%A W. Kent
%T New criteria for the conceptual model
%J Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Brussels, Belgium
%D September 1976
%E P.C. Lockemann
%E E.J. Neuhold
%O published as "Systems for Large Data Bases" by North-Holland
%K vldb vldb2
%P 1-12

%A Herbert S. Meltzer
%T Structure and redundancy in the conceptual schema
in the administration of very large data bases
%J Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Brussels, Belgium
%D September 1976
%E P.C. Lockemann
%E E.J. Neuhold
%O published as "Systems for Large Data Bases" by North-Holland
%K vldb vldb2
%P 13-25

%A H. Rex Hartson
%A David K. Hsiao
%T A semantic model for data base protection languages
%J Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Brussels, Belgium
%D September 1976
%E P.C. Lockemann
%E E.J. Neuhold
%O published as "Systems for Large Data Bases" by North-Holland
%K vldb vldb2
%P 27-42

%A L. Kerschberg
%A A. Klug
%A D. Tsichritzis
%T A taxonomy of data models
%J Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Brussels, Belgium
%D September 1976
%E P.C. Lockemann
%E E.J. Neuhold
%O published as "Systems for Large Data Bases" by North-Holland
%K vldb vldb2
%P 43-64

%A Frank Wm. Tompa
%T Choosing an efficient internal schema
%J Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Brussels, Belgium
%D September 1976
%E P.C. Lockemann
%E E.J. Neuhold
%O published as "Systems for Large Data Bases" by North-Holland
%K vldb vldb2
%P 65-77

%A Michael E. Senko
%A Edward R. Altman
%T DIAM II and levels of abstraction, the physical device level:
a general model for access methods
%J Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Brussels, Belgium
%D September 1976
%E P.C. Lockemann
%E E.J. Neuhold
%O published as "Systems for Large Data Bases" by North-Holland
%K vldb vldb2
%P 79-94

%A E.L. Lozinskii
%T Relations transformation and a redundancy ion relational data base
%J Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Brussels, Belgium
%D September 1976
%E P.C. Lockemann
%E E.J. Neuhold
%O published as "Systems for Large Data Bases" by North-Holland
%K vldb vldb2
%P 95-102

%A D.R. McGregor
%A R.G. Thompson
%A W.N. Dawson
%T High performance hardware for database systems
%J Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Brussels, Belgium
%D September 1976
%E P.C. Lockemann
%E E.J. Neuhold
%O published as "Systems for Large Data Bases" by North-Holland
%K vldb vldb2
%P 103-116

%A E. Nahouraii
%A L.O. Brooks
%A A.F. Cardenas
%T An approach to data communication
between different generalized data base management systems
%J Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Brussels, Belgium
%D September 1976
%E P.C. Lockemann
%E E.J. Neuhold
%O published as "Systems for Large Data Bases" by North-Holland
%K vldb vldb2
%P 117-142

%A Stanley Y.W. Su
%T Application program conversion due to data base changes
%J Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Brussels, Belgium
%D September 1976
%E P.C. Lockemann
%E E.J. Neuhold
%O published as "Systems for Large Data Bases" by North-Holland
%K vldb vldb2
%P 143-157

%A J.H. ter\ Bekke
%T A data manipulation language for relational data structures
%J Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Brussels, Belgium
%D September 1976
%E P.C. Lockemann
%E E.J. Neuhold
%O published as "Systems for Large Data Bases" by North-Holland
%K vldb vldb2
%P 159-168

%A Peter Hitchcock
%T User extensions to the Peterlee relational test vehicle
%J Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Brussels, Belgium
%D September 1976
%E P.C. Lockemann
%E E.J. Neuhold
%O published as "Systems for Large Data Bases" by North-Holland
%K vldb vldb2
%P 169-180

%A Charles Kellogg
%A Philip Klahr
%A Larrty Travis
%T A deductive capability for data management
%J Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Brussels, Belgium
%D September 1976
%E P.C. Lockemann
%E E.J. Neuhold
%O published as "Systems for Large Data Bases" by North-Holland
%K vldb vldb2
%P 181-196

%A R. Erbe
%A G. Walch
%T An enduser guidance component for an intelligent data base system
%J Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Brussels, Belgium
%D September 1976
%E P.C. Lockemann
%E E.J. Neuhold
%O published as "Systems for Large Data Bases" by North-Holland
%K vldb vldb2
%P 197-210

%A P.L. Noerr
%A M.C. White
%T MERLIN: design of a national bibliographic database
%J Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Brussels, Belgium
%D September 1976
%E P.C. Lockemann
%E E.J. Neuhold
%O published as "Systems for Large Data Bases" by North-Holland
%K vldb vldb2
%P 211-222

%A Bo Sundgren
%T Data base design in theory and practice: towards an integrated methodology
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 3-16

%A John Miles Smith
%T Comments on the paper "Data base design in theory and practice"
by Bo Sundgren
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 17-18

%A M. Theys
%T Comments on the paper "Data base design in theory and practice"
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 19-20

%A Raymond T. Yeh
%T Data base and software engineering - a design viewpoint
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 22

%A Anthony I. Wasserman
%T A software engineering view of data base management
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 23-35

%A Herbert Weber
%T A software engineering view of data base systems
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 36-51

%A David K. Hsiao
%A Douglas S. Kerr
%A Stuart E. Madnick
%T Privacy and security of data communications and data bases
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 55-67

%A Werner E. Kluge
%T Impact of new technologies
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 71

%A Tien Chi Chen
%T Computer technology and the database user
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 72-86

%A M. Adiba
%A J.C. Chupin
%A R. Demolombe
%A G. Gardarin
%A J. Le\ Bihan
%T Issues in distributed data base management systems: a techincal overview
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 89-110

%A Catriel Beeri
%A Philip A. Bernstein
%A Nathan Goodman
%T A sophisticate's introduction to database normalization theory
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 113-124

%A John L. Berg
%T Implementing a three schema DBMS framework
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 128-129

%A Eric K. Clemons
%T The external schema and CODASYL
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 130

%A Rob Gerritsen
%T Conceptual and internal schemas in CODASYL
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 131

%A Frank Manola
%T On relating the CODASYL database languages and the ANSI/SPARC framework
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 132

%A Diane C.P. Smith
%T Conversion and the CODASYL framework
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 133-134

%A M.L. Brodie
%A J. Schmidt
%T What is the use of abstract data types in data bases ?
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 140-141

%A Joseph Raben
%T Natural language data bases
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 144

%A I.R. Palmer
%T Record subtype facilities in database systems
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 148-155

%A John Miles Smith
%T A normal form for abstract syntax
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 156-162

%A J. Bradley
%T Operations data bases
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 164-176

%A Willem J. Kleefstra
%T Data base description with a single name category data model
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 177-185

%A G<C<H< Sharman
%A N. Winterbottom
%T The data dictionary facilities if NDB
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 186-197

%A P.D. Ting
%A D.C. Tsichiritzis
%T A micro-DBMS for a distributed data base
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 200-206

%A H. Chang
%T On bubble memories and relational data base
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 207-229

%A Frank Manola
%T A review of the 1978 CODASYL database specifications
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 232-242

%A Paolo Paolini
%T An alternative structure for data base management systems
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 243-254

%A Michael E. Senko
%T FORAL LP: design and implementation
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 255-267

%A Lee A. Hollaar
%A David C. Roberts
%T Current research into specialized processors for text information retrieval
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 270-279

%A H.-O. Leilich
%A G. Stiege
%A H.Ch. Zeidler
%T A search processor for data base management systems
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 280-287

%A Stanley Y.W. Su
%A Stefan Lupkiewitz
%A Chang-jung Lee
%A Der Her Lo
%A Keith L. Doty
%T MICRONET: a microcomputer network system
for managing distributed relational databases
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 288-298

%A Esen A. Ozkarahan
%A Kemal Oflazer
%T Microprocessor based modular database processors
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 300-311

%A T.C. Chen
%A V.Y. Lum
%A C. Tung
%T The rebound sorter: an efficient sort engine for large files
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 312-318

%A Jayanta Banerjee
%A David K. Hsiao
%T Performance study of a database machine in supporting relational databases
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 319-329

%A Andre Flory
%A Jacques Kouloumudjian
%T A model and a method for logical data base design
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 333-341

%A A. Foucaut
%A C. Rolland
%T Concepts for design of an information system conceptual schema
and its utilization in the REMORA project
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 342-350

%A Adarsh K. Arora
%A C. Robert Carlson
%T The information preserving properties of relational database transformations
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 352-359

%A J.M. Nicolas
%T Mutual dependencies and some results on undecomposable relations
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 360-367

%A Umeshwar Dayal
%A Philip A. Bernstein
%T On the updatability of relational views
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 368-377
%K update

%A I. Kameny
%A J. Weiner
%A M. Crilloy
%A J. Burger
%A R. Gates
%A D. Brill
%T EUFID: the end user friendly interface to data management systems
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 380-391

%A Ronald M. Lee
%T Conversational aspects of database interactions
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 392-399

%A Ralph Grishman
%T The simplification of retrieval requests
generated by question-answering systems
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 400-406

%A M.P. Atkinson
%T Programming languages and databases
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 408-419

%A Rainer Huber
%A Peter C. Lockemann
%T Information protection by method base systems
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 420-426

%A Hartmut Ehrig
%A Hans-Jorg Kreowski
%A Herbert Weber
%T Algebraic specification schemes for data base systems
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 427-440

%A Orakash G. Hebalkar
%T Application specification for distributed data base systems
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 442-449

%A Michel Adiba
%A Jean-Yves Caleca
%A Christian Euzet
%T A distributed data base system using logical relational machines
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 450-461

%A K.C. Toth
%A S.A. Mahmoud
%A J.S. Riordon
%A D. Sherif
%T The ADD system: an architecture for distributed databases
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 462-471

%A Mario Schkolnick
%T A survey of physical database design methodology and techniques
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 474-487

%A D.S. Batory
%T On searching transposed files (abstract only)
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 488

%A Toshiyuki Nakamura
%A Tetsuo Mizoguchi
%T An analysis of storage utlization factor
in block split data structuring scheme
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 489-495

%A H.T. Kung
%A Philip L. Lehman
%T A concurrent database manipulation language: binary search trees
(abstract only)
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 498

%A Ron Ashany
%T Application of sparse matrix techniques
to search, retrieval, classification and relationship analysis
in large data base systems - SPARCOM
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 499-516

%A Witold Litwin
%T Virtual hashing: a dynamically changing hashing
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 517-523

%A Sheldon A. Borkin
%T Data model equivalence
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 526-534

%A Y. Sagiv
%A M. Yannakakis
%T Equivalence among relational expressions
with the union and difference operations
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 535-548

%A L.A. Kalinichenko
%T Data models transformation method based on axiomatic data model extension
%J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C West Berlin, Germany
%D September 1978
%E S. Bing Yao
%K vldb vldb4
%P 549-555

%A C.J. Date
%T Locking and recovery in a shared database system:
an application programming tutorial
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 1-15

%A Christopher F. Herot
%T Spatial management of data (abstract  only)
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 16

%A Jurgen M. Janas
%T Towards more informative user interfaces
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 17-23

%A Veronica Dahl
%T Logical design of deductive natural language consultable data bases
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 24-31

%A Gerald A. Wilson
%A Sandra B. Salazar
%T A system for interactive error detection
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 32-51

%A Sylvia L. Osborn
%T Towards a universal relation interface
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 52-60

%A Y. Edmund Lien
%T Multivalued dependencies with null values in relational data bases
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 61-66

%A D. Stott Parker
%A Claude Delobel
%T Algorithmic applications for a new result on multivalued dependencies
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 67-74

%A Alberto O. Mendelzon
%A David Maier
%T Generalized mutual dependencies and the decomposition of database relations
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 75-82

%A C.S. dos\ Santos
%T The quest for comprehensive semantic formalisms
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 83-84

%A Rudi Studer
%T Functional specification of a decision support system
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 85-93

%A Ana Lucas
%T Implementation of the IRRD data base in Portugal
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 94-100

%A Erik Sandewall
%T A description language and pilot-system executive
for information-transport systems
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 101-110

%A Arne Solvberg
%T Software requirement definition and data models
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 111-118

%A Eric K. Clemons
%T An external schema facility for CODASYL 1978
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 119-128

%A Janis A. Bubenko,\ Jr.
%T On the role of "understanding models" in conceptual schema design
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 129-139

%A Ole Oren
%A Frode Aschim
%T Statistics for the usage of a conceptual data model
as a basis for logical data base design
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 140-145

%A Joel Arditi
%T An optimized backout mechanism for sequential updates
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 147-154

%A Per Svensson
%T On search performance for conjunctive queries
in compressed, fully transposed ordered files
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 155-163

%A Andreas Reuter
%T Minimizing the I/O-operations for undo-logging in database systems
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 164-172

%A Sakti P. Goshi
%A Alfonso F. Cardenas
%A Ignacio Mijares
%A Gio Wiederhold
%T Some very large data bases in developing countries
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 173-182

%A Maurice J. Each
%A Nancy F. Coguen
%A Michael M. Kaplan
%T The ADAPT system: a generalized approach towards data conversion
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 183-193

%A B.C. Housel
%A V. Waddle
%A S.B. Yao
%T The functional dependency model for logical database design
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 194-208

%A Rubens N. Melo
%T Monitoring integrity constraints in a CODASYL-style DBMS
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 209-218

%A Keki B. Irani
%A Subir Purkayashtha
%A Toby J. Teorey
%T A designer for DBMS-processable logical database structures
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 219-231

%A W. Kent
%T The entity join
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 232-238

%A Alain Pirotte
%T Fundamental and secondary issues
in the design of non-procedural relational languages
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 239-250

%A C. Rolland
%A S. Leifert
%A C. Richard
%T Tools for information system dynamics management
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 251-261

%A C. Baldissera
%A S. Ceri
%A G. Pelagatti
%A G. Bracchi
%T Interactive specification and formal verification
of user's views in data base design
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 262-272

%A Emilio Luque
%A Jose J. Ruz
%A Ana Ripoll
%A Alfredo Bautista
%T Database concurrent processor
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 273-279

%A Deborah Downs
%A Gerald J. Popek
%T Database management systems security and Ingres
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 280-290

%A G. Gardarin
%A M. Melkanoff
%T Proving consistency of database transactions
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 291-298

%A Robert W. Taylor
%A James P. Fry
%A Ben Shneiderman
%A Diane C.P. Smith
%A Stanley Y.W. Su
%T Database program conversion: a framework for research
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 299-312

%A H.M. Quintella
%A G.A. de\ Gusmao
%A M.R. de\ Oliviera
%A L.T. de\ Albuquerque
%A F.R. Leao
%T A methodologic guide-line for the installation
of data base development tools and data administration tools:
two case studies from Brazil
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 313-318

%A M.J. Turner
%A R. Hammond
%A P. Cotton
%T A DBMS for large statistical databases
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 319-327

%A V.Y. Lum
%A S.P. Ghosh
%A M. Schkolnick
%A R.W. Taylor
%A D. Jefferson
%A S. Su
%A J.P. Fry
%A T.J. Teorey
%A B. Yao
%A D.S. Rund
%A B. Kahn
%A S. Navathe
%A D. Smith
%A L. Aguilar
%A W.J. Barr
%A P.E. Jones,\ Jr.
%T 1978 New Orleans data base design workshop report
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 328-339

%A H. Breitwieser
%A U. Kerstern
%T Transaction and catalog management
of the distributed file management system DISCO
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 340-350

%A H.T. Kung
%A John T. Robinson
%T On optimistic methods for concurrency control (abstract only)
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 351

%A C. Wood
%A E.B. Fernandez
%T Decentralized authorization in a database system
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 352-359

%A Seiichi kawazu
%A Susumi Minami
%A Kenji Itoh
%A Katsumi Teranaka
%T Two-phase deadlock detection algorithm in distributed databases
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 360-367

%A Peter Buneman
%T The problem of multiple paths in a database schema
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 368-372

%A W. Terry Hardgrave
%T Ambiguity in processing boolean queries on TDMS tree structures:
a study of four different philosophies
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 373-397

%A J.W. Schmidt
%T Parallel processing of relations: a single-assignment approach
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 398-408

%A Karel Youssefi
%A Eugene Wong
%T Query processing in a relational database management system
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 409-417

%A T.H. Merrett
%A Ekow Otoo
%T Distribution models of relations
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 418-425

%A R. Munz
%A H.-J. Schneider
%A F. Steyer
%T Application of sub-predicate tests in database systems
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 426-435

%A V.W. Setzer
%T Program development by transformations aplied to relational database queries
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 436-443

%A R. Demolombe
%T Semantic checking of questions expressed in predicate calculus language
%J Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
%D October 1979
%K vldb vldb5
%P 444-450


%A C.C. Gotlieb
%T Some large questions about very large data bases
%J Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Montreal, Canada
%D October 1980
%K vldb vldb6
%P 3-7

%A W. Kent
%T Splitting the conceptual schema
%J Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
%C Montreal, Canada
%D October 1980
%K vldb vldb6
%P 10-14

%A C.J. Date
%T An introdu                  
orange trees. Mature trees of a few varieties will survive                      
winters in which the temperature may occasionally drop to nearly                
zero. Celeste is a popular variety. Its fruit is medium to                      
small sized, firm, juicy, sweet, and of excellent quality. Brown                
Turkey, although less vigorous than Celeste, is also an acceptab-               
le variety for home gardeners in eastern Virginia. The fruit is                 
medium to large and of good quality, though fruit is subject to                 
cracking in wet weather.                                                        
                                                                                
The fig tree is somewhat unusual in that it normally produces                   
two crops each year. The first crop is borne near the end of                    
branches which grew during the previous summer. The second crop                 
develops on new shoots of the current seasons growth.                           
                                                                                
Young trees one or two years old, and 18 to 36 inches tall,                     
should be selected for planting. Set the trees in early spring                  
about one month befor the average date of the last frost in your                
area.                                                                           
                                                                                
Figs grow best on a relatively heavy soil. Grass and weeds should               
be controlled for a distance of several feet around the trunk by                
cultivation or the use of mulch.Fertilizer or manure should be                  
used very sparingly around figs. If too much nitrogen is used,                  
the shoots will be more tender to the cold, and the fruits more                 
susceptible to splitting and souring.                                           
                                                                                
Figs should be harvested when they become soft, just before full                
ripeness. Firm, immature fruits do not develop their normal                     
flavor. Over-ripe figs may develop a sour odor because of                       
the fermentation of the juice.                                                  
                                                                                
Figs are more difficult to harvest than most other fruits.                      
Cotton gloves should be worn to protect hands from the irritating               
latex which exudues from the fruit and branching during the                     
picking operation. Figs require a rather strong twisting motion                 
to lossen the fruit from the stem.                                              
                                                                                
Figs may be eaten fresh, canned, or dried. The fruit is a                       
popular delicacy which may be used in salads, cakes or candies.                 
From a nutritional point of view, the fig is a beneficial                       
fruit because it contains useful quantities of protein, carbohyd-               
rates, calcium, phosphorus, and iron. It also supplies vitamins                 
A, B, and C.                                                                    
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
Container Gardening                                                             
                                                                                
Even without a lot of land, home vegetable gardeners can produce                
a bountiful crop by container gardening. A window sill, patio,                  
balcony or doorstep can provide sufficient space for a productive               
container garden.                                                               
                                                                                
Almost any container can be used for plants as long as: 1) it is                
big enough to support the plants when they are fully grown; 2)                  
it will hold the potting media; and 3) it provides adequate                     
drainage. Examples are barrels, flower pots, cut off milk and                   
bleach jugs, recycled plastic coolers, window boxes and hanging                 
baskets.                                                                        
                                                                                
Containers should not be made of wood treated with creosote or                  
pentachlorophenol wood preservatives which may be toxic to plants               
and harmful to the gardener. Containers should have holes in                    
the bottom for drainage and be supported above the ground so that               
the plant roots do not stand in water. Most plants need containe-               
rs at least six inches deep.                                                    
                                                                                
A lightweight potting mix should be used in the containers. Most                
garden soil cannot be used because it is too heavy. The particles               
in garden soil are very small and become compacted in the contai-               
ner when it is watered. Media used in containers must be porous                 
because roots require both air and water.                                       
                                                                                
A packaged potting soil available at local garden centers                       
containing equlal parts of peat moss and perlite or vermiculite                 
is good to use because it is lightweight and sterile. Or gar-                   
deners can mix their own using this formula: for one bushel of                  
media, mix together half a bushel of #2 size vermiculite or                     
perlite; half a bushel of peat moss; five tablespoons ground                    
limestone; two tablespoons superphosphate; and eight tablespoons                
5-10-5 or 6-12-6 fertilizer.                                                    
                                                                                
Try dwarf and miniature varieties of vegetables in containers.                  
Or grow vegetables that occupy little space, such as carrots and                
radishes, and crops that continue to bear over a period of time,                
such as tomatoes and peppers.                                                   
                                                                                
The amount of sunlight that the garden spot receives may deter-                 
mine what crops can be grown. Generally root and leaf crops can                 
tolerate partial shade; but vegetables grown for their fruits,                  
such as tomatoes and peppers, need at least five hours of full                  
sunlight a day.                                                                 
                                                                                
Vegetables grown in containers can be attacked by the various                   
types of insects and diseases that are common to any vegetable                  
garden. Plants should be inspected periodically for the presence                
of foilage and fruit-feeding insects as well as the occurrence                  
of diseases. Plants grown in containers need the same care as                   
those in a garden and give the gardener a lot of the same                       
satisfactions.                                                                  
                                                                                
-End-                                                                           
-Title-
VA TECH HORT FACTS                                                              
-State-
Virginia, Va
-Region-
Southern, S
-Doc-
VA TECH HORT FACTS                                                              
This material was prepared by Virginia Nathan and Debbie Blosser,               
Horticulture Extension Technicians, working with Diane Relf,                    
Extension Specialist Home Horticulture. The Virginia Gardener                   
Question Box has been developed for agent use in preparing radio                
and newspaper features.                                                         
                                                                                
                                                                                
The Virginia Gardener Question Box March 1986                                   
                                                                                
Blueberry culture                               50 lines                        
'Bleeding' of grape vines                       14 lines                        
Repotting houseplants                           34 lines                        
Using manure in the garden                      28 lines                        
Black raspberry renovation                      45 lines                        
Bleeding heart                                  30 lines                        
Rhubarb culture                                 79 lines                        
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
                                                                                
I enjoyed picking blueberries at a farm in the country. What                    
would I need to do to grow my own?                                              
                                                                                
Many home gardeners have been successful with blueberry plantings               
in Virginia. Although they may be grown in any area where native                
blueberries, azaleas, mountain laurel, or rhododendrons do well,                
they have a better flavor when grown where nights are cool during               
the ripening season.                                                            
                                                                                
Set blueberry plants in early spring, about 3 or 4 weeks before                 
the average date of the last frost. Plants are usually placed                   
every 4' in rows 6' apart. Blueberries should be planted where                  
they have full sunlight most of the day, and far enough from the                
roots of trees to avoid competition for moisture and nutrients.                 
The plants are shallow-rooted and must either be irrigated or                   
heavily mulched. Adequate drainage must be provided, because                    
blueberry bushes cannot tolerate wet feet.                                      
                                                                                
Blueberries grow best is porous, moist, sandy soils high in                     
organic matter with a pH range of 4.0 to 5.2. Have a soil test                  
made. If your soil is not acidic enough for blueberries, work                   
materials such as peat moss, oak leaves, pine needles, or sulfur                
into the area where the plants are to be set. This should be done               
6 months to a year before planting. Once the proper acidity is                  
established, it must be maintained through the annual use                       
of an acid fertilizer.                                                          
                                                                                
Blueberries are very exacting in soil and moisture requirements,                
but require little protection from insect and disease pests.                    
Birds are by far the greatest pest in the blueberry planting.                   
Covering the bushes with wire cages, fish or plastic netting, or                
tobacco cloth, is perhaps the best method of bird control.                      
Aluminum pie tins suspended by a string or wire above the bushes                
have been used successfully to keep the birds away.                             
                                                                                
Cross pollination is necessary for a good crop of blueberries. To               
provide for adequate cross pollination, two or more varieties of                
blueberries should be planted. The following varieties suggested                
for planting in home gardens in Virginia ripen over a 6 to 8 week               
period, beginning in early June and continuing through July. All                
are vigorous and productive under good growing conditions, and                  
produce berries of large size and good quality: Earliblue (not                  
recommended for planting in western Virginia), Ivanhoe, Blueray,                
Bluecrop, Jersey, Berkeley, Herbert and Coville.                                
                                                                                
The VCES publication 426-840 discusses the culture of small fruit               
crops in detail. You may request this bulletin by contacting your               
local extension agent.                                                          
                                                                                
 -------------                                                                  
                                                                                
When I was pruning my grape vines, a strange thing happened. A                  
clear fluid began oozing out of the cuts. Is this harmful to                    
the plant?                                                                      
                                                                                
"Bleeding" of grape vines is normal if you prune vines after they               
have started growing. Pruning during dormancy does not usually                  
cause bleeding, but it can occur if a couple of warm days come                  
along right after pruning. Bleeding is not harmful to your vines,               
so don't worry about it.                                                        
                                                                                
If you want good size and quality fruit, you must prune your                    
vines annually. The best time to prune is while the vines are                   
dormant. Avoid heavy pruning in the middle of the summer as it                  
weakens the vines and encourages late growth that may not survive               
the winter.                                                                     
                                                                                
 ------------                                                                   
                                                                                
When should I repot my houseplants and how should I go about it?                
                                                                                
Foliage plants require repotting when their roots have filled                   
their pot and are growing out the bottom. Spring is the best                    
time to transplant as the weather is ideal to help the plant                    
recover from transplant stress. The pot selected for repotting                  
should be no more than two inches larger in diameter than the pot               
the plant is currently growing in, as an oversized pot will cause               
water logging of the soil and actually stunt growth. The pot                    
should have at least one drainage hole.                                         
                                                                                
Most plants are removed easily from their pot by holding the                    
container upside down and knocking the edge against any solid                   
object. Hold your hand over the soil, placing the plant between                 
the fore and middle fingers. Never try to pull the plant out of                 
the pot by its stem. If the plant has become root bound, it will                
be necessary to cut and unwind any roots that circle the pot                    
base, otherwise these roots will never develop normally. If the                 
old soil surface has accumulated a salty crust, the top inch                    
should be carefully removed.                                                    
                                                                                
Potting media used should be coarse enough to allow good drainage               
yet have good water retention capabilities. Media should be                     
moistened before you begin repotting as many potting soil mixes                 
contain peat moss which sheds moisture for a time before it                     
absorbs water. Begin repotting by placing a small amount of fresh               
media in the bottom of the pot. Set the rootball in the middle of               
the new soil. Fill soil around the sides between the rootball and               
pot. Do not add soil above the original level on the rootball,                  
unless the roots are exposed, or it has been necessary to remove                
some of the surface soil. Firm or settle the soil by tapping the                
pot against a table top and gently press the soil with your                     
fingers. Do not pack the soil. Make sure you leave space between                
the soil level and the top of the pot to allow for watering.                    
                                                                                
 --------------                                                                 
                                                                                
Does all manure work in the garden? Aren't some strong enough to                
burn the plants? What about dog and cat droppings and the stuff                 
they sell packaged at the garden center?                                        
                                                                                
All manure is not alike. Manure from horses, cattle, pigs,                      
sheep and even pets has different properties. Before using any                  
type of manure, it is best to know the type and check with your                 
extension agent to find out if, how, when and how much to apply.                
                                                                                
Fresh sheep, rabbit and poultry manure have a very high nitrogen                
content, and so must be well rotted before using on a garden.                   
This means storing or composting the manure a year or so before                 
using it on a garden. Horse and cattle manure can be composted,                 
or applied to the garden in the fall to give it some time to                    
break down. Some garden centers offer sterilized bags of manure,                
but this form of fertilizer can become quite expensive if you are               
amending a large garden.                                                        
                                                                                
Roundworm, an intestinal parasite of pigs, is found in some                     
swine manure. Because of this parasite, some people neglect                     
using swine manure, but humans have rarely been infected with                   
roundworms traced to the use of pig manure in their gardens.                    
Simple hygiene--cleansing of hands after working in the garden                  
and washing of harvested crops--should eliminate any problems.                  
                                                                                
Dog and cat manure should be avoided because it could contain                   
parasite eggs and/or larvae which can infect man. Dogs may                      
harbor roundworms, while cats can be host to toxoplasmosis, a                   
protozoan parasite. (Information provided by Dr. Jorden Hansen,                 
Assistant Professor, Pathobiology & Public Practice)                            
                                                                                
 --------------                                                                 
                                                                                
I recently bought a small farm that has a neglected patch of                    
black raspberries. I need information on when and how it would be               
best to trim and thin out these plants as they are very overgrown               
and thick.                                                                      
                                                                                
Before attempting to renovate your black raspberry patch,                       
consider two things. First, determine if it is a wild or cultiva-               
ted stand. A wild stand will not be worth putting much effort                   
into as newer, more productive varieties are available. Second,                 
be aware that black raspberries are more prone to virus diseases                
and should not be left near to where one anticipates planting                   
red raspberries. If your plot is a cultivated planting and you                  
choose to keep it, the chance of revitalizing it should be good                 
if proper pruining is done (assuming that other environmental                   
conditions such as plenty of sunlight and adequate moisture are                 
present for the plants.)                                                        
                                                                                
Start the renovation of cultivated black raspberry plants late                  
this winter with a dormant pruning to thin out and cut back                     
excess growth. Delay dormant pruning for bramble fruits until the               
danger of severe cold is passed in the winter, but before the                   
buds begin to swell for the new spring growth.                                  
                                                                                
In dormant pruning, remove all the dead, weak, and severely                     
damaged canes; in addition, eliminate crowded conditions. Cut out               
any dead canes since bramble fruits have biennial cane growth;                  
that is, they fruit on two year old canes which then die. Thin                  
each plant so that only four or five of the best year-old                       
canes remain per clump. Then, cut the side branches of the black                
raspberry canes so that they are only nine to tweleve inches                    
long. Since the new raspberry canes produced this year will be                  
the ones that fruit next year, you will want to save young, thick               
fruiting canes that are a half-inch or more in diameter.                        
                                                                                
In addition to the dormant pruning of the black raspberry plants,               
you should prune the young black raspberry shoots when they are                 
about two feet high next summer. For black raspberries, this                    
pruning operation, referred to as summer-topping, consists                      
of removing the top three or four inches of the new shoots.                     
Topping keeps the canes from growing too tall. To prevent the                   
possible spread of disease, canes should not be topped when they                
are wet or when rain is forecast that day.                                      
                                                                                
Since your black raspberry planting has been neglected for a                    
while, it would be advisable to take a soil test from the area                  
to see if there are any particular nutrient needs or a need for                 
lime. Normally, on fertile soils or where a good mulch is                       
maintained, bramble fruits do not need a regular fertilizer                     
program. If growth has been poor, the addition of one half to one               
pound of nitrate of soda to each 100 feet of row when growth                    
begins in the spring will be beneficial. (Adapted from an article               
by John Arbogast, Roanoke City Extension Agent.)                                
                                                                                
 -----------                                                                    
                                                                                
As a Valentine's Day gift, a friend ordered me a live plant                     
called bleeding heart (Dicentra spectabilis.) What should I                     
do when this arrives?                                                           
                                                                                
The flowers of the plant Dicentra spectabilis, the common or                    
garden bleeding heart, resemble tiny living valentines; pink                    
heart-shaped flowers appear on curved racemes. The plant does not               
ordinarily flower on February 14th, but could be made to do so                  
under controlled conditions. Ordinarily, it flowers in April                    
through early June, depending upon the part of the state in which               
you live.                                                                       
                                                                                
Early spring planting gives the best results for bleeding heart.                
Ordinarily, nurseries wait to ship planting stock until it is the               
correct planting time in your zone. Should your plant arrive                    
before the soil is workable, it may be stored for a week or two                 
in the refrigerator. Keep the plant in the original shipping                    
wrapper so it will not dry out.                                                 
                                                                                
The soil for dicentra should be rich in humus, and possess                      
excellent drainage in order for the plant to thrive and grow                    
healthy. Once planted, it thrives best when left alone in an                    
undisturbed environment.                                                        
                                                                                
Partial shade provides the best conditions for bleeding heart,                  
whether in the garden border or slipped in among shrubs so that                 
it is protected, but not crowded by the surrounding vegetation.                 
The foliage of garden bleeding heart is a rich green and its                    
texture is fine enough to add interest to the flower border and                 
provide contrast with the neighboring plants. Plants can grow                   
to a height of three feet, but two feet is more common. As the                  
summer progresses, the foliage is prone to die-back.                            
                                                                                
There is a variety known as D. spectabilis `Alba,' which is                     
white bleeding heart. Usually this plant is not as sturdy or                    
reliable as the species and more difficult to locate.                           
                                                                                
 --------------                                                                 
                                                                                
How do I establish a bed of rhubarb?                                            
                                                                                
Rhubarb, or pie plant, is one of the least finicky, most hardy,                 
longest living garden perennials. It does require a period of                   
dormancy and therefore, depending upon the cultivar, may not do                 
well in hotter parts of the state.                                              
                                                                                
As with all perennials, there are two ways to get rootstock:                    
from your neighbors and friends, or from a nursery grower. If you               
have a friend who plans to separate a rhubarb plant in the                      
spring, show up on the day with a sharp spade. Dig carefully to                 
expose the root system. Using the spade, cut straight down                      
through the roots so that each section you separate from the main               
crown has at least one strong bud. Two or three clumps of roots                 
should be ample for most families. (Ten pounds of stalks is the                 
average consumption per person per season.)                                     
                                                                                
Alternatively, obtain roots through a nursery grower in very                    
early spring. If a choice of rhubarb root stocks is offered,                    
choose the newer, all-red varieties.                                            
                                                                                
You may want to test the pH of your soil before planting the                    
roots. Rhubarb will do well in a pH range between 5.5 and 7.0.                  
The ideal way to prepare the soil is to dig holes three feet to                 
four feet on center, each hole being two feet deep and two feet                 
across. Discard the subsoil. Line the bottom of each hole with                  
six to eight inches of well-rotted cow manure, and then fill the                
holes with a mixture of equal parts compost and topsoil. One                    
pound of 5-10-20 per 100 feet of row before plants are set is                   
recommended for this heavy feeder. Set the roots, one per hole,                 
so that the tops of the roots lie two inches below the surface.                 
Roots should be planted as soon as the soil is workable in the                  
spring.                                                                         
                                                                                
Since the plant is long-lived, be sure to situate it where it                   
will remain undisturbed for years. Every five years or so, each                 
clump of roots should be dug up and separated; in this way you                  
will be assured of thick, tender stalks. Plants left alone too                  
long will lose their vitality and produce only thin stalks.                     
                                                                                
Many gardeners mulch their rhubarb plants with decomposed cow                   
manure in the fall. In the spring they remove the mulch, fertili-               
ze, and then replace it to encourage thick, juicy stalks every                  
spring. Seedstalks should be cut if you ever see them forming, as               
they sap energy from the roots. It is preferable to obtain roots                
rather than start rhubarb from seeds; frequently, seeds are not                 
true to variety and take a long time to become established.                     
                                                                                
Because rhubarb stalks, like asparagus, are the result of                       
nutrients stored in the roots, it is important not to harvest the               
first year and harvest lightly the second year. Harvest from                    
early spring until June. Always grasp the base of each stalk and                
pull sharply. Don't cut stalks with a knife as large stubs left                 
by cutting may become diseased and cause the rhizomes to which                  
they are attached to rot. Beginning in the third year, harvest                  
only for about eight weeks.                                                     
                                                                                
Immediately after pulling stalks, cut the leaves from the                       
petiole; the stalks will retain their moisture much longer. While               
the stalks have been used as a fruit, the leaves are not used                   
because of their poisonous concentration of oxalic acid. Ingesti-               
on can cause gastroenteritis; damage can result from the formati-               
on of calcium oxalate in the victim's kidneys.                                  
                                                                                
Even though this plant is very pest resistant, you should watch                 
for Japanese beetle and rhubarb curculio infestation. Crown rot                 
might be another problem. Rot forms at the base of the leaf                     
stalks, and wilting progresses from stalk base to stalk base                    
until the plant dies. There is no remedy. Dig up the plant                      
carefully to remove the infected roots and as much of the                       
infected soil as possible. Burn or dispose of what you dig up; do               
not compost it.                                                                 
-End-                                                                           
-Title-
VA TECH HORT FACTS                                                              
-State-
Virginia, Va
-Region-
Southern, S
-Doc-
VA TECH HORT FACTS                                                              
March 1987 Monthly Notes                                                        
                                                                                
Herbaceous plants                                                               
                                                                                
* Hostas, liriope, daylilies, dicentra, Shasta daisies and coral                
bells are some perennials which can be divided before growth                    
starts.                                                                         
                                                                                
* If weeds occur in bulb beds do not remove them by cultivation,                
but pull them by hand so that the bulbs and roots will not be                   
disturbed.                                                                      
                                                                                
* Cannas for early flowering may be started in boxes or large                   
pots in a warm cellar or enclosed porch. Cut the rhizomes into                  
pieces of convenient size and plant in a soil mixture containing                
adequate sand for good drainage. The developing plants are tender               
to cold and may be set in the garden about a week after the                     
average date of the last frost in your area.                                    
                                                                                
* Buy some new perennials for your flower border. Spring is a                   
good time to renew and add variety to your landscape. Visit a                   
local garden center or secure catalogs from your favorite                       
nursery.                                                                        
                                                                                
 * The Waterlily Society has been formed by a group of                          
aquatic plant lovers. For further information, write them at                    
Box 104, Lilypons, MD 21717.                                                    
                                                                                
* Rejuvenate your liriope by using a lawn mower to cut back the                 
old foliage to a height of 2 to 3 inches. Avoid mowing too                      
closely and thereby damaging the crown of the plant, as that is                 
where the new growth emerges.                                                   
                                                                                
* Divide and transplant summer and fall blooming perennials                     
(astilbe, aster, bleeding heart, coral bells, daylilies, phlox,                 
shasta daisies). Perennials perform best in well-drained soil                   
with plenty of humus. Astilbe, hosta, and bleeding heart will                   
bloom in the shade.                                                             
                                                                                
* Some annuals such as verbenas, snapdragons and petunias that                  
take 70 to 90 days to bloom, and should be started indoors in                   
early spring or purchased as green house grown transplants.                     
                                                                                
Woody ornamentals                                                               
                                                                                
* Hedges can receive their first pruning this month. As you                     
prune, be sure to leave the base of the plant wider than the top.               
This allows sunlight to get to the bottom of the plant, creating                
a full, dense hedge.                                                            
                                                                                
* Crabapples, valued for their beautiful spring blossoms and                    
attractive fruit, are members of the rose family. Along with many               
of their relatives, many crabapples are susceptible to diseases                 
such as scab, cedar-apple rust, powdery mildew, and fire blight.                
All of these diseases shorten the life span of the trees and                    
diminish their ornamental qualities. Plant disease-resistant                    
cultivars of crabapple such as 'Ames White', 'Autumn Glory',                    
'Baskatong', 'Beauty', 'Coral Cascade', 'Evelyn', 'Harvest Gold',               
'Molten Lava', 'Red Snow', 'Robinson', 'Tina', or 'Wies'.                       
                                                                                
* Plant roses and bare-root shrubs while they are still dormant,                
about 4 weeks before the average date of the last frost.                        
                                                                                
* Divide and transplant perennials such as ajuga, Shasta daisies,               
daylilies, liriope, and oxalis. Rework beds before planting,                    
adding organic matter and fertilizer.                                           
                                                                                
* Trees and shrubs which are making weak growth should be                       
fertilized to stimulate more attractive development. About a                    
month before your average last frost apply approximately 1 cup of               
5-10-5 to shrubs 4-8 feet tall. Use more or less with different                 
sized plants. On trees, apply 2 lbs. of 5-10-5 for each inch                    
diameter measured at 3 feet above the ground. Apply uniformly                   
over root zone and water in thoroughly.                                         
                                                                                
* Dogwoods and magnolias should only be moved in early spring.                  
Always move magnolias with a ball of dirt.                                      
                                                                                
* This is the time to start resurrecting the lily pool. Drain and               
clean the pool before growth begins. Plant new hardy water lilies               
early.                                                                          
                                                                                
* Plant new rose bushes in properly dug beds. Fertilize estab-                  
lished roses after pruning. It is wise to have your soil tested                 
about every two years. If black spot or powdery mildew have been                
a problem, start applications of a recommended fungicide. Contact               
your local agent for current recommendations. When pruning or                   
cutting roses, cut all flower stems 1/4 inch above a complete (5                
leaflet) leaf leaving two complete leaves below the cut bud.                    
Always cut on a slant. Disbud hybrid tea roses when the buds                    
first form to prevent leaving a scar.                                           
                                                                                
* Prune evergreen shrubs before growth starts.                                  
                                                                                
* Trees which bleed such as birch and maple should not be pruned                
until after their leaves are fully developed.                                   
                                                                                
* Complete the pruning of shrubs, ornamental trees before growth                
starts, except for spring flowering shrubs. Prune those which                   
bloom in spring as soon as they finish flowering.                               
                                                                                
* Propagate deciduous shrubs such as forsythia and winter jasmine               
now by ground layering.                                                         
                                                                                
* Boxwood should be pruned by thinning out the outer foliage of                 
the plant and cutting back the branches to retain desired height.               
                                                                                
* When spring-flowering bulbs complete their flowering cycle,                   
fertilize with a little super phosphate or bonemeal to ensure                   
quality blooms next year. Remove the bulb foliage only after it                 
dies naturally.                                                                 
                                                                                
* Boxwood may be moved now; do not plant them deeper than they                  
were previously planted. Trim and fertilize established boxwood                 
before new growth starts, but do not cultivate under boxwood                    
since their roots are shallow and may be damaged.                               
                                                                                
* Prune spring flowering shrubs right after flowering is com-                   
plete.                                                                          
                                                                                
* Many annual flowers are very frost hardy when plants are small                
including alyssum, California poppy, candytuft,larkspur, pansy &                
viola, phlox, pinks, Shirley poppy, snapdragon, stock, and sweet                
pea. Seeds can be sown as soon as the soil has thawed.                          
                                                                                
 * After pussywillow catkins have passed their prime, prune the                 
plants drastically to encourage long branches and large catkins                 
for next year.                                                                  
                                                                                
Landscape                                                                       
                                                                                
* Variegated plants can help add the illusion of light to a dark                
area. Shade-loving groundcovers such as variegated liriope,                     
ivies, euonymus, and hosta can be very effective for this.                      
                                                                                
* Get your landscape design or redesign on paper. It's easier to                
erase it from a plan than to move it with a shovel.                             
                                                                                
* Shrubs and trees in the home landscape break up sound waves and               
reduce the nerve-shattering noise of modern society. Plant some                 
new shrubs and trees this spring to improve the beauty and                      
ambience of your home.                                                          
                                                                                
Lawns                                                                           
                                                                                
 * Take care to keep off soft and soggy lawns. Lime spreaders,                  
wheelbarrows and other equipment will leave compaction marks.                   
Seed new lawns and do repairs after the land has drained.                       
                                                                                
* When a blanket of snow insulates the lawn, temperatures at                    
ground level may rise to above freezing. Snow mold fungi which                  
appears as a white cottony growth on grass blades thrives at                    
temperatures between 32 and 65 F. To reduce possible snow mold                  
damage, remove heavy snow accumulations in shady areas. If you                  
cannot physically remove the snow, spread ashes or dry peat moss                
on the snow. The dark colored material will absorb solar radiati-               
on and melt the snow faster.                                                    
                                                                                
* Apply a pre-emergence herbicide before lawn weeds get started.                
These types of chemicals work by preventing the seed from                       
germinating. Therefore, it is important that the herbicides be                  
applied in early spring, before growth of the weed seedlings.                   
Check with your local extension agent for specific recommen-                    
dations.                                                                        
                                                                                
* Use crabgrass killer before forsythia blooms fade.                            
                                                                                
Vegetables                                                                      
                                                                                
* When buying transplants, choose those plants with a compact,                  
bushy form and bright green leaves. Young, healthy plants with no               
flowers or flower buds will adapt more easily and overcome the                  
shock of planting much faster.                                                  
                                                                                
* Remember, hardy vegetables such as cabbage, broccoli, lettuce                 
and Brussels sprouts can be transplanted two weeks prior to the                 
average date of the last frost and warm season crops such as                    
tomatoes, eggplant, pepper, muskmelon and watermelon should not                 
be planted until all danger of frost is past.                                   
                                                                                
* Start transplants indoors of tomatoes, peppers, and eggplant.                 
                                                                                
* If your outdoor space is limited, consider gardening without a                
garden. Tomatoes, peppers, lettuce and many other vegetables do                 
well when grown in containers. Barrels, window boxes, cut off                   
milk jugs, almost anything providing good drainage will do as                   
long as it is deep enough to support the plant. Minimum depths                  
for some container-grown vegetables:                                            
 4"-lettuce, radishes, beets, low growing herbs                                 
 6"-chard, turnips, short-rooted carrots                                        
 8"-eggplant, peppers, bush cucumbers                                           
10"-cauliflower, broccoli                                                       
12"-tomatoes, long-rooted carrots                                               
                                                                                
* Seed root crops such as carrots, beets, radish and parsnips in                
your garden.                                                                    
                                                                                
* The flavor and quality of the new white and yellow varieties of               
beets are similar to the traditional red cultivars.                             
                                                                                
* When sowing seeds for transplants, leave about 1/4" of space                  
between seeds to allow them to grow adequately and to discourage                
damping-off fungus.                                                             
                                                                                
* To extend the asparagus harvest, remove the mulch from only                   
half the bed at first. The sunlight will encourage these plants                 
to sprout more quickly. In 2 or 3 weeks when shoots appear in the               
mulched half, carefully remove the remaining mulch.                             
                                                                                
* Don't plow your garden when the soil is wet. It will form clods               
which are difficult to break up and interfere with cultivation                  
during the summer.                                                              
                                                                                
* Do not add l