least part of their adult lives without a spouse, chossing instead to devote their efforts to self-sufficient, self-fulfilling explorations of alternative sources of meaning, pleasure, & order in their lives
Desc.: Unmarried (477600); Relations, interpersonal (382534); Social life (432135); Social behavior (429300); Life; (see also Living) (251975); People, Peoples (326600); U. S., US (477200); Canada, Canadian, Canadians (069175)
Ident.: nonmarried persons, life styles; US, Canadian studies, friendship, mental illness, economic situation, therapy groups, self-exploration;

Y021037 77
086406 77I9078
The Many Faces of Power and Liberty Revealed Preference, Autonomy, and Teleological Explanation
Abell, Peter
U Birmingham, B15 2TT England
Sociology 1977, 11, 1, Jan, 3-24. CODEN: SLGYA5
Pub. Year: 1977
Co. of Pub.: United Kingdom
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
The role of revealed preferences in decision-making & that of individual autonomy are considered in the formulation of models of processes in which power, influence, & manipulation serve as explanations. 3 approaches to the conceptualization & measurement of power, identified by S. Lukes (POWER: A RADICAL VIEW, London, England: Macmillan, 1974) are compared & contrasted with the view of Abell: (1) decision-making, (2) nondecision-making, & (3) latent interest. These approaches are related to concepts of: (A) power (compliance through sanctions), (B) influence (an actor changes another's state of mind without decreasing the other's autonomy), & (contingency coefficient) manipulation (the change decreases the other's autonomy). The analysis is limited to power relationships between 2 actors & is derived from a model of the organizational process. Both causal & teleological explanations are discussed. The role of the control of access to relevant information in power relationships is also examined. Modified HA
Desc.: Individual, Individuals, Individualism, Individuality, Individualistic, Individualization, Individualize (229000); Autonomous, Autonomy (050800); Power (341000); Decision-making (122000); Role, Roles (394000); Preference, Preferences (343500)
Ident.: revealed preferences, individual autonomy vs decision-making; power, influence, manipulation models, S. Lukes, measurement, conceptualization, causal, teleological explanations;
Sec. Head.: political interactions-political sociology; (0925)

Y021037 78
086088 77I8760
Working without a Net: The Bachelor as a Social Problem
Davis, Alan G.; Strong, Philip M.
U Aberdeen, AB9 2UB Scotland
The Sociological Review 1977, 25, 1, Feb, 109-129. CODEN: SORVA4
Pub. Year: 1977
Co. of Pub.: United Kingdom
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
A preliminary framework is offered for understanding the apparent relationship between male single status & such indicators of social pathology as mental & physical illness. A brief historical perspective on the emergence of the ideology of the couple is followed by a consideration of the difficulties of being alone in public, in general activities & in those undertaken for entertainment. The obligations & rights of husbands & wives (as opposed to those of friends) are not available to the bachelor; nor has he been trained in domestic skills. Thus, single women are usually more successful outside marriage than single men. The single lacks a sphere for constructing personal identity such as couples enjoy. When such a sphere is sought in their work, singles are more readily exploited by employers -- although they may also be exploited in other spheres, eg, families expect them to look after aging parents. As deviants, they must often provide accounts for not being married, but the accounts are viewed with suspicion as hiding "real" reasons -- eg, sexual deviance or immaturity. Such factors contribute to the single person's self-doubt & insecurity. The single person also lacks the resourcs available to couples with which to repel deviant recruitment. Responsibility for single deviants is assumed by those in the public domain -- the legal system or professional system eg, social workers. Singles are more easily converted to radical religious & political movements which offer an identity but make organizational demands. J. N. Mayer
Desc.: Unmarried (477600); Social (428900); Pathology, Pathological (324140); Male, Males (256635); Indicators (228759); Bachelor, Bachelors, Bachelorhood (051082)
Ident.: bachelor vs social pathology indicators; couples ideology, single status vs male disadvantages, economic exploitation, self-doubt, insecurity;
Sec. Head.: social psychology-personality & culture; (0312)

Y021037 79
085603 77I8274
Children, Poverty and Illness
Brennan, Mary; Stoten, Bryan
U Birmingham, B15 2TT England
New Society 1976, 36, 716, 24 Jun, 680-682. CODEN: NWSOAN
Pub. Year: 1976
Co. of Pub.: United Kingdom
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Pediatric admissions in Britain indicate that parental unemployment substantially increases the likelihood of a child having to be admitted into a hospital. In a 1975 study of 150 children admitted to Coventry hospital, the following data were revealed: (1) a significant number (69.2%) of the fathers were unemployed, (2) a similar proportion of unemployment occurred among both manual & nonmanual workers, (3) unemployment among British families was as high as among immigrants, (4) 33.3% of the children were "admitted for infections & many for conditions which could have been caused by infections, (5) the mean age of the children was 5 years, (6) none of the mothers whose husbands were unemployed went out to work, & (7) a large number of the parents had contacted social support agencies for help with housing & income problems. There are strong indications that the demand for health services "often reflects social & economic status rather than the level of illness." Things that are basic to good health--food, fuel, & clothing--are most apt to be lacking when there is a drastic reduction in the family budget. 4 Tables. J. Shiffer
Desc.: Child, Children, Childhood (081000); Poverty (340800); Illness, Illnesses (223700); Britain, British; (see also England, Great Britain) (067100)
Ident.: Britain, parental unemployment, poverty vs child hospitalization, likelihood; sample description, data revealed, health services demand vs socioeconomic status;
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-sociology of the child & socialization; (1938)

Y021037 80
084676 77I7346
Marital Role, Education, and Mental Disorder among Women: Test of an Interaction Hypothesis
Meile, Richard L.; Johnson, David Richard; St. Peter, Louis
U Nebraska, Lincoln 68508 & Iowa State U, Ames 50010
Jrnl of Health and Social Behavior 1976, 17, 3, Sep, 295-301. CODEN JHSBA5
Pub. Year: 1976
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
The relationship of marital status & mental disorder among married & never-married females is examined in a probability sample of 4 Midwestern communities. The sample consisted of noninstitutionalized whites, aged 20 or older, with respondents being selected from a probability design for a sample of 11, 192. T. S. Langner's 22 Item Index (see SA 2046/A9300) was used to measure prevalence of mental disorder. Multiple regression analysis was used to adjust for the effects of the control variable scores of married/never-married females in 5 educational levels. Age, classified in 7 categories, & 4 categories of employment status were employed in the design. A statistically significant interaction of marital status & educational attainment on mental disorder was found with the married having more disorder than the never-married, among females of lower educational attainment, both before & after introducing controls for age & employment status. No significant differences in mental disorder were found among females with high school or higher educational attainment. These findings suggest the advisability of refining current marital role explanations for mental disorder among females. Modified HA
Desc.: U. S., US (477200); Woman, Women; (see also Female) (490000); Role, Roles (394000); Education, Educational, Educator, Educators , Educationally (146000); Hypothesis, Hypotheses, Hypothetic, Hypothetical (221100); Interaction, Interactions, Interactional, Interactionalist, Interactionalism, Interactive (?38715); Marriage, Marriages, Marital (259000); Disorders, Disordered (134530); Mental, Mentally (266700)
Ident.: US, marital role, education vs mental disorders, women; noninstitutionalized whites, interaction hypothesis, status correlations, implications;
Sec. Head.: feminist studies-feminist studies; (2959)

Y021037 81
08125 77I3914
"Affirmative Action" Reconsidered
Sowell, Thomas
U California, Los Angeles 90024
The Public Interest 1976, 42, Win, 47-65. CODEN: PBCIA4
Pub. Year: 1976
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
This study tested the hypotheses that: (1) there was significant employment `discrimination' against minorities &/or women in the academic world immediately before `goals & timetables' were instituted under `affirmative action', (2) there were significant changes in representation &/or relative pay for minorities &/or women after `affirmative action' quotas, (3) underqualified black academics were generally receiving premium pay compared to white academics of the same qualifications, & (4) an `old boy network' reduced employment opportunities for minorities &/or women in the academic world. All 4 hypotheses proved false. Several large data sources were used, including the American Council on Education & the National Science Foundation. These data permitted comparisons of the academic salaries of individuals of the same qualifications (degree level, rating of department granting degree, number of publications) in the same fields, both before & after `goals & timetables'. Race, sex, & marital status were controlled. Black-white faculty salary differentials were only $62 per year among doctorate holders before, & $640 per year after, quotas & `representation' was virtually unchanged. For female faculty, marriage & children accounted for all the so-called `sex' differences in pay, both before & after; female faculty who were never married earned more & received tenure more often than their male counterparts, years before `goals & timetables'. 3 Tables. AA
Desc.: Employment (154400); Academic, Academics, Academy, Academia (002000); Discrimination (133400); Minority, Minorities (273500); Opportunity, Opportunities (312300)
Ident.: employment discrimination; affirmative action; academia;
Sec. Head.: social control-sociology of law; (1636)

Y021037 82
080971 77I3631
Alternative Measures of Urbanization--A Principal Components' Analysis
Balakrishna, S.
National Instit Community Development, Rajendranagar Hyderabad 500030 India
Behavioural Sciences and Community Development 1974, 8, 1, Mar, 38-43.
CODEN: BSCDBN
Pub. Year: 1974
Co. of Pub.:India
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
The standard measure of urbanization in India has been percent of population residing in urban settlements. Alternative measures may be found in the percent of settlements which are urban, & in the percent of urban to total area. These 3 systems are applied to the states & territories of India. Principal components analysis reveals 1 factor, which explains 90.8% of total variance; this factor is nearly equally weighted on by all 3 measurements. A new measure of urbanization based on this factor is proposed & applied to states & territories of India. 6 Tables. W. H. Stoddard
Desc.: Component, Components, Componential (104850); Analysis, Analyses, Analyzing (031400); Principle, Principles (345880); Urbanization , Urbanized, Urbanizing (478150); India, Indian, Indians (228000); Measure, Measures, Measuring, Measurement (264000) 
Ident.: India, urbanization measurement, principle components analysis; standard measures, alternatives, application results;
Sec. Head.: urban structures and ecology-urban sociology & ecology ; (1218)

Y021037 83
079272 77S06481
Gender Roles and Patterns of Male and Female Delinquency
Breeding, Jennifer James; Norand, Stephen
U Tennessee, Knoxville 37916
Conference: SSS Southern Sociological Society
Pub. Year: 1977
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Association Paper (ap )
Most sociological writers have assumed a positive relationship between gender identification as masculine & involvement in delinquent activities. Implicit in this assumption is the corollary belief that feminine gender identification in negatively related to delinquency. Whether or not gender identification has these effects on delinquency involvement of females & males is the focal concern here. Data were collected through an anonymous self-report questionnaire administered to students in the Knoxville, Tenn public schools. Along with the items composing the masculine & femimine expectations scales, 14 delinquency items were included in the questionnaire from which a measure of the frequencyof delinquency involvement was constructed. Items also operationalized several control variables such as effects of parental social support for delinquency & opportunity to engage in delinquency. After analyzing the questionnaire responses of 184 volunteer students in the 9th through 12th grades through nonparametric correlational techniques, it was concluded that there is little, if any, direct association between masculine or feminine gender identification & the frequencyof delinquency involvement. The implications of these results for contemporary theoretical statements linking masculinity to delinquency are discussed
Desc.: Delinquency (126000); Female, Females; (see also Woman) (177300); Gender, Genders (192370); Male, Males (256635); Pattern, Patterns , Patterning (324375); Role, Roles (394000)
Ident.: gender roles, male vs female delinquency; established corollary beliefs, control variables, association level;

Y021037 84
077129 76I0913
MINORITY NATIONALISM: THE CASE OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA
LE NATIONALISME MINORITAIRE: LE CAS DE LA TCHECOSLOVAQUIE
KIRSCHBAUM, STANISLAV J.
YORK U, DOWNSVIEW ONTARIO M3J 1P3
Canadian Jrnl of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique 1984, 7, 2, JUN, 248-267. CODEN: CJPSBD
Pub. Year: 1974
Co. of Pub.:Canada
Language: French
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
AN INCREASINGLY EVIDENT TYPE OF NATIONALISM EXISTS: THE NATIONALISM OF MINORITY GROUPS WHO DO NOT SEEK TO DESTROY THE MULTINATIONAL STATE BUT MERELY TO RESTRUCTURE IT SO AS TO BE ABLE TO PURSUE NATIONAL GOALS COMPATIBLE WITH GROUP GOALS. NATIONALISM OF THESE GROUPS CENTERS ON A FEELING OF UNIFICATION BY PEOPLE WHO SHARE A COMMON HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE & A COMMON HOPE OF LIVING TOGETHER AS AN INDEPENDENT GROUP. USING SLOVAK MINORITY NATIONALISM AS A CASE STUDY, IT IS SHOWN HOW THROUGH 2 REGIMES--A DEMOCRATIC & A COMMUNIST ONE--SLOVAK LEADERS HAVE FOUGHT FOR AUTONOMY, AN ASYMMETRICAL &, FINALLY, A SYMMETRICAL FEDERATION. FROM STUDY OF THE POLITICAL & CONSTITUTIONAL PROGRAMS, THE BATTLES FOUGHT AROUND THEM & THE EVENTUAL SOLUTION 2 CONDITIONS EMERGE AS NECESSARY TO MINORITY NATIONALISM: (1) ONE OR MORE POLITICAL PARTIES WHO ARTICULATE POLITICAL & CONSTITUTIONAL DEMANDS FOR RESTRUCTURING THE MULTINATIONAL STATE, & (2) OPPOSITION OR REFUSAL TO IMPLEMENT THESE DEMANDS BY THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT. 3 ELEMENTS ENABLE MEASUREMENT OF MINORITY NATIONALISM: (A) THE STRENGTH & ELECTORAL SUCCESS OF THE NATIONALIST PARTIES, (B) THE DEGREE OF OPPOSITION BY THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, & (C) INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT. MINORITY NATIONALISM EMBODIES THE IGNORED PHENOMENON OF NATIONAL POLITICAL FORCES WHICH REFUSE TO BE INTEGRATED INTO A STATE BUT DO NOT SEEK TO SEPARATE THEMSELVES FROM IT. MODIFIED HA
Desc.: Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovakian, Czech, Czechs (119972); Minority, Minorities (273500); National, Nationalism, Nationalist, Nationalists, Nationalistic (290395)
Ident.: MINORITY NATIONALISM IN CZECHOSLAVAKIA;
Sec. Head.: political interactions-political sociology; (0925)

Y021037 85
077074 76I0858
JOINT LEISURE ACTIVITIES AND SOCIAL NETWORKS IN TWO NEIGHBORHOODS IN TEL AVIV
GINSBERG, YONA
TEL AVIV U, RAMAT AVIV ISRAEL
Jrnl of Marriage and the Family 1975, 37, 3, AUG, 668-676. CODEN: JMFAA6
Pub. Year: 1975
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
THE CONJUGAL ROLE RELATIONSHIPS OF 2 DISTINCT NEIGHBORHOODS ARE COMPARED; ONE HAS CLOSE-KNIT SOCIAL NETWORKS, THE OTHER LOOSE-KNIT. THE LIMITED ASPECT OF LEISURE ACTIVITIES & PARTICULARLY THE INDIVIDUALS WHO SHARE THESE LEISURE ACTIVITIES WERE STUDIED. 2 ADJACENT NEIGHBORHOODS IN TEL AVIV, DIFFERING IN SOCIAL STRUCTURE, WERE CHOSEN FOR STUDY OF THOSE TYPES OF LEISURE ACTIVITIES CONSIDERED 'CONSUMPTION'--MOVIES, CAFES, CONCERTS, ETC. A SAMPLE OF 1, 201 MARRIED & SINGLE MEN & WOMEN, AGED 22-31, WERE INTERVIEWED PERSONALLY. THE 1ST NEIGHBORHOOD, HATIKVA, WAS COMPRISED OF working class MIDDLE EASTERN RESIDENTS WHO FORM A CLOSE KNIT, HOMOGENEOUS GROUP. THE 2ND NEIGHBORHOOD, ELIYAHU, A HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF EUROPEANS & MIDDLE EASTERNERS & MAY BE DEFINED AS A lower middle class NEIGHBORHOOD. THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE DEGREE OF JOINT SOCIAL ACTIVITIES IN THE 2 NEIGHBORHOODS. MARRIED MEN IN HATIKVA SHARE THEIR ACTIVITIES MUCH LESS WITH THEIR WIVES THAN DO MARRIED MEN IN ELIYAHU. EDUCATION, ETHNIC ORIGIN, & THE SOCIAL NETWORKS ACCOUNT IN PART FOR THESE DIFFERENCES. 6 TABLES. MODIFIED HA
Desc.: Leisure (251700); Conjugal (112115); Neighborhood, Neighborhoods (292?25)
Ident.: CONJUGAL ROLE RELATIONSHIPS & LEISURE ACTIVITIES IN DIFFERING NEIGHBORHOODS;
Sec. Head.: mass phenomena-sociology of leisure; (0842)

Y021037 86
075636 76H9419
AN ANALYSIS OF INTRANSITIVITY IN SOCIOMETRIC DATA
HALLINA, MAUREEN; FELMLEE, DIANE
U WISCONSIN, MADISON 53706
Sociometry 1975, 38, 2, JUN, 195-212. CODEN: SOCIAQ
Pub. Year: 1975
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
3 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES RELATED TO THE MEASUREMENT OF INTRANSITIVITY IN SOCIAL NETWORKS ARE ANALYZED. INDICES OF MEASUREMENT ARE DEFINED & CRITERIA ESTABLISHED FOR CONSTRUCTING A SOCIOMETRIC QUESTIONNAIRE TO BE USED FOR OBTAINING DATA TO TEST HYPOTHESES ABOUT TRANSITIVITY OF SENTIMENT. EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS IS PRESENTED TO SUPPORT THE PROPOSED METHODOLOGY, WHICH IS THEN USED TO EXAMINE A SAMPLE OF 51 SOCIOGRAMS OBTAINED FROM JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL CLASSES. THE RESULTS REVEAL A VERY LOW INCIDENCE OF INTRANSITIVITY IN FRIENDSHIP CHOICES IN EVERY GROUP. THE INTRANSITIVE TRIADS WHICH DO EXIST ARE EXAMINED AT DIFFERENT CHOICE LEVELS TO DETERMINE IF THE INTENSITY OF THE RELATIONSHIPS AFFECT THE STRUCTURE OF THE TRIAD. SENTIMENT CHOICES ARE LESS LIKELY TO BE INTRANSITIVE WHEN THE RELATIONSHIPS ARE INTENSE THAN WHEN THE BONDS ARE WEAK. PATTERNS ARE DETECTED IN THE KINDS OF INTRANSITIVITY TRIALS WHICH APPEAR MOST FREQUENTLY & VARIATION IS OBSERVED IN THE NUMBER OF INTRANSITIVE TRIADS IN WHICH INDIVIDUAL GROUP MEMBERS ARE INVOLVED. 5 TABLES, APPENDIX. MODIFIED HA
Desc.: Sentiment, Sentiments (417050); Triad, Triads, Triadic (472455); Network, Networks (297620); Relationship, Relationships (382600)
Ident.: MEASURING INTRANSITIVITY IN SOCIAL NETWORKS;
Sec. Head.: social psychology-interaction within (small) groups; (0309)

Y021037 87
071646 75H5429
Women, Marriage, and Illness: Consumptives in Salem, Massachusetts, 1785-1819
Farber, Bernard
Arizona State U, Tempe 85281
Jrnl of Comparative Family Studies 1973, 4, 1, Spr, 36-48. CODEN: JCFSAO
Pub. Year: 1973
Co. of Pub.:Canada
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
Modern studies which show that unmarried women are more prone than married women to contract tuberculosis may be misleading because of the confounding influence of socioeconomic factors on marital status, prevalence of illness, medical delivery systems, & official records. To avoid contaminating effects, statistical data are based on the list of deaths in Salem East Church parish records (1785-1819) checked against entries in William Bentley's diary (1905-1914). The focus is on the meanings of consumption for the Salem population of the 18th century & on the pathogenic situation. An analysis limited to women 25-44 years old showed 52 deaths due to consumption & 67 to other causes. Variables considered are: birth place, marital status, age at first marriage, & number of children. Findings on place of birth correlated with sex & cause of death show a pattern of uxorilocality. The indication is that consumptive women married at a slightly later age than the X. The mean number of children alive at the time of the mother's death & cause of death in numbers is given, showing a small family deficit for consumptives (2.75 as compared to 3.06 for women dying of other causes). Other findings indicate more consumptive women tended to be widowed, single or separated, & that consumption had no significant effect on fertility control. Speculations concerning the community's interpretation of tuberculosis center on the `heroic mode of life' offered by the symbolic function of the disease. Abandoned & abused wives, grief-stricken & over-burdened widows, & delicate young maidens were considered particularly susceptible. Implications of the findings for the increasing tendency of women today to lead unmarried lives are discussed. 3 Tables. Modified HA
Desc.: Woman, Women; (see also Female) (490000); Tuberculosis (472800); Marriage, Marriages, Marital (259000)
Ident.: marriage & women with tuburculosis;
Sec. Head.: the family and socialization-sociology of the family; (1941)

Y021037 88
070658 5H4441
Research Data as Aids in Formulating Agency Policy
Geismar, Ludwig; Wolock, Isabel
Rutgers U, New Brunswick NJ 08903
Jrnl of Sociology and Social Welfare 1973, 1, 1, Fall, 118-130. CODEN JSSWA9
Pub. Year: 1973
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
An attempt is made to show how a set of empirical data, collected at 4 casework agencies, can serve as aids in choosing among policy alternatives. The research sample was composed of 89 randomly selected family cases who had received no fewer than 5 interviews. 4 types of data were collected: (1) a self administered QUESTIONNAIRE assessing the client's views on changes during treatment; (2) a self-administered QUESTIONNAIRE on worker's evaluation of changes in clients during treatment; (3) before--after measurement of client movement by means of the St Paul Scale of Family Functioning; & (4) information culled from the case record on treatment process, client characteristics, & worker characteristics. Dissimilarities in outcome among measures 1, 2, & 3 with 1 being least conservative & 3 most conservative in assessing change led to posing the question of whose criteria are to guide agency evaluation. Few of the client, worker, or treatment variables showed a significant relationship to treatment results. The absence of such, however, yielded information of a "deterrent" nature which served to challenge popular beliefs or stereotypes prevailing in the field. This fairly modest endeavor in data collection can serve as a model for a data bank that can aid casework agencies in rational decision-making. 10 Tables. AA
Desc.: Agency, Agencies (020200); Policy, Policies (339500); Data (120070); Research, Researcher, Researchers (385000)
Ident.: research data & agency policies;
Sec. Head.: social problems and social welfare-applied sociology (social work); (2148)

Y021037 89
069784 75H3567
The Social Meanings of Parenthood
Veevers, J. E.
U Western Ontario, London N6A 3K7
Psychiatry 1973, 36, 3, Aug, 291-310. CODEN: PSYCAB
Pub. Year: 1973
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
The dominant cultural definitions of parenthood are conceptualized in terms of an ideal type of the social meanings of parenthood, contrasted with an children is differentiated from the related concern with wanting to have children. a religious obligation, & being a parent is defined as being moral. In terms of responsibility, desire for parenthood is defined as a civic obligation, & being a parent is defined as being responsible. In terms of naturalness, desire for parenthood is defined as instinctive, & being a parent is defined as being natural. In terms of sexual identity & competence, desire for parenthood is defined as acceptance of gender role; being a mother is proof of feminity & of sexual competence as a woman; being a father is proof of masculinity & of sexual competence as a man. In terms of marriage; desire for parenthood is defined as the meaning of marriage; being a parent improves marital adjustment & prevents divorce. In terms of "mental health, " the desire for parenthood is a sign of normal mental health; being a parent contributes to social maturity & the development & maintenance of personality stability. The accuracy of the social definitions of parenthood remains moot, in that virtually no data are available concerning the social characteristics of parents compared with those who are intentionally or unintentionally childless
Desc.: Childbearing, Childbirth (081500); Parenthood (323030); Social (428900)
Ident.: social definitions of parenthood;
Sec. Head.: sociology: history and theory-theories, ideas and systems; (0207)

Y021037 90
068872 75H2655
Group Structure and Role Behavior
Wolosin, Robert J.
Indiana U, Indianapolis 46204
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 1974, 413, May, 158-172. CODEN: AAYPAV
Pub. Year: 1974
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja) 
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
A presentation of a review of studies stressing research of small groups from 1965-1973. The studies are divided into 3 groups: (1) measurements & descriptions of group structure; (2) those with a feature of member behavior as the dependent variable & the independent variable, group structure; & (3) those related to the "growth & change of social structure." Measurement & descriptive studies of groups utilizing mathematical treatments include those by O. A. Oeser & G. O'Brien (see SA 0312/C6358) & P. S. Gallo (see SA 0309/C5577). Studies reviewed related to nonmathematical descriptive accounts of group structure considered to be more traditional include the models of "human ethology, behavior settings & systems." In the human ethology model, studies referred to include works by K. Lorenz (ON AGGRESSION, Neww York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1966) & R. Ardrey (THE TERRITORIAL IMPERATIVE, New York: Atheneum, 1966). Behavior settings model works include a study by A. W. Wicker, J. E. Mcgrath, & G. E. Armstrong (see SA 1535/G6911). The system theory approach as presented by J. Miller (see SA 0624/G3266) is discussed. Group functioning as it is affected by member behavior & the structure of the group, ie number of persons in the group, is represented in the work of B. P. Indik (see SA 0624/C2893); control structure was studied by J. G. Bachman, C. G. Smith, & J. A. Slesiner (see SA 0624/C1557). Research related to changes in the group structure includes that of H. A. Michener & R. Zller (see SA 0309/G4904) & P. Bonacich (see SA 0309/G4901). J. Kondon
Desc.: Behavior, Behavioral (051300); Role, Roles (394000); Group,
Groups, Grouping, Groupism (197700)
Ident.: research review of group structure & role behavior;
Sec. Head.: social psychology-personality & culture; (0312)

Y021037 91
068685 75H248
Problems with the Doctrine of Interchangeable Indices
Lotz, Roy
Washington State U, Pullman 99163
The Sociological Quarterly 1974, 15, 2, Spr, 231-241. CODEN: SOLQAR
Pub. Year: 1974
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Survey researchers can chose (1) to maximize their accuracy in estimating the relations among a few abstract variables or (2) to maximize the number of variables covered. In the former case many indicators per variable are required; in the latter case, few or 1. P. Lazarsfeld's "doctrine of interchangeable indices" offers some support for the 2nd approach, but this doctrine is shown to neglect or perpetuate 3 kinds of measurement problems: (A) attenuation of the relations between unmeasured abstract variables, (B)correlated measurement errors, & (contingency coefficient) low data quality & imprecision. An alternative form of the doctrine is presented which is more compatible with the implications of causal models. 6 Figures. AA
Desc.: Lazarsfeld, Paul F. (249484); Research, Researcher,
Researchers (385000); Index, Indexes, Indexing, ; (see also Scale, Test) (227700)
Ident.: P. Lazarfeld's doctrine of interchangeable indices;
Sec. Head.: methodology and research technology-research technolog (0104)

Y021037 92
068663 75H2446
Empirical Measurement of the Functional Distribution of Income
La Medicion Empirica de la Distribucion Fucional del Ingreso
Monza, Alfredo
Universidad Buenos Aires, Argentina
Desarrollo Economico 1973, 13, 50 Jul-Sep, 315-332. CODEN: DSECBI
Pub. Year: 1973
Co. of Pub.:Argentina
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
An alternative to the procedure normally used in the presentation of economic statistics is given in a form of measuring the functional distribution of income. 3 alternative forms of measurement are presented: (1) current monetary values, appraising the natural fluxes by the prices observed each year, (2) constant monetary values, appraising the natural fluxes by prices observed in a particular year, selected as a base year, & (3) in units of work, appraising natural fluxes in terms of direct or indirect work contexts; the significance of each is summarized. The measurements are then tested in terms of Argentine statistics from the last 2 decades. Finally, the relationships between the different measurements are considered, along with additional theories about their significance. Official information available from Argentina from 1950-1969 is computed to determine the spending of salaries & to compare them with the results obtained with the monetary measurement derived from the same data. The simultaneous treatment of all 3 measurements is justified, not only from the point of view that they all answer to the same formal structure, but also because from the comparison between the real spending measurement & the real-cost measurement, it appears that the measurement of certain variables in terms of the work-value theory is highly clarified by putting in perspective some of the true relationships which are critical to the understanding of the processes of economic growth. It is also evident that in assessing the percent of all disposable goods that are assumed by salaried workers, real-spending measurement is preferable to monetary measurement. Economic, political, & social implications of the findings are presented, centered around the hypothesis that it has been the reduction of political power of the working class in the last 2 decades that as been the principal determinant of the regressive tendency observed in the distribution of national income. 1 Table, 1 Graph. S. Coler
Desc.: Argentina, Argentinean, Argentine (035920); Measure, Measures, Measuring, Measurement (264000); Income, Incomes (227600); Economy, Economies (145200)
Ident.: regressive tendency in distribution of Argentine income;
Sec. Head.: methodology and research technology-methodology (social science & behavioral); (0103)

Y021037 93
068517 75H2300
What Welfare Crisis--A Comparison among the U. S., Britain, and Sweden
Heclo, Hugh; Rein, Martin
Brookings Instit, Washington DC 20036 & Massachusetts Instit Technology, Cambridge 02139
The Public Interest 1973, 33, Fall, 61-83. CODEN: PBCIA4
Pub. Year: 1973
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
By comparing costs, recipient rates, & composition of welfare populations in the U. S., United Kingdom, & Sweden, an exaggerated & unfounded view of U. S. welfare is revealed. The greatest increase in public assistance costs since the mid-1960's has been in Medicaid & social services, not from relief payments. Seen in perspective & relative to other local, state & federal costs, cash assistance payments have not increased as much since 1960 as panic-stricken critics believe. Some categories of federal aid have actually decreased, proportionately, since 1955. U. S. recipient rate increases are not unique, as Britain & Sweden have also demonstrated similar increases in recent years. The supposedly dramatic increase in welfare rates is not a uniquely U. S. phenomenon. America exaggerates its welfare component arising from 1-parent families. The sense of welfare crisis in the U. S. appears to be intimately bound up with race & abandoned black mothers. We may reluctantly have to acknowledge that our malaise is a crisis of prejudice toward single parents & nonwhites, rather than of welfare. Along the dimensions of cost, rates, & composition, America's recent welfare should strive to become a general residual facility available to any distressed citizen, & interrelated with other forms of social support. S. Coler
Desc.: Welfare (489725); Britain, British; (see also England, Great Britain) (067100); Sweden, Swedish (453335); U. S., US (477200)
Ident.: welfare rates in the US, Britain & Sweden;
Sec. Head.: social problems and social welfare-applied sociology (social work); (2148)

Y021037 94
067551 75H1333
Husband and Wife Interaction as a Small Group Phenomenon
Elliott, Charles H.; Meltzer, Leo
State U Coll, New Paltz NY 12561 & Cornell U, Ithaca NY 14850
The Cornell Jrnl of Social Relations 1972, 7, 2, Fall, 85-100. CODEN CJSRAO
Pub. Year: 1972
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
A presentation of research testing the applicability of small group findings to the study of interaction in the marital dyad. Analyses of 5 hypotheses are discussed. (1) emotion releasing or expressive behavior frequently characterizes response patterns of wives; husbands responed with behavior patterns that are task-oriented; (2) differentiation of task-oriented roles rises with the increase of functional problems facing the marital dyad; (3) the measurement of unity in the dyad is inversely associated with the level of task-role differentiation; (4) high dyadic unity produces higher strain in opinion similarity than when unity is low; & (5) "objective similarity of opinion is greater in high unity than in low unity husband-wife dyads." Variables measured included expressive role behaviors, task-oriented behaviors, functional problems, indexes of unity, strain towards similarity of opinion, & similarity of opinion. Data were gathered from QUESTIONAIRE reports of interaction in 120 married couples. The findings commend the utility of considering the marital dyad is a small group phenomenon. 5 Tables. Modified HA
Desc.: Group, Groups, Grouping, Groupism (197700); Husband, Husbands (218600); Wife, Wives (489880)
Ident.: small groups & interaction in marital study;
Sec. Head.: social psychology-interaction within (small) groups; (0309)

Y021037 95
066772 74H0553
The Programme Development Model for Health Planning
Martin, David L.
Dept of Nat'l Health & Welfare, Ottawa, Ontario
Jrnl of Comparative Sociology 1973, 1, 94-104. CODEN: JCSOBA
Pub. Year: 1973
Co. of Pub.:Canada
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
In a conceptual framework, the sequence of planning levels, from total system to institutional planning, & the dimensions of requirements, contraints & goals common to all levels are outlined. The dimensions of the following difference systems are analyzed as they relate to planning & values: physical & mental health; the social sphere; the political sphere; spiritual, ethical & religious dimensions; economic aspects; the financial dimension; manpower requirements & constraints; the time dimension; legal & regulative constraints; & the environment of the planning decision. The planner must determine the scope & boundaries of the system for which he is planning & take into account the interrelationships between systems. Progress from developmental to adaptive planning is necessary. Whether one or more planners are involved, individual institutes will be required to adapt to larger system objectives & goals. In addition to defining the types of institutes to be established, the planner can also establish criteria for measuring effectiveness of their operations in terms of (1) availability (this describes the times & places where the services are to be made available), (2) quantity & costs of services, (3) the definition & measurement of quality of services (this relates to organizational structure, rules, regulations, & other prerequisites for quality products, to standard methods of procedure & to the quality of output). The inititutes must be viable & satisfy both the people they serve & the employees who work there. 1 Figure. M. Maxfield
Desc.: Social planning (432238); Medicine, Medicinal (265500); Public health (362980)
Ident.: Approaches & levels in health planning
Sec. Head.: sociology of health and medicine-sociology of medicine (public health); (2045)

Y021037 96
066152 74G9932
A Model for Explaining Satisfaction with Work
Ein Modell fur Erklarung von Arbeitszufriedenheit
Reuband, Karl-Heinz
Soziologenkorrespondenz 1971, 2, 1-2, 73-81. CODEN: SOZBC
Pub. Year: 1971
Co. of Pub.:Germany, West BRD
Language: German
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available: document not on microfiche
A theoretical framework for the study of satisfaction with work is developed which discerns 3 main groups of variables: (1 object variables, (2) need variables, & (3) expectation variables. Measurement of a given dimension of work satisfaction can be based on a comparison between object & need on the one hand & object & expectations on the other. The components to be taken into consideration concern (a) the organizational structure of the work place; (b) the structure of needs & expectations; & (c) the motivational structure. The model allows for a subjective assessment of work satisfaction & provides a more adequate analysis of the interrelationships between external influences & internal compensations. Dissatisfaction with work can be reduced by changing the object (ie, the place of work), the perception of the object, or adaptation of needs & expectations. M. Maxfield
Desc.: Work, Works, Working (492000); Industry, Industries (232000)
Ident.: A model for the study of work satisfaction
Sec. Head.: complex organizations (management)-industrial sociology (labor); (0621)

Y021037 97
064532 74G8320
An Epidemiological Study of Schizophrenia
Dube, K. C.; Kumar, Narendra
Mental Hosp, Agra-2, India
Jrnl of Biosocial Science 1972, 4, 2, Apr, 187-195. CODEN: JBSLAR
Pub. Year: 1972
Co. of Pub.: United Kingdom
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
This report is based on the findings of an epidemiological study of 29, 468 rural, semi-rural & urban inhabitants of the Agra region of Uttar Prudesh. The survey was made in order to find out the prevalence of severe mental disorders & associated conditions in an Indian community. The sampling was purposive & areas selected were contiguous. Census methods were used. All inhabitants were investigated by a team consisting of a psychologist, a statistician, social workers & psychiatrists. After reconnaissance & initial contact by home visits, suspected cases were detected by a searching inquiry & the information so obtained was carefully documented. The cases were subjected to psychiatric examination & abnormal ones identified. Consultation with another psychiatrist was necessary to make a final diagnosis. The lifetime prevalence rate of schizophrenia was 2.2 per thousand, about the same frequency as found in other parts of the world. The maximum number of cases occurred in males between the ages of 15 & 24 & in females between the ages of 35 & 44. Single people, that is, never married, widowed, divorced or separated suffered significantly more from the disease than married people. A significant relationship was found between schizophrenia & castes in Vaish & Brahmin males as compared with others. The highest rate of schizophrenia was found among people in unremunerative status. Intoxicants were used more by schizophrenics than by normal people. Caste group indulgents had their own preferences in drug use, Cannabis indulgence being highest among the Brahmins. No association of schizophrenia with residence, educational status or sex was found. 11 Tables. HA
Desc.: Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic, Schizophrenics (404200); Mental illness, Mentally ill (267175); Public health (362980); India, Indian, Indians (228000)
Ident.: Schizophrenia in Uttar Pradesh
Sec. Head.: sociology of health and medicine-social psychiatry (mental health); (2046)

Y021037 98
063710 74G7498
The Prince-Charming Syndrome: Case History of an Imaginary Suitor
Siley, Barbara Jean
Philippine Sociological Review 1970, 18, 2, Apr, 93-97. CODEN: PSORB7
Pub. Year: 1970
Co. of Pub.:Philippines
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
A paper based on field work in 2 rural barrios of western Visayas, 1968-69. An individual case history is recounted of a 23-year old unmarried woman who claimed being wooed by a "spirit"-- commonly called tamao in the Philippines. The woman, Maria, stated that "things" began to happen to her from the age of 16 years. 3 other people also claim to have seen Maria's spirit suitor & at one point Maria's aunt became concerned about the many unexplained noises, voices, & vanishing food around the house. Both the aunt & Maria's mother were worried that Maria would become "ghost, " ie, would be taken by the tamao & become a tamao herself. The events are analyzed in the light of the local culture & in terms of psychological concepts of wish-fulfillment, sex-related expression, explanation of illness, & dependency desires. It is suggested that belief in the tamao serves these psychological needs & therefore many rural Filipinos are reluctant to give up their beliefs in such spirits despite the teachings of the Church. M. Maxfield
Desc.: Culture, Cultures, Cultural, Culturally (119600); Psychology, Psychological, Psychologically, Psychologism (358000)
Ident.: A study of a spirit-suitor incident in the Philippines
Sect. Head.: social psychology-personality & culture; (0312)

Y021037 99
062651 74G6440
An Experimental Study of Relationships Between Attitudes, Brand Preference and Choice
Bass, Frank Myron; Pessemier, Edgar Allen; Lehmann, Donald Rudyard
Purdue U, Lafayette, Ind & Columbia U, New York, NY
Behavioral Science 1972, 17, 6, Nov, 532-541. CODEN: BEHSAS
Pub. Year: 1972
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
The central underlying proposition is that consumer stated preference for actual choice of brands is related to perceptions of values for specific attributes of the choice objects (brands). Attitudes, composed of beliefs about the attributes of objects & the evaluative aspect of those beliefs, have not been used traditionally to measure relative predisposition toward similar objects such as brands. Thus, the underlying theoretical framework stems from attitude theory, but also extends this theory. An experiment involving 8 soft drink brands was conducted. The subjects, 280 students & secretaries, were required to select a 12-ounce can of soft drink 4 days a week for 3 weeks. Attitude, preference, & choice measurements at difference points in time permit an analysis of the relationship among these measurements & the dynamics of the choice process. Attitude measures provide fairly strong predictions of the stated preference order for brands, the predictions being strongest for most preferred & least preferred brands. Predictions of actual choice, however, are much weaker. Subjects actually chose the brand they said they preferred only about 50% of the time. No experimental stimulus was employed & attitudes were relatively stable throughout the experiment. Most respondents indicated that they normally consumed frequently a brand other than the one they preferred, suggesting that there is a certain "desire for variety" factor. The normal pattern of behavior, even in the absence of attitude change, is for choice not confined to a single brand. Brand switching tends to be characterized more by switching to similar brands than to dissimilar brands, a fact which tends to confirm the theory that choice is influenced by attitudes which derive from beliefs & values for product specific attributes. Since choice behavior is not constant even when attitudes are unchanging, however, attitude-based predictions of choice must be probabilistic. AA
Desc.: Market, Markets, Marketing; (see also Market research) (258500); Consumer, Consumers, Consumerism (114000)
Ident.: Problems in predicting actual choice among various brands
Sec. Head.: social change and economic development-market structure & consumer behavior; (0749)

Y021037 100
061717 73G5505
Social Roles and Schizophrenia. A Study of the Social Genesis of Schizophrenic Psychoses Soziale Rollen und Schizophrenic. Eine Studie zur Soziogenese nese Schizophrener Psychosen
Haaser, Albert
Institut fur Sozialrecht der Ruhr Universitat Bochum, Germany
Soziale Welt 1972, 23, 1, 54-69. CODEN: SZWLA8
Pub. Year: 1972
Co. of Pub.:Germany, West BRD
Lang.: German
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
A re-interpretation of existing data & a theoretical integration of various approaches concerning the soc origin of schizophrenia is undertaken. Data on 13 schizophrenic patients (7 M's & 6 F's) aged 20-50 at a psychiatric hosp were gathered by the author in extensive soc-biographical interviews with the R's themselves & with persons well acquainted with them. Hyp's re whether schizophrenics are less successfully emancipated from their parents, had more difficulty in completing occup'al educ & training, seldom achieved SM, more frequently had premarital sex, more frequently remained unmarried, & had few friendly COMM's partners in their age group, were explored. These life histories appear to affirm the hyp's. Failure to adequately fulfill sex roles emerges as particularly pertinent. Assumptions that "normal" marital roles include marriage after the age of 19 & lack of an illegitimate child for women & the ability to maintain stable, long-range relationships with sex partners for men are delineated. Data from other authors are combined with those in the above res, & the conclusion is reached that schizophrenics generally are unsuccessful in adopting the roles of adulthood as delineated in bourgeois society. Sometimes this is due to unfavorable soc'ization influences exerted by the fam of origin, such as lack of support for the child's efforts & goals. Consideration of the entire soc'ization context of the schizophrenic is suggested as a useful framework in which to fit the variety of data. M. Maxfield
Desc.: Mental illness, Mentally ill (267175); Schizophrenia,
Schizophrenic, Schizophrenics (40?200); Social role, Social roles (432685)
Ident.: Social origins as a factor in schizophrenia
Sec. Head.: sociology of health and medicine-social psychiatry (mental health); (2046)

Y021037 101 
059370 73G3158
Making Babies - The New Biology and the "Old" Morality
Kass, Leon R.
The Public Interest 1972, 26, Win, 48-56. CODEN: PBCIA4
Pub. Year: 1972
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: Eng.
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
A consideration of some of the moral & pol'al questions in connection with one group of new technologies: the technologies for making babies. Reasons for using these methods are to treat infertility, & that sometimes the old method is thought to be undesirable for eugenic reasons, & that there are sci'fic goals which themselves generate new beginnings in life. First discussed is in vitro fertilization, the fertilization in a test tube of human egg by human sperm & the subsequent laboratory culture of the young embryo. Ethical questions are then considered in the following cases: the provision of their own child to a childless couple where oviduct disease in the woman exists, the question of informed consent, the case of surplus (nonimplanted) embroyos, exploitation of the method for money making purposes, widespread use of the techniques to breed a super-race or to prevent the birth of all defective children in the name of pop control, quality of life, etc. The 2nd method considered for making babies is asexual reproduction, or cloning, in which the new individuals are first derived from a single parent: the nucleus of a mature but unfertilized egg is removed & replaced by a nucleus obtained from a specialized somatic cell of an adult organism, so that it is genetically identical to the parent. Ethical questions which apply specifically to cloning concern identity & individuality. Questions of power are then addressed. The triumphant proclamation of man's growing power over nature obscures the troublesome reality that it is individual men who wield the power. Questions of dehumanization include the fact that increasing control over the product is purchased by the increasing depersonalization of the process. It is argued that the laboratory production of human beings is no longer human procreation & that it is proper for us to have a proprietary interest in our survival as human beings. E. Weiman
Desc.: Culture, Cultures, Cultural, Culturally (119600)
Ident.: Moral & political problems of new technologies dealing with the making of babies
Sec. Head.: social psychology-personality & culture; (0312)

Y021037 102 
034159 69D8095
THE PERSONAL AND SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT OF THE NEVER-MARRIED WOMAN
BAKER, LUTHER G. JR.
CENTRAL WASHINGTON STATE COLL, ELLENSBURG
Jrnl of Marriage and the Family 1968, 30, 3, AUG, 473-479. CODEN: JMFAA6
Pub. Year: 1968
Co. of Pub.: U. S.
Lang.: English
Doc. Type: Abstr. of Jrnl Art. (aja)
Availability: Hardcopy reproduction available document not on microfiche
Desc.: Marriage, Marriages, Marital (259000); Social (428900); Woman, Women; (see also Female) (490000)
Ident.: MARRIAGE: & FEMALE FULFILLMENT, ; SOCIAL: ADJUSTMENT OF NEVER-MARRIED WOMEN, ; WOMAN: NEVER-MARRIED, PERSONAL & SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT OF, ;
Sec. Head.: sociology of health and medicine-social psychiatry (mental health); (2046)