Y003064 14
4204I1 CD-07696
Child Sexual Abuse in the Family. A Review of Trends in the Literature With an Addendum on the Incest Taboo - Some Theories.
Lawton-Speert, S.; Wachtel, A.
United Way of the Lower Mainland, Vancouver (British Columbia). Child Sexual Abuse Project.
United Way of the Lower Mainland, Vancouver (British Columbia). Child Sexual Abuse Project, 74 pp., April 1982.
April 1982.
Sub. Code: 98
The 7 chapters of this literature review examine changes in the understanding oF child sexual abuse from the early decades of the 20th century to the present. Two striking changes are identified: moMement from a denial of the relatively common occurrence of incest to a central emphasis on it, and coNcommitantly, movement from an attempt to characterize the deviant nature of the abuser to a strong focus on family dynamics. Following the introduction in chapter 1, chapter 2 examines Freud's denial of incest and his emphasis on the incest taboo. The shift from Freud's views to acceptance of incest as the prototypic child abuse is nalyzed, with attention to the influence of the children's rights and feminist movements. Chapter 3 presents a review of offender studies, which reveal that individual traits fail to distinguish offenders from nonoffenders. Chapter 4 looks at literature on victim-precipitation and on the offender-victim relationship. It is concluded that the concept of victim-precipitation is illogical for the study of child abuse. Chapter 5 examines the literature on the family dynamics approach, considering the mother-father-child triad, the concept of the dysfunctional family, varieties of incestuous families, and some classifications of incestuous families. The major implications of the family dynamics approach are discussed in chapter 6, which reviews the dimensions of endogamous incest. Chapter 7 presents some conclusions about father-daughter incest, discussing probable factors in the sexual abuse of children generally. An addendum presents some theories about the incest taboo. 197 references.
Desc.: literature reviews, incest, psychological theories, family relations, individual characteristics, family characteristics, trend analysis

Y003064 15
4204H1 CD-07692
The Abused Child: A Psychological Review.
Friedrich, W. N.; Einbender, A. J.
Washington Univ., Seattle. Dept. of Psychology.
Jrnl of Clinical Child Psychology 12(3):244-256, Winter 1983.
Winter 1983.
Sub. Code: 98
The clinical research literature relating to the abused child is critically reviewed. Included are demographic and epidemiological studies, behavioral studies, and studies of the cognitive and intellectual functioning of these children. The results of these studies strongly suggest that abused children manifest serious problems in emotional development that appear to be a function of the abuse. Clinical impressions of low self-esteem, behavioral problems, and poor social relationships have been supported by comparison group research. A high incidence of emotional problems in abused children consistently has been documented by research. Research which suggests that characteristics of the child contribute to abuse also is presented; these characteristics include premature birth, illness after birth, and physical handicaps. Suggestions for further research, prevention, and treatment conclude the article. 88 references. (Author abstract modified)
Desc.: child abuse research, precipitating factors, risk

Y003064 16
4204G3 CD-07690
Incest Annotated Bibliography: Offenders, Victims, Families, Treatment Programs.
Dabney, M. L.F.
Oregon Univ., Eugene.
Eugene Oreg., Melodye L.F. Dabney, 73 pp., 1982.
1982.
Sub. Code: 98
Approximately 400 citations are contained in this annotated bibliography on incest. Its 4 sections cover characteristics of and information on incest offenders, characteristics of and consequences for incest victims and incest families, and programs and counseling strategies in the treatment of incest. Each section contains references to Jrnls, magazines, research projects, dissertations, government pamphlets, conference documents, and books covering materials written from 1972 through 1982. Two major resources used in collecting this material were the bibliographic Retrieval Services in Latham, N.Y., and DIALOG Information Retrieval Services, Lockheed Missile and Space Communication, in Palo Alto, Calif. The document provides an order form.
Desc.: bibliographies, incest, family relations, family therapy, childrens therapy, psychological characteristics, individual characteristics

Y003064 17
4204C4 CD-07675
Matter of Montgomery.
North Carolina. Supreme Court of North Carolina.
316 S.E. 2d 246 (N.C. 1984), June 5, 1984.
June 5, 1984.
Sub. Code: 97
Parental rights were terminated, and the parents appealed. The Court of Appeals reversed the finding of neglect, and the Department of Social Services appealed. In reversing the judgment of the Court of Appeals, the Supreme Court of North Carolina held that it was error for the Court of Appeals to require a standard of proof of neglect that included proof of failure to meet intangible, noneconomic needs of the children as well as their physical and economic needs. It was also held that due process rights did not require a separate finding regarding these intangible, noneconomic factors. N.C. Gen. Stat. ss 7A-289.32, which provides in part that parental rights may be terminated when parents are mentally ill or retarded and evidence of neglect is shown, was found to be a valid and reasonable exercise of the State's police power and did not violate substantive due process or equal protection rights.
Desc.: due process, termination of parental rights, best interests of the child, north carolina, proof, judicial decisions

Y003064 18
4204B3 CD-07670
C.R.K. v. H.J.K.
Missouri. Missouri Court of Appeals, Eastern District, Southern Division.
672 S.W. 2d 696 (Mo. App. 1984), June 19, 1984.
June 19, 1984.
Sub. Code: 97
The juvenile court adjudged the natural father to be an abuser of his 2.5-year-old daughter and ordered his visiting rights restricted. In reversing the order, the Missouri Court of Appeals held that it was error for the juvenile court to admit hearsay testimony from the victim's mother, a police officer, and a psychiatrist, who all testified as to statements made by the victim. It was also found that Missouri law does not automatically render a child under 10 years of age incompetent to testify and that the victim could have been qualified subject to the trial court's discretion.
Desc.: missouri, hearsay rule, testimony, witnesses, appellate courts, judicial decisions

Y003064 19
4203J2 CD-07653
Eastep v. State.
Georgia. Court of Appeals of Georgia.
317 S.E.2d 259 (Ga. App. 1984), March 6, 1984.
March 6, 1984.
Sub. Code: 97
Defendant was convicted in the Superior Court, Gwinnett County, of child molestation, and he appealed. The Court of Appeals of Georgia affirmed the conviction, holding that (1) when a rational trier of fact can find, from the evidence adduced at trial, proof of appellant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, it is not error to deny an appellant motion for a directed verdict of acquittal; (2) a trial court does not abuse its discretion by allowing a 10-year-old to testify if it is clear that the witness understands her obligation to tell the truth; (3) the trial court is not required to grant a new trial when an outburst occurs during the trial, and the court takes immediate action to stop the disturbance and offers to give curative instructions to the jury; and (4) a trial court's ruling on a motion for mistrial will not be disturbed absent abuse of discretion.
Desc.: evidence, witnesses, trial courts, sexual abuse, legal process, judicial decisions, georgia

Y003064 20
4203J1 CD-07652
Weekley v. State.
Florida. District Court of Appeal of Florida, Fourth District.
453 So. 2d 896 (Fla. App. 4 Dist. 1984), August 8, 1984.
August 8, 1984.
Sub. Code: 97
Defendant was convicted of 2 counts of sexual battery by a person over 18 years of age on a victim 11 years old or younger, and he was sentenced to life imprisonment with a 25 year minimum. On appeal of the sentence, the District Court of Appeal held that the sentence imposed was valid for that charge.
Desc.: judges sentencing discretion, sex offenses, florida, 
judicial decisions

Y003064 21
4203E1 CD-07632
The Missing Children Act.
FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin.
FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 53(1):17-20, January 1984.
January 1984.
Sub. Code: 96
The Missing Children Act, which was signed into law on October 12, 1982, is discussed. In essence, the act gives parents, legal guardians, or next of kin access to the information in the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) National Crime Information Center (NCIC) Missing Person File. The act authorizes the collection and dissemination of data on unidentified deceased prsons; the Unidentified Person File became operational on June 30, 1983, and uses such descriptive data as blood type, dental characteristics, and broken bones. On March 18, 1983, the FBI initiated a new service as a result of the act. The FBI's Identification Division will now accept from criminal justice agencies fingerprint cards relating to missing children and other missing persons meeting the criteria for entry into the NCIC Missing Person Files. The FBI also maintains liaison with local authorities to ensure that the FBI is notified should information indicate that a kidnapping has occurred. Also, special agents have been instructed to offer any type of assistance necessary, in compliance with Federal statutes. 2 references and 3 illustrations.
Desc.: federal laws, child protection laws, information sources, information services

Y003064 22
4203D4 CD-07631
Relationship Between Child Abuse, Juvenile Delinquency, and Adult Criminality.
Committee on the Judiciary (U.S. Senate). Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice.
98th Congress, 1st Session to Examine the Relationship Between Child Abuse and Neglect, Juvenile Del., & Subsequent Adult Criminal Behavior, Oct. 19, 1983, 86 pp., 1984.
1984. Sub. Code: 96
Professionals from the mental health, child development, and corrections fields, as well as a victim of child abuse, testified on the links between child abuse, delinquency, and adult criminal careers. The first witness, a 17-year-old boy now working and attending a school program run by the Juvenile Resource Center in Camden, N.J., described his experiences as an abused child and his encounters with the justice and child welfare systems. A professor of human development cited several cases to support his view that a direct causal connection exists between child abuse and delinquency. A clinical psychologist with extensive experience in treating sexual offenders in institutional settings commented that general abuse and neglect , exploitation, and abandonment characterized such offenders. This witness also discussed specific cases and emphasized the need for identifying child victims of sexual abuse as early as possible. A psychologist and director of Mental Health Services for the Maryland Department of Corrections described the characteristics of women offenders at the Maryland Correctional Institute for Woman, noting that at least 1 in 5 had been physically or sexually abused. Witnesses' prepared statements, essays and poems written by adolescents in shelters and youth center and relevant articles from newpapers are appended.
Desc.: testimony, juvenile delinquency, crime, generational cycle of child abuse, government publications, physical abuse, sexual abuse

Y003064 23
4203B4 CD-07623
The Development and Evaluation of a Training Program for School Based Professionals Dealing with Child Abuse. Final Report.
Volpe, R.; Mitton, J.; Breton, M.
Toronto Univ., (Ontario), Interfaculty Child Abuse Prevention Project.
Toronto Univ., (Ontario). Interfaculty Child Abuse Prevention Project, 241 pp., undated.
undated.
Sub. Code: 92
This report explains the development, demonstration, and evaluation of a multidisciplinary course to train preprofessional and postgraduate students to detect and deal with the maltreatment of school-aged children. Conducted from June 1978 to July 1979, the project developed a training program for school teachers, social workers, and nurses who were in training or already working with children. The investigation involved an adaptation of the NCCAN "We Can Help' curriculum, but differed from it by providing more practice than theory. The evaluation determined the effectiveness of the University of Toronto's Child Abuse Training Program in increasing participants' information skills and possibly changing some of their beliefs and values. The evaluation compared characteristics of different professional groups and career levels to examine the program's variable impact. A total of 400 volunteers were recruited for the study. Analysis of pretest and posttest curriculum effectiveness questionnaires focused on experience level, workshop format, and faculty. All trainees in the program reported that their knowledge increased as a result of their participation. Results indicated that professional practitioners wanted more content-specific information than did students. They particulary wanted input dealing with case management, intervention, and prevention. Social workers generally felt more confident in dealing with child abuse both before and after the program than did teachers and nurses. Detailed evaluation results are given, along with curriculum materials and study instruments. 25 references.
Desc.: professional training, program evaluation, detection, school personnel, ontario, schools responsibility, social workers role, nurses role

Y003064 24
4202K4 CD-07611
Sexual Abuse Prevention - A Unit in Safety.
Renton School District, Wash. Dept. of Instruction.
Available from: Renton School District, Wash. Dept. of Instruction, 23 pp., 1981.
1981.
Sub. Code: 92
Designed to be an addition to the safety component of the current second grade health education curriculum in school district 403 of Renton, Wash., this unit on child sexual abuse prevention provides the teacher with 6 sequential classroom activities. Also provided are the history of the unit's development, considerations that guided the development, unit goals and objectives, guidelines for using the unit, and suggestions for the teacher in helping the sexually abused child. Three of the activities help students recognize acceptable and unacceptable touching from another person; understand that an abuser can be anyone, even a family member; and learn and practice specific ways of saying no to persons who attempt to exploit them. Two other activities teach students the importance of telling a trusted adult about an incident of sexual abuse and techniques for observing the physical characteristics of a stranger who initiated contact with them, so they may later describe him. The final activity reviews the basic concepts of the unit. For each activity, information covers the time required, materials, goals, objectives, and detailed instructions for the teacher in conducting the activity.
Desc.: curricula, resource materials, teachers, sexual abuse, prevention, washington students

Y003064 25
4202J4 CD-07607
Child Sexual Abuse: A Training Curriculum.
Murphy, M.
Virginia Dept. of Social Services, Richmond. Bureau of Child Welfare Services.
Prepared for: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (DHHS), Washington, D.C., (3C-22-06) (3C/33/07)., 408 pp., 1983.
1983.
Sub. Code: 92
Written for potential trainers experienced in child protective services either as social workers, mental health workers, or police officers, this training curriculum focuses on community education and involvement in the problem of child sexual abuse. The curriculum provides an overview of child sexual abuse, its investigation and treatment, and methods of community networking. Individual units provide a goal description, a list of activities and audiovisuals, handouts, directions, training notes, pretests, posttests, and a list of information resources. The overview unit covers values clarification, the scope of the problem, phases and types of sexual abuse, family member characteristics, and the impact of abuse on the victim. It also details the behavioral and physical indicators of child sexual abuse, community response, and treatment and prevention techniques. The next unit presents the steps of child sexual abuse investigation: receiving the report, interviewing the involved parties, gathering evidence, assessing the case, and validating the case. Investigation techniques for social workers, law enforcement officials, and medical personnel are presented. The treatment unit defines treatment planning and reviews various treatment philosophies and approaches used in Federal sexual abuse treatment projects, as well as other agency approaches. Role playing scenarios and a list of audiovisuals are provided. Various treatment modalities are covered, including crisis intervention for victim trauma counseling, the medical model for physical and psychological assessment, and the psychological model, among others. Finally, the unit on community networking focuses on interagency and multidisciplinary issues.
Desc.: abused children, sexual abuse, child protection services, professional training, community cooperation, medical treatment, mental health, virginia

Y003064 26
4202H2 CD-07597
Preventing Child Abuse: A Community Responsibility Program.
International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect, Montreal (Quebec).
International Congress on Child Abuse and Neglect 5th, Montreal, Quebec, September 16-19, 1984, 84 pp., 1984.
1984.
Sub. Code: 92
Following background and organizational information about the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect, the program book outlines meetings, symposia, and other conference events. The Fifth International Conference on Child Abuse covered many topics: child abuse fatalities, community approaches to intervention, intervention guidelines, models of parental support interventions, media violence, program evaluation, research concerns, and the Parents Anonymous program. Other subjects discussed were physical punishment, legal issues in representing children, the link between child abuse and delinquency, failure to thrive, ecology, parent profiles and family characteristics, permanency planning, diagnosis, professional training, risk assessment, and sequelae of abuse. The topic of prevention was explored from the perspectives of tertiary, secondary, and primary prevention. At the same time, child abuse was seen as including physical and sexual abuse of children and youth, both in their families of in alternative settings; child exploitation through child pornography, juvenile prostitution, or child labor; and physical and emotional neglect by families, by professionals, or by the community. A list of congress participants is provided.
Desc.: conferences, sexual abuse, child abuse research, prevention, research needs, sequelae, intervention, international organizations

Y003064 27
4202H1 CD-07596
Protect Your Child From Sexual Abuse: A Parents's Guide.
Hart-Rossi, J.
Planned Parenthood of Snohomish Count, Wash.
Seattle, Wash., Parenting Press, Inc., 59 pp., 1984.
1984.
Sub. Code: 92
This guide for parents, which accompanies the book "It's My Body, ' tells parents how to prevent the likelihood of their children being sexually abused. It outlines family activities to develop skills in children for appropriately handling potentially abusive situations. Chapter 1 defines sexual abuse and discusses characteristics of sexual abuse offenders. It advises parents on what to do if they suspect abuse. Chapter 2 provides activities to help parents become familiar with anatomical words for body parts and with the use of the touch continuum (a tool for indicating to children which parts of their body may be touched by adults and which may not be). Guided reading for "It's My Body' by Lory Freeman constitutes chapter 3. Chapter 4 presents a variety of simple ways to build a child's self-esteem, discusses practice of a "Touching Code, ' and covers ways to foster a child's decisionmaking ability and willingness to discuss feelings. A note to teachers indicates that they can help children learn skills to resist abusive situations in much the same way as families can instruct their members. The note suggests reading "It's My Body' to their class or adapting some of the activities directed to parents. Suggestions to reinforce the concepts presented include using puppets, pictures, stories, and role plays. 4 references.
Desc.: sexual abuse, parents education, prevention, resource materials, children

Y003064 28
4202G4 CD-07595
Child Abuse: A Personal Account by One Who Hurt. A Guide for Teachers and Professisonals.
Harrison, R.; Edwards, J.
Portland, Oreg., Ednick Communications, 156 pp., 1983.
1983.
Sub. Code: 92
A victim of child abuse discusses her childhood experiences and presents interviews with other adults who were abused as children. The personal stories are interspersed with information appropriate to the related incident on how to identify behavioral and other signals suggesting a child is being physically, sexually, or emotionally abused. The stories emphasize how abuse victims coped with the abuse as it occurred, how the abuse affected their feelings about their parents and themselves, and how the abuse affected their adult lives. Following the interviews are sections instructing educators and health professionals on how to recognize the signs of abuse in the child, how and where to report the abuse, and how to interview suspected abuse victims. In addition, these professionals are informed of behavioral characteristics in parents that may indicate they are abusers. The section for educators includes descriptions of curriculum activities to make children aware of their personal rights and safety and to help them identify an abusive or potentially abusive situation. The appendixes present bibliographies of audiovisuals and print materials geared to both children and to inservice training of educators. An unannotated listing of articles on abuse is also provided, as is a listing of State agencies to contact about child abuse. 240 references.
Desc.: child abuse reporting, teachers responsibility, physicians responsibility, detection, abused children, ability to cope, psychological characteristics, adjustment problems

Y003064 29
4202G2 CD-07593
Anatomical Drawings for Use in the Investigation and Intervention of Child Sexual Abuse.
Groth, A. N.
Forensic Mental Health Associates, Inc., Newton Center, Mass.
Newton Center, Mass., Forensic Mental Health Associates, Inc., 38 pp., 1984.
1984.
Sub. Code: 92
This set of 32 line drawings, to be used as a tool in child sexual abuse investigations and interventions, consists of front and back anatomical views of white and black males and females in 4 phases of development -- preschool, preadolescence, adolescence, and adulthood. Instructions for use precede the drawings. The instructions suggest that after rapport with the child is established, the drawings may be introduced to clarify or document the investigation. The drawings may also be used to explore the possibility that the child was exposed to pornography and to clarify freehand artwork and puppet play by a child known or suspected to have been sexually victimized. The instructions advise that the responsible interviewer should be familiar with the psychology and characteristic behaviors of sexual offenders who victimize children, the dynamics of such offenses, the impact on the victim, and the diversity of resulting symptomatic behaviors expressed by sexually abused children. 5 references.
Desc.: evidence collection, sexual abuse, resource materials, childrens therapy, detection, investigations, intervention

Y003064 30
4202D1 CD-07580
A Handbook for Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect.
Bovolek, S. J.
Wisconsin Univ.-Eau Claire. Dept. of Special Education.
Schaumburg, Ill., Family Development Associates, Inc., 259 pp., 1984.
1984.
Sub. Code: 92
Fifteen Chapters and 4 appendixes examine dimensions of child abuse and neglect, including emotional abuse, failure to thrive, sexual abuse, and adolescent abuse. Each Chapter of the handbook includes a list of learning objectives. Definitions and myths associated with child abuse and neglect are examined in Chapter 1, and Chapter 2 documents the history of child abuse. Identifying abuse and neglected children and adolescents is discussed in Chapter 4, with attention to physical and emotional abuse and neglect as well as sexual abuse. Chapter 4 examines emotional abuse, focusing on types of emotionally abusive caretaker behavior, characteristics of emotionally abused children, effects of emotional abuse on children, and forms of emotional abuse. Chapter 5 discusses parents who abuse and neglect their children, examining a demographic profile of families experiencing child abuse and neglect, parental personality characteristics, stress, inappropriate parenting practices of abusive parents, and family interaction patterns. Chapter 6 discusses child neglect and presents case studies of physical and emotional neglect. Chapters 7, 8, and 9 explore failure to thrive (causes and treatment), sexual abuse of children and adolescents (types, myths and facts, incest, child prostitution, and pornography) and adolescent abuse (incidence, patterns, and indicators). The effects of child abuse and neglect are highlighted in Chapter 10, with attention to the relationship between child abuse and developmental disabilities, physical handicaps, and educational and psychological problems of abused children. Chapters 11-15 report on spouse abuse, corporal punishment, mandates and procedures for reporting child abuse, roles of agencies involved in child abuse and neglect, and prevention and treatment of child abuse. The appendixes present papers on the emotionally disturbed adolescent, reasons for nonreporting of abuse by school personnel in Wisconsin, identification of high-risk adolescents, and assessment and treatment of dysfunctional parent-child interactions. 79 references.
Desc.: identification, child abuse reporting, corporal punishmen, prevention, etiology, family characteristics, failure to thrive syndrom, abused children

Y003064 31
4202C1 CD-07576
A Manual for Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect Among Mexican-American Migrants.
Texas Migrant Council, Inc. Laredo, Tex. National Resource Center on Child Abuse and Neglect for Mexican Americans.
Sponsored by: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (DHHS), Washington, D.C., (90-C-621), 62 pp., January 1983.
January 1984.
Sub. Code: 90
This manual discusses the Texas Migrant Council's Child Abuse and Neglect Project and includes documents and narration of experiences of personnel who work with Mexican-American migrants. The ongoing demonstration approach was to establish linkages between migrants and appropriate services. Over the project's 3 years, different activities were emphasized: (1) establishing factual knowledge about abuse and neglect of children in the Mexican-American community; (2) having service delivery personnel in "user' States understand what was learned by project staff; and (3) obtaining commitments for providing continuity of protective services to Mexican-American migrants. The manual describes demographic and cultural characteristics of Mexican Americans in the project service area and contains information about the main groups with which Texas Migrant Council Child Abuse and Neglect staff worked: migrants, protective service workers, child abusers, and child neglecters. The remaining portion of the manual focuses on factors related to child abuse and neglect in the Mexican-American community. Maslow's need hierarchy is used for understanding Mexican-American migrants. Each chapter includes information about child abuse and neglect among migrants in relation to physiological and safety needs, social and personal esteem needs, and the need for self-actualization. Discussions of major components in each category of need address situational and cultural aspects, the relevance of these aspects to child abuse and neglect among Mexican-American migrants, and some implications for assessment and assistance. 12 figures and 26 references.
Desc.: mexican americans, migrant worker programs, migrant workers, migrant children, demonstration programs, cultural factors, cultural values, psychological needs

Y003064 32
4202B2 CD-0757
Child Neglect Cell-Specific Study. Evaluation of the Clinical Demonstration of the Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect.
Stublarec, L.
Berkeley Planning Associates, Calif.
Prepared for: Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C., (HHS-105-78-1108), 130 pp., June 23, 1983.
June 23, 1983.
Sub. Code: 90
Four demonstration projects serving families involved in child neglect were assessed as part of a larger evaluation. The projects were in Dallas, Tex.; Denver, Colo.; St. Louis, Mo.; and Aburn, Wash. Substantive issues addressed include the operational definition of child neglect applied by each project, the theoretical assumptions of each project regarding the causal or correctional factors associated with child neglect, the treatment techniques used by the projects to make services more relevant to the client subpopulation, and the systemic response to child neglect within each of the project's communities. Methodology generally involved indepth interviews and group discussions. Each project had a somewhat different definition of child neglect. Examination of the causal or correlational factors involved case studies of the 4 projects and a cross-project analysis. A general consensus was found across the 4 projects about the personality characteristics of neglected children and the nature of the maltreatment. However, the projects noted different family characteristics. In a group discussion, representatives from all the protects agreed on several important elements of effective treatment approaches, including home-based services, a comprehensive treatment package, a positive relationship between the therapist and the parent, and a need to spend much time with these families and to provide long-term treatment. A report of a 3-hour group discussion reveals the systemic response to child neglect within each of the project's given communities. The appendix includes data used in the cross-project analysis of theoretical assumptions.
Desc.: demonstration programs, program evaluation, individual characteristics, neglected children, family therapy, parents therapy

Y003064 33
4201J1 CD-07559
Evaluation of Child Abuse and Neglect Clinical Demonstration Projects - Data Tape Documentation. Herner and Co., Arlington, Va. Child Abuse and Neglect Clearinghouse Project.
Prepared for: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (DHHS), Washington, D.C., (105-81-C-012), 136 pp., November 1983.
November 1983. 
Sub. Code: 90
Following the presentation of introductory material on an evaluative study of specialized child abuse and neglect clinical demonstration projects, instruments used in collection of family, infant and child, adolescent, and adult data are presented, together with tape analyses and a dump of the first 5 data blocks of each data set. The 5 abuse and neglect subpopulations treated by these demonstration projects were sexual abuse, adolescent maltreatment, substance abuse-related maltreatment, child neglect, and remedial services for maltreated children. Baseline, services, and outcome data were collected on approximately 1, 000 families served by these projects between October 1979 and October 1981. The data collection instruments were organized to record data on client groups at intake, during service delivery, and at termination. The major goals of the evaluation were to determine if there are distinct abuse and neglect subpopulations and, if so, differences among them; to test whether families experiencing distinct abuse and neglect problems require unique investigative and treatment approaches; and, if specialized intervention strategies are found necessary, to provide direction on which strategies might be adopted by other communities. The overall evaluation included systematic analysis of clients, services, and outcomes, as well as project organization, case management practices, and staff characteristics.
Desc.: child abuse, adolescent abuse, child neglect, sexual abus, demonstration programs, therapeutic programs, program evaluation, documentation

Y003064 34
4201I1 CD-07552
Resource Allocation Study: Evaluation of the Clinical Demonstration of the Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect.
Berkeley Planning Associates, Calif.
Prepared for: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (DHHS), Washington, D.C., (HEW 105-7-1108), 259 pp., September 1981.
September 1981.
Sub. Code: 90
This study provides quantifiable information on the kinds of service models, approaches, or strategies being tried on 5 different subpopulations of abuse and neglect in 19 demonstration projects. These projects were designed to demonstrate specialized clinical treatment for the distinct subpopulations: victims of sexual abuse, adolescent maltreatment, substance abuse-related child maltreatment, child neglect, and remedial services to maltreated children. All project staff were required to record the time spent on predefined program activities for 2 typical 1-week periods. Concrete information is provided on the percentage of time staff members allocated to specific client services and to other support activities. A self-reporting model was used to gather and analyze the data. Although certain differences in staffing patterns and core services emerged between particular cells, the study failed to produce a single, consistent cell-specific trend. The 5 cells seemed to be more similar than they were different. This appears to support the notion that the current, NCCAN-defined clustering of projects has not resulted in a clear service typology for treating a given type of abusive behavior. Appendixes cover methodology, service definitions, data collection instruments, and detailed cross-project data tables. Narrative case studies and extensive tabular data.
Desc.: demonstration programs, childrens therapy, sexual abuse, adolescent abuse, drug abuse

Y003064 35
4201H4 CD-07551
A Qualitative Study of Most Successful and Least Successful Cases. Final Report. Evaluation of the Clinical Demonstration of Child Abuse and Neglect.
Berkeley Planning Associates, Calif.
Prepared for: National Center for Child Abuse and Neglect (DHHS), Washington, D.C. (HHS-105-78-1108), 196 pp., June 1982.
June 1982.
Sub. Code: 90
The experiences of a sample of families served by 6 child abuse and neglect demonstration projects were studied in order to construct additional measures or indicators of success. Key similarities and differences among 15 successful cases and 13 unsuccessful cases are highlighted. The study consists of a series of indepth interviews with clinicians covering the treatment history of the families. The selection procedures are outlined. The characteristics of the sample families are summarized, including their demographic characteristics, functioning levels at intake, types of maltreatment, and major strengths and weaknesses. The relative treatability of the sample families are explored, including such variables as the family's attitude toward treatment, the protect's attitude toward the family, the identified barriers to treatment, and the types of intervention strategies judged to be most effective. The types of changes noted in the sample families during treatment are summarized, including changes in each family's physical environment, communication patterns, discipline techniques, and abusive behaviors. Finally, implications for future research efforts and treatment strategies are outlined. Appendixes include a summary of findings from a previous phase of this study and a summary of data gathered on the sample families.
Desc.: demonstration programs, case studies, family therapy, predictor variables

Y003064 36
4201H3 CD-07550
Overview of the Projects' Internal Evaluations. Evaluation of the Clinical Demonstration of the Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect.
Berkeley Planning Associates, Calif.
Prepared for: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (DHHS), Washington, D.C., (HEW 105-78-1108), 516 pp., June 23, 1982.
June 3, 1982.
Sub. Code: 90
This report, based on a 3-year NCCAN demonstration program of specialized treatment for 5 abuse and neglect client subpopulations, describes preliminary findings, data documentation, dissemination plans, and contact persons for 16 of the 19 nationwide demonstration projects. In addition, complete listing of the instruments and procedures used to collect client data by each project is included, as are the project's data collection instruments. The subpopulations are those groups affected by sexual abuse, adolescent maltreatment, substance abuse-related maltreatment, child neglect, and remedial services to maltreated children. The evaluation included case study analyses of the projects' experiences; analyses of the projects' clients, services, and outcomes; and assessment of interrelationships among process, project structure, case management, services, client characteristics, and service outcomes. The sexual abuse projects were located in Albuquerque, N.M.; Chicago, Ill.; Edin, Minn.; and Knoxville, Tenn. Adolescent maltreatment projects were in Atlantic City, N.J.; and Watervile, Maine. Substance abuse-related child maltreatment projects were in Ann Arbor, Mich.; Little Rock, Ark.; and New York City. Remedial Services to children projects were in Dallas, Tex.; Denver, Colo.; and St. Louis, Mo.
Desc.: demonstration programs, sexual abuse, abused children, adolescent abuse, drug abuse, evaluation methods, standards, screening tests

Y003064 37
4201H2 CD-07549
Evaluation of the Clinical Demonstrations of the Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect. Executive Summary.
Berkeley Planning Associates, Calif.
Prepared for: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (DHHS), Washington, D.C., (HEW 105-78-1108), 24 pp., November 1983.
November 1983.
Sub. Code: 90
This evaluation of a demonstration program focused on the specialized clinical treatment of 5 abuse and neglect subpopulations and analyzed the projects' clients, service, and client outcomes as well as the relationships among project organization, case management practices, and staff characteristics. Baseline, services, and outcome data were gathered on about 1, 000 families served by the demonstration projects between October 1979 and October 1981. The subpopulations served in the 19 projects were sexual abuse, adolescent maltreatment, substance abuse-related maltreatment, child neglect, and remedial services to maltreated children. The projects provided standardized packages of services to the families and individuals on their respective caseloads. A project's given service strategy was more a function of the talents, interests, and theoretical orientation of the individuals designing the project than of any objective agreement about what types of strategies were best suited for a given type of maltreatment or client subpopulation. Group counseling and education and skill development classes appeared to be the most successful in achieving positive client outcomes with adults. Additional findings, implications for prevention programs and research, summaries of the demonstration projects and a list of publications generated by the evaluation effort are included.
Desc.: demonstration programs, program evaluation, sexual abuse, adolescent abuse, services delivery, drug abuse

Y003064 38
4201F4 CD-07543
Factors Associated With a History of Childhood Sexual Experience in a Nonclinical Female Population.
Seney, M. A.; Brooks, B.
Providence College, R.I. Dept. of Psychology.
Jrnl of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 23(2):215-218, 1984.
1984.
Sub. Code: 88
A nonclinical population of college women was surveyed about their childhood sexual experiences, current symptoms, and demographic backgrounds. Completed questionnaires were obtained from 151 women at a Catholic college and 150 women from a publicly funded college. Sixteen percent (51) of the 301 subjects reported some kind of sexual experience with another person during their childhood years. Thirteen percent of the subjects reported sexual experience with a family member; ? percent reported experience with a nonfamily member; and some subjects reported both types. Activities included exposure, touching, oral-genital contact, masturbation, and intercourse. In 58 percent of the cases, the report has of a one-time incident. Demographic factors failed to predict those at greatest risk for child sexual abuse. Early sexual experience with a family member apparently had negative consequences over and above those resulting directly from the early sexual experience. Adults who had been abused as children reported significantly greater symptoms of depression, anxiety, and self-abusive behavior. Sexual activity involving intercourse that occurred more than once or after puberty yielded particularly high levels of symptoms. Women whose experiences occurred within the family were at greater risk of disturbance than women whose experiences occurred outside the family. Clinical implications for children and adults are considered. 2 tables and 7 references.
Desc.: sexual abuse, emotional problems, psychological characteristics, family environment

Y003064 39
4201F1 CD-07540
Parent Characteristics in Abusing and Nonabusing Families.
Perry, M. A.; Wells, E. A.; Doran, L. D.
Washington Univ., Seattle. Dept. of Psychology.
Jrnl of Clinical Child Psychology 12(3):329-336, Winter 1983.
Winter 1983.
Sub. Code: 88
Fifty-five parents representing 37 families in which physical child abuse occurred were compared to 3 matched nonabusive families. Additional comparisons were made of mothers and fathers, and perpetrators and their spouses, with their respective controls. Mothers from abusing families experienced lower self-esteem and less family cohesion and expression, expected slower development of their children, and reported more anxiety and family conflict. Fathers from abusing families reported less family cohesion and moral and religious emphasis, expected slower development of their children, and reported more family conflict. Perpetrators of abuse experienced more anxiety, impact of life stress, and family conflict. They reported less family cohesion and expression and expected slower development of their children. Spouses of perpetrators reported more family conflict. They expected slower development of their children than did the controls. The importance of evaluating characteristics of fathers and mothers separately, of clearly identifying the perpetrating parent, and of studying the spouse of the perpetrator is discussed from methodological, theoretical, and applied viewpoints. 3 tables and 23 references. (Author abstract modified)
Desc.: family characteristics, family problems, comparative analysis, parents expectations

Y003064 40
4201E4 CD-07539
Developmental and Behavioral Characteristics of the Physically Abused Child
Perry, M. A.; Doran, L. D.; Wells, E. A.
Washington Univ., Seattle. Dept. of Psychology.
Jrnl of Clinical Child Psychology 12(3):320-324, Winter 1983.
Winter 1983.
Sub. Code: 88
Results are presented of a comparison of 21 abused and 21 nonabused children between the ages of 2 and 12 who were matched on the basis of social class and family structure. Statistical comparisons between the 2 groups for all matching variables showed no significant differences. However, a comparison of the groups based on mother's education revealed that control mothers had significantly more education than the abusing mothers. All measures of the children's intellectual functioning and communication skills showed highly significant differences between the abused and nonabused children; the abused children consistently received lower scores. Reported data about children's special characteristics revealed few differences between the 2 groups. Abuse and factors contributing to it are seen as placing children at high risk for a variety of problems, and attention to their emotional and developmental status is indicated. 18 references (Author abstract modified)
Desc.: abused children, socioeconomic status, parents background, comparative analysis, child behavior

Y003064 41
4201E3 CD-07538
Development in Children Following Abuse and Nonorganic Failure to Thrive.
Oates, R. K.; Peacock, A.; Forrest, D.
Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Camperdown (New South Wales). Dept. of Medical Services.
American Jrnl of Diseases of Children 138(8):764-767, August 1984.
August 1984.
Sub. Code: 88
The cases of 39 children who had been admitted to the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children in Camperdown, New South Wales (Australia) because of physical abuse an average of 5.5 years earlier were compared with the cases of 14 children admitted 13 years earlier with nonorganic failure to thrive (NOFTT). Cases were studied to determine similarities and differences in their development. Each child in the study group was matched with a child of the same age, sex, and ethnic group who attended the same school and whose parents were in the same socioeconomic class. Each child was weighed and measured, participated in a structured interview, and underwent psychological testing. The abused children and those with NOFTT were similar in their language ability and were significantly behind their comparison groups in language development, reading age, and verbal intelligence. The abused children, but not the group who had NOFTT, were significantly behind their comparison group in general intelligence, interpersonal relations, and self-concept. In contrast to the children with NOFTT, they were not delayed in social maturity. It is concluded that specific long-term treatment programs should be available for both abused and NOFTT children, in addition to assessment and ongoing treatment for their parents. 4 tables and 23 references.
Desc.: physical abuse, failure to thrive syndrome, language development, psychological characteristics, intelligence, sequelae, self concept, growth

Y003064 42
4201D4 CD-07535
Double Stigma: Sexual Abuse Within the Alcoholic Family.
Middleton, J. L.
Seattle Mental Health Inst., Wash.
Focus on Family pp. 6, 10-11, September-October 1984.
September-October 1984.
Sub. Code: 88
Following 2 clinical vignettes detailing incidents of sexual abuse (father-daughter and mother-son incest) within alcoholic families, the sequelae in the victims as adults are examined, as are the dynamics within these abusing families. Reports estimate that sexual abuse is more than twice as likely to occur in the alcoholic than the nonalcoholic family system. Because of the double stigma attached to sexual abuse and alcoholism, both victims and abusers are reluctant to seek help and to discuss the problem. As adults sexual abuse victims show many psychological effects of the abuse. These may include depression, concusion of sexuality and affection, poor self-esteem, disassociation, somatic complaints, sexual identity confusion, alcohol or substance abuse, eating disorder, guilt, isolation and feelings of loneliness, internalized shame, and destructive relationship patterns. Sexual abuse, like alcoholism, is often multigenerational. The mother, the father, or both parents in the incestuous family often were themselves victims of sexual abuse. Both have lifelong needs for affection and nurturing, and have difficulty in assuming the parent role. They both have strong dependency needs and difficulty with social skills. Frequently the mother is told of the sexual abuse but denies it. In these families the abuse often has little to do with sexuality and more to do with the abuser's needs for affection, nurturing, and affirmation of self. For years, the stigma of alcoholism prevented alcoholic families from receiving or seeking treatment. Only when the victim and the abuser no longer fear life-long stigma and have a sense that they can be accepted and treated will there be a decrease in the incidence of sexual abuse.
Desc.: alcohol abuse, sexual abuse, family characteristics, sequelae

Y003064 43
4201C4 CD-07531
Outgrowing the Pain: A Book for and About Adults Abused as Children.
Gil, E. M.
San Francisco, Calif., Launch Press, 91 pp., 1983. 1983.
Sub. Code: 88
A therapist who works with adults abused as children points out adult behavior patterns that reflect coping, adaptive, and reactive behavior to their abuse as children. The author encourages these adults to come to terms with their experience, recognize these behaviors in themselves, and understand that neither these behaviors nor the childhood abuse occurred because they were at fault. Adults are urged to change reactive behaviors if possible and reminded that as adults they are no longer powerless over their situations. Suggestions are given for constructively dealing with anger, negative feelings about self, low self-esteem, and feelings of powerlessness. Behavior types reviewed in the discussion on reactive adult behaviors include minimalization or rationalization of the abuse and selective memory when coming to terms with the experience; denial, anger, fear, and shame when thinking about the past; and difficulties with trust and self-esteem, feelings of isolation, and difficulties with intimate relationships. An addendum discusses the feelings and reactions of the nonabused sibling and of the partners of adults abused as children. 5 resources and 3 references.
Desc.: adults, adjustment problems, personality development, behavior patterns, psychological characteristics, behavior change, parent child relations

Y003064 44
4201C3 CD-07530
Nobody Ever Asked...
Engel, S.
New York, Vantage Press, 251 pp., 1984.
1984.
Sub. Code: 88
A composite of real events and people, this novel focuses on child abuse and mental illness. The main character, Lori, is a middle-aged grandmother who had successfully suppressed an emotionally painful childhood until the death of a close friend led to an emotional breakdown and institutionalization. In a series of flashbacks during therapy sessions, Lori realizes her depression is the result of her confusion over the incestuous relationship with her father and the suicide of her protective, transvestite uncle. Her depression is resolved as she comes to realize that her father, not her uncle, had been the abuser. She is eventually freed from her past through a religious conversion. An appendix contains comments from a plastic surgeon about surgical and emotional care of child abuse victims. He notes that appropriate and timely treatment of soft tissue trauma and burns are important, as well as psychological support to repair damaged self-esteem and prevent prolonged emotional trauma.
Desc.: mental illness, medical treatment, paternal abuse, inces, religion, churches role, depression

Y003064 45
4201C1 CD-07528
Response Patterns in Children and Adolescents Exploited Through Sex Rings and Pornography.
Burgess, A. W.; Hartman, C. R.; McCausland, P.; Powers, P.
Boston City Hospital, Mass., Dept. of Health and Hospitals.
American Jrnl of Psychiatr 14(5):656-662, May 1984.
May 1984.
Sub. Code: 88
Interview data on 66 children and adolescents involved with 14 adults in 11 sex rings were analyzed to assess the children's adjustment 2 years after the rings were exposed (between 1978 and 1981). The children ranged in age from 6 to 16 years; 32 had 2 parents in the home, and 30 had a single parent. The majority of the children (61.3 percent) participated in ring activities for more than a year; 54.8 percent were used in pornography. Data were gathered from both parents and children using a semistructured interview. Findings showed that following exposure of the rings, the children manifested marked changes ranging from vague complaints to specifically defined acute posttraumatic stress responses. Sixteen children were categorized as having integrated the event; three-fourths were categorized as nonintegrative either due to an avoidance pattern (denial that the event occurred), continuing symptoms (i.e., anxiety, guilt, depression), or identification with the exploiter (manifested by exploiting others and adopting antisocial behavior towards peers, school, and family). Two important observations emerged from the analysis: (1) boys predominated as the sexual preference of adult males, and (2) the seriousness of the boys' sexual exploitation was minimized by others. Clinicians are urged to be alert to the possibility of sex ring and pornographic involvement among children and adolescents who manifest sexual anxiety; gender confusion; or avoidant, acting-out, or antisocial behaviors. 12 references.
Desc.: child pornography, sexual exploitation, psychological characteristics, emotional problems, emotional response, adjustment problems, behavior changes, behavior patterns

Y003064 46
4201B1 CD-07524
A Model of Therapy With Abusive and Neglectful Families.
Wells, S. J.
In: Turner, F.J. (Editor). Differential Diagnosis and Treatment in Social Work. Third Edition. New York, The Free Press, pp. 715-726, 1983. 1983.
Sub. Code: 86
This article examines Polansky's theories of verbal accessibility, which refer to the client's willingness to talk about feelings and attitudes, and applies them to studies of multiproblem families with a variety of class characteristics. The analysis reveals distinctive patterms of communication in violent families and families with a high potential for abuse or neglect. The author concludes that in applying the construct of verbal accessibility to these families, one can interpret the interaction patterns as defenses against a hostile environment or feelings of "primitive loneliness.' Further, such families typically act out their feelings, do not value talking in problemsolving, are not introspective, and expect help to be in the form of advice or concrete goods. Intervention goals and techniques are suggested for families with this low verbal accessibility. Recommended techniques include using concrete activities with the family; setting up structures, limits, and controls; and experimenting with verbal interpretation by the family and labeling of all actions. The article also emphasizes the importance of the worker's own verbal accessibility and identifies indicators of the need for family therapy with multiproblem families. 27 references.
Desc.: family characteristics, family problems, abusive parents, family therapy, communication, verbal ability, models

Y003064 47
4196C2 CD-07513
You Can Help a Sexually Abused Child.
Rosenzweig, J.
Instructor 43(8):62-64, April 1984.
April 1984.
Suject Code: 86
Adults are taught to identify the behavioral and psychological symptoms manifested by child victims of sexual abuse, along with how to respond when such children seek help from them. Behavioral symptoms of sexual abuse are noted to include withdrawal, aggressive behavior, and self-destructive activity, while low self-esteem is a common psychological characteristic of sexually abused children. The adult in whom a sexually abused child confides is advised to believe the child's account of the sexual abuse and transmit to the child this belief that he or she is telling the truth. Adult confidants are also advised to assure the child that he or she is not to blame for the abuse, while acknowledging the child's conflicts and confusions about the abusive situation. The adult is instructed not to make promises to the child that cannot be kept, such as not telling anyone else about the abuse. Further, the adult is advised never to criticize the child for not having reported the abuse earlier. Overall, the confidant should be supportive and provide practical help, such as cooperating with child protective service workers and contacting other relevant community resources. The need for familiarity with prevention programs is also emphasized. Resources for developing a prevention program are listed.
Desc.: sexual abuse, behavior changes, child abuse reporting, intervention

Y003064 48
4196B1 CD-07508
The Nurse and the Police: Dealing With Abused Children.
McKinnon, I.
In: Campbell, J. and J. Humphreys (Editors). Nursing Care of Victims of Family Violence. Reston Va., Reston Publishing Co., Inc., pp. 359-369, 1984.
1984.
Sub. Code: 86
Based on Michigan law and experiences of the Detroit police, this article discusses the role and responsibilites of law enforcement in cases of suspected or actual child mistreatment. In addition, the police interface with nursing is discussed to increase the sensitivity of these professions to one another and facilitate cooperation in preventing child maltreatment. Reasons for law enforcement involvement in child abuse cases are detailed, notably police accessibility to the community and legal mandates. A review of the patrol officer's role focuses on removal of the child from the home, particularly in an emergency, and case investigation. The article concludes that many police departments have become more sensitized to the problem and have specially trained teams to contact the child victim and the victim's family. Although sexual abuse cases in Detroit and many other large cities were found to be referred to sex crime units, a survey reveals that many such units have been deficient in training, recordkeeping and appropriate investigative techniques. Consideration of interfaces between the police and nurses in the hospital emergency room advises that in this setting, the nurse can act as the child's advocate and assure the police officer that she is concerned for the child's welfare, thus relieving the police of responsibility. Other police responsibilities considered include detection of child abuse, accompaniment of child protection workers on investigations, and collection of evidence. The conclusion notes that most progressive police departments now believe that arrest and prosecution are not the best means of dealing with neglectful and abusive parents. 16 references.
Desc.: nurses role, nurses responsibility, police role, police responsibility, sexual abuse, interdisciplinary approach, hospital emergency services, michigan

Y003064 49
4196A1 CD-07504
The Role of the Educator in the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect.
LeBoeuf, C. M.
Community Council on Child Abuse and Neglect, Inc., Tampa, Fla.
Community Council on Child Abuse and Neglect, Inc., Tampa, Fla., 27 pp. 1982.
1982.
Sub. Code: 86
A broad overview of child abuse and neglect and of the teacher's role in identifying and reporting abuse and neglect is provided for Florida's elementary school teachers. The first section focuses on understanding the problem, defines child abuse and neglect, outlines characteristics of abusive parents, describes typically abused children, and identifies intervention goals. A diagram portraying a model for understanding child abuse emphasizes social-cultural factors and family stresses. The second section, dealing with recognizing child abuse and neglect, discusses the involvement of educators, intervention tactics, and individual action. A chart presents indicators of child abuse and neglect in terms of the child's appearance and behavior and the caretaker's behavior. The third section -- devoted to sexual abuse -- examines myths and facts about sexual abuse, defines the problem, identifies signals given by the child, considers family history and interaction, and reviews long-term effects. Florida's sexual abuse statutes are noted. The fourth section covers Federal standards and requirements, Florida child abuse and neglect statutes, the legal process following a report of child abuse, and the steady increase in reports. The manual contains a guide for use with 2 films on sexual abuse, lists available resources for parents, and presents a summary profile of families reported for child maltreatment. 39 references.
Desc.: federal laws, teachers role, child abuse laws, florida, mandatory reporting, child abuse reporting, sexual abuse, detection

Y003064 50
4195L1 CD-07500
Treating Child-Abusive Families. Intervention Based on Skills-Training Principles.
Kelly, J. A.
Mississippi Univ. Medical Center, Jackson. 
New York, Plenum Press, 234 pp., 1983.
1983.
Sub. Code: 86
The treatment approaches for child-abusive families described in this book rely on a skills-training behavior change model for parents. For some cases, the skills training focuses specifically on changing an abusive parent's disciplinary style, and in other cases, more complex intervention is required. All of the interventions described are intended to increase the child-abusive parent's repertoire of appropriate coping skills, thus reducing the likelihood of continued violence. The book summarizes knowledge about the prevalence of physically abusive behavior toward children and reviews major characteristics of abusive parents and their children. This information is then integrated into the social-learning conceptual model that can both account for the development of child-abusive behavior patterns and suggest appropriate clinical interventions. The balance of the book describes clinical assessment techniques for developing an intervention plan. Intervention approaches described include teaching abusive parents anger-control skills and reducing more general risk factors such as joblessness, marital discord, and social isolation. Also discussed are practical issues encountered when the therapist consults with a family's welfare department caseworker and others. The book concludes with inferences about treatment and prevention based on the social-learning theory of abuse. Assessment instruments and a deep muscle relaxation training script are appended. Indexes and 211 references. 
Desc.: parents therapy, nonpunitive approach, individual characteristics, models, behavior patterns, behavior change, parenting, etiology

Y003064 51
4195K4 CD-07499
Treating Sexually Abused Children and Their Families.
James, B.; Nasjleti, M.
Palo Alto, Calif., Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc., 164 pp., 1983.
1983.
Sub. Code: 86
This book, which views intrafamilial child sexual abuse as a symptom of family dysfunction, presents clinically validated intervention techniques that have helped both abusers and abuse. Four chapters comprise a section devoted to family dynamics. They describe sexually abused children and indicators of sexual abuse, as well as profiles of male and female victims, sexual abusers of children, and mothers of incest victims. Sexual abuse of children as a generational phenomenon is examined, with attention to the family constellation, family members' roles in the abusive system, and family reaction to the abuse. Five chapters comprise the section on family treatment. The personal qualities and clinical skills required in therapists who work with sexually abused children and their families are identified. The 3 phases of treatment of the family are examined including disclosure-panic, assessment-awareness, and restructure. Seven critical sessions in family therapy are reviewed to illustrate the processes involved. These therapy sessions deal with confronting the sexual abuse openly for the first time as a family, defining the family's abuse pattern, identifying the family's long-term and short-term goals, establishing a visitation plan, discussing progress, reviewing adjustment after reunion of the family, and considering termination of court-ordered treatment. The book concludes with a case study of actual couple therapy with an incestuous family as well as descriptions of specific treatment interventions used by experienced therapists. 54 references.
Desc.: incest, individual characteristics, psychological characteristics, parent child relations, family therapy, therapists, generational cycle of child abuse, case studies 

Y003064 52
4195F1 CD-07476
Pedophilia: Diagnostic Concepts, Treatment, and Ethical Considerations.
Berlin, F. S.; Krout, E.
Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, Md. Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences.
Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md. Phipps Psychiatric Clinic, 12 pp., undated.
undated.
Sub. Code: 86
This review covers the etiology, assessment, and treatment of pedophilia and stresses the importance of reeducating both the public and health care providers about the disorder. Although it has been found that pedophiles share a common sexual attraction towards children, they may differ in temperament, intelligence, maturity, and character traits. Pedophilia is believed to be the result of prior childhood sexual activity with an adult, impaired sexual development, biological abnormalities, or a combination of all 3 factors. Predisposing biological factors include biochemical imbalances and chromosomal anomalies (most frequently Klinefelter's syndrome). Proposed treatments for pedophilia include insight-oriented psychotherapy, behavior therapy, surgery, and medication. One treatment being tried at the Johns Hopkins Hospital Sexual Disorders Clinic (Baltimore, Md.) is weekly intramuscular injections of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), also known as Depo-Provera. MPA lowers testosterone levels, which may relieve the intensity of the sexual desire and enable the pedophile to resist "temptation.' Public education is needed to counter the tendency to blame pedophiles for their involuntary sexual orientation. In turn, pedophiles are urged to deal with their sexuality in a manner that does not put children at risk. 29 references.
Desc.: sex deviation, drug therapy, group therapy, etiology, individual characteristics

Y003064 53
4195E1 CD-07472
The Unmet Psychiatric Needs of Sexually Abused Youths: Referrals From a Child Protection Agency and Clinical Evaluations.
Adams-Tucker, C.
Jrnl of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 23(6):659-667, 1984.
1984.
Sub. Code: 86
To examine biases in the referral processes, 2 groups of sexually exploited children were studied: 25 subjects in a clinically evaluated group and 201 subjects of a group reported to the Louisville, Ky., Protection Services Division. The latter group included the 25 recipients of psychiatric evaluations who comprised the first group. The following data on the reported and clinical groups are presented: sociodemographic and abuse-related characteristics (comparing clinical and reported groups), clinical psychiatric findings for the 25 children in the clinical group, 3 case examples, and features of reporting and investigation for the total reported group. Findings indicated that the child protection agency underreferred children for psychiatric care. The referral process revealed biases which preclude many needy sexually abused children from obtaining mental health care. The likelihood of reaching the child guidance clinic by referral from the child protection agency was diminished for a child who is black, male, more than 10 years old when first sexually abused, and residing in a mother headed household. Victims most likely to be referred are white, female, younger than 10 years of age when first molested, and in a 2-parent family. 23 references.
Desc.: sexual abuse, psychiatric services, child protection services, referral

Y003064 54
4195C4 CD-07467
Child Abuse: A Dynamic Process of Encounter Between Needs and Personality Traits Within the Family.
Zimrin, H.
Tel Aviv Univ., (Israel). School of Social Work.
American Jrnl of Family Therapy 12(1):37-47, Spring 1984.
Spring 1984.
Sub. Code: 82
The idea that parents and children influence one another in both their personality traits and their behavior in applied to the situation of child abuse and illustrated with a case example. A dynamic process of exchange is described that surrounds the formation of personality traits and behavioral attributes. Traits of abused children are seen as sometimes resulting from abuse and sometimes causing it. The case of David, a 12-year-old, illustrates how both parents and child bring their attributes to the situation and how both react and change as a result of the interaction. The characteristic traits of abused children (passivity, low self-esteem) which were present in David when he began treatment resulted from his mother's abusive behavior toward him and caused abuse by his father as a later stage. The case clearly shows that congruence, or the lack of it, between the parents' traits and needs and those of the child are essential to the appearance or disappearance of child abuse. In this particular case, 2 treatment plans were implemented: one aimed at improving relations between father and son; the other aimed to improve David's self-image and self-confidence. Both plans eventually were successful, but the changes in David (more independence and self-confidence) created a new potential for maternal abusive behavior. 23 references.
Desc.: individual characteristics, interaction process analysis, case reports, abused children, abusive parents, etiology, family characteristics

Y003064 55
4195C2 CD-07465
Neuropsychological, Personality, and Familial Characteristics of Physically Abused Delinquents.
Tarter, R. E.; Hegedus, A. M.; Winsten, N. E.; Alterman, A. I.
Pittsburgh Univ., Pa. School of Medicine, Dept. of Psychiatry.
Jrnl of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry. 23(6):668-674, 1984.
1984.
Sub. Code: 82
The investigation reported in this article replicated and extended previous research by ascertaining the extent to which delinquents abused in childhood can be differentiated from those not abused as children by examining behavioral, personality, environmental, and cognitive variables. The study sample included 101 delinquent adolescents (82 percent male and 18 percent female) referred consecutively to Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic (Pittsburgh, Pa.) by the juvenile court for a comprehensive neuropsychiatric assessment. Data from the psychiatric evaluation, social worker's report, interviews with the probation officer, and past records indicated that 27 of the subjects were determined to have been physically abused. The Violence Scale, which rates the degree of violence and the number and type of prior offenses, was used to evaluate delinquency. Cognitive, personality, and behavioral tests were given, and developmental and familial information was obtained to assess the environmental correlates of child abuse. The investigation revealed that juvenile delinquents who were physically abused as children were more likely than nonabused delinquents to commit violent offenses, have alcoholic and criminal parents, and be sexually abused. 4 tables, 2 figures, and 16 references.
Desc.: juvenile delinquency, physical abuse, family characteristics, cognitive development, violence, sexual abuse

Y003064 56
4195C1 CD-07464
Children at Risk in the Affluent Society.
Swedish Save the Children, Stockholm (Sweden).
Swedish Save the Children, Stockholm (Sweden), 5 pp., undated.
undated.
Sub. Code: 82
This report summarizes the results of a Swedish research project on children at risk. The project's goals were to increase knowledge of the complex relationships and factors that imply a greater risk of abuse to children; to gain more insight into the difficulties encountered by social, medical, and health care personnel in their attempts to give support to parents and children in high-risk situations; and to propose strategies to prevent the occurrence of risk situations as well as to investigate and remedy circumstances imposing a risk to children. The sample consisted of 26 child welfare cases involving a total of 50 children (30 boys, 20 girls) under age 7. The cases were compared to 2 control groups: (1) nuclear families and (2) single-parent families. The project considered data concerning the mother's pregnancy, complications at delivery, early separations of mother and child, frequency of child contact with health care facilities, and development measures. The mothers frequently mentioned traumatic experiences from childhood; many spent part of their childhood in the care of individuals other than their birth parents. The parents appeared to be in poorer health and mental condition than the Swedish population as a whole. Abuse problems were common. A recurrent feature in these cases was a lack of continuity and structure in the parents' lives. Problems included disharmony among family members, job difficulties, and frequent change of address. The children found to be at risk were clearly less well off in most other respects. Compared to the controls, they experienced more separation from their mothers, illness, and hospitalization. They also deviated more from norms in terms of height, weight, psychomotor and speech development than did the controls. There were many demands on these children, and the parents demonstrated little understanding of their needs. 1 reference.
Desc.: scandinavia, risk, child abuse research, family characteristics

Y003064 57
4195B4 CD-07463
Characteristics of a Helpful Relationship: A Study of Empathic Understanding and Positive Regard Between Runaways and Their Parents.
Spillane-Grieco, E.
Rutgers Univ., Graduate School of Social Work, New Brunswick, NJ.
Adolescence 19(73):63-75, Spring 1984.
Spring 1984.
Sub. Code: 82
Runaways were randomly matched to a group of adolescent nonrunaways to assess the interpersonal relationship between runaways and their respective parents in terms of empathic understanding and positive regard. Each group consisted of 30 teenagers matched for age, sex, family structure, and ethnicity. The parents of the runaways numbered 43 (29 mothers and 14 fathers). Four different measures were used: the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory (BLRI), which contains 2 separate scales for the measurement of empathic understanding and positive regard; the Semantic Differential; and a semistructured interview used with the runaways and their parents only. Scores of the runaways in each category -- empathy from mother, from father, and from parents -- were significantly lower than the scores of nonrunaways. There were no significant differences in parents' BLRI scores. Runaways scored significantly lower than the nonrunaways in each positive regard category-positive regard felt from mother, from father, and from both parents. The runaways' parents revealed extensive histories of problem-related incidents associated with their children who eventually ran away. The findings confirmed the assumption that the interpersonal relationship between the runaway adolescent and his or her parents was influential in the decision to run away. 6 tables and 10 references.
Desc.: runaway children, father child relations, mother child relations, family problems

Y003064 58
4195B3 CD-07462
Adolescent Prostitution.
Schaffer, B.; DeBlassie, R. R.
New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces. Dept. of Counseling and Educational Psychology. Adolescence, 19(75): 689-696, Fall 1984.
Fall 1984.
Sub. Code: 82
The literature suggests that conditions contributing to juveniles' entering prostitution are poor family life (the juvenile feels alienated from or is abused or neglected by parents or the family is unstable due to divorce, economic change, or physical relocation), a feeling of failure at school, or hopelessness of job prospects. Juvenile prostitutes are motivated by economic gains from prostitution, as well as from feelings of power or self-worth based in their sexuality. They may be attracted by the adventure of prostitution as an alternative to routine, confining jobs or traditional female roles, or they may be acting out hostility toward a rejecting father. Female prostitutes may have been institutionalized or have been involved in a serious drug habit. Male juvenile prostitutes, although acting out of the same motives as females and having similar contributing conditions, participate mostly in homosexual acts and do not have the elaborate social networks that females have. Once involved in the legal system, female juveniles are likely to receive harsher punishment than males and are more likely to be incarcerated. The literature indicates that although juveniles supposedly receive rehabilitative treatment in institutions, security concerns actually have much greater influence on their treatment. 13 references.
Desc.: adolescents, child prostitution, deviant behavior, motivation, sequelae, psychological characteristics, institutional abuse and neglect

Y003064 59
4195B2 CD-07461
Family Therapy Techniques for Problem Behaviors of Children and Teenagers.
Schaefer, C. E.; Briesmeister, J. M.; Fitton, M. E.
San Francisco, Calif., Jossey-Bass Publishers, 500 pp. 1984.
1984.
Sub. Code: 82
This section presents detailed abstracts of 10 articles that examime child abuse within the context of the family structure, focusing on parental personality characteristics, children's characteristics, and stresses that maximize the possibility of child abuse within the family. Individual articles discuss family systems approaches, distorted interaction patterns in child-abusing families, psychodynamic strategies, group therapies, crisis intervention, and cognitive and behavioral interventions. Also examined are techniques that develop listening, social, and interpersonal skills; abuse in the single-parent family; incest; conjoint and multifamily approaches; and collaborative programs involving a combination of therapies. Treatment suggestions are offered for intervening in the dysfunctional family, changing family patterns of interaction, and enhancing constructive development in the abused child and the abusing parent. Case histories are included in several articles. An annotated bibliography of 8 citations.
Desc.: family therapy, abusive parents, abused children, literature reviews, family violence, family programs, incest, case reports

Y003064 60
4195B1 CD-07460
Serious Sibling Abuse by Preschool Children.
Rosenthal, P. A.; Doherty, M. B.
Massachusetts Univ. Medical Center, Worcester. Dept. of Psychiatry and Pediatrics.
Jrnl of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 23(?):186-190, 1984.
1984.
Sub. Code: 82
Ten preschool children who had abused a sibling were compared with 10 nonabusive children who had problems of aggressive behavior to identify important differences between sibling rivalry and pathological sibling abuse; family psychodynamics underlying the more dangerous behavior also were examined. The 2 groups were matched by age, sex, race, and parental marital and socioeconomic status. A standard clinical psychiatric evaluation was performed, and parents and caretakers completed questionnaires about the child's developmental milestones and problem behaviors. Observation indicated that the abusive preschool children used more forms of aggressive behavior than the nonabusive preschoolers, including choking, throwing sharp objects, sitting on siblings, and chasing siblings with knives. Study findings revealed that the abusive children were more often abused and neglected by their parents. Moreover, the psychodynamic factors associated with the abusive behavior identified areas of conflict around nurturance and unconscious, covert parental encouragement of the child's behavior, or a parent's identification of the child with a dangerous person in the parent's life. The abusive children had sad, helpless feelings and experienced more sickness in their early years than did nonabusive children. In terms of parental psychopathology and early family experiences, a significant statistical difference emerged: the abusive preschool children's parents were themselves abused by their parents. The study concluded that external controls are critical in preventing a seriously upset child from engaging in primitive aggressive and assaultive behaviors. 10 references.
Desc.: sibling relations, preschool children, aggression, parents background, generational cycle of child abuse, psychological characteristics, family relations

Y003064 61
4195A4 CD-07459
Adolescent Abuse: Family Structure and Implications for Treatment.
Pelcovitz, D.; Kaplan, S.; Samit, C.; Krieger, R.; Cornelius, D.
North Shore Univ. Hospital, Manhasset, N.Y. Div. of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
Jrnl of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 23(1):85-90, 1984.
1984.
Sub. Code: 82
To understand the dynamics of families with abused adolescents the family structure and dynamics of 22 families in which 33 adolescents were abused were systematically evaluated. The families were consecutively referred to a child abuse treatment program within the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry located in a suburban general hospital. The families fell into 3 groups: (1) childhood onset, where there was a history of violence in the families of origin; (2) authoritarian families, where rigid parenting styles were characterized by a high degree of denial of family conflict; and (3) overindulgent families, where a pattern of overly permissive parenting coupled with sporadic violent attempts at control seemed to be associated with an early loss of a parent. Case examples are presented. Therapeutic interventions were primarily family focused in all the cases, but the interventions varied according to the family structure and time of the onset of abuse. More outreach and supportive services were required in treating the childhood onset-families. Authoritarian families were encouraged to use alternative ways to exercise authority and control. Family therapy with the overindulgent families concentrated on defining parental boundaries to help parents assume a more appropriate parental role. The study results suggest that treatment of adolescent abuse may be more successful than treatment of child abuse. 8 references.
Desc.: adolescent abuse, family therapy, family characteristics, family environment

Y003064 62
4195A3 CD-07458
Mothers of Abused Children - A Comparison Study.
Oates, R. K.; Forrest, D.; Peacock, A.
Royal Alexandria Hospital for Children, Camperdown, New South Wales, Anstralia.
Clinical Pediatrics 24(1):9-13, January 1985.
January 1985.
Sub. Code: 82
In this Australian study, a group of 36 mothers whose children had been abused and hospitalized 5.5 years earlier was compared with a group of mothers of similar social class where no reported instances of child abuse had occurred. The mothers whose children had been abused were interviewed to determine which characteristics persisted after the abusive incident and which of those could not be accounted for by social class. Social class was determined using a 4-point scale based on occupations in Australian families. Most of the families were from unskilled or semiskilled occupations. All mothers participated in a structured interview and completed the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups with regard to marital, housing, or financial problems or physical health. Statistically significant differences were found in several areas: abuse-group mothers were less likely to have been brought up by their own parents; had more negative feelings towards their fathers; were more likely to have received help for an emotional disorder; had higher expectations for their children; perceived a greater number of personality problems in their children; and were more likely to have assertive, demanding, and suspicious personality traits. The findings suggest that these families need long-term supportive help, and that the children need a specific long-term program to help them adjust to problems resulting from their home environment. 20 references.
Desc.: material deprivation, australia, comparative analysis, maternal abuse, mother child relations

Y003064 63
4194L2 CD-07453
Parent-Child Interactions in Abusive and Nonabusive Families.
Herrenkohl, E. C.; Herrenkohl, R. C.; Toedter, L.; Yanushefski, A. M.
Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA. Center for Social Research.
Jrnl of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 23(6):641-648, 1984.
1984.
Sub. Code: 82
A total of 439 parent-child dyads were studied to determine what qualities characterized parent-child interactions in families in which there had been child maltreatment. The sample involved 182 interactions with maltreated children, 199 interactions with maltreating adults, and 58 interactions from control families served by child welfare agencies, day care programs, Head Start, and private nursery schools. Income was found to be a significant determinant, with parental behavior being more child-centered and supportive at the upper income level and more parent-centered and child rejecting at the lower income level. Maltreatment was found to be associated with more parental rejection and less child warmth, over and above the effects of income level. The results are discussed in terms of an ecological model of child maltreatment and developmental implications for the maltreatment victims. An ecological model integrates complex data and theories about the causes and consequences of child maltreatment. In such a model, cultural support legitimizing corporal punishment of children, isolation of the family from social support systems, external stresses impinging on the family, and deficient parenting skills contribute to the likelihood that children will be maltreated in their family settings. In this context, the parents' deficient parenting skills are reinforced and transmitted to the child via (1) modeling of inadequate coping strategies, (2) inadequate provision of an encouraging and supportive environment in which the growth of self-reliance and self-esteem can occur, and (3) a locking of parent and child into a vicious circle of negative reinforcement. The parent is confirmed in feeling inadequate as a parent, rejected as a person, and rejecting of the child. The child is likely to end up feeling unloved, inadequate, and angry. 26 references.
Desc.: parent child relations, etiology, family characteristics, child behavior, psychological studies, socioeconomic status, family community relations, models

Y003064 64
4194J1 CD-07444
Trends in Child Abuse and Neglect; A National Perspective.
Russell, A. B.; Trainor, C. M.
American Humane Asociation, Denver, Colo. Children's Div.
Supported by: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (DHHS), Washington, D.C., (90-CA-862), 117 pp., 1984.
1984.
Sub. Code: 80
This report synthesizes data from the National Study on Child Neglect and Abuse Reporting for 1976 through 1982, describes the nature of officially reported child abuse and neglect cases, assesses problems related to reporting these cases, and analyzes the response of the service system to the cases once they are reported. The data show that child abuse reports increased by 123 percent over this 7-year period. Although blacks are disproportionately represented among maltreated children, this does not seem to result from a major racial bias in reporting but to be related to the basic economic inequality between blacks and whites. Poorer economic status is definitely related to child maltreatment, particularly to rates of child neglect. The characteristics of cases referred to child protective services have been remarkably constant over the years, although the children reported have become younger as the years have progressed. Service provision is shown to be related to who makes the report and to what type of maltreatment is found. An examination of long-term services indicates that day are services have remained constant; homemaker and foster care services have declined; and mental health service provision has increased. 13 tables, 10 figures, and 35 references.
Desc.: abused children, child protection services, blacks, neglected children, national surveys, child abuse reporting, incidence, prevalence

Y003064 65
4194I3 CD-07442
Child Abuse: Even in Quebec.
Quebec Ministry of Justice.
Quebec Ministry of Justice, 59 pp., 1984.
1984.
Sub. Code: 80
Two studies on child abuse in Quebec conducted by the committee on Youth Protection are compared and analyzed. The first took place in 1975-76, before enactment of the new Youth Protection Act, while the second study was conducted in 1978 after enactment of the act. The studies agreed in key areas, such as profiles of the children and their families, descriptions of services, and the urgent need for new treatment programs. The first study was based on a sample of 4, 052 reported abuse cases; comparatively few sexual abuse cases were reported. Cases were classified according to whether or not they occurred in the family and involved physical abuse, neglect, physical abuse with neglect, sexual abuse, or high-risk situations. The second study was based on a sample of over 6, 000 children, although a subsample of 334 families was examined indepth. A review of mostly American literature was used to analyze the results. Conclusions were that the main factors in child abuse are psychological, social, and economic, arising from the interplay between the family and its environment. The two studies found that a third of all cases d involved physical abuse; another third were neglect cases; and the remainder were primarily high-risk situations. Boys were found to be abused slightly more often than girls. Neglected children were identified as living mostly in poverty. Other correlates of abuse were large families, parental unemployment or underemployment, alcoholism, and the parents' history as victims of violence. 2 tables and 44 notes.
Desc.: quebec, family characteristics, incidence, demography, social factors, economic factors, etiology

Y003064 66
4194I2 CD-07441
Analysis of Sexual Abuse Hotline Reports.
Pierce, R. L.; Pierce, L. H.
Washington Univ., George Warren Brown School of Social Work, St. Louis, Mo.
Child Abuse and Neglect 9(1):37-45, 1985.
1985.
Sub. Code: 80
This paper reports findings revealed through an analysis of 205 substantiated cases of child sexual abuse gleaned from 304 cases reported to the sexual abuse hotline between 1976 and 1979. The analysis was the second of 3 phases of a study which aimed to increase the knowledge base of protective service workers treating sexually abused children and their families. Study data were analyzed for several factors: reporting of the incident; characteristics of parent figures, perpetrators and victims; situational factors; services offered to victims and families; police involvement; and relationship between several variables. Among the important conclusions discovered were that one-third of the cases had been reported previously to the agency; less than one-half of the victimized children were living with their natural fathers; natural fathers were the perpetrator in 39 percent of the cases; and 43 percent of the cases involved vaginal intercourse between the victim and perpetrator. Implications for treatment are discussed, particularly in relation to improving resources and specialized training for workers involved in treating victims and their families. Specific areas identified as requiring more worker training are human sexuality, family dynamics, psychodynamics of the abused child, alcoholism counseling, and methods of handling aggressive clients. 5 tables and 16 references. (Author abstract modified)
Desc.: sexual abuse, hot lines, professional training, child abuse reporting, child protection services, family therapy, therapists role, data analysis

Y003064 67
4194I1 CD-07440
Characteristics of Abused Children: Research Findings.
Pearce, J. W.; Walsh, K. L.
Alberta Children's Hospital, (Calgary).
Canada's Mental Health 32(2):2-6, June 1984.
June 1984.
Sub. Code: 80
The literature on physically abused children is reviewed, and some of the common methodological limitations hampering comparative analyses are identified. While the differences between abused and nonabused groups are frequently assumed to be the consequence of abuse, retrospective comparisons of these children have indicated otherwise. Physically abused children have been found to exhibit deficits in intellectual skills, difficulties in relating to parents and peers, problems in forming attachments and in trusting others, low self-esteem, and aggressive behavior. These children cannot be described by any single unitary typology. It is suggested that more valid research would result from an examination of data collected before the maltreatment occurs. Variables such as family structure and relationships, socioeconomic status, and others have not proven to be consistently important in cause and effect relationships. Future research must be designed to broaden the conception of maltreatment, identify specific forms of maltreatment, and relate particular developmental outcomes to particular patterns of maltreatment. 59 references. (Author abstract modified)
Desc.: literature reviews, comparative analysis, predictor variables, sequelae, physical abuse, child abuse research

Y003064 68
4194H2 CD-07437
Physical Abuse in Psychiatrically Hospitalized Children and Adolescents.
Monane, M.; Leichter, D.; Lewis, D. O.
New York Univ. Medical Center, N.Y.
Jrnl of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 23(6):653-658, 1984.
1984.
Sub. Code: 80
This paper reports the high prevalence of physical abuse in the histories of psychiatrically hospitalized children and adolescents; it identifies characteristics of abused young patients that distinguish them from their nonabused counterparts. Study subjects consisted of 166 youngsters ages 3 to 17 years who were admitted to the child and adolescent psychiatric services of a large city hospital in a single year in the late 1970's. Data were obtained from hospital records. Of the 166 youngsters, 69 (42 percent) had been seriously physically abused. Although sex, race, ethnicity, psychiatric diagnoses, and psychiatric symptomatology did not distinguish abused from nonabused patients, the abused were significantly more likely to have sustained serious injuries, especially those likely to affect the central nervous system. The most significant factor distinguishing the abused from the nonabused youngsters was violence. Among the abused patients, 72 percent had been extremely violent compared with 46 percent of the nonabused patients. The abused patients were significantly more likely than their nonabused counterparts to express violence towards peers and teachers. Abusive families distinguished themselves most clearly from nonabusive families by paternal violence, especially toward mothers, and by violence of both parents toward the patient's siblings. The parents of the abused youngster were significantly more likely to have severe psychiatric or intellectual impairment and to have received psychiatric treatment. 37 references.
Desc.: psychiatric hospitals, physical abuse, family violence, prevalence

Y003064 69
4194G4 CD-07435
Study of the Characteristics of Maltreated Children and Abusive Persons in Quebec.
Martin, G. M.; Quebec Ministry of Justice.
Quebec Ministry of Justice, 47 pp., 1984.
1984.
Sub. Code: 80
A study of 4, 052 cases of maltreated children in Quebec reported to the Committee for Youth Protection is analyzed. Fifty percent of the cases in the 1975-76 study were deemed well-founded. A subsample of 175 cases, involving 359 children and 209 adults, was scrutinized for qualitative information. Slightly over half of the victims were boys. Findings revealed that children under 3 years old were hospitalized disproportionately when compared to other age groups, probably due to their greater physical vulnerabiity. It was learned that close to one-third of the maltreatment cases involved physical abuse; 30 percent, neglect; 10 percent, both combined; and the remainder, high risk and sexual abuse. The most common types of neglect were lack of food and care (40 percent), lack of supervision (26 percent), and lack of medical care (7 percent). For 84 percent of the children, abuse was inflicted repeatedly, and most frequently with hands and fists. Parents were discovered to be the primary abuser in over 90 percent of the cases. Only 40 percent of the abusers were categorized as living in nuclear families. Unemployment and underemployment were also identified as correlates of abusive behavior. 5 figures, 28 tables, and 64 notes.
Desc.: family characteristics, individual characteristics, etiology, incidence, quebec

Y003064 70
4194G3 CD-07434
Incest: Three or More's a Crowd -- "Learning to Help Them...'.
Maois, M. R.; Perreault, L. A.; Messier, C.
Quebec Ministere de la Justice. Comite de la protection de la jeunese.
Quebec Ministere de la Justice. Comite de la protection de la jeunesse, 76 pp., 1984.
1984.
Sub. Code: 80
This report examines child sexual abuse, focusing specifically on incest. The first two chapters define sexual abuse, explain types of sexual abuse and incest, and look at the incidence of each separately. The next chapter is devoted to an exploration of the most common type of incest, father-daughter. Attention is given to examining the family dynamics which permit father-daughter incest to occur; the interrelational dynamics of the father-mother dyad; the role incest plays in keeping a dysfunctional family together; and profiles of the father, mother, daughter, and siblings. Also discussed are the location in which incest occurs, the evolution of the incestuous situation, disclosure of the incestuous situation, and the immediate and long-term effects of incest on the victim. Consequences for the abusive adult and for the family are noted. Treatment of the people involved is examined under these categories: use of legal proceedings alone, individual clinical treatment, family therapy, integrated treatment plans, models for integrated treatment, and Giaretto's special treatment program in Santa Clara, Calif. The concluding chapter notes that treating incest offenders is extremely complex, but not impossible. Successful programs combine legal and psychosocial treatment for the common goal of rebuilding family life. The situation in Quebec, Canada, since passage of the Youth Protection Act is briefly discussed. 65 references.
Desc.: incest, family characteristics, family therapy, family relations, adolescent abuse, child protection laws, sequelae, parents behavior

Y003064 71
4194G1 CD-07432
Are the Social Workers Prepared to Assist a Changing Population of Dysfunctional Parents in Sweden.
Larsson, G.; Ekenstein, G.; Rasch, E.
Karolinska Inst., Stockholm (Sweden).
Child Abuse and Neglect 8(1):9-14, 1984.
1984.
Sub. Code: 80
This study analyzed the social situations in families precipitating admission of infants to institutional care in 1970, 1975, and 1980. The study examined records kept by social welfare authorities on the families of 337 Stockholm, Sweden, infants admitted for institutional care. The sample included families of 150 infants in 1970, 92 infants in 1975, and 95 infants in 1980. The results indicate that in 1980 more complex forms of parental dysfunction were common, including mental disorders, criminality, alcohol abuse, and drug addiction. The reported incidence of domestic violence increased significantly from 1970 to 1980, as did the number of maltreated infants. Social welfare agencies had greater difficulties and to a larger extent lacked adequate methods of providing assistance to the dysfunctional parents in 1980 than in 1970. 5 tables and 17 references. (Author abstract modified)
Desc.: infants, institutionalized children, family services, scandinavia, family characteristics

Y003064 72
4194C2 CD-07417
Child Abuse. 
Humphreys, J.
In: Campbell, J. and J. Humphreys (Editors). Nursing Care of Victims of Family Violence. Reston, Va., Reston Publishing Co., Inc., pp. 119-144, 1984.
1984.
Sub. Code: 78
To update nurses on current theories of child abuse and neglect and provide a basis for developing nursing research and application to practice, this paper reviews the historical mistreatment of children by adults, current child abuse theories, and profiles of abusive and neglectful parents. Statistical data on the extent of child abuse and neglect are examined, along with difficulties in defining child abuse and neglect. The paper considers the treatment of children in the Middle Ages, child labor, culturally justified child mutilation, corporal punishment, and the child protection movement in the United States. It also explains the following theoretical models of child abuse causes: the mental illness model; the environmental stress model; the social-psychological model, which proposes that 3 factors -- a special parent, a special child, and stress -- must be present; the social learning model, which views aggression as learned behavior; and the human ecological model, which views physical abuse as part of a larger systemic family problem. It explores the only framework for research in child abuse and neglect that has been developed by and for nurses. This framework, Georgia Kemm Millor's complex theory, presents child abuse and neglect as a multifactorial phenomenon within an environment that results in family toleration for physical punishment and establishes the framework for abusive family transactions. The paper's final section discusses traits of abusive parents, including developmental trauma in childhood, immaturity with poor impulse control, social isolation, and substance abuse. 149 references.
Desc.: etiology, abusive parents, family characteristics, theories, models, child abuse history, incidence, nurses

Y003064 73
4194A2 CD-07409
Reflections on Family Violence.
Sanche-Dirks, R.
National Inst. on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (DHHS), Rockville, Md.
Alcohol Health and Research World 4(1):12-16, Fall 1979.
Fall 1979.
Sub. Code: 98
Alcoholism and its implications in the treatment of family violence is discussed. Three points to consider when reviewing the literature on alcoholism and family violence include: the repetitive cycle from generation to generation of both alcoholism and violence; the fact that the spouse and the children are equally likely to be victims; and the similarity of the personality characteristics of the attacker, the alcohol abuser, and the children of alcoholics. Consequently, treatment for alcoholism can reduce violence by alcoholics. Programs offering treatment for alcoholism and its victims are presented, as well as programs which deal specifically with alcohol problems in treating family violence. Suggestions for future action are also presented. 7 references.
Desc.: alcohol abuse, therapeutic programs, generational cycle of child abuse, family violence, personality patterns

Y003064 74
4193I1 CD-07392
Adolescent Abuse and Neglect - Intervention Strategies.
Fisher, B.; Berdie, J.; Cook, J.; Day, N.
Urban and Rural Systems Associates, San Francisco, Calif.
National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (DHHS), Washington, D.C., (OHDS) 80-30266, 74 pp., January 1980.
January 1980.
Sub. Code: 98
Child abuse and neglect are defined, and their causes, effects, and characteristics are explored. Issues affecting identification and reporting of child abuse and neglect are addressed, including beliefs and attitudes of professionals, children's lack of involvement in schools, and the reluctance of youth workers to report the incidents. Physical and behavioral indicators of physical and sexual abuse, neglect, and emotional maltreatment are examined, and guidelines for investigating and assessing suspected cases of abuse and neglect are provided. Youth behaviors that may impede factfinding are reported, including their reluctance to talk about abuse and neglect because they feel they deserved in, fear they or their parents will be removed from the home or incarcerated, or embarrassment or shame. Parental responses, such as fear of discovery or of legal repercussions, are also considered. The need for a comprehensive assessment of maltreated adolescents and their families is cited as a foundation for determining family members' needs and for planning treatment. Suggestions for conducting the assessments are provided, and the need for the provision of ongoing crisis services, therapy and counseling, and supportive services is emphasized. Tests that may be useful in asessing adolescents' educational needs are discussed, including the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation, and the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale. 13 references.
Desc.: physical abuse, child abuse reporting, child abuse syndromes, diagnoses, sexual abuse, therapy

Y003064 75
4191H1 CD-07292
The Role of the Forensic Mental Health Assessment in Child Abuse and Neglect.
Holmes, M. L.; Wise, J. H.
Children's Hospital National Medical Center, Washington, D.C. Div. of Child Protection.
Clinical Proceedings CHNMC 40:202-210, May-August 1984.
May-August 1984.
Sub. Code: 96
The forensic mental health assessment is a psychological analysis of the parent, child, or family system which can assist the court in the preadjudication and pre- and postdispositional evaluation of cases of child abuse and neglect. The assessment is based upon interpretive data from psychological tests, clinical or psychiatric interviews, and professional judgment. The role of the forensic clinician is that of a consultant specializing in mental health issues. Child victim issues addressed in the mental health assessment include the nature of the emotional attachment between the child and parent or guardian; the extent to which the child has assumed blame for the abuse incident; the behavioral, intellectual, or personality factors in the child that may contribute to the potential for future abuse; and the coping mechanisms the child used in responding to the abuse and how they are working. Parent or guardian abuser issues include the extent to which the abuser accepted responsibility for the incident; the behavioral, intellectual, or personality factors that might contribute to future abuse; whether the parent's behavioral expectations for the child are reasonable and realistic; and what psychological or other intervention procedures would best repair or enhance the parent-child relationship. A case evaluation of physical abuse by a stepfather is presented to illustate issues involved in forensic mental health assessment. Careful attention, sensitivity, and thoughtfulness are required in the development of these assessments as the findings often become the court's primary prescription for healing the child and family victims of abuse.
Desc.: forensic psychiatry, psychological evaluation, psychological characteristics, court case dispositions, parent child relations

Y003064 76
4186B2 CD-07253
Race, Ethnicity and Child Maltreatment: An Analysis of Cases Recognized and Reported by Hospitals.
Hampton, R. L. 
Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, Mass.
Groves Conference on Marriage and the Family, Freeport Bahamas. Supported for: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (DHHS), Wash., D.C., (90-CA-891) 36 pp., 1983.
1983.
Sub. Code: 94
Data from the National Study of the Incidence and Severity of Child abuse and Neglect were reanalyzed with the focus on child maltreatment cases seen in hospitals. Focusing on hospital reporting, multivariate analyses yielded a detailed understanding of the differences between reported and unreported cases. The following factors appeared most influential in affecting case reporting by hospitals: income, the role of the mother in maltreatment, emotional abuse, race, the employment of the mother, sexual abuse, number of victims, and education of the mother. Disproportionate numbers of unreported cases were victims of emotional abuse in white families of higher income, with mothers alleged to be responsible for the injuries. The data suggest that socially marginal families may be judged more by their racial and social characteristics than their alleged abusive behavior. This discrimination not only subjects lower socioeconomic and ethnic minority families to the stigma of being labeled as abusive, but may also subject them to interventions which may be both intrusive and punitive. Numerous studies reveal the selective way in which hospitals and medical personnel label families on the basis of personal characteristics. Tables and figures are provided. 51 references.
Desc.: hospital personnel, analysis of variance, child abuse reporting, failure to report abuse, individual characteristics, racial factors, social factors

Y003064 77
4186A2 CD-07249
Highlights of Official Child Neglect and Abuse Reporting 1982.
American Humane Association, Denver, Colo.
Prepared for: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (DHHS), Washington, D.C., (90-CA-862), 39 pp., 1984.
1984.
Sub. Code: 94
This report provides an updated profile of officially reported child maltreatment in the United States. Information is derived from official reports, documented by child protection service (CPS) agencies nationwide during 1982. The discussion focuses on the characteristics of reporting to CPS agencies, the characteristics of the reported cases, and on the nature of CPS agency response to child abuse cases. The number of cases processed by child protection service agencies increased 123 percent since 1976 for a total during 1982 of 929, 310. The national reporting rate was 20.08 children per 1,000. The most frequently reported aspect of child maltreatment was neglect. Forty-three percent of the reported families were headed by a single female. Forty-three percent were also receiving public assistance. The average age of the victim was 7.1 years. Males and females were equally likely to be victims, while whites were underrepresented. Eighty-five percent of the perpetrators were the child's natural parents. Forty-one percent of all reports were substantiated or at risk. Forty-one percent of reported cases were open for protective services. The predominant service type was casework counseling (79 percent). Court action was indicated for 19 percent and short-term crisis services for 17 percent. The current CPS system is ill-equipped to deal with the volume of reporting. Enough is now known about the majority of those families who become involved with CPS agencies so that prevention efforts for identified populations can be developed.
Desc.: prevention, incidence, statistics, child abuse reporting, abusive parents, demography, individual characteristics

Y003064 78
4185K3 CD-07242
The Identification, Assessment, and Treatment of Abused and Neglected Children, Adolescents, and Their Families.
VeltKamp, L. J.; Alexander, P. J.; Larkster, F.
Kentucky Univ., Lexington. Div. of Child Psychiatry.
Supported by National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (DHHS), Washington, D.C., (90-CA-872), 87 pp., 1982.
1982.
Sub. Code: 92
Mental health, child protective service, and health professionals can use this self-instructional manual to learn about the effects of abuse and neglect on victims and siblings, understand the characteristics of families, understand treatment strategies, and recognize behavioral and medical indicators of abuse. Under four topical areas -- physical abuse of children, physical neglect, emotional maltreatment, sexual abuse -- the manual lists definitions of key terms, scope of the problem, types of abuse, criteria for identification, effect and causes, physical and behavior indicators, and family profiles of typical cases. A final unit on treatment strategies and considerations addresses the approach to treating the child, siblings, and the abuser and nonabuser. This unit also covers marital and family treatment strategies as well. Furthermore, it lists criteria for removal of the child from the family, for the return of the child to natural parents, and for petitioning for termination of parental rights. Appendixes five pointers on the use of drawings in the clinical evaluation, present sample protective services policies and procedures, provide hints on giving expert testimony, and outline of placement and custody issues. Finally, eight principles of unstructured play therapy are provided.
Desc.: detection, etiology, family therapy

Y003064 79
4185H3 CD-07230
Parents Anonymous Chairperson - Sponsor Manual.
Parents Anonymous, Inc., Torrance Calif.
Supported by: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (DHHS), Washington, D.C., (90-C-1891), 16 pp., 1982.
1982.
Sub. Code: 92
This manual provides the chairperson or sponsor of a Parents Anonymous (PA) chapter with theoretical and practical information about the abusing parent, child abuse, and its prevention within a self-help, therapeutic milieu. The PA theory of child abuse is delineated, with emphasis on the etological significance of the abuser's childhood, unmet needs, and stressful events. Additional contributing factors, such as lack of self-esteem, depression, and need for control, also are examined. The qualifications, roles, and commitments of the PA sponsor and chairperson are discussed, as is the relationship between sponsor and chairperson. An overview of the PA group leaders' basic tasks provides information on chapter leadership and maintenance, training, administration, community involvement, and networking. Possible alternatives to the chairperson-sponsor model are outlined. Guidelines for special problems (e.g., substance abusers, reporting abuse, interorganizational cooperation) are provided. Some characteristics of the PA parent and the PA chapter are discussed. Particular attention is given to group dynamics, including group cohesiveness, favoritism, and transference. Group activities designed to overcome doldrums in the chapter are provided. Also discussed are handling of the crisis telephone call and the chronic caller. Finally, strategies for evaluating the effectiveness of PA in terms of member appearance, assertiveness, and improved familial relationships are presented. A bibliography also is included.
Desc.: etiology, parents anonymous, prevention, paraprofessional training, peer groups, abusive parents, therapy

Y003064 80
4185G4 CD-07227
Sexually Abused Children Prevention, Protection, and Care: A Handbook for Residential Child Care Facilities.
Navarre, E. L.
Indiana Univ.-Purdue Univ. at Indianapolis School of Social Work.
Prepared for National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (DHHS), Washington, D.C. (90-CA-801), 86 pp., 1983.
1983.
Sub. Code: 92
Identifying the issues residential facilities face, this handbook reviews the extent of the problem of sexual abuse of children, legal and behavioral definitions of abuse, some common patterns of abuse and abusers, and the possible effects of sexual abuse on children. A section devoted to preventive and protective measures for residential facilities discusses the need for adequate diagnostic studies; the protection of children and staff within the facility; recognition and appropriate response to abuse that has occurred during home visits or other off campus activity; roles and responsibilities of the board of directors, the administrator, the coordinator of child abuse prevention and care, counselors and pastoral staff, and the child care worker; internal protocols and recording forms for alleged child abuse; and inservice training suggestions. The final section focuses on caring for children who have been sexually abused, examining the extreme sexual awareness of these children, the possibility of their behaving in ways that are enticing to others, their negative self-image and identity loss, fears and flashbacks, physical punishment and segregation, and special applications of positive discipline to the care of sexually abused children. An appendix contains the Indiana Department of Welfare's protocols for investigating institutional abuse and neglect allegations. 12 references. 21 audiovisuals.
Desc.: residential care, sexual abuse, prevention, residential centers, self concept, discipline, training, psychological characteristics

Y003064 81
4185F3 CD-07222
Administrative Guidelines for Child Abuse Identification and Reporting.
Los Angeles County Board of Education, Calif. Office of the Superintendent of Schools.
Los Angeles County Board of Education, Calif. Office of the Superintendent of Schools, 20 p., 1978.
1978.
Sub. Code: 92
Guidelines providing information needed to facilitate identification and reporting suspected child abuse, neglect, or sexual molestation are presented for California's educators. Child abuse is defined in terms of California law and this definition is compared to other States definitions. Statistics are used to illustrate the nature and extent of the problem in California. To help teachers identify possible abuse, characteristics of child abusers and behavioral tendencies of victims are noted, such as excessive tardiness and absenteeism. Reporting of suspected abuse is encouraged, and the legal responsibilities and liabilities of school personnel in reporting are summarized. Required and optional elements of the reporting procedures are detailed. The guide lists sources of help and further information as well as key agencies involved with child abuse and neglect. Treatment is explained, along with a review of possible court sanctions. Addressed in the appendixes is court attitude toward reporting and failure to report. A child abuse and neglect quiz and a list of resources are also included.
Desc.: child abuse reporting, mandatory reporting, teachers responsibility, california, schools responsibility

Y003064 82
4185D1 CD-07212
Child Abuse and Neglect: A Document for Nurses, Midwives, Social Workers, Teachers and Parents.
International Children's Centre, Paris (France).
International Children's Centre, Paris (France), 10 pp., 1980.
1980.
Sub. Code: 92
An overview of child abuse and neglect is presented for nurses, midwives, social workers, teachers, and parents. Difficulties with definitions of abuse and neglect are reviewed, and the incidence of abuse and neglect is discussed. Diagnosis of traumatic and nontraumatic pathology is considered. Clinical evidence of traumatic pathology may include the extent and distribution of injuries, the characteristics of the injury, injuries of varying ages, and injuries which are inconsistent with accidental cause or the explanations given for them. Evidence of nontraumatic pathology in children may include psychomotor retardation, stunted physical development, and behavioral disorders. Sexual abuse may occur within the family or outside the family. Sexual abuse also may be associated with other manifestations of maltreatment. Sequelae of abuse and neglect may be physical, psychological, and social. Children at risk of abuse include those separated from parents for long intervals, the premature, the handicapped, and those born of another union and rejected by the new member of the parent couple. Parents at risk of abusing children include very young, isolated, unmarried mothers, those suffering from postpartum neurotic decompensation, and those suffering from alcoholism. Situational factors which can increase risk include such stresses as poverty, illness, and family isolation. Outside the family, child abuse can be found in foster families, in private or public institutions, and among professionals who may not always act in the child's best interests. Reporting of suspected abuse and neglect may be to administrative or legal authorities. Once abuse has been identified, management may include keeping the child in the family and providing supportive services in the home or a specialized center; institutional care, such as that provided by day care centers; residential care; nonspecialized care by volunteer workers of through anonymous telephone services; and removing the child, usually temporarily, to a therapeutic family placement. Preventive measures involve improving the living conditions of the family. Maternity hospitals and nursery schools are institutions particularly suited to case finding. The need for training of physicians, nurses, social workers, family helpers, and educators and for education of the public is noted.
Desc.: diagnoses, sexual abuse, intervention, prevention, identification, definitions, sequelae, risk

Y003064 83
4183G3 CD-07130
Child Abuse and Neglect: A Document for Policy-Makers.
International Children's Centre, Paris (France).
International Children's Centre, Paris (France), 11 pp., 1980.
1980.
Sub. Code: 90
The incidence, prevention, and management of child abuse and neglect are examined, and implications for policymakers are discussed. A number of formal definitions of child abuse and neglect are presented. The symptoms of physical abuse, physical neglect, sexual abuse, and emotional maltreatment are outlined in tabular form, together with both their physical and behavioral indicators. The acutal incidence of abuse and neglect is difficult to pinpoint, but estimates are as high as 1 million in the United States. Causes of abuse and neglect may include a family history of violence, poverty, severe emotional stresses, and psychopathology. The parents' attitudes, their life histories, and the condition of the home can offer valuable clues to the presence of child abuse and neglect. Some of these characteristics of abusive and neglectful parents are listed. Effects of abuse may include permanent damage to the child's physical health, emotional wellbeing , and mental development. Reporting can be ensured by mandate. Most reporting statutes specify the definition of abuse and neglect, who is responsible for reporting, and to whom and in what form a report must be made. Some statutes provide penalities for failure to report. In general, reports must be filed as soon as an incident is noted, and the reporter is not required to produce proof. Effective treatment and prevention programs include support and services for children and parents and family services. These services may include counseling and therapy, day care, foster care, marital therapy, parent education, homemaker services, self-help groups, and employment and training programs. It is important that such services be coordinated. In addition, action must address institutional child abuse and neglect. Policy needs are as follows: definition of child abuse and neglect, guidelines for identification, procedures for determining the scope and incidence of abuse and neglect, a reporting system, guidance in the implementation of treatment and prevention programs, and guidance to eliminate institutional abuse and neglect.
Desc.: incidence, institutional abuse and neglect, policy formation, identification, intervention, prevention, child abuse reporting

Y003064 84
4183D4 CD-07119
Child Abuse. A Study of Inquiry Reports 1973-1981.
Department of Health and Social Security, London (England).
London (England), Her Majesty's Stationary Office, 98 pp., 1982.
1982.
Sub. Code: 90
An analysis is made of the published reports of inquiries into 18 cases of child abuse in England, 17 of which involved the death of a child. Many observations and suggestions are made. All workers need arrangements for exchanging information and a clear understanding of the role of each person involved in the case. Case conferences, called at appropriate junctures, offer an important means of coordinating action. Professional practice appears to show much good work interspersed with numerous omissions, mistakes, and misjudgments by different workers at different times. These failures can compound one another, producing a far more serious cumulative effect. Workers who might encounter child abuse must have the special knowledge, skills, and experience to be able to recognize when it is occurring or is likely to occur. Many allegations of abuse by members of the public turn out to be well-founded and should always be taken seriously and investigated promptly. A major characteristic of many cases is the failure to compile all available information and to use it in a structured, objective way. Decisions should always be explicit and objectives specified. Effective communication and records are essential. There is a clear need for special training on child abuse matters, and especially for inservice, multiprofessional courses. Effective supervision is crucial. Appendixes include background information on the inquiries and reports, a table of workers and others involved in the cases, and legal provisions.
Desc.: death, investigations, case management, physical abuse, case studies, england, child abuse reporting

Y003064 85
4182H3 CD-07086
Spare the Rod.
Ritchie, J.; Ritchie, J.
Boston, Mass., George Allen and Unwin, 153 pp., 1981.
1981.
Sub. Code: 88
Corporal punishment against children by parents and schools in New Zealand should cease in order to break the cycle of violence that breeds violence. An examination of New Zealand's history and culture concludes that its children are trained to accept physical violence as a fact of lift that is right and proper in prescribed circumstances. Common arguments made in defense of corporal punishment are reviewed, along with research data regarding the use of physical punishment in New Zealand's homes and schools. Physical punishment emerges as a major pillar of parenthood, and its use has increased in the past 2 decades. Furthermore, schools continue to use corporal punishment, and most adults endorse this practice. The book discusses the effects of physical punishment on human behavior and the incidence of child abuse in New Zealand and abusers' characteristics. Alternative methods of discipline for both parents and teachers are described, including reasoning with children, using positive behavioral controls such as praise and group problemsolving techniques for schools. The authors address support services for parents and the impact of domestic violence and violence in the media on behavior. 191 references and an index.
Desc.: corporal punishment, new zealand, generational cycle of child abuse, violence

Y003064 86
4176D1 CD-07004
The Use of Lay Therapists in the Treatment of Child Abusers. A Final Evaluation Report.
Hornick, J.; Patterson, C.; Clarke, M.
Wilfrid Laurie Univ., Waterloo (Ontario).
Prepared for: Ontario Ministry of Community and Social Services, Toronto. Child Abuse Prevention Program, 180 pp., August 1983.
August 1983.
Sub. Code: 86
The effectiveness and efficiency (cost-effectiveness) of a lay therapy treatment program the Supportive Home Helpers, for child abusing parents was compared to that of a standard treatment approach. The sample consisted of a group of 55 child-abusing or high-risk for abuse mothers referred to the Waterloo Region Family and Childrens Services (Ontario, Canada) between June 29, 1979 and June 16, 1980 and a matched comparison group of 21 nonabusing mothers selected from the Waterloo Region Public Health Unit birth notice records. Abusers were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 treatment models, and the majority of subjects were tested at 3 points in time at 6-month intervals, i.e., 18 monhs in total. The abusers differed significantly from the nonabusing mothers on several unchangeable and changeable characteristics. They tended to be younger and less educated than the nonabusing mothers, were prone to be unemployed and single parents, and were less intelligent, more frivolous, more venturesome, hard and cynical mistrusting, uncontrolled, and tense. Both the treatment models tested were significantly successful in helping the abusers to become more like the nonabusing mothers, but the abusers receiving the lay therapy treatment changed more than those abusers receiving the standard treatment. The more successful lay therapy treatment cost substantially more, $130 per month per client compared to $84. Ways to alleviate the high relative cost of this program are outlined along with program and research recommendations. 56 references.
Desc.: program evaluation, lay therapists, cost effectiveness, abusive parents, mothering, models, therapy, individual characteristics

Y003064 87
4174B3 CD-06902
Development Issues In Child Abuse: Implications for Intervention.
Ohrenstein, L.
Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services, New York.
Child and Adolescent Social Work 1(1):49-62, Spring 1984.
Spring 1984.
Sub. Code: 82
A developmental approach to understanding child abuse is presented, and its implications for intervention are discussed. Following a review of definitional problems, incidence, and abuser and abused characteristics, it is suggested that each developmental phase of the child may constitute a phase-specific stressor for the parent because of unresolved parental conflicts. The specific parenting tasks of each development phase may have an idiosyncratic meaning to abuse-prone parents, making it difficult for them to cope with the child and the changing parenting role. Parents who abuse their infants are viewed as having a serious defect in their capacity for bonding; there often is an intolerance of the infant's dependency, and there may be a role reversal in which the infant is viewed as a source of nurturance. Others, with unresolved separation anxiety, are threatened by the autonomy of their toddlers as they separate and individuate. Parents with unresolved Oedipal conflicts are more likely to be punitive with the same-sex child who acts seductively with the opposite-sex parent during the Oedipal stage. Paranoid, narcississtic, and controlling parents may perceive the move toward greater independence by the latency-age child as disloyalty or rejection. In puberty and adolescence, the crucial development issues of separation, control, and sexuality may be very upsetting to some parents. Case examples in which development issues served as precipitators of abuse or neglect are presented for each stage. In formulating and intervention plan, one must consider the personality structure and history of the abuser and others involved, particularly the severity of pathology in the abuser, child developmental characteristics, and other external and internal stress factors which may trigger abusive interactions.
Desc.: child development, cognitive development, child behavior, abusive parents, individual characteristics, family relations, parents stress

Y003064 88
4173K2 CD-06889
Dependency, Frustration Tolerance, and Impulse Control in Child Abusers.
Kertzman, T.
Saratoga, Calif. Century Twenty One Publishing, 166 pp., 1980.
1980.
Sub. Code: 82
It was hypothesized that abusive parents are more dependent, have a lower frustration tolerance, and are more impulsive than nonabusive parents, and that frustration tolerance and impulse control of the abusive parent decreases in response to the frustration of dependency needs and increases in response to their satisfaction. The male and female parents, age range 9 to 42 years (28 white, 12 black), were adjudicated in Erie County Family Court (New York) on charges of committing physical child abuse. A nonabusive control group of 40 parents (mean age 22 to 46 and matched for race and sex) had come to court to settle child support claims or matters concerning custody and visitation rights. A score developed by Masling (1967) based on Rorschach responses provided a measure of oral dependency. Frustration tolerance was measured by the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration (P-F) Study. There was a significant difference in oral dependency between abusers and nonabusers in the predicted direction with abusers showing more dependence. Overall support for the hypothesis that frustration tolerance is lower in abusers appeared in results for two of the three measures of frustration tolerance. Data bearing on impulsiveness failed to support the prediction of and abuser-nonabuser difference. Satisfaction of dependency needs, received in the concrete form of food during frustration, appeared to raise abuser frustration tolerance, but satisfaction received in a symbolic interpersonal form of warmth and caring did not. 114 references.
Desc.: abusive parents, personality patterns, individual characteristics, dependency, frustration, impulsive behavior, personality assessment

Y003064 89
4173F4 CD-06871
Psychosocial Dynamics of Child Abuse.
Felthous, A. R.
Menninger Foundation, Topeka, Kans.
Jrnl of Forensic Sciences pp. 219-236, January 1984.
January 1984.
Sub. Code: 82
Social factors associated with child abuse are explored in a literature review. Many social characteristics of abusers have been identified: more mothers than fathers abuse their children; abusers tend to be young; although abuse occurs in all levels of society, it may be more common among lower class families; and abusers tend to be socially isolated. Relationships between parents of abused children often involve separation, lone parenthood, instability, passive-aggressive interactions, or role reversal. In addition, neurotic and character disorders are also common among abusive parents. Character traits reflecting ego weaknesses are frequently reported. Some abusive parents are chronically angry, while others are compulsive, rigid, lacking in affection, intolerant, and harbor unreasonably high expectations. Some abusive parents drink to excess, and many have depressive reactions. On the other hand, the psychodynamic mechanisms underlying abuse include inadvertence, inseparable identification, supposed protection from the cruelties of life, disciplinary excess, rejection, displaced hostility, scapegoating, and a psychotic imperative. Neither social factors nor patterns of parental relationships, psychopathology, or psychodynamics provide an adequate explanation for the occurrence of child abuse. One model holds that child abuse is a function of 3 general factors: stresses upon the parent, ego weaknesses of the parent, and vectors that direct the parent's violent impulses against the child. 119 references.abusive parents; social characteristics; psychodynamics; psychopathology; marital conflict; child abuse research

Y003064 90
4173D2 CD-06861
Psychological and Sociological Aspects of Child Abuse.
Baker, J. M.
Behavior Associates, Tucson, Ariz.
In: Haralambie, A.M. (Editor). Practical Child Advocacy. Denver, Colo., National Association of Counsel for Children, pp. 19-27, 1982.
1982.
Sub. Code: 82
Characteristics of abusive parents are summarized. Individuals who physically abuse their children usually have poor impulse control. These parents are also immature and self-centered, living a socially isolated life. There is evidence of depressive elements among child abusers, including poor self-esteem and feelings of inadequacy. Child abusers often suffered abuse or some form of neglect or rejection during their own childhoods. These parents have unrealistic expectations for their children; they tend to be ignorant of the behaviors that are appropriate for their children's developmental stage. They perceive the child's failure to meet these expectations as stubbornness or willful disobedience. This group has very negative attitudes towards children in general. The demographic characteristics include a high incidence of marital instability or divorce, very young children born in close succession, and economic or social stress. One note and 13 references are included.
Desc.: abusive parents, individual characteristics, physical abuse, demography, social factors

Y003064 91
4172J3 CD-06838
Child Abuse Incidence and Reporting by Hospitals: Child Abuse Reporting.
Hampton, R. L.; Newberger, E. H.
Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, Mass.
Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, Mass., 21 pp., undated.
undated.
Sub. Code: 80
The attributes associated with the hospital diagnosis of child maltreatment and its reporting to child protective service agencies are examined in a secondary analysis of the National Study of the Incidence and Severity of Child Abuse and Neglect sponsored by the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. Compared with other agencies in the sample, hospitals identified children of younger age, in more urban areas, of black race, and with more serious injuries. However, hospitals failed to report to child protection agencies almost half the reportable cases, and children with serious injuries were often unreported. A discriminant analysis was performed to distinguish between reported and unreported cases. Important discriminators included income, role of mother in maltreatment, emotional abuse, race, maternal employment, and sexual abuse. Disproportionate numbers of unreported cases were victims of emotional abuse, in families of higher income, whose mothers were alleged to be responsible for the injuries and who were white. These data suggest that class and race, but not medical severity, define which cases are and are not reported to child protection agencies. The failure of hospitals to report many of their cases is in part related to the fact that child abuse is neither theoretically nor clinically well defined. In addition, previous research suggests that physicians' judgments of possible child abuse are affected by socioeconomic and ethnic status. Tabular data are included. 12 references.
Desc.: hospital personnel, discriminant analysis, child abuse reporting, failure to report abuse, individual characteristics, racial factors, social factors

Y003064 92
4172I3 CD-06834
Sexual Abuse in the National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect.
Finkelhor, D.; Hutaling, G.
New Hampshire Univ., Durhan. Family Violence Research Program.
New Hampshire Univ., Durham. Family Violence Research Program, 50 pp., July 1983.
July 1983.
Sub. Code: 80
An analysis was conducted of the sexual abuse cases reported in the 1970-1980 National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect. Overall, 17, 645 cases of child abuse and neglect came to the study's attention in the 26 sample counties. Through the use of an elaborate weighting system, it was estimated that nationwide 1, 151, 600 cases of abuse and neglect were suspected by professionals during the study period (May to April). Of 6 major types of maltreatment and cases defined as inscope, about 7 percent involved sexual abuse. Extrapolated to the national level, 44, 700 cases of sexual abuse were known to professionals during the study year. Sexual abuse victims were predominantly female; perpetrators were predominantly male. Intrusion (anal, oral, or vaginal intercourse) comprised half of the cases. Victims of intrusion were likely to be older than victims of other types of sexual abuse; and natural fathers, rather than stepfathers, were the more likely perpetrators. Data indicate that sexual abuse is unlikely to occur in conjunction with other forms of abuse or neglect. Relative to other types of abuse and neglect, there is a high proportion of female victims, male perpetrators, and nonparent nonfamily-member perpetrators. Criminal juctice professionals were more likely to discover sexual abuse, particularly among older victims. Mental health and medical personnel were more likely to discover cases involving younger children. Unreported sexual abuse cases were more likely to originate in rural counties; criminal justice personnel were less likely to report cases to child protection services; and female offenders were more unlikely to be reported to official agencies than were male offenders. Limitations of the National Incidence data are discussed, and recommendations are made for future research.
Desc.: sexual abuse, epidemiology, incidence, national survey child abuse reporting, individual characteristics

Y003064 93
4172E1 CD-06816
Theories, Professional Knowledge, and Diagnosis of Child Abuse.
O'Toole, R.; Turbett, P.; Nalepka, C.
Kent State Univ., Ohio.
In: Finkelhor, David et al (Editors). The Dark Side of Families. Beverly Hills, Calif., SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 349-362, 1983.
1983.
Sub. Code: 78
The ways in which doctors and nurses diagnose child abuse are examined. Doctors and nurses have notions of "normal" injuries and accidents. When these notions are violated by physical evidence they encounter in dealing with the child, their judgements are often the result of their own backgrounds, professional socialization, training, and organizational roles. Three diagnostic problems center on the attribution of cause and motive: differentiating child abuse from punishment, unwillingness to accept the fact that parents could abuse their children, and problems in establishing the "responsibility" of the parents. The perception of the parent as psychologically ill eases some of this strain. Few medical personnel sought additional information from sources such as schools. There was a tendency to label minority low-income children as abused more often than nonminority, less deprived children. Physicians learn to do this through associating stress and a deprived lifestyle with a general tendency toward abuse; often their observations as interns in emergency rooms support these views. Nurses generally conduct more thorough investigations in cases of suspected abuse -they are trained to do so -- and are less likely to stereotype by class or race. 26 references.
Desc.: diagnosis, physical abuse, physicians attitudes, nurses

Y003064 94
4172D4 CD-06815
Definition and Dynamics of Child Abuse: A Multifactorial Model.
Meier, J. H.
Childhelp, U.S.A. - International, Beaumont, Calif. Research Div.
Childhelp, U.S.A. - International, Beaumont, Calif. Research Div., 77 pp., April 1983.
April 1983.
Sub. Code: 78
A multifactorial model of child abuse, designed to provide an operational definition of child abuse, is presented. The model posits 3 major factor groups: parental, child, and ecological. These factors, when coupled with precipitating events, contribute to a child abuse episode. Parental factors include the demographic characteristics such as socioeconomic status and parent age and sex; the sociobiological, including personality disorders, poor impulse control, alcohol and drugs, and chronic anxiety or stress; and the ethological (sociobiological instincts, infanticide). Child factors include the unwanted and or problem child (e.g. deformity, developmental disability, incontinence); provocative behaviors such as hyperactivity, discipline problems, whining, sibling rivalry, and unresponsiveness; and stress disorders. Among ecological factors are parental interaction, particularly value, culture, or moral conflicts and marital discord; single parent status; family status (e.g., social isolation, unemployment, threats to parental authority); and class and community subfactors such as attitudes toward discipline and violence and ignorance of human development. A definition of child abuse as any act of omission or commission that endangers or impairs a child's physical or emotional health and development is presented. National international, California, and Village of Childhelp child abuse incidence data are presented to illustrate the severity of the problem. The importance of identification and reporting of suspected child abuse for effective intervention is emphasized; and characteristics of the abused child and the abuser are provided to aid in identification. Diagnosis and treatment as well as primary prevention and secondary and tertiary interventio or prevention are discussed briefly.
Desc.: models, child abuse, family environment, child behavior, sociocultural patterns, parent background, parent behavior, parent stress

Y003064 95
4171K3 CD-06794
Parents, Families and Child Abuse.
Life Skills Education, Inc., Weymouth, Mass.
Weymouth, Mass., Life Skills Education, Inc., 14 pp., undated.
undated.
Sub. Code: 98
Child abuse is discussed as a family problem which requires care and treatment for the entire family unit. Abusing parents can be taught good parenting skills, and they should not feel that they have failed as parents because they seek help for parenting. Violence also is learned, and children should be taught that abuse from their parents is not for their own good, nor is it deserved. If children are not taught that violence is an unacceptable form of behavior, they will grow up believing that in is a way of expressing concern and love for one another. Stress is likely to contribute to abuse in families. Some stress-producing factors are: premature babies; twins; and children who are retarded or handicapped or who gave birth defects. Other stress contributing factors are: large families; poverty; unemployed parents; or single parent families. Possible contributing factors for abusive behavior and factors indicating why parents are abusive are presented. Characteristics of sexual abusers are described, and myths about child abuse are discussed. Information is presented about Parents Anonymous groups, and other sources from which help and information are available are listed.
Desc.: family violence, family therapy, parenting, self help programs, parents anonymous, social attitudes, parents stress

Y003064 96
4171J1 CD-06788
Understanding Child Neglect and Abuse.
Holder, W. M.; Schene, P.
American Humane Association, Denver, Colo.
American Humane Association, Denver, Colo., 21 pp., 1981.
1981.
Sub. Code: 98
A legal definition of child neglect and abuse is discussed, distinguishing maltreatment from discipline. Statistics are given on the incidence of abuse, the ages and sex of children involved, persons who report incidences of child abuse and neglect, the perpetrators, and the kinds of families involved. Also discussed are the characteristics of child abusers and abused children giving special attention to physical, sexual, and emotional abuse. Information on the purpose, responsibility, and methods of child protective services agencies is presented.
Desc.: discipline, emotional neglect, child abuse, sexual abuse, child protection services, child abuse reporting

Y003064 97
4163D4 CD-06607
Highlights of Official Child Neglect and Abuse Reporting: Annual Report, 1981.
American Humane Association, Denver, Colo. Child Protection Div.
American Humane Association, Denver, Colo., Child Protection Div., 35 pp., 1983.
1983.
Sub. Code: 98
Officially reported child maltreatment cases in the U.S. in 1981 are summarized. These data are based on information made available to the National Study on Child Neglect and Abuse Reporting, a project funded through the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. Derived information pertains to the characteristics of involve families, the type of maltreatment, sources of reports, and the nature of the response on the part of child protective services to reports. Families reported in 1981 were significantly more likely to be receiving some form of public assistance, to be headed by single female caretakers, and to be without employment when compared to U.S. families as a whole. Ninety-five percent of the reports indicated that the child-perpetrator relationships were parental. Forty-one percent of all reports came from nonprofessionals; school personnel followed with 13 percent. Neglect or deprivation of necessities was the major form of maltreatment reported (59 percent).
Desc.: child abuse reporting, national surveys, family characteristics, child neglect, statistical data, annual reports, united states

Y003064 98
4152G4 CD-06315
Condylomata Acuminatum in the Prepubescent Child: Report of a Case.
Herskowitz, L. J.
Jrnl of the American Osteopathic Association 82(6):429-431, February 1983.
February 1983.
Sub. Code: 84
A case report of condylomata acuminatum in a prepubescent child is presented, and the rarity of condylomata acuminatum among prepubescent children is discussed. When reported in the prepubescent child, condylomata acuminatum should be considered with a high index of suspicion, since it may be a subtle sign of extensive child abuse. Child abuse is stereotyped as the battered child syndrome, but sexual abuse is being reported more frequently. It is not associated with typically blatant physical abuse, but rather, subtle threats and psychological trauma. Most of the previously published reports of prepubescent condylomata have overlooked the association with abuse. While there is evidence of noncoital epidemiology, condylomta in prepubescent children is more likely to be associated with child abuse. The assistance of a multidisciplinary team can be helpful to the physician, the family, and the child in both recognition of the problem and initiation of therapy. 8 references.
Desc.: sexual abuse, differential diagnoses, case reports, detection, physicians role, venereal diseases

Y003064 99
4151C4 CD-06251
Alcohol Abusers and Non-Users: A Discriminant Analysis of Differences Between Two Subgroups of Batterers.
Eberle, P. A.
Colorado Univ., Denver.
Jrnl of Health and Social Behavior 23(3):260-271, September 1982.
September 1982.
Sub. Code: 82
Differences between wife-beating husbands who abused alcohol and those who did not use alcohol were investigated. Violence attributes, the victim's use of alcohol, and demographic characteristics of the 2 subgroups of batterers were studied. Discriminant analysis of these variables showed significant differences between the alcohol abusers and the nonusers. The victim's use of alcohol was the highest contributor to the discriminant function, followed by age of the batterer, level of injury inflicted on the victim, batterer's socioeconomic status, the batterer's violence toward the children, and the total amount of violence sustained by the victim. Additional findings were that only 16 percent of the battereis used alcohol excessively during all 4 battering incidents, and 19 percent did not use any alcohol at all. The remaining 65 percent showed an inconsistent pattern of alcohol abuse, no alcohol use, or some use. 45 references.
Desc.: family violence, spouse abuse, alcoholism, etiology, comparative analysis, paternal abuse

Y003064 100
4151C3 CD-06250
Child Abuse: A Comparison of Physical Abusers, Sexual Abusers, and Non-Abusers of Perceived Locus of Control, Self-Acceptance and Avowed Happiness.
Dosch, M. F.
Oregon Univ., Portland.
Doctoral Dissertation. Ann Arbor, Mich., University Microfilms (7927241), 137 pp., 1979.
1979.
Sub. Code: 82
The Personal Opinion Questionnaire was administered to 10 sexually abusive parents, 7 physically abusive parents, and 17 nonabusive parents to determine whether they differ significantly in perceived locus of control, self-acceptance, and avowed happiness. The child abusers were passive or active abusers. Physical abusers, sexual abusers, and nonabusers differed significantly on levels of avowed happiness; parents who abused their children were not as happy as nonabusers. Much of the difference rests in the sexual abusive group's choices of avowed happiness. Parents who sexually abuse their children may be unhappy people or their unhappiness may contribute to their sexually abusive behavior with children.
Desc.: sexual abuse, motivation, questionnaires, physical abuse, abusive parents, psychological characteristics, self concept, personality assessment

Y003064 101
4143A1 CD-06080
Child Abuse in Georgia: A Method to Evaluate Risk Factors and Reporting Bias.
Jason, J.; Andereck, N. D.; Marks, J.; Tyler, C. W., Jr.
Centers for Disease Control (DHHS), Atlanta, Ga. Center for Health Promotion and Education.
American Jrnl of Public Health 72(12):1353-1358, December 1982.
December 1982.
Sub. Code: 94
A method to evaluate risk factors and reporting biases in child abuse and neglect is illustrated using data from a 4-year portion of the Georgia Department of Protective Services Central Registry. This registry recorded population-based data on confirmed, nonconfirmable, and ruled-out child abuse reports. Reporting biases reflected in the differential characteristics of confirmed and ruled-out reports of child abuse are discussed. Characteristics, households, or groups equally or more prevalent in the latter category cannot necessarily be considered associated with increased risk of child abuse, even if they are represented in the confirmed abuse population more than in the general public. Conditions associated with increased child abuse are also conditions associated with greater surveillance; therefore, risk assessment is not possible using the data in this registry. Certain households do appear to be at increased risk for child abuse. These include large families, families without a biological mother or biological father, and families ever needing Aid to Families with Dependent Children. This increased risk, however, is slight. Improved surveillance requires identification of reporting biases. A comparison of confirmed and ruled-out reports is an inexpensive and system-specific step toward achieving this aim. 16 references.
Desc.: evaluation methods, risk, child abuse reporting, demography, attitudes, georgia

Y003064 102
4142L2 CD-06077
Mandatory Reporting Laws. (Letter).
Guyer, M. J.; Constantine, L. L.
Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Dept. of Psychiatry.
American Jrnl of Orthopsychiatry 52(4):748-750, October 1982.
October 1982.
Sub. Code: 94
A previous publication by Guyer concerning legal and clinical implications of child abuse and neglect statutes is criticized, and legal issues at the interface between psychotherapy and child abuse reporting laws are discussed. It is contended that: labeling of a victim and a perpetrator establishes a bias away from a consideration of mutual needs that can conflict with therapeutic goals; reporting laws mandate that treatment and disposition decisions be made by employees or representatives of the state, who are often less qualified than the original therapist; and reporting laws have great potential for abuse. Guyer replies that: bias would probably arise not from the labels assigned in the report but rather from the therapist's observation of the patient; if a family has been using private clinical services, public protective service agencies generally encourage the continuation of those service, yet public agencies should be strengthened so that they can meet the needs of families who cannot afford private services; and although there is a risk of harm to individuals resulting from false or malicious reports, it is not likely that mandatory or voluntary reporting procedures will affect that risk. 1 reference.
Desc.: child abuse reporting, legal problems, worker client relations, family therapy, child abuse laws, mandatory reporting, psychotherapy

Y003064 103
4142E3 CD-06050
What Everyone Should Know About the Sexual Abuse of Children.
Bete (Channing L.), Co., Inc., South Deerfield, Mass.
South Deerfield, Mass., Bete (Channning L.) Co., Inc., 15 pp., 1981.
1981.
Sub. Code: 92 
An overview of the sexual abuse of children and means of preventing and halting it is provided for use in public education efforts. Topics addressed include the nature of child sexual abuse, effects of sexual abuse, means of preventing sexual abuse, characteristics of typical abusers, motivations of abusers, contexts of child sexual abuse, means of intervening in cases of suspected child sexual abuse, agencies to contact when child sexual abuse is suspected, incest, child pornography, means of teaching children to protect themselves, and actions that should be taken by parents and community members.
Desc.: public awareness, pamphlets, sexual abuse

Y003064 104
4135C2 CD-05929
It Shouldn't Hurt to Be a Child.
National Committee for Prevention of Child Abuse, Denver, Colo.
National Committee for Prevention of Child Abuse, Denver, Colo, 16 pp., 1982.
1982.
Sub. Code: 86
Some general information on child abuse is provided and the approach of the National Committee for Prevention of Child Abuse (NCPCA) for child abuse prevention is presented. Nonaccidental physical injury, physical neglect, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and characteristics of the abusers (who are usually friends, neighbors, and relatives) are discussed. Either 1 stressful circumstance or a number of crises actually trigger abuse, and a combination of factors build so that a person can no longer cope. The NCPCA supports child abuse prevention at the community and local levels, and community programs include support programs for new parents, education for parents, early and regular child and family screening and treatment, child care opportunities, programs for abused children and young adults (to minimize the longer-term effects on children and young adults and to reduce the likelihood of their becoming abusive parents), life skills training for children and young adults, self-help groups and other neighborhood supports, family support services (crisis care, hotline counseling, and family planning), community organization activities (to increase availability of social services, health and educational reources, and other supports to reduce family stress), and public information and education on child abuse prevention. Guidelines are provided for helping an abuser or a potential abuser seek assistance, and for reporting suspected cases of child abuse. Volunteering time and making donations to the NCPCA are recommended steps in child abuse prevention for the concerned citizen.
Desc.: national organizations, community programs, prevention

Y003064 105
4133J2 CD-0861
Physicians' Recognition and Reaction to Child Abuse.
Turrett, J. P.
Kent State Univ., Ohio.
Doctoral Dissertation. Ann Arbor, Mich., University Microfilms (8011469), 101 pp., 1979.
1979.
Sub. Code: 84
The manner in which physicians use parents' status characteristics and the extent of injury in recognizing and reacting to child abuse is explored with regard to labelling theory. Physicians were interviewed concerning labelling, and then reacted to vignettes (i.e., hospital emergency room forms) in which independent variables were manipulated systematically. Socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and extent of injury appear to be important variables in labelling of child abuse.
Desc.: physicians attitudes, detection, diagnoses, socioeconomic status, injury patterns, ethnic groups

Y003064 106
4133I3 CD-05858
Children at Risk.
Thomson, W. A.
Jrnl of the Royal Society of Medicine 74:792-793, November 1981.
November 1981.
Sub. Code: 84
The incidence of child abuse in England, Wales, and North Ireland is reported, and the characteristics of child abuse patterns are discussed. The estimated incidence of child abuse is 5, 147 children under 15 years old, and the characteristic age at the time of abuse incident is 38 percent under 1 year old and 55 percent under 2 years old. Other relevant factors are: boys are more often the victims than girls; there is a relatively high incidence of low birth weight infants and illegitimacy; and practically a third of mothers are under 20 years old. Doctors should be aware that: the more bizarre the injuries, the higher the suspicion of a battered baby; severe shaking without a direct blow may result in subdural hematoma or hemorrhage in the eye; photographs, including infrared ones, of the injuries should be taken in suspected child abuse cases; characteristic abusive families are unstable and report that the child is especially difficult to handle. 1 reference.
Desc.: great britain, statistics, physicians role, incidence, sex factors, diagnoses, detection, age factors

Y003064 107
4133D4 CD-05839
Outcomes of Child Abuse Complaints: Caseworkers as Predictors.
Lamb, K. L.
Arizona Univ., Tucson. 
Doctoral Dissertation. Ann Arbor, Mich., University Microfilms (7916874), 161 pp., 1979.
1979.
Sub. Code: 84
Factors influencing social workers' judgments in determining whether or not child abuse has occured were investigated. Variables suggested by the literature such as severity of injury, method of abuse, and stress factors operating in the home environment plus variables describing the attributes of the child and family, and the professional and personal characteristics of the social workers themselves, were used as independent variables. For independent variables and the dependent variable were converted to ratio scales by use of magnitude estimation techniques. Five scales were constructed and analyzed for consensus in judgments by social workers. The number of years a social worker had served in child protection service was the only worker characteristic which affected judgment of scale items. Scores derived from magnitude estimations were applied to case records. A multiplicative power function model described the relationship beween case outcome and independent variables (type of injury, method, precipitating and chronic stress) better than a linear model. Variables describing the child, family, and social worker were introduced into the equation one at a time to look for important predictors which later could be combined into a final model. Type of injury, worker caseload, child's race, status of the abuse reporter, relationship of the abuser to the child, and academic preparation of the social worker were significantly related to social workers' judgments of abuse. Less than half of the variation in case outcome was explained by this model.
Desc.: decision making case assessment, social workers attitude, social workers role, outcomes, factor analysis, models

Y003064 108
4131D4 CD-05743
Child Abuse: A Review of Research.
Segal, J.
National Inst. of Mental Heath (DHEW), Rockville, Md.
In: Corfman, E. (Editor). Families Today, Science Monographs 1. Rockville, Md., National Ins. of Mental Health (DHEW), (ADM) 79-895, 577-606, 1979.
1979.
Sub. Code: 98
A review of research on child abuse is presented. Topics covered include: a history of child abuse; the extent and incidence of child abuse; effects of abuse on young victims; sexual problems of abuse victims; generational cycle of violence and abuse; characteristics of abusive parents; characteristics of children who invite abuse; help for abusers and their victims such as parent groups, home support programs, hotline telephone services, crisis nurseries and drop-off centers, child care instruction, and public education; and early identification of children at risk. 27 references.
Desc.: research reviews, child abuse history, incidence, sequela, generational cycle of child abuse, individual characteristics, therapy, detection

Y003064 109
4131B3 CD-05734
A Short Introduction to Child Abuse in Japan.
Ikeda, Y.
Japanese National Inst. of Mental Health, Tokyo.
Japanese National Inst. of Mental Health, Tokyo, 5 pp., undated.
undated.
Sub. Code: 98
Following the first nation-wide survey of child abuse in 1973, the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare made it mandatory for public child guidance clinics to report all such cases each year. As a representative sample, in 1977, 4 public child guidance clinics in Chiba prefecture reported 27 child abuse cases; and in 1980, 8 public child guidance clinics in the Tokyo metropolitan area reported about 80 cases. In 1973 the Ministry formulated a definition of child abuse as physical violence or injury, long-term confinement, or starvation of the child by a person who is responsible for the child's welfare. Since the 1970's, the number of cases reported by the press has increased because of public recognition of child abuse. Mass media seem to play an important role in the prevention and revision of laws concerning child abuse. Psychopathology of individual perpetrators is the primary cause of child abuse. Abusing parents are most often from lower socioeconomic groups; and tend to be impulsive and immature, resorting to physical coercion rather than verbal persuasion and reasoning; and most of them were neglected or maltreated by their own parents in childhood. Eight cases of physical abuse by psychotic parents were observed. In all confirmed cases of sexual abuse, the victims were girls. Twelve girls from 10 families were treated in the past 5 years. There seems to be no correlation between sex of abuser and sex of victims in cases of physical abuse. Twins and multiple births in Japan are thought of as animal pregnancy and there is prejudice against such children. When an abused child is found, the first action is to provide protection of the child. If necessary, the child is removed from the dangerous environment either by admitting him to medical hospital or temporary placement. If parents approve, the child is sent to either a child welfare institution or a foster family. As many professionals recognize, the treatment of abusing parents is difficult. Flexible psychotherapy, family counseling, and social welfare service for the whole family, including home visits, have been tried. Japan has the Child Welfare Law and the Civil Law which apply to child abuse, but these laws have many weak points making them ineffective for many real cases of abbuse. Therefore, attempts are made by professionals in various fields to revise them.
Desc.: japan, child abuse reporting, definitions, individual characteristics, sexual abuse, laws

Y003064 110
4131B2 CD-05733
Cry Softly! The Story of Child Abuse.
Hyde, M. O.
Philadelphia, Pa., Westminster Press, 96 pp., 1980.
1980.
Sub. Code: 98
An overview of child abuse in the United States provides insights into the causes, effects, and symptoms of child abuse and means of helping the abusers and their victims. Topics receiving attention include characteristics of the abused child and the abusive parent, the extent of the problem of abuse, child abuse throughout history, child abuse in England throughout history, types of abuse affecting American children, means of preventing child abuse, and positive responses to suspected child abuse. A list of agencies and organization dedicated to the prevention and treatment of child abuse and a subject index are appended.
Desc.: child abuse history, etiology, sequelae, identification, books

Y003064 111
4124J3 CD-05654
Nurses' and Physicians' Recognition and Reporting of Child Abuse.
Nalepka, C.; O'Toole, R.; Turbett, J. P.
Kent State Univ., Ohio. School of Nursing.
Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing 5(1):33-44, January-February, 1981.
January-February, 1981.
Sub. Code: 94
A survey of 178 nurses and 76 pediatricians working in a large metropolitan area in New York was conducted to investigate the influence of socioeconomic status, ethnic status, and level of injury on recognizing and reporting child abuse by these medical personnel. The nurses, who were recruited, from 19 hospitals, worked in pediatric units, pediatric outpatient clinics, emergency units, public health units, school health settings, and visiting nurse agencies. All subjects were surveyed using vignettes based upon emergency room reports. Hypotheses for the study were generated using labeling theory. All variables incorporated into the vignettes and all responses of subjects were measured at the ordinal level, facilitating the use of cross classificatory analysis to distinguish differences in the proposed treatments. Recognition of child abuse was measured on an ordinal scale. Analysis of responses indicated that physicians' judgements regarding child abuse were affected by socioeconomic status, ethnic status, and level of injury and that nurses' judgements were affected by level of injury but not by socioeconomic or ethnic status. It appears that physicians may not recognize or report some cases of abuse among whites and persons of upper socioeconomic status and may be too quick to allege abuse by black parents. As members of the health care team, nurses have the professional responsibility to voice their clinical judgements and to attempt to persuade others concerning their conclusions. Furthermore, when nurses fail to convince others, they are legally required to take independent action. 22 references.
Desc.: nurses, pediatricians, child abuse reporting, diagnoses, socioeconomic status, ethnic groups, nurses responsibility, nurses role

Y003064 112
4124J1 CD-05652
A Statistical Report on Child Abuse and Neglect in Hawaii 1980.
Hawaii State Dept. of Social Services and Housing, Honolulu. Div. of Public Welfare.
Hawaii State Dept. of Social Services and Housing, Honolulu. Div. of Public Welfare, 92 pp., 1980.
1980.
Sub. Code: 94
Statistical analyses of the reported incidents of child abuse and neglect in Hawaii for the calendar year 1980 are tabulated. Section I highlights the major findings of the report. Section II provides general information on 2, 227 reports of child abuse and neglect, involving 1, 522 families, received by the Hawaii State Department of Social Services and Housing during the year. Forty-eight percent of these reports were confirmed by the investigating social worker. Section III presents information on the victims of confirmed abuse and neglect. Section IV focuses on the family constellation of the child at the time of the abuse or neglect incident, providing information on the adults living in the household, their marital status, education, occupation, family income, source of income supplement, and social services received in the previous 2 years. Section V examines the perpetrator(s) allegedly responsible for abusing and neglecting 1 or more children in 1979. Information is provided about the age and sex of the perpetrator, relationship to the child, ethnicity, family stress and environmental factors that contributed to the abuse or neglect. Section VI presents information about child abuse and neglect among military personnel and their dependents in Hawaii. Section VII provides information on the victims, caretakers, and perpetrators of sexual abuse including both civilian and military populations. Appendices include Hawaii state's revised statutes on child abuse, a summary of child abuse and neglect reports from 1967-1979, and a reporting form.
Desc.: statistical analysis, child abuse reporting, hawaii, individual characteristics, family characteristics, military personnel, sexual abuse

Y003064 113
4124I2 CD-05649
National Analysis of Official Child Neglect and Abuse Reporting.
American Humane Association, Denver, Colo. Child Protection Div.
American Humane Association, Denver, Colo., 36 pp., 1981.
1981.
Sub. Code: 94
A descriptive analysis of data derived from child maltreatment reports documented nationwide during 1980 provides an understanding of official child abuse and neglect reporting in the United States. The number of child maltreatment reports processed by child protective service (CPS) agencies nearly doubled between 1976 and 1980; however, the rate at which reporting increased from year to year had steadily declined. This situation can be attributed to rapid development of reporting systems early in the period, recent stabilization of reporting statistics, and decreases in the number of neglect cases reported. Public awareness efforts have tended to emphasize abuse and deemphasize neglect. Furthermore, resources allocated to support CPS systems have not kept pace with the tremendous increase in reporting, resulting in a narrowing of effort to cases perceived as more serious. Data from state sources indicate that more nonprofessional persons are reporting abuse, that a large proportion of reports are still being closed after investigation, that reported cases of maltreatment are becoming more serious, and that services provided to families have followed a consistent pattern over the years. The data also show that most families reported for maltreatment are poor, that, except for the oldest group, children of all ages continue to be reported in relatively similar proportions, that some forms of maltreatment are more commonly treated than others, that a large proportion of families reported for maltreatment are families headed by a single parent, and that alternatives to the currently overwhelmed CPS system should be investigated.
Desc.: child abuse reporting, statistics, statistical data, national surveys, family characteristics

Y003064 114
4124H2 CD-05641
You Can Prevent Child Abuse and Neglect!
Stuart, K.
Iowa Council for Children, Des Moines. Parent Education Subcommittee.
Iowa Council for Children, Des Moines, 10 pp., undated.
undated.
Sub. Code: 92
An overview of Iowa's child abuse law and means of identifying, treating, and preventing child abuse and neglect is provided for potential volunteers and state residents in general. The state's child abuse law encourages increased reporting of suspected cases of abuse, ensures the thorough and prompt investigation of reports, and mandates the provision of rehabilitative services for abused children and their families. Referrals for child abuse received by the Iowa Child Abuse Registry have increased from 111 in 1967 to 13, 483 in 1980. The registry receives all reports of abuse, maintains a file of substantiated reports, and disseminates information on child abuse to authorized persons. Mandated reporters of suspected abuse include health practitioners who deal with children, social workers, psychologists, school employees, employees of a licensed care facility, and peace officers; any concerned person may report suspected abuse; reporters will remain anonymous. Characteristics of abusive parents have been identified, and symptoms of specific types of abuse, including physical abuse, neglect, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse, have been catalogued. Organizations that provide services pertinent to the prevention and treatment of abuse include Parent's Anonymous, the Regional Child Abuse and Neglect Resource Center in Oakdale, and the Iowa S.T.A.T. Team, Inc. Numerous community action and advocacy possibilities are open to volunteers interested in educating the public, enhancing service delivery, or improving legislative support. 8 references.
Desc.: child abuse laws, iowa, child abuse reporting, identification, prevention, therapy 

Y003064 115
4124B2 CD-05621
Focus: Child Abuse and Neglect. Interventions for Mental Health Care Providers: Trainee Manual.
Cook, J. H.; Rosenberg, J.
Children's Hospital, Oakland, Calif. Children's Trauma Center.
Children's Hospital, Oakland, Calif., Children's Trauma Center, 202 pp., 1976.
1976.
Sub. Code: 92
This 44-hour training manual for mental health care providers is 1 of 5 intervention programs designed for professionals involved with a multidisciplinary approach to child abuse and neglect and was developed by Children's Trauma Center at Children's Hospital Medical Center in Oakland, Calif. The goals are to: provide theoretical and behavioral information about social, family, and personality dynamics underlying child abuse and neglect when diagnosis and treatment plan development are necessary; develop awareness in trainees of their feelings and attitudes about child abuse and neglect; communicate necessity for a coordinated, cooperative approach to abuse and neglect and increase willingness to provide psychotherapy to families; increase knowledge of treatment approaches and methods successful in abusive or neglectful families and improve therapeutic skills; communicate need for, and develop worker support systems for service providers; develop awareness of early identification, education, and supportive services as a preventive measure for families at risk of abusing or neglecting; and use new awareness and therapeutic skills through a peer-consultation model. The training program describes all functions necessary to a coordinated service delivery system. It addresses identification and diagnosis (physical manifestations of child abuse and neglect, medical diagnosis, underlying social, family, and personality dynamics, behavioral manifestations, and interview techniques), reporting and legal outcomes; coordination and case management (includes confidentiality); treatment (concerns dependency, low self-esteem, limit setting, denial and projection, group treatment); prevention and support (identification, education, and support); and peer consultation. Learning formats include didactic lectures, readings and discussions, experimental exercises in pairs and cluster groups, role plays, and various audiovisual materials. 56 references.
Desc.: professional training, curricula, team training, mental health clinics, interdisciplinary approach, intervention

Y003064 116
4123J3 CD-05606
Reducing Family Violence.
Star, B.
University of Southern California, Los Angeles. School of Social Work.
Urban and Social Change Review 15(1):15-20, Winter 1982.
Winter 1982.
Sub. Code: 90
A telephone survey of 116 programs that deal with family violence was undertaken to identify the types of programming that exist. To develop a sample, agencies and individuals listed in directories, newsletters, and research bulletins, and provided by cleaninghouses, major organizations, and individuals were contacted. Interviews with each of the 116 programs chosen lasted 45 to 60 min and gathered information about the format and content of the services offered to the abuser, number of people who use the service, referral sources, client characteristics, treatment techniques, service personnel, program philosophy, location and funding of the program, administrative structure, program evaluation, methods to prevent worker burnout, and the community's reception of the program. Programs were categorized into general programming approaches and forms of service. Site visits were made to those agencies whose formats offered alternatives to the more traditional approaches. The agencies and individuals offering services represented 15 different settings. Family service agencies provided the setting for the largest number of programs (24 percent), while community organizations, hospitals or medical facilities, criminal justice settings, and child welfare agencies each constituted 10 percent of the sample. Major programming approaches included counseling, education, support, and mediation; most programs combined 2 or more of these approaches, and the most common combination was counseling and support. Innovative approaches included agency coalitions or consortiums, residential centers, in-home services, hotlines combined with other services, and a family camp. Services tended to focus on the most amenable rather than the most culpable offenders and on child abuse rather than other forms of intrafamily violence, to lack evaluative components, to perpetuate well-established program patterns, and to seek financial security in large, multiservice agencies.
Desc.: family services, program coordination, program administration, financial support, program evaluation, therapy

Y003064 117
4123H3 CD-05598
Rainbow Retreat, Inc. Phoenix, Arizona.
Rhoads, J.
Rainbow Retreat, Inc., Phoenix, Ariz.
In: Matlins, S. M. (Editor). Services for Children of Alcoholics, Research Monograph 4. Rockville, Md., National Inst. on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, pp. 164-176, September 24-26, 1979.
September 24-26, 1979.
Sub. Code: 90
Rainbow Retreat, Inc., of Phoenix, Arizona, opened its doors in 1973 as an emergency shelter for wives and children who were abused by alcoholic husbands and fathers. The facility, which currently can accommodate 23 women and children, was quickly adapted to provide a comprehensive treatment program of informational lectures, group sessions, Al-Anon referrals, and outpatient counseling for alcoholics. The current scope of the program allows treatment of women and children who are abused by nonalcoholic husbands and fathers, and includes treatment components such as art and music therapy, job development, relaxation and exercise therapy, legal counseling, assertiveness training, sexuality counseling, and outpatient and group counseling for abusers. Staff have identified behavior patterns characteristic of abused children at various age levels. Individual goal plans for clients are established initially by a conference with an assigned child guidance counselor; goal evaluations occur weekly thereafter. The residential shelter and treatment services for abused and neglected children are designed to provide a surrogate family for each child and teach survival techniques to the biological family. Specific services for abused children include direct child care, extramural activities, program planning, care planning, and educational support. The shelter also sponsers community youth groups that last 6 to 10 weeks and provide structured informational and educational programs, direct counseling, developmental group experience, and child management training. Ongoing assessment of program activities allows identification of areas in need of improvement, alternatives in treatment and staff development. Key issues in the areas of prevention, identification and intervention, and treatment of domestic violence are also discussed.
Desc.: alcoholism, emergency shelter, therapeutic programs, childrens therapy, youth services, prevention

Y003064 118
4123E1 CD-05584
Final Report. Sexual Abuse Team, Family Resource Center.
New Mexico Human Services Dept., Albuquerque. Family Resource Center, Sexual Abuse Team.
New Mexico Human Services Dept., Albuquerque. Family Resource Center, Sexual Abuse Team, 44 pp., March 31, 1982.
March 31, 1982.
Sub. Code: 90
In 1978, the Family Resource Center, the local child protection office of the New Mexico Department of Human Services, developed a small team which specialized in the treatment and case management of child sexual abuse cases in Albuquerque and surrounding Bernalillo County. Team members included a coordinator, a clinical psychologist, 4 social workers, a psychiatrist, and a pediatrician. Services provided by the team included legally mandated investigation of reports of abuse and assurance of the safety of the child, evaluation and diagnosis of family situations, case management and coordination, supportive services, community education and inservice training for agencies, and individual, family, and group therapy. Treatment goals, while individualized, emphasized role-appropriate behaviors for family members, open communication within the family, the abuser's acknowledgement of responsibility for the abuse, and improvement in affective aspects of the parental role. Unique characteristics of the service population included a greater percentage of 2-parent families than in other abusive or neglectful populations, more verbal accessibility, and family communication patterns colored by a dynamic of secrecy. Case management issues included use of parental denial in development of treatment relationship, requirement of more intensive work of greater duration than originally anticipated, and need for the worker to manage dual roles of supporter and potential adversary. Foster care placements required special attention, and the Child Protective Service setting entailed problems associated with bureaucratic delays and ability to respond to caseload size. Adolescent abusers were not adequately served by the project. The team approach modeled open communication for clients, exposed them to several staff members, and provided support for workers. Numerous references.
Desc.: sexual abuse, interdisciplinary approach, multidisciplinary teams, case management, new mexico, family therapy, childrens therapy

Y003064 119
4122D4 CD-05535
Emotional Abuse and Mental Injury: A Critique of the Concepts and a Recommendation for Practice.
Kavanagh, C.
Wisconsin Univ., Madison. Dept. of Pediatrics.
Jrnl of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 21(2):171-177. March 1982.
March 1982.
Sub. Code: 88
A review of the medical, legal, and behavioral science literature on the effects of deviant parenting on the psychological and physical state of the child is presented in an attempt to delineate reliably occurring, objectifiable injury. Findings indicate that with the exception of psychosocial dwarfism, it is not possible at present to define psychological abuse satisfactorily, to predict mental injury on the basis of parental behavior, or to reliably diagnose it on the basis of physical or psychological characteristics of the child without unacceptable social costs attached to mislabeling. It is also impossible to reliably identify the etiology of emotional disturbances in children, or to predict the effect of treatment of those disorders. It is, therefore, inappropriate to include emotional abuse and neglect, with the exception of psychosocial dwarfism, in child abuse reporting statutes. While an association has been demonstrated between infants who fail to thrive and psychological disturbance in their mothers, lack of control group data and retrospective data gathering limit the ability to establish a cause and effect relationship in regard to these variables. However, because sequelae of failure to thrive are serious, and because of the relationship which has been demonstrated between nonorganic failure to thrive in infancy and serious physical abuse, reporting of parental refusal of services and followup in all such cases should be legally mandated. More importantly, energies should be focused not on reporting laws, but on increasing available and acceptable health care, education, social services, and counseling for all families, and on research to identify what services are necessary and sufficient to ensure a minimum level of family health. 55 references.
Desc.: literature reviews, sequelae, emotional abuse, psychosocial dwarfism, child abuse reporting, failure to thrive syndrome, child abuse laws

Y003064 120
41?1H2 CD-05501
Come Tell Me Right Away. A Positive Approach.
Sanford, L. T.
Lebanon, N.H., New Victoria Printing Collective, 23 pp., 1982.
1982.
Sub. Code: 86
Guidelines for parents and concerned adults for preventing child sexual abuse are provided, with emphasis on healthy child development. Children should be taught to say no to inappropriate requests by abusers, and to tell someone about the situation as soon as possible (whether or not sexual abuse occurs). The child also should be instilled with a healthy self-esteem. In dealing with children, parents or helpers should avoid sex-role stereotyping. A sexually abused child must be made to feel free to express feelings, and to trust his or her own instincts and to act in his or her own best interest. According to reported cases, 1 in 4 girls are victims of rape, incest, and-or child molestation by age 18; boys are increasingly being victimized. Seventy-five percent of offenders are not strangers to the victim; most are mile; of those convicted, most were arrested before age 30; child sexual abuse most often occurred in the victim's or offender's home; average victim age was 8 years; many offenders have a fixed pattern of age, sex, and personality characteristics that they seek in a victim; and child sexual abuse is never the child's fault. Recommendations are made for warning the children about sexual abuse, and about strangers, acquaintances, child care givers (baby-sitters), and loved ones who may be sexual abusers. Further guidelines for dealing with and reporting a sexually abused child are outlined.
Desc.: sexual abuse, prevention, parents role, child development

Y003064 121
4121F4 CD-05495
Look at Child Abuse.
National Committee for Prevention of Child Abuse, Chicago, Ill.
National Committee for Prevention of Child Abuse, Chicago, Ill., 34 pp., 1976.
1976.
Sub. Code: 86
A pamphlet by the National Committee for Prevention of Child Abuse (NCPCA) discusses child abuse and neglect, and ways in which concerned persons can work toward reducing and preventing child abuse-neglect. The effects of child abuse are cumulative, and long-term--they are constantly evident in the form or retarded and disturbed children, of children with learning disorders, behavior disorders, and developmental deficiencies, and of delinquency and adolescent pregnancy. Several case reports are provided, illustrating characteristics of the abusers, the victims, families, and causative factors involved in child abuse-neglect. A ""world of abnormal rearing cycle'' is proposed as a major factor leading to physical abuse of children. The abused child may be compliant, shy, withdrawn, passive, and uncommunicative; of the child may be nervous or somewhat hyperactive, aggressive, disruptive, and destructive. Seventy-four percent are under 5 years old. Child Abuse laws, reporting laws, criminal and juvenile courts, and the federal government are discussed. Prevention strategies are provided, including direct (primary and secondary), and indirect (parenting education, coping skills training, and personality development). Recommendations include: informing the general public of the abusing families' needs, integrating completely and using to the fullest the current treatment resources within the community, implementing new effective treatment modalities within the community, and focusing on the causes of child abuse and how it can be prevented. Other NCPCA publications are listed. 29 references.
Desc.: prevention, public awareness, intervention, community rol, pamphlets

Y003064 122
4116A2 CD-05457
Institutional Child Abuse from a Family Systems Perspective: A Working Paper.
Durkin, R.
Seattle Day Nursery Association, Wash.
In: Hanson, R. (Editor). Institutional Abuse of Children and Youth. New York, Haworth Press, pp. 15-22, 1982.
1982.
Sub. Code: 86
Similarities found when comparing child abusers and their victims in institutions with their counterparts in families indicate a need to take actions, like those of a Seattle day nursery, to alleviate stresses leading to abuse in both settings. Both type of victims are perceived by their abusers as difficult, and are seen as adversaries. Abusers in both settings tend to be isolated from social ties, overstressed, unsupported, and economically depressed. While child care workers may enter the career enthusiastically, excessive working hours and job stress leads them to form images of themselves not unlike those of potentially abusive parents. Implementation of systems oriented family therapy approaches and competency-based interventions may be the cheapest, most efficient means of ameliorating structural stresses that lead to abuse in familial and institutional settings. Replacing child care administrators, who know little about the routine of child care, with trained generalists, with the ability to oversee the entirety of group life, would replace the frustrating pyramid structure characteristic of most institutions with a more responsive horizontal structure. The pyramid system would break down into a more homogeneous group of generalists experienced in child care, education, and clinical development; this is typical of the European educateu model. The Seattle Day Care Nursery Association has implemented such a model and taken a systems approach to family treatment. Day care and emergency residential care are supplemented by a nonpunitive approach to parents; individual, group, or system therapy; scheduled medical and behavioral observation; careful screening of child care workers; and systematic atempts to reduce role strain among workers. 14 references.
Desc.: systems analysis, stress, institutional abuse and neglect, intervention, family therapy, day care programs, child care workers

Y003064 123
4115L3 CD-05454
Families Today: A Research Sampler on Families and Children: Family Violence and Child Abuse. 
Corfman, E.
National Inst. of Mental Health (DHEW), Rockville, Md. Scientific and Public Information Div. Science Monographs, Rockville, Md. National Inst. of Mental Health, Scientific and Public Information Div., (ADM) 7-895, 77 pp., 1979.
1979.
Sub. Code: 86
Three research reports are presented: ""Physical Violence in Families, ''""Child Abuse: A Review of Research, '' and ""Helping Abused Children and Their Parents.'' Each includes illustrative case histories. The first report estimates that 6.5 million children aged 3-17 are physically attacked by a parent every year; provides results of surveys on family violence; and emphasizes that the basic causes of wifebeating and husbandbeating are the child rearing patterns of American parents (which include using physical punishment) which instill in the child the idea that violence is acceptable and necessary. The second report discusses the forms of child abuse and the effects on the child (which include psychosocial dwarfism long-term physical, intellectual, and emotional disabilities; neurological abnormalities; behavior disturbances; speech problems; low self-esteem; and sexual problems). Parent groups, home support programs, hot line telephone services, crisis nurseries and drop-off centers, child-care instruction, and public education to assist victims and their abusers are discussed. Recommendations for prevention are provided. The third report concerns treatment procedures for abusive families. Diagnostic and evaluation techniques, therapeutic teamwork, parent workshops and parent aides, and prevention strategies are included. Research results on the characteristics of abusive families are provided; in all the families, there are few telephones, low incomes, relatively high incidences of low-birth-weight infants and twin births, and low percentages of marriage and planned pregnancies. 43 references.
Desc.: physical abuse, family violence, sequelae, research reviews, reports, intervention

Y003064 124
4115I1 CD-05440
The Battered Child Syndrome--A Forensic Pathologist's Viewpoint.
Wecht, C. H.; Larkin, G. M.
Pittsburgh Univ., Pa. Schools of Medicine and Dental Medicine.
Medical Trial Technique Quarterly 2:1-24, Summer 1981.
Summer 1981.
Sub. Code: 84
The battered child syndrome is discussed from the viewpoint of a forensic pathologist. Topics covered include a brief history of how the battered child syndrome came to be recognized; classification of child abusers into several categories including the intermittent child abuser, the one-time child abuser, the constant child abuser, situations in which the child is the center of a triangle, and the ignorant abuser; a discussion of the pathologist's role in recognizing the pattern of trauma associated with different types of abuse and differentiating it from a true accident, and how the insoluble conflict between medical and legal causality hampers the communication between the pathologist and the lawyer; mechanisms of mechanical trauma production; certain characteristic anatomic differences that a young child presents which may diminish or accentuate the trauma caused to the head, chest, and abdomen; autopsy procedures; legal procedures that a pathologist should know to provide medical testimony in the court; and legal approach to the battered child syndrome.
Desc.: battered child syndrome, pathologists role, detection, nonaccidental physical injury, trauma, autopsies, legal processes

Y003064 125
4115B1 CD-05412
The Child Abuser.
Steele, B. F.
Colorado Univ. Denver. Medical Center, Dept. of Psychiatry.
In: Kutash, I. L. (Editor). Violence: Perspectives on Murder and Aggression. San Francisco, Calif., Jossey-Bass, Inc., pp. 285-300, 1978.
1978.
Sub. Code: 82
A constellation of psychological factors representative of abusive behavior, and other factors that tend to precipitate specific instances of abuse are identified; and the relationship between child abuse and violence in general is examined. The early genesis of an abusive pattern is suggested by the history commonly given by abusive caretakers; they were themselves significantly neglected, with or without physical abuse, during their own childhood. The affects of abuse can be seen in later years in the form of low self-esteem, chronic depression, a sense of hopelessness, and a lack of basic trust, with corresponding disbelief in the availability of help from others. Secondly, most abusers strongly believe that children really belong to parents, almost as a sort of property. As an inevitable corollary, the caretaker fails to see the child for what he really is, and thus lacks empathy and sensitivity to the child's needs. Another prominent feature of the abuser's style of child rearing is a strong belief in the corrective and educational value of physical punishment. As a residue of their early years of emotional deprivation, child abusers generally are unable to seek and enjoy pleasure, both in general and in the sexual sphere. The child abuser, repeating the pattern of his own upbringing, creates by his style of childrearing the next generation of abusive and neglecting parents.
Desc.: etiology, psychological characteristics, violence, sequelae, child rearing, generational cycle of child abuse

Y003064 126
4114F1 CD-05380
Child Abuse and Locus of Control.
Ellis, H. E.; Milner, J. S.
Family Training Resources, Inc., Fredonia, N.Y.
Psychological Reports 48(2):507-510, April 1981.
April 1981.
Sub. Code: 82
A study involving 43 parents at risk for child abuse and 35 parents who acted as controls was conducted to investigate the relationship between child abuse and locus of control. The parents completed a 160-item Child Abuse Potential Inventory instrument to screen individuals suspected of abusive potential and the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale. Only 37 parents determined to be at risk for child abuse completed both instruments; all controls completed both instruments. A actor analysis of the items in the abuse instrument yielded 7 factors that appeared to be descriptive of abusive individuals: distress, rigidity, children with problems, unhappiness, loneliness, and negative concepts of the child and the self. Regression analysis indicated that the dimensions making the greatest contributions to the discrimination of abusers were distress, rigidity, and unhappiness. A discriminant analysis based on the abuse scale items correctly identified 125 of 130 subjects as abusers or nonabusers. The factor, regression, and discriminant analyses were performed during a previous study. Analysis of data from the present study indicated that the abuse scale scores and the Rotter scale scores were significantly related, while the inventory's lie scale scores and the Rotter scale scores were not. Individuals who earned high child abuse scores tended to expect that events in their lives occurred as a consequence of unrelated and random external factors than as a consequence of their own attitudes and behaviors. 10 references.
Desc.: abusive parents, psychological characteristics, parents attitudes, parents behavior, parents expectations, motivation

Y003064 127
4114A3 CD-05362
Child Abuse Registry in Georgia: Three Years of Experience.
McCarthy, B. J.; Rochat, R. W.; Cundiff, B.; Gould, P. A.; Quave, S.
Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga. Family Planning Evaluation Div.
Southern Medical Jrnl 74(1):11-16, January 1981.
January 1981.
Sub. Code: 80
Cases collected by the Georgia Child Abuse Registry and Child Protection Services between July 1975 and June 1978, were examined for completeness of reporting specific characteristics, incidence of reported cases, and social and demographic characteristics of abused children, perpetrators, and victims' families. Fifty-seven percent of the 4, 292 abuse cases were confirmed by a county investigator, and 69 percent were confirmed by social work investigation. School officials (who reported most often), police, and juvenile courts were most likely to report suspected abuse cases. Private physicians and public health officials reported only ? percent; and concerned citizens and relatives were least likely to report. Metropolitan black female children had the highest residence-race-sex-specific abuse rates. The highest abuse rates for girls were for the 13-16 age group, and that for boys was for the 0-3 age group. Bruises were the most common physical injuries. Boys had a higher rate for burns and multiple injuries, and girls had a higher rate for sexual abuse. Sexual abuse was present in 14 percent of all abuse cases; the sexually abused child's mean age was 10 years and about 90 percent were girls. Thirty-eight of the children died after being abused (the highest death-case ratio was 62 per 1, 000 abused children for black girls aged 0-4 years). Both natural parents were present in 39 percent of the abuse cases; and in 62 percent, a natural parent was the abuser. The mean age of all perpetrators was 32 years, and 55 percent were male. Results indicate that physical child abuse is associated with the abuser's early childbearing age (58 percent of natural mothers had been pregnant as adolescents), out-of-wedlock pregnancies, and family disruption. 6 references.
Desc.: incidence, georgia, child abuse reporting, physical abus, sexual abuse, central registries, demography, social factors

Y003064 128
4113I2 CD-05345
Elder Abuse: A Review of Recent Literature.
O'Malley, T.
Legal Research and Services for the Elderly, Boston, Mass., 19 pp., June 1, 1979.
June 1, 1979.
Sub. Code: 98
Child and spouse abuse issues investigated in the professional literature during the 1970's may provide a basis for understanding abuse of the elderly. Various theories have been posited concerning the causes of child abuse; among the more popular are those focusing on the patho-psychological characteristics of the parents; the sociological and contextual variables associated with child abuse (social class, sex, vulnerability of the child, and societal stresses on the abuser); the socialization of aggression; and the emotional and physical stress on the family. Increasingly, researchers have embraced an approach which accounts for may variables and focuses on 3 primary factors relating to child abuse: the personality traits of the parents, the characteristics of the child, and environmental or situational stress. Such an approach implies a multidimensional solution concentrating on the basic family situation as well as on the needs of the child. While little data have been accumulated on the incidence and prevalence of spouse abuse, some researchers believe that it is as widespread a problem as child abuse. A number of theories have been developed to explain the ""battered wife syndrome''; most concentrate on the failure of verbal communication, social or cultural norms emphasizing male domination, and-or abuse as a learned response passed on from mother to daughter. Existing literature on elder abuse, while scarce, emphasizes the need for family support systems, the legal aspects involved, and treatment options. Advocates for the elderly have called for direct subsidies to families who care for aged relatives, the development of respite care systems, and support systems that are available to all families, regardless of income. 72 references.
Desc.: family violence, models, etiology, spouse abuse, research reviews

Y003064 129
4113I1 CD-05344
The Plight of the Children.
Lenoski, E. F.
University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Dept. of Medicine.
Toronto, Ontario, Life Cycle Books, 12 pp., September 1981.
September 1981.
Sub. Code: 98
This pamphlet provides a overview of child abuse and neglect and focuses on definitions of abuse and neglect, ineffective parenting, characteristics of abusers and victims, the treatment and prevention of child abuse, the impact of the media, and legal issues. The use of phrases such as "" the battered child syndrome'' and ""child abuse'' can result in a punitive, judgmental public attitude toward the perpetrators of abuse. In cases of physical assault on children, the injuries themselves should be used as the diagnosis. Parents may resort to violence because their ordinary methods of parenting have failed to instill discipline or because they were exposed to violence themselves as children. In many cases potential abusers were raised in homes where role reversal characterized child rearing. Demographic studies have revealed that a majority of abusive parents are in their late twenties, educated above average, married, and religiously oriented. Many of these parents, while anxious to have children, lack effective child rearing skills, thus increasing the likelihood of violence when their techniques fail. National studies have shown that infants separated from their mothers at birth as a result of prematurity, sickness, or Caesarian Section delivery are more likely to be abused than infants whose delivery was normal. Prevention of child abuse would be enhanced by providing more informative sex education in the public schools, making books on child care more accessible to the general public, and teaching parents child rearing skills in prenatal clinics. Inaccurate and sensational coverage of child abuse by the media may result in improper reporting, an increase in injuries similar to those publicized, and death. The goal of legal proceedings should be the reunification of the family, whenever possible, together with support to help the family overcome its problems.
Desc.: pamphlets, definitions, parenting, prevention, individual characteristics

Y003064 130
4113G3 CD-05338
Social Work With Abused and Neglected Children. A Manual of Interdisciplinary Practice.
Faller, K. C.
Michigan Univ., Ann Arbor. Dept. of Social Work.
New York, Free Press, Inc., 268 pp., 1981.
1981.
Sub. Code: 98
A wide range of approaches that professionals (social workers, lawyers, physicians, psychologists, and psychiatrists) may take to work effectively and in cooperation with others in the best interest of the child are presented. Part I defines child maltreatment and provides an overview of the scope of the problem. Part II identifies the types and causes of child abuse and neglect. Part III presents the basic diagnostic, assessment, and intervention tools along with a discussion of the characteristics of abused children and the issues surrounding the decision to separate child and family. Part IV examines the child welfare system and the legal aspects of child abuse and neglect. Part V explores the special issues of sexual and adolescent abuse. Part VI discusses the specific roles and interdisciplinary collaboration among professionals working with abused and neglected children. 98 references.
Desc.: definitions, interdisciplinary approach, etiology, intervention, detection, legal problems, sexual abuse, adolescent abuse

Y003064 131
4113D4 CD-05327
Child Abuse and Neglect in Orleans Parish: An Overview.
Berger, D.
Louisiana State Univ., New Orleans. School of Medicine.
Jrnl of the Louisiana State Medical Society 130(11):221-224, November 1978. 
November 1978.
Sub. Code: 98
In 1977, approximately 1, 600 cases of child abuse and neglect were reported to the Orleans Parish, Louisiana, district attorney's office. In the same year the coroner's office reported 25 deaths from abuse. Both figures are twice the number of reported cases in 1976. Louisiana's Reporting Law stipulates that licensed physicians, interns, residents, nurses, hospital staff members, teachers, social workers, other persons or agencies who care for juveniles, and any other person who has cause to believe that a child's physical or mental health or welfare is in jeopardy must report. Characteristics of abusers include immaturity, dependency, low self-esteem, sense of incompetence, social isolation, and a history of harsh childhood experiences. Children who are at risk of abuse include those whose parents were abused as children; who are premature, illegitimate, handicapped, or adopted; and who have a chronic illness. Facts in the history that should alert a physician to the possibility of abuse include accusation of an adult by the child; admission of guilt by a parent or accusation of the other parent; discrepant histories; unexplained injuries; alleged self-inflicted injury alleged third-party injury; delay in seeking medical care; history of repeated suspicious injury; parent's inappropriate reaction to the situation; and use of different hospitals for previous injuries. The leading cause of death in the abused child is brain injury and subdural hematomas. The second leading cause of death is abdominal injury leading to the rupture of an abdominal organ. The Orleans Parish Child Protection Center is the authorized city agency responsible for the evaluation of all cases of child abuse. A 24-hour answering service is available, and a social worker and physician are on 24-hour call. The Crisis Care Center, in existence since 1977, provides crisis intervention for parents who are afraid they may abuse their children. Children may be housed at the Center while their parents obtain appropriate help. The Greenhouse Adolescent Crisis Center serves a similar function for adolescents. 7 references.
Desc.: louisiana, mandatory reporting, detection, physicians responsibility, death, crisis intervention

Y003064 132
4111E1 CD-05232
Reporting Child Maltreatment: The Context of Decision Making Among Physicians, Social Workers, Teachers and Nurses.
Rabb, J. A.
Ohio State Univ., Columbus.
Doctoral Dissertation, Ann Arbor, Mich., University Microfilms, (8129078), 305 pp., 1981.
1981.
Sub. Code: 94
This dissertation examined child abuse reporting among 328 physicians, social worker, nurses, and teachers in Franklin County, Ohio. Respondents answered questions regarding 10 vignettes depicting child maltreatment. Race and social class characteristics of persons depicted were systematically varied. Assessment of Deviance index and Willingness to Report index were dependent measures developed by factor analyzing response items for the vignettes. The influence of respondent characteristics and experimental vignette characteristics on dependent measures was assessed using analysis of variance and multiple regression statistical techniques. There were significant differences in deviance assessment among professional groups in all 10 vignettes. There were significant differences among professional groups in willingness to report in 9 of the 10 vignettes. Vignettes describing less severe maltreatment and sexual maltreatmet received significantly higher Willingness to Report scores when lower class persons were depicted than the same vignettes depicting upper class persons. The race of the persons depicted significantly affected respondents' Willingness to Report scores on vignettes describing less severe maltreatment. Vignettes describing severe maltreatment and sexual maltreatment received significantly lower deviance assessments when black persons were depicted than when white persons were depicted. Respondents who worked in organizations with structures for reporting and who had greater experience reporting child maltreatment had significantly higher Willingness to Report scores on vignettes describing severe maltreatment.
Desc.: child abuse reporting, ohio, doctoral dissertations, analysis of variance

Y003064 133
4111B1 CD-05220 
Child Abuse and Neglect: An Overview.
Pinsky, D.
Iowa State Univ. of Science and Technology, Ames. Cooperative Extension Service.
Iowa State Univ. of Science and Technology, Ames. Cooperative Extension Service, 8 pp., July 1980.
July 1980.
Sub. Code: 92
This public awareness booklet presents definitions of child abuse and neglect, general characteristics of abused and neglected children, general characteristics of abusive and neglecting parents, requirements for reporting child abuse and neglect, a description of child protective services provided by the Iowa Department of Social Services, and the public's role in preventing child abuse and neglect. A bibliography and the telephone numbers of the Iowa Child Abuse Hotline and National Hotline are provided. 
Desc.: public awareness, definitions, individual characteristics, child abuse reporting, iowa, child protection services, prevention

Y003064 134
4105L2 CD-05197
A Review of Child Maltreatment at a USAF Medical Center.
Wardinsky, T. D.; Kirby, W.
David Grant Medical Center, Travis AFB, Calif.
Military Medicine 146(5):328-331, May 1981.
May 1981.
Sub. Code: 90
A retrospective analysis of case files of Child Advocacy Committee (CAC) of David Grant United States Air Force Medical Center, Travis Air Force Base, California, was performed to evaluate the CAC operations. The purpose of the evaluation was to compare descriptive data on child maltreatment found within a large military population with published data from civilian population studies; and to gather information useful in improving management of these cases. One hundred fifty-eight cases reported to CAC from April 1975 through September 1977, were reviewed retrospectively. Additionally, all available inpatient and outpatient medical records were examined. The following characteristics of child abuse and neglect in this military population were identified: (1) physical abuse is reported twice as often as neglect; (2) rate of substantiation is 47 percent higher and rises to 65 percent if unsubstantiated but suspicious cases are included; (3) 92 percent of the abusers-neglectors were natural parents or step-parents; (4) among the victims, all age groups were represented; one-third were less than one year of age and adolescents represented 25 percent of the total; (5) military medical personnel reported 38 percent of the cases; (6) 31 percent of involved children were hospitalized; (7) 47 percent of those hospitalized were admitted because of trauma; and (8) 40 percent of the CAC files were found deficient in documentation, periodic review, and long-term case management. The results reveal that the establishment of the Air Force Child Advocacy program in April 1975 has substantially improved identification, evaluation, and treatment of child abuse and neglect within the U.S. Air Force. The concept of the military system as a ""total institution'" may enable a military CAC to identify and manage child maltreatment more effectively than in civilian communities.
Desc.: retrospective studies, armed forces, program evaluation, program improvement, military personnel

Y003064 135
4105B1 CD-05156
Cedar House: A Center for the Treatment and Prevention of Child Abuse. Descriptive Analysis and Evaluation, July-December 1979.
Cedar House, Long Beach, Calif.
Cedar House, Long Beach, Calif., 121 pp., January 1980.
January 1980.
Sub. Code: 90
This study represents a 6-month evaluation of the Cedar House Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Program, the model program for the Interagency Council on Child Abuse and Neglect of Los Angeles County. Descriptive data were gathered concerning client characteristics and attitudes, treatment services, and other factors associated with effective treatment. Pre-post tests of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior provided information indicative of client progress and the quality of treatment services. Intake information was recorded at the beginning of treatment; utilization of services, placement changes, incidences of abuse and neglect, and legal actions were recorded on a monthly basis for each client. Of 92 children seen at intake, 57 were identified as abused or neglected. Half of the identified abuse fourth were divided between other male caretakers and other male relatives. During the evaluation period, 84 percent of the Cedar House clients participated on a voluntary basis (the remaining 16 percent as a result of court order). The most frequently used client services were telephone contact, individual counseling, mother's group counseling, group play therapy, crisis intervention, individual play therapy, and family counseling. The Goal Attainment Scaling method was used to measure client behaviors. Fifteen clients set 66 goals, over half of which showed some likelihood of being met by the end of treatment. During the evaluation period, one incident of abuse was observed by Cedar House staff. Seven children were returned to their families during the same period. Finally, referrals to Cedar House came from the Department of Social Services, the probation department, police department, court and hospitals. 20 references.
Desc.: california, program evaluation, family therapy, prevention 

Y003064 136
4104E2 CD-05121
Violence in the Family: A National Concern, A Church Concern.
Stolz, B. A. 
United States Catholic Conference, Washington, D.C. Office of Domestic Social Development.
United States Catholic Conference, Washington, D.C., Office of Domestic Social Development, 44 pp., June 21, 1979.
June 21, 1989.
Sub. Code: 86
A general discussion of domestic violence is presented, and activities that church groups can undertake to respond to the problem are recommended. Abuse is defined and characteristics of both victims and abusers are described. The complexity of the abuse problem is emphasized in a discussion of the social, family, and individual factors that can contribute to a violent incident within the family. Common perceptions and realities about abuse are outlined. The responsibilities and role of the church community in addressing this problem are considered. Specific activities suggested for the church include educational programs on parenting skills, emergency care for abused women, mobilization of community resources in more populous areas, and legislation to assist victims of domestic violence. Examples of successful programs are provided to illustrate the type of services that churches can support. These include Parents Anonymous, crisis nurseries, and shelters for the abused.
Desc.: family violence, churches role, individual characteristic, etiology

Y003064 137
4103J3 CD-05094 
Child Abuse and Neglect: A Guidebook for Educators and Community Leaders.
Erickson, E. L.; McEvoy, A. W.; Colucci, N. D., Jr.
Western Michigan Univ., Kalamazoo.
Learning Publications, Inc., Holmes Beach, Fla., 242 pp., 1979.
1979.
Sub. Code: 86
Schools' role in the early identification, therapy, and prevention of child maltreatment is discussed. Topics covered include: history and magnitude of child abuse and neglect in the U.S.; legal definitions of child abuse and neglect; characteristics and needs of abusers; the need for developing school policy guidelines dealing with child abuse and neglect at the district and building level; guidelines for educators to use in detecting abuse and neglect; various dimensions of the referral process and ways of ensuring an effective response to suspected cases; school staff guidelines on how to effectively relate to abused or neglected students and their parents after identification and reporting have occurred; potential roles of school health workers in providing preventive services; and the ways in which schools can contribute to the prevention of child maltreatment by initiating educational programs for different groups in the school and community.
Desc.: schools role, definitions, individual characteristics, policy formation, detection, referral, school health services, prevention

Y003064 138
4103G4 CD-05083
Child Abuse and Child Neglect: Two Concerns for School Health Educators.
Syre, T. R.; Gold, R. S.
Southern Illinois Univ., Carbondale. Dept. of Health Education. 
Health Values 5(6):265-269, November-December 1981.
November-December 1981.
Sub. Code: 84
The role of educators in the identification and reporting of child abuse and neglect is discussed. The characteristics of abused and neglected children and abusing and neglecting parents are delineated. The activities that can occur following a suspicion of child abuse and neglect fall into the categories of reporting, sharing, supporting, educating, and community organizing. In all states, reporting is required by law. In a few states, however, failure to report suspected cases can bring professional license revocation, certification suspension, and a heavy fine. Although the department of social services becomes responsible upon notification of a suspected case, schools can do much to assist the child and family through sharing information with other professionals. Schools can also provide a number of services to support these families. Parent Effectiveness Training can be offered by school personnel through evening continuing education classes to parents and others in the community. Finally, school personnel can serve as a source of technical assistance and guidance to community members in organizing Parents Anonymous group, day-care centers, and neighborhood babysitting cooperatives. 20 references.
Desc.: schools role, detection, child abuse reporting, parents education

Y003064 139
4103F3 CD-05078
Implications of Child Abuse and Neglect for the Dental Profession.
Sanger, R. G.; Bross, D. C.
Colorado Univ., Denver. Health Sciences School of Dentistry.
Jrnl of the American Dental Association 104:55-56, January 1982.
January 1982.
Sub. Code: 84
This article provides an overview of a national conference held in Denver, Colorado, that addressed the implications of child abuse and neglect on dental education and dental practice. The conference, co-sponsored by the University of Colorado Schools of Medicine and Dentistry and the National Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, featured speakers from such fields as pediatrics, psychiatry, forensic pathology, family law, forensic odontology, pediatric dentistry, oral surgery, and general dentistry. Topics addressed included the definition and types of child abuse and neglect, epidemiology of child abuse and neglect, characteristics of abusive and neglectful families, and legal parameters of child abuse and neglect. Specific diagnostic approaches for the dentist were presented, including clinical diagnosis of child abuse and neglect, orofacial injuries from physical abuse, orofacial lesions from sexual abuse, bite marks, and documentation and collection of physical data. Management approaches for the dentist were also discussed, including treatment of orofacial injuries, interview dynamics in the dental office, immediate child protection, reporting procedures, legal procedures and litigation, and expert testimony by dentists in court cases. The possibility of the dentist as a physical and sexual child abuser was presented with emphasis on improprieties in child management, physical restraints, and conscious psycho-sedation. The conferees formulated guidelines for dental educators and practitioners concerning these issues and made recommendations for the inclusion of the dental profession in interdisciplinary education, patient care, and research.
Desc.: conferences, colorado, dentists role, diagnoses

Y003064 140
4102G2 CD-05033
Developing a Working Approach With Child Abusing Families.
Rosenbaum, I. S.
Central Michigan Univ., Mount Pleasant.
Central Michigan Univ., Mount Pleasant, 34 pp., undated.
undated.
Sub. Code: 2
This paper focuses on the characteristics of abused children; the interpersonal, cognitive, and emotional characteristics of abusers; and the implications these have for intervention. Various research efforts have concluded that children are at highest risk in the first year of life; children who present special risks are illegitimate, premature, congenitally malformed, twins, conceived during the mother's depressive illness, and-or part of a large family; and the most common injuries associated with abuse are head injuries, burns, fractures and dislocations, and abrasions. Poor reality testing, fragile self-esteem, and deprivation in upbringing have been identified as important underlying variables in abusive parents, and social isolation has been identified as descriptive of abusing families' environment. In closed systems, intense conflicts are exacerbated by a lack of coping mechanisms. The cognitive style of abusing parents has been described as impulsive, rigid, and incapable of bearing frustration. Mental health professionals should seek to instill in abusive parents a gradual internalization of controls, a capacity for delay, and an ability to seek help. Group therapy, home visits, and the use of volunteer parent aides and homemakers may offer the best means for improving family functioning and for reducing the burden on the limited resources available to the primary worker. 23 references.
Desc.: individual characteristics, etiology, ability to cope, intervention, social workers role

Y003064 141
4102B4 CD-05015
Explanations of Child Maltreatment: A Preliminary Appraisal.
Herrenkohl, E. C.; Herrenkohl, R. C.
Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem Pa. Center for Social Research.
National Conference for Family Violence Researchers, New Hampshire Univ., Durhan, 10 pp., July 1981.
July 1981.
Sub. Code: 82
Findings of 2 studies dealing with the causes of child maltreatment are reported. One study was a followup of 328 families charged with abuse over a 10-year period in a 2-county area of eastern Pennsylvania. The case records of all these families were analyzed and the heads of households interviewed. The other study was made up of 4 groups of families: families charged with abuse, families receiving child protection services but not charged with abuse, families recruited through Head Start, and families recruited through day care programs. One or both household heads of these families were interviewed and observed playing with their preschool children. Most children were also given a cognitive test and observed in a preschool setting. Analyses of the data revealed that there is a positive relationship between the total number of stresses on a family, as perceived by the parent, and the total number of abuse incidents; premature birth of a child and subsequent maltreatment; a child's developmental difficulties and maltreatment; the incidence of maltreatment and a child's mother being below the age of 20 years at the time of the child's birth; intrapersonality characteristics, acquired from exposure to abusive situations in childhood, and abusive behavior in parents; and marital violence and child maltreatment. Relatively little evidence was found to support the view that serious mental health problems of the abuser are related to the occurrence of abuse. To further explain the occurrence of maltreatment, 826 incidents of physical abuse were analyzed. It was found that there is a strong tendency for the abuse incidents to occur in reaction to difficult or trying, but not unusual, childrearing situations. 26 references.
Desc.: etiology, parents stress, premature infants, developmental disabilities, adolescent parents, generational cycle of child abuse, family violence

Y003064 142
4101H4 CD-04991
National Study of the Incidence and Severity of Child Abuse and Neglect: Community Professional Survey Pretest Phase.
Westat, Inc., Rockville, nd.
Westat, Inc., Rockville, Md. 6 pp., undated.
undated.
Sub. Code: 80
As mandated by the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act, the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect ""shall make a complete and full study and investigation of the national incidence of child abuse and neglect, including a determination of the extent to which incidents of child abuse and neglect are increasing in number or severity.'' Before conducting the national study, the developers of the study design (Westat and Development Associates) pretested the data collection techniques in a limited number of sites. Two states were selected for inclusion in the pretest they were chosen to provide variation with regard to the region of the country, population density, and demographic characteristics. Organizations and professionals participating in the pretest included Child Protective Services other public and private social service agencies and programs, and schools, law enforcement agencies, courts, medical facilities, and physicians. Most respondents completed a form describing situations that they suspected involved child maltreatment. Procedures were also developed to ensure confidential handling of the data. Information collected by the study will be used for research purposes only; therefore, participants were reminded of their professional and-or legal responsibility to report cases of known and suspected child maltreatment.
Desc.: incidence, national surveys, child abuse reporting, confidentiality, pamphlets

Y003064 143
4101G4 CD-04987
The Epidemiology of Childhood Sexual Abuse.
Greenberg, N. H.
Illinois Univ., Chicago. School of Medicine.
Pediatric Annals 8(5):16-28, May 1979.
May 1979.
Sub. Code: 80
Reliable estimates of the magnitude of childhood sexual abuse are difficult to obtain. One reason is a lack of precise working definitions of categories of child sexual abuse. Variations in regional and local views on the subject and differences between civil and criminal legal definitions and practices also complicate efforts to define, identify, compute, and study known cases and to compare findings from different investigations. One of the first serious studies to determine the incidence of child sexual abuse in the U.S., published 10 years ago, reported that the sexual molestation of children was more common than previously assumed; sexual offenses were many and varied; the offender, more often than not, was known to the child and family as a friend, acquaintance, or family member; abused persons, in a vast majority of cases, were girls; and the average age of these girls at the time of their disclosure of sexual mistreatment was 11 years. Estimates of the incidence of incest in the U.S. have undergone significant changes during the past 2 years. Histories of childhood incestuous relationships are reported in disproportionate numbers among drug abusers and prostitutes. The predominant type of incest occurs in father-daughter relationships. The ages of children at the time of case identification vary with different studies. A literature review of characteristics of incestuous families suggests that members of the family are aware of the sexual activities. The father in father-daughter incest is variously described as having pedophilic tendencies and as lacking such qualities; as tending toward alcoholism and as lacking a history of alcoholism; and as having and not having criminal tendencies. There are essentially 2 schools of thought regarding the consequences of childhood sexual abuse. One holds that ill effects do not necessarily follow based on the idea that incest is not sexually deviant behavior but a subcultural phenomenon. Conversely, sexual abuse of children is viewed to cause long-term bitterness, hostility, and distrust toward adults and severe conflicts causing guilt, shame, and depression. Factors that adversely affect development also can increase a child's vulnerability to mental trauma. 54 references.
Desc.: incidence, incest, definitions, epidemiology, literature reviews, individual characteristics, sequelae

Y003064 144 101E2 CD-04977
Child Neglect and Abuse.
Wegmann, M.; Lancaster, J.; Bruhn, J. G.; Fuentes, R. G., Jr.
Bureau of Health Services, Tallahassee, Fla. Dept. of Corrections.
Family and Community Health 4(2):11-17, August 1981.
August 1981.
Sub. Code: 98
An overview of the characteristics of abusive families and of current efforts to help these families is presented. Fewer than 10 percent of abusing and neglecting parents have a diagnosed psychiatric problem. Many abusive parents suffer from a variety of social and environmental stressors. The potential for abuse or neglect is acquired over many years, and the way in which parents themselves were raised significantly determines their own parenting abilities. Parents whose lives are characterized by social isolation often rely on children to gratify their dependency needs. Abused children stand out from ther children in that they usually fail to respond in an expected manner. Barriers to the resolution of abuse and neglect include the difficulty in many cases of distinguishing abuse from parental discipline; potential reporters' fear that punitive action will be taken against the parents; and a lack of interagency coordination. Current efforts to stem the rise of child abuse and neglect include the passage of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act in 1974; passage of laws in all states that mandate the reporting of suspected cases of maltreatment; and the involvement of Federal, state, and local agencies in the prevention and treatment of abuse and neglect. Guidelines that will aid health care providers in the identification of potential abusers are provided. 9 references.
Desc.: family characteristics, etiology, parents background, child abuse laws, health personnel

Y003064 145
4101B1 CD-04964
Child Sexual Abuse: A Review.
Luther, S. L.; Price, J. H.
Jrnl of School Health 50(3):160-165, March 1980.
March 1980.
Sub. Code: 98
A review of the literature on child sexual abuse is presented for use by health educators. It is estimated that between 70 and 80 percent of all child sexual abusers are related to their victims. One study suggests that more than 300, 000 sexual offences against children are committed each year. Some researchers believe that brother-sister incest may occur 5 times as often as father-daughter incest. It is reported less frequently because it is usually transient in nature and causes fewer emotional repercussions than father-daughter incest. Fathers who sexually abuse their children often exhibit a lack of impulse control and suffer from role confusion. The mother involved in the father-daughter incestuous relationship is variously described as either passive, withdrawn, depressed, and incapacitated or domineering and authoritarian. Although some incest victims suffer physical trauma, most researchers think that psychological ramifications cause the most serious problems. Few reports have found more than 10 percent of the cases of child sexual abuse to have been perpetrated by nonfamily members. In most cases, the abuser uses coercion rather than violence to obtain the child's participation. The average age of the victim of child sexual abuse is reported to be 11 years. Several studies have characterized abusers as being self-alienated; having little self-esteem and much self-doubt; having an aversion to violence and aggression; possessing feelings of insecurity and inadequacy; and fearing heterosexual failure. Health educators can make an important contribution towards the elimination of sexual abuse by implementing a health education curriculum through the twelfth grade. 35 references.
Desc.: sexual abuse, incest, literature reviews, sequelae curricula, individual characteristics, health education, health personnel

Y003064 146
4101A2 CD-04961
Child Abuse.
Holter, J. C.
York-Adams Mental Health-Mental Retardation Program, York, Pa.
Nursing Clinics of North America 14(3):417-427, September 1979.
September 1979.
Sub. Code: 98
Topics surrounding child abuse fall into the areas of definition, legislation, incidence, abusive patterns, characteristics of abusive parents and abused children, and intervention techniques. All 50 states now have statutes that require persons to report suspected cases of child abuse, but the key to improving these measures lies in replacing criminal prosecution of abusers with early treatment. The major criteria in the abusive pattern are: (1) potential in the parent for abuse which usually originates in abuse inflicted on the parent during childhood; (2) perception of the child as special or different by the parent; and (3) onset of a crisis that precipitates the abusive action. Characteristics typical of abusive parents include insecurity, desire to reverse the parent-child role relationship, impulsiveness, excessive feelings of guilt, immaturity, and distrustfulness. Though 70 to 75 percent of abusive parents genuinely want professional help, the depressive nature of many abusers makes them recalcitrant to therapeutic efforts. Children particularly prone to abuse include those that are unwanted, handicapped, or ill. Younger abused children often exhibit eating and sleeping difficulties, clinging behavior, loss of developmental milestones, and regression toward autism. Older abused children exhibit behavior that ranges from distrust, indifference, and withdrawal to overt hostility. Intervention techniques should incorporate a multidisciplinary approach to allow critical assessment of the quality of parenting and the functioning of members of the family, and to determine the mental status of the parents. Nurses are in a strategic position to identify high-risk families and observe early signs of child abuse. 8 references.
Desc.: definitions, child abuse laws, individual characteristics, intervention, detection, nurses role

Y003064 147
4096C3 CD-04954
Incest: A Review of the Literature.
Vine, R. A.
Children's Hospital National Medical Center, Washington, D.C. Dept. of Ambulatory Medicine.
In: MacFarlane, K.; Jones, B. M.; Jenstrom, L. L. (Editors). Sexual Abuse of Children: Selected Readings. Washington, D.C., National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (DHHS), (OHDS) 78-30161, pp. 25-28, November 1980.
November 1980.
Sub. Code: 98
A review of the literature on incest provides insights into incestuous family dynamics, disruptive and nondisruptive treatment models, incidence rates, definitional issues, and psychiatric implications. In most areas of the country, a diagnosis of incest guarantees that the family will be disrupted. However, a program that has treated 400 incestuous families in Santa Clara, California, has reunited 95 percent of the families. Reporting of incest is low due to fear of societal reactions, lack of available help, guilt feelings, and fear of criminal punishment. Incestuous relationships occur most frequently between brother and sister and father and daughter; the latter is considered to be much more damaging than the former. As the most commonly reported form of incest, father-daughter incest has received the most attention from researchers. Father-daughter incest is often precipitated to prevent dissolution of the family. The majority of incestuous fathers are introverted and exhibit an extreme intrafamilial orientation. Characteristics of the typical incestuous father include an emotionally deprived childhood, extreme dependence on the wife, and a nonaggressive and ineffectual personality. Many such fathers have a history of alcoholism. Unconscious participation by the mother is often noted. The child victim often experiences sexual identity problems. In treating the dysfunctions of the incestuous family, the therapist should encourage ventilation of guilt and anger, maintain a nonjudgmental attitude, eliminate denial reactions monitor possible intergenerational inheritance of incestuous traits, monitor possible sibling conflicts, and obtain legal assistance when necessary. 39 references.
Desc.: incest, child abuse reporting, father child relations, family problems, sibling relations, individual characteristics, family therapy, literature reviews

Y003064 148
4093H1 CD-04828
Final Report: Factors Affecting the Successful Operation of Public Child Protective Service Agencies.
Carr, A.
Rhode Island Univ., Kingston.
Prepared for: National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (DHHS), Washington, D.C. Office of Human Development Services, 127 pp., January 15, 1980.
January 15, 1980.
Sub. Code: 92
Research was conducted into (1) the effects of published newspaper articles about child maltreatment on subsequent levels of reporting to public officials; (2) protective service agency processing of officially reported cases of alleged child maltreatment; and (3) the effects of protective service workers' investigation methods. A sample of Florida newspaper articles about child abuse and neglect and data on daily reports of alleged child maltreatment received by officials both before and after the newspaper articles appeared were examined from 1971 through mid-1977. There is little evidence that newspaper articles about maltreatment affect subsequent levels of reporting. Data from the Florida state central register were selected to determine client characteristics and other factors social service workers most frequently focus on when investigating child abuse cases. Content analysis of workers' written reports revealed 30 phrases repeatedly used to describe clients. These may be grouped into 4 categories: appearance of the child, appearance of the child's home, items describing the child's family situation, and the character of the interaction between the protective service worker and the caretaker(s). Client characteristics appear often to help in the determination of appropriate action by protective service and result in acceptable rates of recidivism. This research suggests that new criteria for assessing case validity need to be developed for those cases where the child and family appear to have no easily identifiable problem. A list of client characteristic codes is appended.
Desc.: state child protection agencies, newspapers, child abuse reporting, central registries, case management, investigations

Y003064 149
4092A2 CD-04653
Abused Children as Adult Parents: A Twenty-Five Year Longitudinal Study.
Miller, D.; Challas, G.
Inst. for Scientific Analysis, San Francisco, Calif.
National Conference for Family Violence Researchers, Durham, N.H., 21 pp., July 21-24, 1981.
July 21-24, 1981.
Sub. Code: 88
A study of the intergenerational cycle of child abuse and neglect, begun in 1956, involved 118 parents: 29 had been abused as children, and 89 had not been abused. Participants were drawn from a large urban center and were defined as abused or nonabused children and as potentially abusive parents according to preestablished criteria. Data were gathered through subject interviews. Six percent of the nonabused group were ranked as being high potential abusive parents compared to 24 percent of the abused subjects. Among those parents who were ranked as being high potential for child abuse, 58 percent had been abused as children. Among those ranked as low potential child abusers, 21 percent had been abused as children. Abused subjects were more likely than nonabused subjects to be receiving public welfare (70 percent vs. 30 percent). Fathers who were abused as children were more likely to be abusive parents than were abused mothers (31 percent vs. 19 percent). Forty-one percent of the abused subjects also had suffered a high degree of parental neglect as compared with 17 percent of the nonabused subjects. Further, 5 percent of the nonabused and 31 percent of the abused parents were classified as heavy drinkers. Nearly 25 percent of all nonabused subjects and 41 percent of all abused subjects had children removed from their home by court action. Potential child abusers, irrespective of their own abuse histories, can be characterized as coming from multiproblem families and as suffering from a traumatic childhood, poor adult socialization, financial dependency, emotional dependency, and serious family problems that frequently lead to court removal of their children. Numerous references.
Desc.: generational cycle of child abuse, longitudinal studies, comparative analysis, prediction, individual characteristics

Y003064 150
4085B4 CD-04647
Measures to Predict Child Abuse. Final Report.
Disbrow, N. A.; Doerr, H. O.; Caulfield, C.
Washington Univ., Seattle. Dept. of Maternal and Child Nursing.
Washington Univ., Seattle. Dept. of Maternal and Child Nursing, 106 pp., March 25, 1977.
March 25, 1977.
Sub. Code: 84
Results of a study to develop a battery of tests with which to identify parents and parent figures who have potential for abuse and-or neglect of infants and children are reported. Fifty-five abusive and neglecting families were matched with 54 control families on age of child; age, education, and race of mother; and family composition. The families studied were selected from child Protective Service caseloads in 2 Washington counties. Data collection methods included interview, questionnaire, videotaped observation, and physiological measurement. Subjects were tested on the following instruments: Child Rearing Attitude Scales, Ways of Handling Irritating Child Behaviors, Empathy Scales, Machiavellian Scales, and Barnard Scales. Results for abusive and neglecting parents were similar for some variables. Both groups were abused as children; were low in empathy; had few close friends; had been separated from their children; showed role reversal; showed sadistic and strict disciplinarian child rearing attitudes; did not communicate with their children; and were low in facilitating behavior in the videotaped parent-child interaction sessions. The measures sharply differentiated between abusers and controls on background, empathy, self concept as a parent, compliations during pregnancy and early postnatal period, parental support systems, and physiological response. Abusive parents maintained a higher heart rate and lower variability of heart rate during tests. Overall, 77 percent of the cases were correctly classified using the indicators. Appendices include copies of the questionnaire and interview schedules, Attitude and Barnard Scales, and Sample Data Sheets.
Desc.: predictor variables, abusive parents, risk, screening tests, neglecting parents, individual characteristics

Y003064 151
4084K4 CD-04635
Child Abuse Treated in a Psychiatric Day Hospital.
West, J. E.; West, E. D.
Wallington Day Hospital, Surrey (England).
Child Abuse and Neglect 3:699-707, 1979.
1979.
Sub. Code: 82
Fifty child abusers referred to a hospital for treatment of psychiatric illnesses were compared with 50 psychiatrically ill but nonabusing parents and also with a group of 30 mothers with positive child-rearing abilities to determine how abusing parents differed from both control groups. Results revealed that the index subjects were significantly younger at birth of their first child and had more premarital conceptions, unplanned pregnancies and illegitimate children, a higher incidence of deprivation and family violence from childhood, and lower intelligence than the contrast group. These findings suggest, as opposed to earlier studies, that psychiatric morbidity may be less important in child abuse; an abnormal electroencephalography may not be useful in predicting child abuse; the repeatedly abused children do not have more perinatal pathology; the high-risk and low-risk groups do not differ significantly; the perinatal pathology in the healthy mothers is only marginally higher; and where there is an abused child disadvantaged by perinatal pathology, healthy siblings are at high risk. On clinical grounds, the findings confirm that the earlier the intervention, the greater the chance for successful rehabilitation. A strategy for early identification and prevention of child abuse is outlined. 25 references.
Desc.: psychotherapy, comparative analysis, psychopathology, prevention, parents therapy, detection, risk, individual characteristics

Y003064 152
4084E3 CD-04610
Child Abuse: Prognostic Factors in Therapy Effectiveness.
Kaye, S.; Kapp, H. D.
Jrnl of Contemporary Psychotherapy 10(2):112-121, 1979.
1979.
Sub. Code: 82
A literature and research review reveals that at least 2 categories of child abusers may be differentiated for treatment purposes. The pattern abuser conforms to a culturally approved pattern of abuse as part of the socially acceptable norms of control. Within certain socioeconomic and family groups, parental control of children is absolute, and failure of such control implies failure as a parent. Often a pattern of physical control of behavior escalates into a system of bullying and counterbullying, with the parent as victimizer and the child as victim. The second category of abuser may be designated a borderline personality. In the borderline, rage and depression coexist, and violence is initiated not as an act against the victim but as a result of dissociation. Violence thus blocks the emergence of awareness of the original lethal-toxic object. Many episodes of child abuse follow the departure from the scene of an adult with whom the child's caretaker was having a sadomasochistic relationship. It is not clear, however, whether the abuse reflects the loss of an object or the loss of the sadistic relationship. In family treatment the abusing parent may be helped to see the child as an object in himself-herself, not as a distortion from the past. Reduction of the parent's anxiety will allow for less transference distortion and greater ego control. Because many abusing parents fit the borderline classification and fail to view their children or mates as other people, family therapy should be the preferred therapeutic disposition. 15 references.
Desc.: psychological characteristics, etiology, sadism, family therapy, psychological evaluation

Y003064 153
4084C2 CD-04601
Domestic Violence: The Alcohol Relationship.
Doucette, S. R.; McCullah, R. D.
International Council of Psychologists Convention, Princeton, N.J., 19 pp., August 1979.
August 1979.
Sub. Code: 82
The relationship between alcohol abuse and spouse and child abuse is examined in this literature review. Domestic violence literature indicates that aclohol abuse, social isolation, parental history of abuse as a child, youthful and-or inexperienced parents, marital discord, life crisis, lack of or inability to utilize parental skills, lack of nurturing life experiences, and lack of support systems are some of the situations in which abuse and neglect are likely to occur. Alcohol literature presents these same elements in the etiology and current behavior of the alcohol abuser and the family. Personality characteristics apparently shared by child-spouse abusers and alcohol abusers include low frustration tolerance, low self-esteem, impulsivity, dependency, problems with role reversals, difficulty in experiencing pleasure, isolation, and inconsistency in behavior. Recent research studies of alcoholics' histories have shown that parental antisocial personalities, alcohol misuse, or drug problems correlate most closely with a high level of similar difficulties in the adolescents of such parents. Further, familial alcoholism apparently results in alcoholics who have more serious problems with anger and hostile reactions than those without a familial history of excessive alcohol usage. Alcoholism, left untreated, is significant evidence for the presence of abuse and-or neglect. 39 references.
Desc.: alcoholism, family violence, individual characteristics, literature reviews, family problems, etiology

Y003064 154
4084A1 CD-04592
Child Abuse, Cross-Cultural Childrearing Practices and Juvenile Delinquency: A Synthesis.
Bentley, R. J.
National Testing Service, Durham, N.C.
In: Hunner, R. J.; Walker, Y. E. (Editors). Exploring the Relationship Between Child Abuse and Delinquency. Montclair, N. J., Allanheld, Osman and Co., pp. 128-144, 1981.
1981.
Sub. Code: 82
A review of the literature on juvenile delinquency, cross-cultural childrearing, and child abuse is presented. Several variables seem to be related to juvenile delinquency: severe parental punishment and parental attitudes of rejection, punitiveness, and ambivalence. Family disruption characterizes most cases of delinquency, while socioeconomic status does not differentiate juvenile delinquents. The relationship between socioeconomic status, as a cultural variable, and childrearing is unclear. Ethnicity has been linked to reliable differences in childrearing practices. Low birth weight and intellectual deficits have been reliably associated with child abuse. Socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and intrapsychic disorders have not reliably linked abuser characteristics and child abuse. In contrast to the general population, abusive families have more marital discord, larger families, a preponderance of single parents, and younger mothers at the time of their first child's birth. Research which focuses on the whole family as the basic unit of analysis is needed. Numerous references.
Desc.: literature reviews, juvenile delinquency, child rearing, cultural factors, etiology, research needs

Y003064 155
4083K2 CD-04585
Child Abuse: A Survey of Physicians' Attitudes and Practices.
Krinsky, J. A.; Kossan, N. E.
Rochester Univ., New York.
Available from Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC ED 180 612), 15 pp., 1979.
1979.
Sub. Code: 80
A questionnaire designed to investigate physicians' knowledge of and experiences with child abuse, familiarity with New York State reporting laws, and characterizations of abusing families was sent to pediatricians and family practitioners in Monroe County, New York. The physicians were asked to estimate the number of child abuse cases that they saw and the number of cases that they reported in 1978 and in the last 5 years (1974-1978). They also were asked to distinguish between cases of actual abuse (in which evidence of abuse was unquestionable) and cases of suspected abuse. Of the 170 physicians polled, 74 responded. Results indicated that physicians had both seen and reported roughly as many cases of suspected and actual child abuse in the last year as in each of the last 5 years. The number of suspected cases generally exceeded the number of actual cases, and the number of cases reported was roughly 40 percent of the number of cases seen. Approximately 50 percent of the physicians had had experience with abuse cases in the last year, and approximately 75 percent of them had had such experience in the last 5 years. Data also were collected on the physicians' knowledge of the legal responsibilities in cases of child abuse, their training in the area of child abuse, their definitions of child abuse, and their beliefs regarding the characteristics of abusing families.
Desc.: physicians attitudes, new york, questionnaires, incidence child abuse reporting

Y003064 156
4083J2 CD-04581
Recognition and Reporting of Child Maltreatment: Summary Findings From the National Study of the Incidence and Severity of Child Abuse and Neglect.
Burgdorf, K.
Westat, Inc., Rockville, Md.
Westat, Inc., Rockville, Md., 113 pp., October 14, 1980.
October 14, 1980. 
Sub. Code: 80
An analysis of findings from the National Study of Incidence and Severity of Child Abuse and Neglect is presented. The design stage of the study, which began in July 1976, involved selection of 8 urban counties with populations of over 200, 000, 8 smaller urban counties with populations of under 200, 000, and 10 non-urban counties with an average population of 33, 000. Data were collected on each report of suspected child abuse or neglect received by the child protective services (CPS) agencies between May 1, 1979, and April 30, 1980. In addition to CPS caseworkers, professional staff in an average of 20 non-CPS agencies per county were asked to participate in the study. Data were collected and analyzed on reported cases, unreported cases, demographics of maltreatment, and characteristics of maltreated children and their families. Though the study was limited by limited population and agency samples, findings indicated that over 1 million children were reported to CPS agencies during the study year; a lack of community resources resulted in cases of suspected maltreatment remaining unsubstantiated because of lack of extreme urgency in those cases; twice as many reported cases go unreported; reporting was relatively complete for very young children; and definition of agency roles and types of maltreatment constituted the most serious issue for legislators, budget officials, school personnel, and CPS professionals. Data forms are appended.
Desc.: incidence, national surveys, child abuse reporting, prevalence, data analysis, detection

Y003064 157
4083J1 CD-04580
The Nature and Extent of Sexual Abuse in Contemporary American Society
Brown, L.; Holder, W.
American Humane Association, Denver, Colo.
In: Holder, W. (Editor). Sexual Abuse of Children: Implications for Treatment. Denver, Colo., American Humane Association, pp. 1-15, 1980.
1980.
Sub. Code: 80
A partial summary of the 1976 National Analysis of Official Child Neglect and Abuse Reporting, published by the American Humane Association, is provided. Data represent information from 99, 579 reports of child abuse and neglect received from 28 states and 3 U.S. territories. Of these reports, 1, 688 were of sexual abuse, including 189 cases of father-daughter incest. Among the findings related to sexual abuse, the intact family appeared in 92.1 percent of the cases of father-daughter incest; incestuous and sexually abusive families tended to be larger than other reported families; the age of the perpetrator tended to be significantly higher for sexual abuse and incest than for all other reports; in an overwhelming majority of cases, the perpetrators of sexual abuse were natural parents; 33 percent of the families reported for sexual abuse received Aid to Families with Dependent Children; there was an almost even distribution on the age of the child for all reports; 24.2 percent of the victims of abuse also suffered some form of neglect; relatives reported sexual abuse more often than other types of abuse or neglect; and foster care and shelter care were used more often in cases of sexual abuse than in other cases. Descriptions of 3 types of sexually abusing families are included. 5 references.
Desc.: sexual abuse, incest, humane societies, national surveys, demography, family characteristics, child abuse reporting

Y003064 158
4076D2 CD-04445
Child Abuse.
Green, A. H.
Columbia Univ., New York. Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons.
In: Schetky, D. H.; Benedek, E. P. (Editors). Child Psychiatry and the Law. New York, Bruner-Maxel, pp. 71-88, 1980.
1980.
Sub. Code: 96
Laws passed by all 50 states between 1963 and 196 mandated the medical reporting of child abuse, bringing the phenomenon of abuse to the attention of the professional community. Various researchers estimate that between 200, 000 and 500, 000 cases of physical abuse and between 465, 000 and 1, 175, 000 cases of neglect or sexual abuse occur each year. Professionals who treat children should be aware of the signs and symptoms typically exhibited by the abused child, characteristics associated with abusive parents, and environmental stresses that lead to abuse. Reporting to child protective services is recommended over a law enforcement agency. Reporting requirements take precedence over the privileged status of doctor-patient communications. The child protective service agency typically administers the investigation of reports, and definite guidelines protect the rights of parents and children involved. The judicial process subsequent to an investigation may include a pretrial conference, an adjudicatory hearing, a dispositional hearing, and periodic review hearings. Psychiatrists are often asked to assess the psychiatric condition of the parents and predict the risk of further abuse at such hearings. Treatment of abuse requires a multidisciplinary approach aimed at both parents and children. 41 references.
Desc.: child abuse reporting, professional training, incidence, legal processes, parents therapy, childrens therapy

Y003064 159
4075H1 CD-04412
The Physician's Responsibility Toward Victims of Child Abuse.
Brown, R. H.
Cook County Hospital, Chicago, Ill.
Hospital Medical Staff 6(3):13-18, March 1977.
March 1977.
Sub. Code: 94
Physicians should be aware of the prevalence of child abuse and neglect, characteristics of victims and offenders, and established means of identifying and treating victims. Statistics indicate that as many as 500, 000 children are abused annually in the U.S. and that infants and young children are apt to be seriously traumatized from injuries resulting from abuse. Beating and burning are the most common forms of physical abuse. The diagnosis of abuse should always be considered in a young child brought to the hospital with any injury, multiple injuries present simultaneously, a history of multiple injuries, inadequately explained injuries, or failure-to-thrive symptoms. Parents who delay bringing their children to the hospital for emergency care or who have abused their children in the past should be suspected of abuse. Suspected abuse victims should be hospitalized, and X-rays and bleeding and clotting tests should be performed to assess the extent of injuries. Victims should be photographed to provide further evidential support. The majority of states have laws mandating reporting by physicians, who are protected from civil and criminal liability for good faith reports. A multidisciplinary abuse team, which includes physicians, social service workers, nurses, psychologists, psychiatrists, clergy, and attorneys, will insure that a hospital responds adequately to suspected cases of abuse and neglect.
Desc.: physicians responsibility, incidence, diagnoses, medical aspects of child abuse, mandatory reporting

Y003064 160
4075E4 CD-04403
A Model to Assess the Educational Needs of Practicing Physicians and Students Applied to Child Abuse and Neglect.
Philips, B. U.; Smith, R. C.; Hebeler, J. R.; Bruhn, J. G.
Texas Univ., Galveston. Dept. of Pediatrics.
Texas Univ., Austin. Region VI Resource Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, 163 pp., August 31, 1977.
August 31, 1977.
Sub. Code: 92
A model to assess the educational needs of practicing physicians and students in prevention and treatment of child abuse and neglect was implemented in Region VI of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. The model includes a review of the pertinent literature; means of developing and pretesting questionnaires; means of training interviewers; sampling methodologies; modes of direct observation; and means of maintaining confidential files. A survey of 60 physicians working in Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and New Mexico was undertaken using the model design. The survey elicited information concerning characteristics of the various practices; sources of continuing education and information; perceptions of child abuse and neglect as a problem; diagnostic criteria and disposition of cases; and medical school exposure to child abuse and neglect information. A similar survey of 189 of the 334 health care instructinal institutions in this area was undertaken as well; the sample included 13 schools of medicine, 165 schools of nursing, and 11 schools of allied health. Results of these surveys suggest that physicians and medical students need training in child abuse and neglect that emphasizes diagnosis, treatment, and reporting as well as case presentations, patient profiles, and other sensitizing information. Social problems emphasized by physicians as factors in the etiology of abuse should be addressed in both school and continuing education programs. Numerous references.
Desc.: personnel needs, prevention, therapy, surveys, physician, professional training

Y003064 161
4074E3 CD-04354
Diagnosis and Treatment--Introduction.
Schultz, L. G.
West Virginia Univ., Morgantown. School of Social Work.
In: Schultz, L. G. (Editor). The Sexual Victimology of Youth. Springfield, Ill., Charles C. Thomas, pp. 39-42, 1980.
1980.
Sub. Code: 88
Though the literature on diagnosis does not indicate that professionals agree on any of the effects of sexual abuse on minors, it is presumed that any effects are related to the amount of physical violence in the sexual encounter, the age difference between the partners, the type of relationship established between the partners, and the number of sexual acts involved. While data are scanty, it appears that sexual encounters between adults and children are neither always harmful nor always harmless. Often, the child victim is traumatized by being forced to take a short-lived distasteful act and react to it out of proportion, causing the child to reorient his ideas to the confused adult interpretation of the event. It is no longer defensible to apply diagnostic and treatment models appropriate to victims who are truly traumatized to the large majority of victims who are not. 6 references.
Desc.: sexual abuse, trauma, childs attitudes, sequelae, childrens therapy

Y003064 162
4073L3 CD-04334
The Importance of Adjudication in the Treatment of Child Abusers: Some Preliminary Findings.
Wolfe, D. A.; Aragona, J.; Kaufman, K.; Sandler, J.
University of Western Ontario, London. Dept of Psychology.
Child Abuse and Neglect 4(2):127-135, 1980.
1980.
Sub. Code: 86
Demographic characteristics and court dispositions of 71 abusive families referred to a treatment program emphasizing management skills were investigated to determine the influence of these variables upon parental participation and benefit from treatment. These analyses determined that parents who were ordered by the court to complete treatment as a requirement for full return of child custody were approximately 5 times more likely to complete treatment successfully than parents who were not required by the court to participate. Similarly, parents who volunteered were approximately 5 times more likely to refuse or withdraw from treatment than court-ordered parents. These findings indicate the importance of delineating clear objectives for abusive parents which can be accomplished in a parent training program in order to avoid uncertain expectations and poor attendance. The use of the family court or similar procedure to demonstrate to abusive parents the importance of active involvement in learning more appropriate child management is supported by these data. 12 references.
Desc.: parents therapy, abusive parents, court case dispositions, family courts, returning child to home

Y003064 163
4073H4 CD-04319
Child Protective Service Intervention With the Sexually Victimized Child.
Selinske, J.
American Public Welfare Association, Washington, D.C.
American Public Welfare Association, Washington, D.C. National Professional Resource Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, 20 pp., September 1980.
September 1980.
Sub. Code: 86
Issues particularly relevant to child protective service intervention with the sexually abused child include the least harmful way to intervene and worker-child interactions. Workers must deal honestly with their own reactions to incest which can sometimes cause them to deny a molested child's allegations, become overly aggressive in their treatment of abusers, harbor rescue fantasies, and solicit nonessential details that may result in further trauma for the child. Significant factors in the child's reaction to sexual abuse include age, developmental stage, relationship of the abuser to the child, and accompanying violence. Typical feelings experienced by the sexually abused child include depression, anxiety, rejection, hostility, confusion, and guilt. Crucial to the relationship between workers and abused children are the worker's understanding of the feelings that the child is experiencing, the worker's ability to encourage the child to play constructively, the physical environment of the interviews, the use of verbal and nonverbal communication techniques, the degree of trust that can be established between worker and child, the worker's understanding of the child's conception of time, and the worker's relation to the medical professionals and social services professionals dealing with the case. Numerous references.
Desc.: sexual abuse, child protection services, intervention, psychological characteristics, incest, role conflicts

Y003064 164
4072E4 CD-04259
Women Who Abuse Their Children.
Rosen, B.; Stein, M. T
California Univ., San Diego. Dept. of Pediatrics.
American Jrnl of Diseases of Children 134(10):947-950, October 1980.
October 1980.
Sub. Code: 84
A comparative study involving 30 abusive and 30 nonabusive mothers was designed to determine self-concepts typical of each group. The abusive mothers were recruited from a counseling group at the Family Stress Center in Chula Vista, California; the control group consisted of mothers attending the Pediatric Primary Care Center at University Hospital in San Diego. Questionnaires administered to both groups contained a demographic assessment form; Weedman's Self-Concept Incongruence Scale, a 16-scale semantic differential test designed to assess positive self-concept, self-concept congruence, and self-concept inconsistency; and Gordon's Survey of Interpersonal Values, a 6-scale forced-choice questionnaire that measures the most salient values involved in a person's relationships with others. Results indicated that the abusive mothers had lower self-concepts and higher self-concept incongruence and inconsistency than the nonabusive mothers. Abusers also were found to value authority more and conformity and benevolence less than nonabusers. Practically applied, the data suggest that pediatricians assume an educative and supportive role to enhance parents' self-concepts and lower unrealistic expectations. In addition, there is a need to develop access to support groups, day care, and other avenues for the mother's personal growth. 16 references.
Desc.: comparative testing, maternal abuse, maternal behavior, self concept, rating scales, pediatricians role, individual characteristics